Family,Genus,Species,CommonName,GrowthRate,HardinessZones,Height,Width,Type,Foliage,Pollinators,Leaf,Flower,Ripen,Reproduction,Soils,pH,pH_split,Preferences,Tolerances,Habitat,HabitatRange,Edibility,Medicinal,OtherUses,PFAF,Image URL
Juglandaceae,Carya,aquatica,Water Hickory,slow,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bottomlands and swamps, in ground that is often inundated for at least part of the year. The best specimens grow on deep well-drained alluvial soils.","South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas, north to Illinois.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaAquatica.jpg
Oleaceae,Jasminum,grandiflorum,Jasmin,slow,10 to 12,2.5,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,"East tropical Africa - Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda; through Arabia to the Indian subcontinent and western China.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jasminum+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Jasminum_grandiflorum_Merian (1).JPEG
Oleaceae,Jasminum,humile,Yellow Jasmine,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and dry valleys, 1500 - 3000 metres in the Himalayas. Also found in forests in Srinagar.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jasminum+humile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JasminumHumile.jpg
Oleaceae,Jasminum,nudiflorum,"Winter-Flowering Jasmin, Winter jasmine",medium,6 to 11,3.6,4.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,December to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Thickets, ravines and slopes at elevations of 800 - 4500 metres in western China.",E. Asia - W. China. Locally naturalized in France.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jasminum+nudiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JasminumNudiflorum.jpg
Oleaceae,Jasminum,odoratissimum,,,8 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Madeira.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jasminum+odoratissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JasminumOdoratissimum.jpg
Oleaceae,Jasminum,officinale,"Jessamine, Poet's jasmine",fast,6 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and forests, usually on humus-rich soils, 1200 - 3000 metres in the Himalayas[51, 145]. Valleys, ravines, thickets, woods, along rivers, meadows; 1800 - 4000 metres in W. China.",W. Asia to E. Asia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jasminum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JasminumOfficinale.jpg
Oleaceae,Jasminum,sambac,Jasmine Tea,medium,9 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Within its native distribution range, J. sambac occurs in dipterocarp forests. Once naturalized, J. sambac is found growing in disturbed sites, secondary forests, coastal areas, abandoned gardens and orchards near villages. [1-8]. Found at elevations up to 600 metres ","E. Asia - Bhutan, India.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jasminum+sambac,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Jasminum_sambac1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Jatropha,curcas,"Physic Nut, Barbados Nut",fast,9 to 12,6.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grassland savannah and thorn forests[418 ].,Tropical S. America - probably Central America to Mexico.,2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jatropha+curcas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Jatropha_curcas_Descourtilz.JPEG
Berberidaceae,Jeffersonia,diphylla,"Twinleaf, Rheumatism Root",slow,5 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Very rare in the wild, it is found in limestone soils and rich woods near rivers[43, 222].",Eastern N. America - New York and Ontario to Alabama and west to Wisconsin.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jeffersonia+diphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JeffersoniaDiphylla.jpg
Berberidaceae,Jeffersonia,dubia,Twinleaf,slow,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests.,E. Asia - N. China to Siberia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jeffersonia+dubia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JeffersoniaDubia.jpg
Crassulaceae,Jovibarba,sobolifera,Hen And Chickens Houseleek,,4 to 8,0.1,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy sites, especially in pine forests and on limestone, also on rocky river banks.",Europe to Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jovibarba+sobolifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JovibarbaSobolifera.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Jubaea,chilensis,"Chilean Wine Palm, Chile cocopalm",slow,7 to 10,12.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found between the coast and the hills to 300 metres, between latitudes 31 to 35°south.",S. America - Chile.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jubaea+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JubaeaChilensis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,ailanthifolia,Japanese Walnut,,4 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,1,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+ailanthifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansAilanthifolia.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,ailanthifolia cordiformis,Heartseed Walnut,medium,4 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests.,E. Asia - Japan.,4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+ailanthifolia cordiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansAilanthifoliaCordiform.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,californica,"California Walnut, Southern California walnut",medium,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist or dry gravelly soils along river courses and bottomlands. Locally common in oak woods below 750 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansCalifornica.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,cathayensis,Chinese Walnut,,4 to 8,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and woods, preferring moist woods.",E. Asia - China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+cathayensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansCathayensis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,cinerea,"Butternut - White Walnut, Butternut",medium,3 to 7,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in rich moist soils of woods and river terraces[43, 82], but it also grows on dry rocky soils, especially if these are on limestone..","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Arkansas and North Dakota.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+cinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansCinerea.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,hindsii,"Hind's Black Walnut, Northern California walnut,  Paradox hybrid walnut",medium,8 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky and gravelly well-drained soils, by the coast, along rivers and streams and occasionally to the slopes of Napa range",South-western N. America - California.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+hindsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansHindsii.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,intermedia,"Hind's Black Walnut, Northern California walnut,  Paradox hybrid walnuH",,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, J. regia x J. nigra.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansIntermedia.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,major,Arizona Walnut,fast,8 to 11,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October to December,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky ravines and stream beds, 700 - 2300 metres.",Southern N. America - New Mexico to Arizona.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansMajor.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,mandschurica,Manchurian Walnut,,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed woods in rich soils, also by mountain streams. Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys at elevations of 500 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - Manchuria.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansMandschurica.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,microcarpa,"Texas Walnut, Little walnut, Stewart's little walnut",,5 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October to December,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Limestone banks of streams, also in valleys and dry rocky ravines.",South-western N. America - Texas to Mexico.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+microcarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Juglans,neotropica,Andean Walnut,slow,10 to 12,25.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in drier to very wet forests at elevations of 1,600 - 3,000 metres[337 ]. Trees are often found along stream banks and field boundaries, where they regenerate freely[349 ].","Northern and western S. America - Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+neotropica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Juglans neotropica.JPEG
Juglandaceae,Juglans,nigra,Black Walnut,fast,4 to 9,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich fertile woods and hillsides[43, 82] in deep well-drained soils.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansNigra.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,olanchana,"Olancho walnut, Central American walnut",medium,10 to 12,45.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain sides, river bottoms, along water courses, cafetales, at elevations from 500 - 1,500 metres in Guatemala[331 ].",Central America - Costa Rica to Mexico.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+olanchana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Juglans_olanchana1.JPEG
Juglandaceae,Juglans,regia,"Walnut, English walnut, Persian Walnut,",medium,7 to 9,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests in the Himalayas, preferring a northerly aspect in the west but a southerly or westerly aspect in the east of the range.",E. Europe to N. Asia. More or less naturalized in S. Britain.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+regia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansRegia.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,regia fallax,Walnut,,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in mountain regions.,E. Asia - S. China to the Himalayas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+regia fallax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Juglans,regia kamaonia,Walnut,,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, 1500 - 3000 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to S.E. Tibet.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+regia kamaonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Juglans,sinensis,,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"E. Asia - China, Korea.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Juglans,x bisbyi,Buartnut,,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, J. cinerea x J. ailanthifolia cordiformis.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+x bisbyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juncaceae,Juncus,acutus,"Sharp Rush, 	Spiny rush,  Leopold's rush",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Sandy sea shores and dune slacks, occasionally in salt marshes.","Southern Europe, including Britain, south and east from France to N. Africa and Macronesia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+acutus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusAcutus.jpg
Juncaceae,Juncus,balticus,Baltic Rush,fast,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Damp to wet soils, usually in saline conditions.","N. Europe, Northern N. America, N. Asia in boreal areas.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+balticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusBalticus.jpg
Juncaceae,Juncus,conglomeratus,Common rush,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet pastures, bogs, damp woods etc, almost exclusively on acid soils..","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+conglomeratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusConglomeratus.jpg
Juncaceae,Juncus,dudleyi,Dudley's Rush,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Exposed or shaded sites in sandy to clayey soils, usually moist areas such as along stream banks, ditches, around springs. Marshy ground in Britain.",Central and southern N. America. Naturalized in a few sites in northern Britain[17].,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+dudleyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusDudleyi.jpg
Juncaceae,Juncus,effusus,"Soft Rush, Common rush, Lamp rush,  Pacific rush",,4 to 8,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet pastures, bogs, damp woods etc, usually on acid soils.","Throughout the northern temperate zone, including Britain, east and south Africa, Australasia.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+effusus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juncaceae,Juncus,inflexus,"Hard Rush, European meadow rush",,4 to 8,,,,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Damp pastures, especially on heavy basic or neutral soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. Africa, the Himalayas and Monglia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+inflexus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusInflexus.jpg
Juncaceae,Juncus,procerus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+procerus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusProcerus.jpg
Juncaceae,Juncus,tenuis,Poverty Rush,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist sandy soils in woods. Naturalized in Britain where it grows along roadsides, on waste ground and by field paths.","N. America - Alaska to Quebec, south to Texas. Widely naturalized and spreading in Britain.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juncus+tenuis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuncusTenuis.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,ashei,"Ashe Juniper, Mountain Cedar",slow,7 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found at lower elevations, growing mainly on limestone hills or in soils underladen with limestone.","Southern N. America - Missouri to Texas, south to Mexico.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+ashei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusAshei.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,californica,"Californian Juniper, Chuperosa",slow,8 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry rocky, gravelly or sandy soils on dry mountain slopes and hills, 120 - 1200 metres[82, 229].",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusCalifornica.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,chinensis,"Chinese Juniper, Sargent juniper",slow,4 to 10,15.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Near seashores in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - N.E. China, Japan, Mongolia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,communis,"Juniper, Common juniper",slow,4 to 10,9.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Chalk downs in S. England but only where there is least sunshine and most rain, heaths, moors, pine and birch woods in the north of Scotland on acid peat, often dominant on chalk, limestone and slate.","Northern temperate zone, incl Britain, south to the mountains of N. Africa, Himalayas and California",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/juniperus_communis1.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,communis nana,Juniper,slow,4 to 10,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocks and moors on mountains and lowland bogs in N. Wales, N. England and Scotland.","Northern temperate zone, incl Britain, south to the mountains of N. Africa, Himalayas and California",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+communis nana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Juniperus communis nana 240.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,conferta,Shore Juniper,slow,6 to 10,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy seashores all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+conferta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusConferta.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,deppeana,Alligator Juniper,slow,7 to 9,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to March,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open oak or pine woodlands on dry, arid mountain slopes, 1200 - 1800 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas, Arizona and Mexico.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+deppeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusDeppeana.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,drupacea,Syrian Juniper,medium,6 to 9,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky slopes in forest or scrub, 1000 - 1500 metres in Turkey.","S. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+drupacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusDrupacea.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,excelsa,Grecian Juniper,,5 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Inner dry ranges of the Himalayas, 1500 - 4200 metres, from Nepal to Afghanistan.",S. Europe to E. Asia.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusExcelsa.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,horizontalis,"Creeping Juniper, Horizontal Juniper",medium,4 to 9,1.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry rocky soil, sterile pastures and fields.","Northern N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Washington and Maine.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+horizontalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusHorizontalis.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,monosperma,One-Seed Juniper,medium,4 to 8,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry rocky or sandy soils, 1000 - 2300 metres.",South-western N. America - along the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to Mexico.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+monosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusMonosperma.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,occidentalis,Western Juniper,slow,4 to 8,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Usually found on thin rocky or sandy soils on desert foothills and lower mountains, also on windswept peaks up to elevations of 3,000 metres where they become low gnarled shrubs.",Western N. America - British Columbia to the Sierra Nevada.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusOccidentalis.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,osteosperma,"Desert Juniper, Utah juniper",slow,4 to 8,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Thin, dry rocky or gravelly soils on mountain slopes and high plains in desert regions between the Rocky mountains and the Sierra Nevada.",South-western N. America - California to New Mexico and Wyoming.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+osteosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusOsteosperma.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,oxycedrus,"Prickly Juniper, Cade juniper",medium,8 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry hills, sandy and rocky places.",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+oxycedrus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusOxycedrus.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,recurva,Himalayan Juniper,slow,6 to 9,12.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wetter areas of the Himalayas, to 4600 metres. Forests and thickets at elevations from 1800 - 3900 metres in SE Xizang and NW Yunnan.",E. Asia - Himalayas to N. Burma.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+recurva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusRecurva.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,rigida,"Temple Juniper, Needle Juniper",slow,6 to 7,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Hills and mountains in C. and S. Japan. Dry areas in mountains below 2200 metres in China.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusRigida2.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,sabina,"Savine, Tam  Juniper",slow,4 to 7,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry stony places in mountains, usually on limestone, at elevations of 1000 - 2300 metres.",C. and S. Europe to N. America.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+sabina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusSabina.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,scopulorum,"Rocky Mountain Juniper, Weeping Rocky Mountian Juniper, Colorado Red Cedar",slow,3 to 7,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Scattered singly on dry rocky ridges, foothills and bluffs[82, 85] in montane areas or in dry habitats of the coastal forest region. The best specimens are found on slightly alkaline soils.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Mexico and California.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+scopulorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusScopulorum.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,silicicola,"Southern Redcedar, Juniper, Southern  Red Cedar",slow,7 to 10,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Low wet areas of swamps, stream and creek margins and flood-plain woodlands. Tolerating varying levels of soil moisture, it also grows in open woods and abandoned fields, usually on limestone.",South-eastern N. America - South Carolina to Texas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+silicicola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusSilicicola.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,squamata,Flaky Juniper,slow,4 to 7,4.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Inner valleys of the Himalayas, 3000 - 4500 metres from Afghanistan to S.W. China. Forests, thickets, valleys and roadsides in mountain areas from 1600 - 4500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Himalayas, Afghanistan.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+squamata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusSquamata.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,tetragona,,,7 to 10,,,,,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Pine-oak forests in mountains, to 4500 metres in Mexico.",South-western N. America - Texas to Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,virginiana,"Pencil Cedar, Eastern redcedar, Southern redcedar, Silver Cedar, Burk Eastern Red Cedar, Silver East",slow,3 to 9,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, rarely wet, open woods and rock slopes, often on limestone. Infertile soils and old pastures.",Central and Eastern N. America from Canada south to Georgia and Texas.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusVirginiana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Jurinea,dolomiaea,,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open alpine slopes, 3200 - 3800 metres","W. Asia - Turkey and Iran, east to E. Asia - Himalayas.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jurinea+dolomiaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oenotheraceae,Jussieva,repens,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,An aquatic plant growing mostly at the water's edge in ponds and ditches.,"E. Asia - China, India.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jussieva+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Acanthaceae,Justicia,gendarussa,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Beds of streams in moister areas of the Himalayas.,E. Asia - India to Burma.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Justicia+gendarussa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JusticiaGendarussa.jpg
Acanthaceae,Justicia,procumbens,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated fields and waste ground in lowland C. and S. Japan. River valleys in damp shady places in China[147, 178]. Moist open places, 700 - 2500 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - Himalayas to China, Japan and Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Justicia+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JusticiaProcumbens.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,caerulescens,Manicoba,medium,10 to 12,3.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Woodlands in sandstone soils[499 ].,S. America - northeast Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+caerulescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manihot_caerulescens1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,esculenta,"Cassava, Tapioca Plant, Yuca",medium,9 to 12,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Widely cultivated as a food crop, it is not known in a truly wild situation.",Tropics.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manihot esculenta3.JPEG
Arecaceae,Oenocarpus,bataua,Pataua Palm. Bataua,fast,10 to 12,20.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rainforest[314 ]. Tropical rainforests of South America, in a wide range of growing conditions from swampy lowlands to mountainous regions[370 ]. Found in both inundated and non-inundated areas[768 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama; Caribbean - Trinidad.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenocarpus+bataua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oenocarpus_bataua1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Saraca,asoca,Asoka Tree. Sorrow-less Tree,medium,10 to 12,9.0,9.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland forests at elevations up to 500 metres[451 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saraca+asoca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Saraca_asoca1.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Tectona,grandis,Teak,fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Ants']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Occurs naturally in various types of tropical deciduous forests[303 ].,"E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tectona+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tectona grandis 1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,cantala agave,Agave,fast,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known as a truly wild plant,C. America to southern N. America - Mexico.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+cantala agave,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_cantala_Rumphius.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,thunbergii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaThunbergii.jpg
Rutaceae,Casimiroa,edulis,"White Sapote, Mexican Apple",medium,8 to 11,16.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Subtropical deciduous woodlands and low forests[ 303 ]. Dryish highland forests at elevations of 600 - 1,000 metres[ 307 ].",Central America north to Mexico.,5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casimiroa+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Casimiroa edulis 1.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,pumila,"Chinquapin, Ozark chinkapin",slow,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy ridges and rich hillsides where it forms thickets, also in woods and on the borders of swamps[43, 82].","Eastern N. America - New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Missouri and Texas.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaPumila.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,pumila ashei,Chinquapin,,6 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"By the coast, in dry thickets woods and borders of swamps[43, 200].",Eastern N. America. - Virginia to Texas.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+pumila ashei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,incisa,Incised fumewort,,6 to 10,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and bamboo forests in lowland and foothills all over Japan. Grows in marshes.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisIncisa.gif
Solanaceae,Fabiana,imbricata,Pichi,,7 to 10,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Chile.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fabiana+imbricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FabianaImbricata.gif
Polygonaceae,Fagopyrum,dibotrys,Perennial Buckwheat,fast,None to None,1.0,2.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests and cultivated areas from Pakistan to S.W. China, 1500 - 3400 metres. Found alongside ditches on shady damp and fertile soils in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum+dibotrys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagopyrumDibotrys.jpg
Polygonaceae,Fagopyrum,esculentum,Buckwheat,fast,6 to 12,1.5,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Waste ground as an escape from cultivation. Its original habitat is obscure.,"Probably originating in China, the plant is cultivated in many temperate areas where it sometimes escapes and is found wild.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum+esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagopyrumEsculentum.gif
Polygonaceae,Fagopyrum,spp.,Perennial Buckwheat,fast,5 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests and cultivated areas from Pakistan to S.W. China, 1500 - 3400 metres. Found alongside ditches on shady damp and fertile soils in China.",Eurasia.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Fagopyrum_species1.JPEG
Polygonaceae,Fagopyrum,tataricum,Tartarian Buckwheat,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found at heights up to 4400 metres in the Himalayas from Pakistan to Bhutan.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum+tataricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagopyrumTataricum.gif
Gentianaceae,Fagraea,fragrans,"Ironwood, Tembusu",slow,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Light primary and secondary forest in humid or seasonally inundated locations, avoiding stagnant water. In freshwater-swamp forest, found in association with Melaleuca spp. Also occurs naturally as a pioneer in burnt-over areas and lalang grassland[ 303","E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Indo-China, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagraea+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Fagraea-fragrans_Blume.jpg
Fagaceae,Fagus,crenata,Japanese Beech,slow,4 to 8,35.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+crenata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagusCrenata.gif
Fagaceae,Fagus,grandifolia,American Beech,slow,4 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich uplands and mountain slopes, often forming nearly pure forests. In the south of its range it is also found on the margins of streams and swamps[43, 82].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Texas and Ontario.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+grandifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagusGrandifolia.gif
Fagaceae,Fagus,japonica,Japanese Beech,slow,4 to 8,22.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains in C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagusJaponica.gif
Fagaceae,Fagus,longipetiolata,,,None to None,22.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to June,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests on mountain slopes, occasionally in pure stands but usually with oak, maple and other deciduous trees, 300 - 2400 metres[109, 266].",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+longipetiolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Fagus,lucida,,,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed woods, often in pure stands with F. engleriana. Mixed mesophytic forests on mountain slopes at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+lucida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Fagus,orientalis,Oriental Beech,medium,4 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests.,E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagusOrientalis.gif
Fagaceae,Fagus,sylvatica,"Beech, European beech, Common Beech",medium,4 to 7,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Grows in woodlands where it is often the dominant species, especially on chalky and soft limestone soils, though sometimes also on well-drained loams and sands[13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, Greece, W. Russia and the Crimea.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagusSylvatica.gif
Fabaceae,Faidherbia,albida,White Acacia. White-thorn. Apple ring acacia,fast,10 to 12,25.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Butterflies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Banks of seasonal and perennial rivers and streams on sandy alluvial soils or on flat land where Vertisols predominate[303 ].,"Africa, from South Africa north through eastern Africa to Sudan, Eritrea and on to Israel.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Faidherbia+albida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Faidherbia_albida1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Falcataria,moluccana,Batai,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Tree,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A pioneer species, occurring in primary but more usually in secondary lowland rainforest and light montane forest, grassy plains and along roadsides near the sea[ 303 ].","Pacific area - Indonesia, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Falcataria+moluccana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Falcataria-moluccana_1.jpg
Rosaceae,Fallugia,paradoxa,Apache Plume,medium,6 to 10,2.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sun-baked rocky hills.,South-western N. America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fallugia+paradoxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FallugiaParadoxa.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Farfugium,japonicum,Leopard Plant,medium,6 to 10,0.8,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,November to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky cliffs near sea shores[58, 275]. In the long grass of streamside meadows. Lower elevational forests, grassy slopes and valleys in China.",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Farfugium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FarfugiumJaponicum.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Fargesia,nitida,Fountain Bamboo,slow,4 to 8,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp semi-wooded regions. Found at altitudes up to 3000 metres on the northern sides of mountains.,E. Asia - C. and W. China in Szechwan and Kansu.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fargesia+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FargesiaNitida.gif
Valerianaceae,Fedia,cornucopiae,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields and waste places, pastures, rocks and sands.",S. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fedia+cornucopiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FediaCornucopiae.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,assa-foetida,"Asafoetida - Devil's Dung. Hing (Indian), Asafetida",,7 to 10,2.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Deserts.,W. Asia - Afghanistan to Iran.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+assa-foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FerulaAssa-foetida.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,caspica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry saline soils in S. and E. Ukraine and south-eastern. Russia. Low mountain slopes in rocky crevices in northern Tibet.,"S. E. Europe to Turkey, Russia, Tibet and Mongolia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+caspica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,communis,Giant Fennel,,7 to 10,2.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry hills, walls, waste ground and limestone, often in soils that are damp in the spring.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FerulaCommunis.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,conocaula,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Montane semi-deserts. Mountain valleys at elevations around 2800 metres in Tibet.,C. Asia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+conocaula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,foetida,"Asafoetida - Devil's Dung. Hing (Indian), Asafetida",,7 to 10,2.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Deserts.,W. Asia - Afghanistan to Iran.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FerulaAssa-foetida.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,gummosa,Galbanum,,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Herbaceous slopes in steppes.,"W. Asia - Central Iran, Turkey and southern Russia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+gummosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FerulaGummosa.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,karelinii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hummocky sands, stony, clayey and sandy solonetzic deserts. Desert tracts in sandy places in Tibet.",C. Asia to Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+karelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,longifolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Calcareous and clayey slopes, pebbly and clayey steppes in S. E. Europe.",Europe - S. Russia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,marmarica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Africa.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+marmarica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,moschata,Musk Root,,8 to 11,2.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains of Samarkand at heights of 900 to 1300 metres. Gravel slopes in bushes in Tibet.,W. Asia - Turkestan to Tibet.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+moschata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,narthex,Ferula,,7 to 10,2.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes at elevations around 3600 metres in Tibet.,W. Asia - Afghanistan to Pakistan.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+narthex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,persica,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes to 2000 metres.,W. Asia - Iran.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+persica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,schair,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Clayey to sandy deserts in C. Asia.,W. Asia - Turkestan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+schair,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,szowitziana,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony slopes and salty steppes, 800 - 2150 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+szowitziana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,tingitana,,,8 to 11,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, hedges and damp shady places.",S.W. Europe to N. Africa.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+tingitana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Festuca,conferta,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known.,Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Festuca+conferta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Festuca,ovina,Sheep's Fescue,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Poor, well-drained shallow soils from low to high elevations.","Most of Europe, including Britain.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Festuca+ovina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FestucaOvina.gif
Poaceae,Festuca,pratensis,Meadow fescue,medium,4 to 10,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, roadsides, old pastures, and riversides on moist, rich soils, especially on loamy and heavy soils. ","Native to northern Europe east to Central Asia and south to Caucasus and Asia Minor. Introduced to North America from England (Reed, 1976).",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Festuca+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Festuca_pratensis1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Fibigia,clypeata,,,6 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocks, dry hills and slopes and dry rocky places up to 1000 metres.",S. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fibigia+clypeata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FibigiaClypeata.gif
Moraceae,Ficus,annulata,"Huan wen rong, Nizhangde",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wasps'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane forests at elevations from 500 - 1,300 metres in China[266 ]. A mid-canopy tree in undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests at elevations up to 600 metres. Usually on alluvial sites near rivers and streams, but also on hillsides and ridges[653 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+annulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ficus_annulata1.JPEG
Moraceae,Ficus,carica,"Fig, Edible fig, Fig Common",medium,6 to 10,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to September,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Amongst rocks, in woods and scrub on hot dry soils.","W. Asia - Turkey through to Pakistan; N. Africa - Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+carica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FicusCarica.jpg
Moraceae,Ficus,coronata,Sandpaper Fig,,8 to 11,12.0,4.0,Tree,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"In or near rainforests by the coast and adjoining plateaux. Found in a wide range of habitats, including gullies, creeks, rainforests, open country and sheltered rocky areas (tooheyforesteec.eq.edu.au)",Australia - New South Wales.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+coronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FicusCoronata.gif
Moraceae,Ficus,elastica,Rubber Plant. India Rubber Tree,fast,9 to 12,50.0,50.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wasps'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill forest, particularly on cliffs and limestone hills[451 ].","E. Asia - India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+elastica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ficus_elastica1.JPEG
Moraceae,Ficus,macrophylla,Moreton Bay Fig,,9 to 11,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rainforests.,"Australia - Queensland, New South Wales.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FicusMacrophylla.gif
Moraceae,Ficus,palmata,"Wild Fig, Punjab fig",,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to September,August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Occasionally found in forests, more commonly around villages, in waste ground, fields etc. Open places, generally along the banks of streams at elevations of 600 - 2700 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Ficus,racemosa,Cluster Fig,fast,9 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wasps'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In open, deciduous forest, common along river banks in lowlands[303 ]. Moist areas, beside rivers and streams, occasionally in streams at elevations of 100 - 1,700 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - Southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ficus_racemosa1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Filipendula,kamtschatica,,,3 to 7,2.0,2.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,High grass meadows along streams in the mountains.,"E. Asia - Japan, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+kamtschatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FilipendulaKamtschatica.gif
Rosaceae,Filipendula,multijuga,,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+multijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FilipendulaMultijuga.gif
Rosaceae,Filipendula,rubra,"Queen Of The Prairie, Meadowsweet",medium,3 to 9,2.5,1.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist meadows and bogs.,"Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Michigan and Iowa.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FilipendulaRubra.gif
Rosaceae,Filipendula,ulmaria,"Meadowsweet, Queen of the meadow, Double Lady of the Meadow, European  Meadowsweet",medium,3 to 9,1.2,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet ground in swamps, marshes, fens, wet woods and meadows, wet rock ledges and by rivers, but not on acid peats.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, temperate Asia and Mongolia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+ulmaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FilipendulaUlmaria.gif
Rosaceae,Filipendula,vestita,,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along mountain drains and in taller herbaceous vegetation, 2200 - 2900 metres. Alpine meadows and riverbanks at elevations of 3000 - 3200 metres in Yunnan Povince, China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Nepal and western China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+vestita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Filipendula,vulgaris,"Dropwort, Meadowsweet",medium,3 to 10,0.8,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry pastures on limestone or chalky soils.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Siberia and the Caucasus.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FilipendulaVulgaris.gif
Cyperaceae,Fimbristylis,sub-bispicata,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in lowland or mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fimbristylis+sub-bispicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sterculiaceae,Firmiana,simplex,"Chinese Parasol Tree, Chinese parasoltree, Japanese Varnish Tree, Chinese  Parasol Tree",fast,7 to 10,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the sides of roads at low altitudes.,E. Asia - China.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Firmiana+simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FirmianaSimplex.gif
Cupressaceae,Fitzroya,cupressoides,"Alerce, Patagonian cypress",slow,7 to 10,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Usually found in boggy ground up to 800 metres, though it is also found at higher and cooler altitudes that have high atmospheric humidity, it is then usually associated with Nothofagus dombeyi.","S. America - Chile, Argentina.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fitzroya+cupressoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FitzroyaCupressoides.gif
Fabaceae,Flemingia,macrophylla,Enoki-mame,medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Along watercourses in secondary forest, as well as under drier conditions such as in fields infested with Imperata cylindrica[303 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Flemingia+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Flemingia-macrophylla-1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Foeniculum,vulgare,"Fennel, Sweet fennel",,3 to 10,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found most often in dry stony calcareous soils near the sea[1, 16, 190].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Foeniculum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FoeniculumVulgare.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Foeniculum,vulgare azoricum,Florence Fennel,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not found in the wild.,A cultivar of F. vulgare.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Foeniculum+vulgare azoricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FoeniculumVulgareAzoricum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Foeniculum,vulgare dulce,Sweet Fennel,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not found in the wild.,A cultivar of F. vulgare.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Foeniculum+vulgare dulce,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Fontanesia,phillyreoides fortunei,Xue Liu,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Near gullies, by streams, or in woods; 0-800 m. Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fontanesia+phillyreoides fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Forestiera,acuminata,"Swamp Privet, Eastern swampprivet",,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April,July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet river banks, by ponds and swamps.","South-eastern N. America - South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forestiera+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForestieraAcuminata.gif
Oleaceae,Forestiera,neomexicana,Wild Olive,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes and ridges below 2000 metres.,"South-western N. America - Texas to New Mexico, west to California.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forestiera+neomexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForestieraNeomexicana.gif
Oleaceae,Forsythia,suspensa,"Lian Qiao, Weeping forsythia",medium,5 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets, moors and cliffs, 300 - 1200 metres. Thickets or grassy areas on slopes, valleys and gullies at elevations of 300 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - E. China.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forsythia+suspensa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForsythiaSuspensa2.gif
Oleaceae,Forsythia,viridissima,"Golden Bells, Greenstem forsythia, Forsythia",slow,5 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Ravines, margin of woods near river valleys and streamsides.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forsythia+viridissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForsythiaViridissima.gif
Oleaceae,Forsythia,x intermedia,"Golden Bell, Border Forsythia",fast,5 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, F. suspensa x F. viridissima.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forsythia+x intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForsythiaXintermedia.gif
Rutaceae,Fortunella,japonica,Round Kumquat,,8 to 11,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fortunella+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FortunellaJaponica2.gif
Rutaceae,Fortunella,margarita,Oval Kumquat,,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fortunella+margarita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FortunellaMargarita.gif
Fouquieriaceae,Fouquieria,splendens,Ocotillo. Coach whip,medium,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It grows in arid, desert places. Dry, rocky hills, on slopes, plains and washes. Soils abundant of limestone, well aerated and also relatively warm. In the drier an lower part of its areal the soil is more sandy and loose. ",Mesoamerica. Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fouquieria+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Fouquieria_splendens1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Fragaria,,"Strawberry, Beach strawberry, Pacific beach strawberry, Sandwich beach strawberry, Virginia strawber",,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to November,June to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, F. x ananassa x Potentilla palustris.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Fragaria.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,bracteata,Woodland Strawberry,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woods, stream banks and sandy meadows.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+bracteata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaBracteata.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,californica,Californian Strawberry,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shaded, fairly damp places in woodland.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaCalifornica.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,chiloensis,"Beach Strawberry, Pacific beach strawberry,  Sandwich beach strawberry",,4 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows in scrub near the coast from Chile to western N. America.,S. America to N. America.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+chiloensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaChiloensis.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,daltoniana,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, shrubberies and shady banks, 2000 - 3600 metres from Uttar Pradesh to Sikkim. Meadows on mountain tops, thickets at elevations of 3360 - 5000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+daltoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Fragaria,iinumae,Strawberry,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist sunny situations in alpine and sub-alpine regions of N. and C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+iinumae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaIinumae.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,moschata,Hautbois Strawberry,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies, and amongst tall grass.",C. Europe. Perhaps occasionally naturalized in Britain.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+moschata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaMoschata.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,nilgerrensis,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations up to 1,500 metres in the Himalayas. Meadows on mountain slopes, forests in valleys at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres in south and western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas frm India to Nepal, Sikkim and western China.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+nilgerrensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaNilgerrensis.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,nipponica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains in C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaNipponica.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,nubicola,Indian Strawberry,,5 to 9,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open grassland at elevations of 1600 - 4000 metres in Nepal. Meadows on mountain slopes, forests in valleys and forest edge at elevations of 2500 - 3900 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to western China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+nubicola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaNubicola.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,orientalis,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and open slopes, especially on stony surfaces. Meadows on mountain slope, in the shade of forest trees at elevations of 600 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Eastern Siberia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Fragaria,ovalis,Rocky Mountain Strawberry,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coniferous forests in Arizona. Found at 2100 - 3300 metres in the Rockies.,South-western N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+ovalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaOvalis.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,vesca,Californian Strawberry,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shaded, fairly damp places in woodland.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+vesca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaCalifornica.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,vesca 'Semperflorens',Alpine Strawberry,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to November,June to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Woodland and damp undergrowth.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia.",5,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+vesca 'Semperflorens',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaVescaSemperflorens.jpg
Rosaceae,Fragaria,virginiana,"Scarlet Strawberry, Virginia strawberry",,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, open slopes and woodland edges.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to South Dakota, south to Florida and Oklahoma.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaVirginiana.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,viridis,Green Strawberry,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and banks.,Europe.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaViridis.gif
Rosaceae,Fragaria,x ananassa,Strawberry,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, probably F. virginiana x F. chiloensis.",5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria+x ananassa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FragariaXAnanassa.jpg
Gentianaceae,Frasera,caroliniensis,American Columbo,,None to None,2.5,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry soils.,"Eastern N. America - New York to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Frasera+caroliniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraseraCaroliniensis.gif
Gentianaceae,Frasera,speciosa,"Green Gentian, Elkweed",,3 to 7,1.5,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dryish or dampish places. Rich soils in open pine woods, aspen groves etc, 1500 - 3000 metres.",Western N. America - California to Washington.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Frasera+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraseraSpeciosa.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,americana,White Ash,fast,4 to 9,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Rich upland to lowland woods[43, 82]. Usually found in association with other hardwood trees in well-drained soils on slopes.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusAmericana.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,angustifolia,Narrow-Leaved Ash,,5 to 9,25.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mostly dryish rocky places in macchie, deciduous scrub or in pine and mixed forest, 650 - 1700 metres in Turkey.","S. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia,",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusAngustifolia.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,bungeana,Xiao Ye Qin,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Dry sandy soils, rock crevices at elevations of 0 - 1500 metres in Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Shandong and Shanxi.",E. Asia - N. China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+bungeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusBungeana.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,chinensis rhynchophylla,Hua Qu Liu,,5 to 9,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Woodland and thickets to 3000 metres in W. China. Slopes, along rivers, roadsides, below 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+chinensis rhynchophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,excelsior,"Ash, European ash, Common Ash",fast,5 to 8,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],May to October,April to May,September to January,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Forming woods on calcareous soils in the wetter parts of Britain, also in oakwoods, scrub, hedges etc. It is also often found on acid soils.","Europe, including Britain south of latitude 64°, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+excelsior,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusExcelsior.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,floribunda,Himalayan Ash,,7 to 10,40.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Rich moist soils in forests, 1200 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas[51, 146]. Dense forests, mixed woods of valleys, roadsides; sea level to 2600 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Himachel Pradesh to S.W. China.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusFloribunda.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,hookeri,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Isolated in forests, 1700 - 2600 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,latifolia,Oregon Ash,,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Rather deep, fertile, usually moist soils in the neighbourhood of streams near the coast[60, 82].",Western N. America - Washington to California.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusLatifolia.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,longicuspis,,,5 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Deciduous forests in mountains at elevations of 100 - 1100 metres, C. and S. Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+longicuspis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,nigra,Black Ash,medium,2 to 5,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Deep cold swamps, river banks and shores, tolerating some standing water[43, 82, 229].","North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Iowa.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusNigra.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,ornus,"Manna Ash, Flowering ash",slow,5 to 6,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,September to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mixed woodland, thickets and rocky places, mainly on limestone.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+ornus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusOrnus.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,pennsylvanica,"Red Ash, Green ash, Water Ash",fast,3 to 9,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Streambanks, floodplains and wet upland sites, rarely in pure stands.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Alberta, south to Florida and Texas.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+pennsylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusPennsylvanica.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,quadrangulata,Blue Ash,medium,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Dry or moist rich woods, especially on limestone hills.",Central N. America - Ontario to Alabama and Kansas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+quadrangulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusQuadrangulata.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,sieboldiana,Ash,medium,6 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mountains and hills, C. and S. Japan. Woods on slopes and by streams in ravines at elevations of 500 - 1200 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+sieboldiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusSieboldiana.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,texensis,Texas White Ash,fast,5 to 9,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"High, dry limestone bluffs and ridges.",Southern N. America - Texas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+texensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,velutina,"Arizona Ash, Velvet ash, Modesto Ash,  Fantex Ash",fast,7 to 10,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Along the banks of streams, rivers and moist washes, generally in canyons, to 2000 metres.",South-western N. America - Texas to Nevada and California.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+velutina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusVelutina.gif
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,xanthoxyloides,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Found mainly in the dry inner valleys of the Himalayas[11, 146]. Dry slopes in valleys at elevations of 1000 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - Afghanistan to the N.W. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+xanthoxyloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusXanthoxyloides.gif
Sterculiaceae,Fremontodendron,californicum,"Flannel Flower, California flannelbush, Common Flannel Bush",medium,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, mostly granitic slopes, 900 - 1800 metres in California. It thrives on poor dry rocky soils of the foothills, where it often forms dense thickets.",South-western N. America - California and Arizona.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fremontodendron+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FremontodendronCalifornicum.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,affinis,"Chocolate Lily, Checker lily",,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies and grass bluffs to woodland and coniferous forests, usually on leafy soils overlying a rather stony sub-soil, from sea level to 1500 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to California, east to Idaho.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaAffinis.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,atropurpurea,"Purple Fritillary, Spotted fritillary",,4 to 8,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humus rich damp soils under trees and shrubs in valleys and open woods, also in mountains to near the timberline, at elevations of 1000 - 3200 metres[212, 270].","Western N. America - California to Oregon, N. Dakota and New Mexico.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+atropurpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaAtropurpurea.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,camschatcensis,"Kamchatka Lily,  	Kamchatka fritillary",,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist areas from sea level to 600 metres in open woods and sub-alpine meadows.,Northern N. America - Washington to Alaska and eastwards to Siberia and Japan.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+camschatcensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaCamschatcensis.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,cirrhosa,Chuan Bei Mu,,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes in alpine and sub-alpine meadows and scrub, usually on open stony moist hillsides[90, 91] Forests, alpine thickets, meadows, flood lands and moist places, 3200 - 4600 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Nepal to China.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+cirrhosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,imperialis,"Crown Imperial, Imperial fritillary, Crown Imperial Fritillary",slow,7 to 9,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Cliffs, rocky slopes and amongst scrub, 1000 - 3000 metres in Turkey. On humus rich soils, usually in gullies and shaded sides of large rocks, 1800 - 2600 metres in Kashmir.","W. Asia - W. Himalayas, Turkey and Iran.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+imperialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaPallidiflora.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,meleagris,"Snakehead Fritillary, Chequered lily, Checkered Fritillary",medium,3 to 7,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp meadows and pastures, especially on alkaline soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and west to France, Serbia and the Lower Volga.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+meleagris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,pallidiflora,Pale-Flowered Fritillary,,3 to 7,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine meadows, woods and scrub. Slopes in the sub-alpine zone. Forests, thickets, meadows, grassy slopes, mountain steppes, 1300 - 2500 metres in NW Xinjiang, China.",E. Asia - China to E. Siberia.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+pallidiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaPallidiflora.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,pudica,Yellow Fritillary,,3 to 7,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland and sagebrush deserts to mixed coniferous forests, also on stony mountain slopes[60, 163], 400 - 2000 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Wyoming, south to New Mexico.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+pudica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaPudica.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,roylei,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine slopes and in shrubberies, 2700 - 4000 metres, from Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+roylei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,sewerzowii,,,4 to 8,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Cliff ledges, amongst scrub and on steep earthy slopes, 1000 - 3000 metres.",C. Asia - Tien Shan and Pamir Alai.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+sewerzowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaSewerzowii.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,thunbergii,Zhe Bei Mu,,7 to 10,0.6,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bamboo forests, shady and moist places from near sea level to 600 metres[163, 266].",E. Asia - E. China.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaThunbergii.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,verticillata,,,4 to 8,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Stony and dry slopes from W. Siberia eastwards. Hill thickets and gravelly meadows at elevations of 1300 - 2000 metres in NW Xinjiang, China.","E. Asia - China, Siberia.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,alpestris,,,9 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky, moist and bushy areas.",Southern S. America - Brazil.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+alpestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaAlpestris.jpg
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,boliviana,Bolivian fuchsia,fast,9 to 11,3.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Birds']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows in cool mossy forests in the Andes at altitudes of 1800 - 3000 metres[97, 260].","S. America - southern Peru, through Bolivia to northern Argentina.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+boliviana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaBoliviana.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,coccinea,Scarlet fuchsia,fast,8 to 11,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+coccinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaCoccinea.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,colensoi,,,8 to 11,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,New Zealand.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+colensoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaColensoi.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,corymbiflora,"Peruvian Fuschia, Peruvian Berrybush, Vine fuchsia,",,9 to 11,3.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Amongst moist shrubs or along the banks of streams in elevated cloud forests.,S. America - Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+corymbiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaCorymbiflora.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,denticulata,,,9 to 11,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist canyons in cloud forests and in mountain scrub at elevations of 2,000 - 3,600 metres.","S. America - Peru, Bolivia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+denticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaDenticulata.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,excorticata,Konini,medium,8 to 11,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowlands and lower montane forests, along forest edges, streams and shady gullies on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+excorticata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaExcorticata.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,fulgens,,,9 to 11,1.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places, old walls, woodlands and open areas, often as an epiphyte on oaks, in Jalisco, Michoacan and Morelia.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+fulgens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,hemsleyana,,medium,8 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],May to November,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Oak woods, often as an epiphyte.",Central America - Costa Rica and Panama.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+hemsleyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,magellanica,"Fuchsia, Hardy fuchsia",medium,5 to 7,3.6,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Forest clearings and margins, especially in mixed evergreen/deciduous woods.",S. America. - Peru and south to Tierra Del Fuego. Naturalized in S.W. England.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+magellanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaMagellanica.jpg
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,microphylla,,medium,8 to 11,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places in oak and pine woods in Hidalgo. Mexico, Michoacan and Jalisco Counties.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaMicrophylla.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,paniculata,Shrubby fuchsia,medium,9 to 11,8.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cloud forests.,Southern N. America to C. America - Mexico to Panama.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaPaniculata.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,procumbens,Trailing Fuchsia,,8 to 11,0.2,0.6,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Sandy, gravelly or rocky places above the high tide mark, but occasionally covered by extra high tides, North Island.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaProcumbens.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,species,,,None to None,2.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a wild situation,Southern N. America.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaSpecies.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,splendens,Platanillo,,8 to 11,2.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An epiphytic plant, growing on the moss-covered branches of trees. Cloud forest, moist oak and pine woods at elevations of 2,000 - 3,400 metres.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaSplendens.gif
Fumariaceae,Fumaria,officinalis,"Fumitory, Drug fumitory",,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land and as a weed in gardens, usually on lighter soils[9, 17]. It is also found growing on old walls.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean and east to Iran.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fumaria+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FumariaOfficinalis.gif
Apocynaceae,Funtumia,elastica,West African Rubber Tree. Lagos silk rubber,fast,10 to 12,25.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Deciduous forest[332 ]. An evanescent species in secondary growth on abandoned cultivated land[332 ].,"Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, south to Gabon, Congo and Tanzania.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Funtumia+elastica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Funtumia_elastica1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,acaulis,Cocuiza,medium,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Tropical highlands. Semi-arid to humid.,South America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_acaulis1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,andina,"Pacpa, Fique",fast,10 to 12,2.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Tropical highlands. All  climates,  from coastal plains to elevations above 3,000 metres.","Native to Andean regions of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. From here it was extended to Venezuela and the east coast of Brazil. ",1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+andina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_andina1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,cabuya,Cabuya,fast,9 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Tropical highlands,"Northern S. America - Venezuela, north through Central America to Mexico.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+cabuya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_cabuya1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,foetida,Mauritius Hemp,fast,9 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Tropical highlands,"Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas, north to Costa Rica and the Caribbean",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_foetida1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,hexapetala,"Fique, Cuban Hemp",fast,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Tropical highlands,"Northern S. America - Venezuela, Ecuador, Galapagos, north through the Caribbean and Mexico.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+hexapetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_hexapetala1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,uliginosum,Marsh Cudweed,,None to None,0.2,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp places in sandy fields, heaths, waysides etc, on acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+uliginosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GnaphaliumUliginosum.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,vulgare,"Barley, Common barley",,4 to 8,1.0,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in the wild, it is found in Britain as a relict of cultivation but does not persist.",Of uncertain origin.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumVulgare.jpg
Fabaceae,Inga,cinnamomea,"Inga Assu, Inga Acu",fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests in riverine flood plains in both primary and secondary formations[416 , 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, French Guiana, Surinam.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+cinnamomea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga cinnamomea 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,edulis,"Ice Cream Bean, Monkey Tamarind",fast,9 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Forests on the riverine flood plains[416 ]. Moist, wet, or sometimes rather dry forest, or in open places at elevations below 1,500 metres[331 ]. Thickets and wooded swamps at elevations of 110 - 540 metres in Peru[453 ].","Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga edulis2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,insignis,Guaba de zorro,medium,10 to 12,8.0,10.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga insignis.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,jinicuil,"Ice Cream Bean, Jinicuil",fast,10 to 12,20.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist lowland slopes[307 ].,Central America - Mexico to Costa Rica.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+jinicuil,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga jinicuil 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,vera,"Ice cream bean, River koko, Guaba, Pois Doux",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tropical moist forest[315 ]. Along riverbanks and in sheltered ravines at elevations of 60 - 700 metres[426 ]. Prefers damp to wet soils, growing mainly in secondary formations[419 ].","Tropical S. America, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+vera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga_vera1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,hiberniflorum,,,None to None,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods in low mountains, S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+hiberniflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Melissa,officinalis,"Lemon Balm, Common balm, Bee Balm, Sweet Balm,  Lemon Balm",fast,4 to 8,0.7,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Waste places and derelict land near human habitations.,"C. and S. Europe, W. Asia and N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melissa+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelissaOfficinalis6.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,betuloides,,fast,6 to 9,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dominant or locally dominant in evergreen forest on better drained sites in areas of higher rainfall from sea level to 500 metres in S. Chile.,"S. America - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+betuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusBetuloides.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,cunninghamii,Myrtle Beech,fast,8 to 11,55.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist sheltered localities in temperate rainforests[154, 156].",Australia - Tasmania and Victoria.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+cunninghamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusCunninghamii.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,fusca,Red Beech,fast,8 to 11,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane forests southwards from 37°s, on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusFusca.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,menziesii,Silver Beech,fast,8 to 11,20.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane forest or a shrub in the sub-alpine zone, southwards from latitude 37° south in North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusMenziesii.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,obliqua,"Roblé, Roble beech",fast,6 to 9,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forests between latitudes 41°s and 38°s.,S. America - Chile to Argentina.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+obliqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusObliqua.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,pumilio,Lenga,medium,6 to 9,40.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dominant or co-dominant in deciduous forest on better drained sites and well developed soils from sea level to 1800 metres.,Southern S. America.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+pumilio,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusPumilio.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,solanderi,Black Beech,fast,7 to 10,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Lowland and montane forest between latitudes 38°s and 44°s on North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+solanderi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Platycarya,strobilacea,,,6 to 9,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods from sea level to 1300 metres. Mixed forests on mountain slopes, sometimes on limestone, at elevations of 400 - 2,200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platycarya+strobilacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatycaryaStrobilacea.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Plukenetia,volubilis,Inca peanut,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Occurs in disturbed areas or forest edges of lowland moist or wet forest, at elevations below 900 metres[674 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam; Caribbean - Windward Isles.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plukenetia+volubilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plukenetia_volubilis1.JPEG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,ficaria,"Lesser Celandine - Pilewort, Fig buttercup",fast,None to None,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",January to June,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, scrub, meadows, by streams etc, avoiding acid soils[9, 17].","Nost of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+ficaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusFicaria.jpg
Polygonaceae,Reynoutria,japonica,Japanese knotweed.,fast,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cold to warm temperate.  It grows in forests and humid areas.  It grows in wetlands.,Origin: Asia.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reynoutria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Reynoutria_japonica1.JPEG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,carolinianus,"Indian Cherry, Oak, Carolina Buckthorn",slow,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods, sheltered slopes, borders of streams and limestone ridges[43, 82]. Swamps and low ground.","Eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+carolinianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusCaroliniana.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,frangula,Alder Buckthorn,slow,3 to 7,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and damp places, usually on moist heaths and damp open woods, preferring a peaty soil[9, 17, 21].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Urals and Siberia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+frangula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusFrangula.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,purshiana,Cascara Sagrada,,None to None,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich bottom lands and sides of canyons, usually in coniferous forests[60, 82].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+purshiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusPurshianus.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Telfairia,pedata,Oysternut,fast,10 to 12,20.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Coastal rain and riverine forest from sea level to 1,100 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Tanzania, northern Mozambique.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Telfairia+pedata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Telfairia_pedata_Houtte.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,spathaceus,Umbrella Bamboo,,5 to 9,4.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp positions in woodlands up to 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - C. China in W. Sichuan, S. Guizhou and Shaanxi..",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+spathaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,ornithopodioides,"Birdsfoot Fenugreek, Bird clover",,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Dry sandy places in southern England, mainly near the coast[5, 17].","Southern and western Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south to N. Africa.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+ornithopodioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumOrnithopodioides.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trigonella,foenum-graecum,"Fenugreek, Sicklefruit fenugreek",fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Field verges, uncultivated ground, dry grasslands and hillsides.",Europe - S. France.,4,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+foenum-graecum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonellaFoenum-graecum.jpg
Poaceae,Yushania,maculata,Maculata bamboo,fast,6 to 10,5.0,2.5,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,A temperate plant. Grows in pine forests at elevation 1.8-3.5 km.,"Native to Asia-temperate: Yunnan and Sichuan, China. Introduces Europe including UK, USA.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yushania+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Yushania_maculata1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,piperitum,Japanese Pepper Tree,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and hedges in hills and mountains in Japan[58, 184].","E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+piperitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumPiperitum.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,schinifolium,Peppertree,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August,October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Roadsides in Korea.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+schinifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumSchinifolium.jpg
Fabaceae,Afzelia,africana,African Mahogany,medium,10 to 12,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Humid and dry forests, tree savannahs, forest galleries[ 375 ]. Semi-deciduous forest and savannahs to the southern border of the Sahel. Found in the drier parts of the tropical forests region in valleys, on the savannah and in areas fringing forests[ 418 ].","Western Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, south to the Congo.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Afzelia+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AfzeliaAfricana.jpg
Iridaceae,Belamcanda,chinensis,"Leopard Lily, Blackberry lily, Leopard Flower",fast,4 to 10,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and banks at the edge of cultivation in rich damp soils in the Himalayas[51, 147].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Belamcanda+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BelamcandaChinensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dittrichia,viscosa,False yellowhead,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places.,Europe - Mediterranean. Introduced and naturalized in a few localities in Britain[17].,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dittrichia+viscosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DittrichiaViscosa.gif
Iridaceae,Gynandriris,sisyrinchium,Spanish Nut,,7 to 10,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry places near the coast and up to 2,000 metres.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynandriris+sisyrinchium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GynandririsSisyrinchium.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Iberis,amara,"Rocket Candytuft, Annual candytuft",fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry calcareous soils on hillsides and in cornfields.,"Western and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iberis+amara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IberisAmara.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Iberis,umbellata,"Candytuft, Globe candytuft",fast,None to None,0.3,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Bushy and rocky places on calcareous soils.,S. Europe.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iberis+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IberisUmbellata.jpg
Flacourtiaceae,Idesia,polycarpa,Idesia,,4 to 8,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills and mountain forests above elevations of 2000 metres[58, 109].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Idesia+polycarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,aculeolata,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May,June to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sparse forests, shrub forests in valleys and along roadsides at elevations of 100 - 1200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+aculeolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,aquifolium,"Holly, English holl, Christmas Holly, Common Holly, English Holly",slow,5 to 9,9.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,November to March,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Found in most well-drained soils in scrub, hedges and woodland where it is often the dominant under-storey shrub.","Western and central Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Germany south to the Mediterranean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+aquifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexAquifolium.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,asprella,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides, wild places, open woods or shrub thickets. Sparse forests on slopes, shrubby areas, roadsides at elevations of 400 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+asprella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexAsprella.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,cassine,"Cassine, Dahoon, Cassine Holly",slow,7 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,October to February,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cold swamps and on their borders in rich moist soils. Occasionally also found on high sandy banks of pine barren streams.,"South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+cassine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexCassine.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,chapaensis,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sparse forests, mixed forests on mountains at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+chapaensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,coriacea,Large Gallberry,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low wet areas such as swamps, bays, river floodplains, and by the sides of streams and ponds. Sandy woods and swamps.","South-eastern N. America - Florida to Louisiana, north to S.E. Virginia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexCoriacea.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,cornuta,"Horned Holly, Chinese holly",medium,7 to 9,4.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ravines and hills, 150 - 600 metres. Wild places and alongside mountain paths in full sunshine.","E. Asia - E. China, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+cornuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexCornuta.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,crenata,"Japanese Holly, Box Leaved Holly",slow,6 to 8,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, woods and wet places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+crenata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexCrenata.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,glabra,Inkberry,slow,3 to 7,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Wet acid soils. Low sandy or peaty soils.,Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida and west to Montana.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ilex_glabra2.JPEG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,integra,Mochi Tree,,6 to 9,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods in hills and low mountains, often near the sea, in C. and S. Japan[58, 184].","E. Asia - E. China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+integra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexIntegra.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,latifolia,Tarajo,,6 to 9,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Evergreen broad-leaf forests, shrub forests and bamboo forests at elevations of 200 - 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexLatifolia.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,macropoda,,,6 to 9,13.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In forests in low mountains all over Japan[58, 275]. Mixed forests, forest margins, thickets, roadsides, mountains at elevations of 800 - 1900 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+macropoda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexMacropoda.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,opaca,American Holly,slow,4 to 8,15.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,November to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows in a variety of soil types, but it is generally found in deep moist bottomlands. Moist woods, hedges and fields[43, 184].",Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida and west to Texas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+opaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexOpaca.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,pedunculosa,,,4 to 8,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains of Japan. Woodlands and the sides of streams in W. China. Broad-leaf woods, thickets, margins of woods on mountains at elevations of 1200 - 1900 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+pedunculosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexPedunculosa.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,pubescens,,,7 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Evergreen broad-leaf forests, forest margins, shrubby areas, streamsides and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - S. China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,purpurea,,,7 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,September to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Evergreen broad-leaf forests, forest margins on mountain slopes at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexPurpurea.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,rotunda,Kurogane holly,,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Evergreen forests.Evergreen broad-leaf forests, forest margins on mountain slopes at elevations of 400 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - E. China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+rotunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexRotunda.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,verticillata,"Winterberry, Common winterberry",slow,3 to 7,2.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps, pond margins and damp thickets.",Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Tennessee..,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexVerticillata.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,vomitoria,"Yaupon Holly,",slow,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy woods and clearings. Low moist woods, especially near the coast. Often forming dense thickets along streams and pond margins and shallow swamp lands.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+vomitoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexVomitoria.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,x altaclerensis,Holly,slow,5 to 9,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, I. aquifolium x I. perado.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+x altaclerensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexXAltaclerensis.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,yunnanensis,,,5 to 9,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Evergreen broad-leaf forests, thickets, Tsuga forests, margins of woods, shrub forests in valleys or mountains at elevations of 1100 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - W. China to eastern Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+yunnanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexYunnanensis.jpg
Illiciaceae,Illicium,anisatum,"Star Anise, Chinese Anise,Japanese Anise",slow,7 to 10,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Thickets and woods in foothills, S. and C. Japan.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan, Taiwan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Illicium+anisatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlliciumAnisatum.jpg
Illiciaceae,Illicium,floridanum,"Aniseed Tree, Florida anisetree, Purple Anise, Star Anise, Florida anise",slow,6 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland wet areas, often in sandy soils along streams, swamps and at the head of bays, in light woodland and thickets.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Louisiana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Illicium+floridanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlliciumFloridanum.jpg
Illiciaceae,Illicium,verum,"Ba Jiao Hui Xian, Staranise tree",,7 to 10,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,March to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Light woodland and thickets. Forests at elevations of 200 - 1600 metres in S and W Guangxi Province, China.","E. Asia - China, Vietnam.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Illicium+verum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlliciumVerum.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,aurella,Paleyellow touch-me-not,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp thickets and springy places.,Western N. America - Central Alaska to Oregon and Idaho.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+aurella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,balsamina,"Rose Balsam, Spotted snapweed, Touch-Me-Not, Garden Balsam",medium,None to None,0.6,0.5,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places in and around villages.,"E. Asia - China, India, Malaya.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+balsamina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensBalsamina.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,capensis,Jewelweed,fast,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along the banks of rivers and canals, also in low-lying moist woodlands, avoiding acid soils.",N. America - Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Naturalized in Britain.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+capensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensCapensis.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,ecalcarata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady places in moist positions.,Western N. America - S.E. British Columbia to Oregon.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+ecalcarata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,edgeworthii,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found in forest openings in ditches near water drains, 1700 - 2200 metres in Srinagar.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Kashmir.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+edgeworthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,glandulifera,"Jewelweed, Ornamental jewelweed",fast,5 to 9,1.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and bushy places, often on grazing ground, frequently gregarious, 1800 - 4000 metres in the Himalayas. Grows on river banks and waste places in Britain.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas - Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh. Naturalized in Britain.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+glandulifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensGlandulifera.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,noli-tangere,Touch-Me-Not,,5 to 9,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By streams, wet ground in woods in N. Wales, the Lake District, Yorkshire and Lancashire.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to France, east to Macedonia and temperate Asia.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+noli-tangere,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensNoli-tangere.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,occidentalis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woods.,Western N. America.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,pallida,"Pale Jewelweed, Pale touch-me-not",,7 to 10,1.5,0.6,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist woodland and wet meadows, usually on calcareous soils.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensPallida.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,parviflora,Smallflower touchmenot,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and waste shady places, mainly in S. and E. England.",Western N. America to Siberia. Naturalized in Britain.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensParviflora.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,sulcata,,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],April to October,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Humus-rich soils in forests, shrubberies and cultivated areas, 1800 - 4000 metres. Understories of Picea forests, along canals, shaded moist places; 3000 - 4000 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Kashmir to Bhutan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+sulcata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,textori,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet shaded places in low mountains. By streams and along canals at elevations of 1000 - 1100 metres in eastern China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+textori,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImpatiensTextori.jpg
Balsaminaceae,Impatiens,tingens,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim at elevations from 1,500 - 3,000 metres.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens+tingens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Imperata,cylindrica,"Cogongrass, Japanese Blood Grass",slow,6 to 9,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open sandy habitats, usually by a river or the sea shore in Europe. Commonly found on impoverished soils in Australia.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Imperata+cylindrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ImperataCylindrica.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Incarvillea,delavayi,Hardy Gloxinia,medium,7 to 9,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Grassy places and scrub around 2000 metres. Pastures and open grassland, 2400 - 3500 metres, but it is now uncommon in its native range.",E. Asia - S.W. China in Yunnan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Incarvillea+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IncarvilleaDelavayi.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Incarvillea,sinensis,,,4 to 8,0.9,,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy and rocky places, embankments and old walls from 400 - 2100 metres, often in wind-swept sites.","E. Asia - N. China, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Incarvillea+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IncarvilleaSinensis.jpg
Fabaceae,Indigofera,arrecta,"Bengal Indigo, Java indigo, Natal indigo",medium,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Deciduous and evergreen bushland; mixed woodland areas of cultivation and secondary growth; forest margins; (Hyparrhenia) grassland; roadsides; flood plains; pans; termitaria; waste ground; at elevations of 200 - 2,700 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - widely distributed throughout the continent from Senegal to Somalia, south to S. Africa. Also extending into Arabia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+arrecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Indigofera arrecta 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Indigofera,cassioides,,,8 to 11,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sal forests and hills to 2700 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+cassioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CassiopeTetragona.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Indigofera,decora,Chinese indigo,medium,5 to 7,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks and old stone walls in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+decora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IndigoferaDecora.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Indigofera,hebepetala,,,7 to 10,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady places, 2100 - 3000 metres in Jaunsar, Uttar Pradesh. Open places at elevations of 1600 - 2800 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+hebepetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Indigofera,hendecaphylla,"Creeping indigo, spicate indigo, trailing indigo",fast,10 to 12,0.5,0.5,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Disturbed grassland; cultivated areas and waste places; at elevations up to 2,700 metres, but most commonly below 700 metres, in Africa[310 , 328 ].","Tropical Africa - widely distributed, including Madagascar; through tropical Asia to New Guinea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+hendecaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Indigofera_hendecaphylla_Botanical_Register.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Indigofera,heterantha,Indigo Bush,,6 to 9,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],May to November,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny slopes, often forming dense scrub, and in forests 1500 - 3000 metres[146, 184].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to W. China.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+heterantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IndigoferaHeterantha.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Indigofera,kirilowii,"Kirilow's indigo, Indigo",medium,5 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy places and scrub in sunny positions.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+kirilowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IndigoferaKirilowii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Indigofera,pseudotinctoria,Indigo,medium,6 to 10,1.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, streamsides, ravines in W. Hupeh, 300 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+pseudotinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IndigoferaPseudotinctoria.jpg
Fabaceae,Indigofera,suffruticosa,"Anil Indigo, Anil de pasto",fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry to wet fields and thickets, often in waste ground, sometimes on exposed hillsides or on sandbars, sometimes a weed in cultivated ground, most commonly at low elevations, but extending to 1,500 metres[331 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, north to the Caribbean, through Central America to Mexico, Florida",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+suffruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Indigofera_suffruticosa_two.JPEG
Fabaceae,Indigofera,tinctoria,"Indigo, True Indigo, dye indigo",fast,5 to 12,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Probably originally from Malaysia, the plant now has a pantropical distribution.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Indigofera_tinctoria_Trew_1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Indocalamus,latifolius,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open forest on mountain slopes and in valleys at elevations below 1000 metres.,E. Asia - E. China.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indocalamus+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IndocalamusLatifolius.jpg
Fabaceae,Inga,cinnamomea,"Inga Assu, Inga Acu",fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests in riverine flood plains in both primary and secondary formations[416 , 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, French Guiana, Surinam.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+cinnamomea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga cinnamomea 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,densiflora,Densely flowered Inga,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+densiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga densiflora 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,edulis,"Ice Cream Bean, Monkey Tamarind",fast,9 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Forests on the riverine flood plains[416 ]. Moist, wet, or sometimes rather dry forest, or in open places at elevations below 1,500 metres[331 ]. Thickets and wooded swamps at elevations of 110 - 540 metres in Peru[453 ].","Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga edulis2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,insignis,Guaba de zorro,medium,10 to 12,8.0,10.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga insignis.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,jinicuil,"Ice Cream Bean, Jinicuil",fast,10 to 12,20.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist lowland slopes[307 ].,Central America - Mexico to Costa Rica.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+jinicuil,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga jinicuil 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inga,vera,"Ice cream bean, River koko, Guaba, Pois Doux",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tropical moist forest[315 ]. Along riverbanks and in sheltered ravines at elevations of 60 - 700 metres[426 ]. Prefers damp to wet soils, growing mainly in secondary formations[419 ].","Tropical S. America, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inga+vera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inga_vera1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inocarpus,fagifer,"Tahiti Chestnut, Polynesian Chestnut",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Common in coastal forests, margins of swampy places, along rivers, and even in dry forest[311 ]. Lowland secondary forest, stream banks, swamps and marshes, mangrove areas, and coconut plantations at elevations from sea level to 500 metres[312 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia to Australia and the southwest Pacific.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inocarpus+fagifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inocarpus_fagifer_Roxburgh.JPEG
Fabaceae,Intsia,bijuga,"Moluccan Ironwood, Ipil",slow,11 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Often found on sand and coral beaches, but also in periodically inundated localities further inland[303 ]. It also occurs in dryland mangroves which are the final stage of mangrove forest succession and the transition to inland forests[303 ].","E. Africa; E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea to Australia and the Pacific Islands.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Intsia+bijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Intsia_bijuga_Rumphius.JPEG
Fabaceae,Intsia,palembanica,"Borneo Teak, Merbau",slow,10 to 12,80.0,60.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Forests, often occurring near the coast but also found inland at elevations up to 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Intsia+palembanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Intsia palembanica 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,britannica,"Xuan Fu Hua, British yellowhead",,6 to 9,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist meadows, streamsides, ditches, wet woods etc.","Europe to E. Asia. Formerly naturalized in Britain, but probably now extinct there[17].",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+britannica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/InulaBritannica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,britannica chinensis,Xuan Fu Hua,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in lowlands, especially by rivers, all over Japan.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+britannica chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,cappa,Sheep's Ear,,None to None,1.8,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In shrubberies and on open slopes, often gregarious, at elevations of 1,000 - 2,400 metres. In forests of long-leafed pines.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Himachel Pradesh to south-western China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+cappa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,conyza,Ploughman's Spikenard,,5 to 9,1.2,0.4,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry or rocky slopes and cliffs, also in open scrub on calcareous soils.","Central and southeastern Europe, including Britain, from Denmark to N. Africa and the Near East.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+conyza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/InulaConyza.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,crithmoides,Golden Samphire,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Salt marshes, shingle banks and maritime cliffs and rocks on the south and west coasts of Britain.","Coasts of Europe, including Britain, and western Asia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+crithmoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/InulaCrithmoides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,helenium,"Elecampane, Elecampane inula",,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, waysides, waste places, copses etc, often on moist soils in shade.",S.E. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+helenium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/InulaHelenium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,racemosa,,,6 to 9,2.0,1.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Borders of fields to an elevation of 3,000 metres.",E. Asia - Western Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,royleana,,,5 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and grassy clearings in forests, 2100 - 4000 metres. Exposed dry slopes, 3100 - 3600 metres in Kashmir.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Kashmir.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+royleana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/InulaRoyleana.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,alba,"Moonflower, Tropical white morning-glory",fast,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet forests, watercourses and disturbed areas in China.",Pantropical.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaAlba.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,aquatica,"Kangkong, Swamp Morning Glory",fast,10 to 12,0.5,0.3,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Moist, marshy or inundated localities, shallow pools, ditches, rice fields, forming dense masses[310 ]. Also found along roadsides at elevations from sea-level up to 1,000 metres[310 ].",Pantropical.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ipomoea aquatica4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,batatas,"Sweet Potato, Black Sweet Potato, Sweet Potato Vine",fast,10 to 12,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Derived in cultivation, probably from Ipomoea trifida, this species is not known in a truly wild situation.",Pantropical.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+batatas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaBatatas2.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,jalapa,Jalap,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland on the eastern slopes of the Mexican Andes.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+jalapa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaJalapa.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,leptophylla,Bush Moon Flower,,8 to 11,1.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Plains and dry banks, especially on sandy shores.","Southern N. America - South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming, New Mexico and Texas.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+leptophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaLeptophylla.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,nil,"Japanese Morning Glory, Whiteedge morning-glory",fast,8 to 11,5.0,,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets on mountain slopes, waysides, fields and hedges from sea level to 1600 metres in China.",Pantropical.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+nil,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaNil.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,pandurata,"Wild Potato Vine, Man of the earth",fast,6 to 9,3.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, hedgerows and roadsides in dry open or partially shaded areas[43, 62].","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Florida, west to Texas, Kansas and Michigan.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+pandurata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaPandurata.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,purpurea,"Common Morning Glory, Tall morning-glory",fast,6 to 9,2.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and waste places. Stream banks, disturbed or waste areas.",Central America - Mexico to the West Indies.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaPurpurea.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,sagittata,"Saltmarsh Morning Glory, Saltmarsh morning-glory",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+sagittata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaSagittata.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,tricolor,"Morning Glory, Grannyvine",fast,10 to 11,5.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub and waste places.,Southern N. America - Mexico to the West Indies and tropical America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+tricolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaTricolor.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Ipomopsis,aggregata,"Skyrocket,  Scarlet gilia",slow,6 to 9,1.0,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky slopes in sagebrush, scrub and clearings in pine forests to 3000 metres in California.","Western N. America - Oregon to California to Texas, north to N. Dakota.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomopsis+aggregata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomopsisAggregata.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Ipomopsis,congesta,Ballhead ipomopsis,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open slopes, lowland to high elevations.","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, eastwards to North Dakota and West Nebraska.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomopsis+congesta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomopsisCongesta.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,cristata,"Crested Iris, 	Dwarf crested iris",medium,5 to 9,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich woods, wooded bottoms and ravines, usually in calcareous soils[43, 270].","Eastern N. America - Maryland to Ohio, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Missouri.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+cristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisCristata.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,decora,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Drier inner valleys, 1800 - 4000 metres. Grassy hillsides on plateaux, open stony pastures and cliffs at elevations of 2800 - 3100 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Pakistan to S.W. China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+decora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Iris,douglasiana,"Mountain Iris, Douglas iris",,6 to 9,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open woods, grassy slopes, fields and open places[71, 270] on a wide range of soil types.",South-western N. America - California and Oregon.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+douglasiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisDouglasiana.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,ensata,Japanese Water Iris,medium,5 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Dry sandy plains near lakes, meadows, clay-solonetz places in steppes and solonetz meadows. Marshes, ditches and wet grassy places.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+ensata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisEnsata.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,filifolia,,,None to None,0.5,,Bulb,,['Insects'],October to July,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Sandy and limestone soils in dry rocky places.,S.W. Europe to N. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+filifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisFilifolia.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,foetidissima,"Stinking Gladwin, Stinking iris, Gladwin Iris",medium,7 to 10,1.0,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July,October to February,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open woods, hedgebanks and shady places, usually on calcareous soils[4, 17, 28]. It is often also found on sea cliffs.","Western Europe, including Britain, from France south and east to N. Africa, Italy and Greece.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+foetidissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisFoetidissima.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,germanica,"Purple Flag, German iris, Orris-root, Tall Bearded German Iris, Bearded  Iris",medium,4 to 10,1.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky places,"The original habitat is obscure, it is probably of hybrid origin.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+germanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisGermanica.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,germanica florentina,"Orris,  Orris-root",medium,5 to 10,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Probably an albino form of I. germanica, it is not found in a truly wild situation.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+germanica florentina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisGermanicaFlorentina.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,japonica,,,None to None,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woodland hills, grassy and rocky slopes and among rocks by streams.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisJaponica.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,kemaonensis,,,None to None,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Alpine pastures at elevations of 3500 - 4200 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Bhutan and western China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+kemaonensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisKemaonensis.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,macrosiphon,Bowltube Iris,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sunny grassy to woodland slopes below 1000 metres in California. Sunny hillsides, meadows and roadsides.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+macrosiphon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisMacrosiphon.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,missouriensis,Rocky Mountain Iris,,None to None,0.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows and streamsides. Also found in pinewoods. Often found in apparently dry situations, but always where moisture is abundant until flowering time.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Mexico, east to South Dakota and Alberta.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+missouriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisMissouriensis.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,pallida,"Dalmation Iris, Sweet iris, Fragrant Iris, Zebra Iris",medium,4 to 10,1.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Rocky places in limestone hillsides and the sides of gorges.,Europe - S. Tyrol from Yugoslavia to the Adriatic.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisPallida.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,pseudacorus,"Yellow Flag, Paleyellow iris",medium,5 to 8,1.5,2.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Hoverflies']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Damp marshy areas, swampy woods and in shallow water or wet ground on the edges of rivers and ditches. Often found in shady places.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa the Caucasus and W. Asia.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+pseudacorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisPseudacorus.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,purdyi,Purdy's Iris,,None to None,0.4,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Redwood forests and mixed forests along the coastal range, open woods and roadside banks[71, 187].",South-western N. America - N.W. California.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+purdyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisPurdyi.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,sanguinea,Blood iris,,5 to 9,0.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Damp meadows, sunny pond banks, mountain stream banks and hillsides around 500 metres.","E. Asia - Korea, Japan.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisSanguinea.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,setosa,"Beachhead Iris, Canada beachhead iris, Wild flag",medium,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet peaty meadows, riversides and open woods, sometimes also in brackish bogs.","Northwestern N. America, coastal regions of E. Asia to Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+setosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisSetosa.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,sibirica,Siberian Iris,fast,4 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Damp woodland, pastures and heaths.",C. Europe to Russia.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisSibirica.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,tectorum,"Roof Iris, Wall iris, Japanese Roof, White Root Iris",medium,5 to 9,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Grows wild on shady rocky slopes and in scrub, it is also found planted on thatched roofs in Japan. Forest margins, sunny banks, meadows, damp places, beside water to 3500m.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+tectorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisTectorum.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,tenax,"Tough-Leaf Iris, Klamath iris",,None to None,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Open prairies, pastures, oak forests, logged land and open areas in coniferous forests, avoiding heavy shade. Dry soils in fields and open woods.",Western N. America - Washington to Oregon.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+tenax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisTenax.jpg
Iridaceae,Iris,versicolor,"Blue Flag, Harlequin blueflag",,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps, wet meadows, scrub and by lakes and rivers. Wetlands.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iris+versicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IrisVersicolor.jpg
Irvingiaceae,Irvingia,gabonensis,Dika Nut,slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen dense, moist, lowland rain-forest[303 , 332 ].","Tropical Africa - Nigeria to Central African Republic, south to Congo, DR Congo and Angola.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Irvingia+gabonensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Irvingia gabonensis_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Irvingiaceae,Irvingia,wombolu,Bitter bush-mango,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Tree,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen lowland forest, mostly seasonally flooded, and on damp soil, beside streams; valley forest; also forest on dry land; in small patches of forest and gallery forest; at elevations around 900 - 1,170 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to southern Sudan, south to Angola, DR Congo and Uganda.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Irvingia+wombolu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Irvingia wombolu 1.JPEG
Myristicaceae,Iryanthera,laevis,Cumala,medium,8 to 12,25.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,It is a tropical plant.,Origin: S. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iryanthera+laevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Iryanthera_laevis1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Isatis,glauca,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppe and fallow fields, 800 - 1750 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isatis+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Isatis,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, dry slopes, rock streams and sandy shores of rivers and seas.","E. Asia - China, Siberia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isatis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Isatis,lusitanica,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and stony places to 900 metres in Turkey.,"S. Europe - Greece, to W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isatis+lusitanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Isatis,tinctoria,"Woad, Dyer's woad",,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cliffs and cornfields, often on chalky soils[17, 200].",C. and S. Europe. Naturalized in S. and C. England.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isatis+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IsatisTinctoria.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Isodon,inflexus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thin woods and thickets in hills and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isodon+inflexus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Isodon,japonicus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills, thickets and valleys from sea level to 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isodon+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Isodon,longitubus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Streamsides in forests in to 1,100 metres in Anhui Province in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isodon+longitubus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IsodonLongitubus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Isodon,rugosus,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Scrub and savannah slopes at altitudes of 1700 - 2700 metres. Dry hillsides and rocks.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isodon+rugosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Isopogon,ceratophyllus,Horny Conebush,,None to None,0.6,1.0,Shrub,,,,March to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows mostly in sclerophyll forest, woodland or heathland, in sand or sandy soils.","Australia - Victoria, New South Wales and temperate areas of Southern Australia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isopogon+ceratophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IsopogonCeratophyllus.jpg
Escalloniaceae,Itea,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Itea+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Iva,axillaris,"Deathweed, Povertyweed",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry often alkaline places in plains, valleys and foothills, often on disturbed sites.","Western N. America - southern British Columbia to Manitoba, south to California.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iva+axillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IvaAxillaris.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Iva,xanthifolia,Giant Sumpweed,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The species occurs in disturbed habitats such as abandoned fields, lowlands, floodplains and stream banks (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+).",N. America. A casual in Britain[17].,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iva+xanthifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IvaXanthifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,chinensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in C. and S. Japan. This report refers to the sub-species I. chinensis strigosa. (Lév.&Vant.)Ohwi.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IxerisChinensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,dentata,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny places in lowland and low valleys all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,japonica,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated fields and waste ground in lowlands all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IxerisJaponica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,lanceolata,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,polycephala,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places by paddy fields, central and southern Japan. Moist shady places at elevations of 700 - 2100 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - Himalayas to China, Japan and Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+polycephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,repens,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sandy beaches all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,sonchfolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+sonchfolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,stolonifera,Creeping lettuce,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated fields, waste ground and mountain slopes all over Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IxerisStolonifera.jpg
Sapotaceae,Mimusops,elengi,"Spanish Cherry, Bakul",medium,10 to 12,15.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Humid lowland forests[307 ]. Fairly common near the sea, but may also be found in rocky locations and inland forest at elevations up to 600 metres[299 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimusops+elengi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mimusops_elengi_Rumphius_1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Parkia,biglobosa,African Locust Bean,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Particularly found on areas such as farm woodland which are subject to semi-permanent cultivation, also open woodlands on savannahs, rocky slopes, stony ridges etc[303 ].",Western central and northeastern tropical Africa.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parkia+biglobosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Parkia_biglobosa_Jacquin.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,ostruthium,Masterwort,,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, damp fields, river banks and mountain meadows[17, 50].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+ostruthium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumOstruthium.jpg
Poaceae,Porteresia,coarctata,Wild rice. Uri. Tropical wild rice,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,It is a tropical plant.  It grows in mangrove forests and in saline estuaries.  It grows in coastal places.,"Origin: S. Asia. Native to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Porteresia+coarctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Porteresia_coarctata1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pulicaria,dysenterica,"Fleabane, Meadow false fleabane",,6 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, wet meadows, ditches etc, avoiding calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south and east to N. Africa, Caucasus and W. Asia.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulicaria+dysenterica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulicariaDysenterica.jpg
Apocynaceae,Tabernanthe,iboga,Iboga,fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest understorey, sometimes in riverine or swamp forest or relatively wet savannah, at elevations from sea-level to 1,500 metres[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, DR Congo, Angola.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tabernanthe+iboga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tabernanthe iboga 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Youngia,denticulata,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny slopes and roadsides in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Youngia+denticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YoungiaDenticulata.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Agalinis,tenuifolia,Slenderleaf False Foxglove,,7 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist open areas and low woods in Texas.,N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agalinis+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgalinisTenuifolia.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Agrostemma,githago,"Corncockle, Common corncockle",,None to None,0.9,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of cornfields, becoming very rare in the wild due to modern agricultural practises[13, 17].",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrostemma+githago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrostemmaGithago.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Antennaria,dioica,"Catsfoot, Stoloniferous pussytoes",,4 to 8,0.1,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountain grassland, heaths, dry pastures and woodland edges, usually on calcareous soils[9, 13, 17].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to Siberia and W. Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Antennaria+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AntennariaDioica.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Apios,priceana,Traveler's delight,,6 to 9,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets.,N. America - Kentucky and Tennessee.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apios+priceana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiosPriceana3.jpg
Rubiaceae,Asperula,tinctoria,Dyer's Woodruff,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry pastures. Meadows and rocky places.,Northern and Central Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asperula+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsperulaTinctoria.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Bulnesia,arborea,Verawood,slow,9 to 12,15.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,A common tree of the dry shorelines and foothills[ 307 ].,S. America - Colombia and Venezuela.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulnesia+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bulnesia arborea_1.jpg
Fabaceae,Caesalpinia,echinata,"Pau Brasil, Brazil Wood, Indian Savin",medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Arid limestone thickets[ 307 ]. Littoral forest and woodland, generally on sandy or sand-clay soils that are well drained, preferring open less dense forest, frequently in dry high, escarpments[ 349 ].",S. America - eastern and northeastern Brazil.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+echinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caesalpinia_echinata_Chaumeton.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Catabrosa,aquatica,Water WhirlGrass,,3 to 7,0.7,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow streams and ditches, at the muddy margins of ponds and in wet sandy places near the sea all over Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain but absent in Spain and Portugal, N. and W. Asia, Algeria.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catabrosa+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CatabrosaAquatica.jpg
Oenotheraceae,Clarkia,biloba,"Twolobe clarkia,  Mariposa clarkia, Brandegee's clarkia",,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places below 1200 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarkia+biloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClarkiaBiloba.gif
Oenotheraceae,Clarkia,purpurea,Winecup clarkia,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry open plain.,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarkia+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClarkiaPurpurea.gif
Capparidaceae,Cleome,gynandra,"African Spider Flower, Spiderwisp",,8 to 12,1.3,,Annual,,,May to October,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open areas and uncultivated land to an elevation of 300 metres in Nepal.,Tropical and Sub-Tropical zones.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+gynandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeGynandra.gif
Polypodiaceae,Coniogramme,japonica,Bamboo Fern,,8 to 11,0.4,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in low mountains of central and southern Japan. Grows on the floor of dense forests.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coniogramme+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Cruciata,laevipes,"Crosswort, Smooth bedstraw",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodland, scrub, hedges, waysides and pastures, especially on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands to Poland, south to S. Europe, W. Asia and Siberia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cruciata+laevipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CruciataLaevipes.gif
Leguminosae,Cytisus,decumbens,Prostrate Broom,medium,5 to 8,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Central France to Albania and southern Italy, on open hillsides.",Native to Europe.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cytisus+decumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cytisus_decumbens1.JPEG
Daphniphyllaceae,Daphniphyllum,himalense,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool moist forests, shady ravines and valleys alongside streams, 1200 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Central and Eastern Himalayas to Northern Burma.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphniphyllum+himalense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gleicheniaceae,Diploterigium,glaucum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry thin woods in central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diploterigium+glaucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Gagea,lutea,Yellow Star Of Bethlehem,,5 to 9,0.2,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods and pastures, especially on basic soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and temperate Asia to Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gagea+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GageaLutea.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gaillardia,pinnatifida,"Blanket Flower, Red dome blanketflower",,7 to 10,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open grasslands.,Southern N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaillardia+pinnatifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaillardiaPinnatifida.gif
Compositae,Gaillardia,x grandiflora,Blanket flower,fast,3 to 10,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Butterflies birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,A hybrid.,Garden origin.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaillardia+x grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gaillardia_x_grandiflora1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Galactites,tomentosa,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Uncultivated ground and waste places in dry and sandy soils[45, 89].",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galactites+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GalactitesTomentosa.gif
Amaryllidaceae,Galanthus,nivalis,"Snowdrop, Common Snowdrop",medium,3 to 9,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],January to June,February to March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady pastures, woods and orchards, usually on damp soils[4, 13, 17]. Probably native in Wales and W. England, but naturalized in other parts of Britain.","Europe, including Britain, the Netherlands to the Pyrenees, east to N. Syria, S. E. Russia, W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galanthus+nivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GalanthusNivalis.gif
Diapensiaceae,Galax,urceolata,"Beetleweed, Wandflower",medium,5 to 8,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Moist open woodland, particularly in montane areas, to altitudes of 1500 metres.",South-eastern N. America.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galax+urceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GalaxUrceolata.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Galega,officinalis,"Goat's Rue, Professor-weed",fast,4 to 8,1.2,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub, woods, marshy fields and roadsides.",S. Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in S. Britain.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galega+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GalegaOfficinalis.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Galeopsis,bifida,Splitlip hempnettle,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, occasionally in woods, fens and wet heaths.","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to N. Asia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galeopsis+bifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaleopsisBifida.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Galeopsis,ladanum,"Broadleaf Hemp Nettle, Red hempnettle",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A rare introduction on cultivated land in Britain.,Europe. Introduced in Britain.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galeopsis+ladanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Galeopsis,segetum,Downy Hemp Nettle,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, meadows and waste places[9, 17].","W. Europe, including Britain, from Denmark to Germany and Spain.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galeopsis+segetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaleopsisSegetum.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Galeopsis,speciosa,"Large Flowered Hemp Nettle, Edmonton hempnettle",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, often on black peaty soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to France, Bulgaria and Siberia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galeopsis+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaleopsisSpeciosa.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Galeopsis,tetrahit,"Common Hemp Nettle, Brittlestem hempnettle",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, sometimes in woods, fens and wet heaths.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland and Russia to Spain and Macedonia.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galeopsis+tetrahit,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaleopsisTetrahit.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Galinsoga,parviflora,Gallant Soldier,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, waste places, pavements in towns etc[9, 17], often in partial shade.",S. America. Naturalized in S. Britain.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galinsoga+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GalinsogaParviflora.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,aparine,"Goosegrass, Coachweed, Catchweed, Stickywilly",,3 to 7,1.2,3.0,Annual,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hedgerows and as a weed of cultivated land. Moist and grassy places on most types of soil.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, N. and W. Asia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+aparine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumAparine.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,boreale,Northern Bedstraw,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky slopes and streamsides, moraine, scree, shingle, stable dunes etc, to 1050 metres in N. Britain.","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, south and west to N. Italy and W. Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+boreale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumBoreale.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,gracile,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Village outskirts, grassy thickets along ditches.",E. Asia - China.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+gracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Galium,mollugo,"Hedge Bedstraw, False baby's breath",medium,3 to 7,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgebanks, open woodland, scrub and grassy slopes, especially on base-rich and calcareous soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+mollugo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumMollugo.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,odoratum,"Sweet Woodruff, Sweetscented bedstraw, Bedstraw",medium,5 to 9,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Woodland and shady areas[4, 14] on damp calcareous and base rich soils. Often found in beech woods.","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Siberia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+odoratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumOdoratum.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,spurium,False Cleavers,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plants are doubtfully native in Britain but are well established in arable fields in Essex and in a few other scattered localities.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+spurium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumSpurium.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,tinctorium,Threepetal Bedstraw,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Swamps or moist areas in Texas.,N. America,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+tinctorium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumTinctorium.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,triflorum,Fragrant Bedstraw,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods near sea level, to moderate elevations in the mountains in Western N. America.",Circumboreal.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+triflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumTriflorum.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,verum,"Lady's Bedstraw, Yellow Spring bedstraw, Wirtgen's bedstraw",,3 to 7,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Waste ground, roadsides etc, mainly near the sea, on all but the most acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+verum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumVerum.gif
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,brasiliensis,Bacupari,slow,10 to 12,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mainly found in secondary forests, by rivers, floodplains, coastal moist broadleaved forests etc[625 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, French Guiana.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+brasiliensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-brasiliensis_1.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,gardneriana,"Bacupari, achacha",slow,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rainforests, usually on land that does not get inundated[416 ]. Often found in gallery forests[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, southern, eastern, central and northern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+gardneriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-gardneriana-1.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,hanburyi,Siam gamboge. Hanbury's garcinia,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, at elevations up to 800 metres[303 , 310 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+hanburyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia_hanburyi1.JPEG
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,kola,Bitter Kola,medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey tree of dense rainforest, often in wet situations, riverine and swamp, found at elevations up to 1,200 metres[332 ].",Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to S Nigeria and on into Zaire and Angola.,3,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+kola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-kola-1.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,madruno,"Madruno, Charichuela, Madrono",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry forests with generally sandy soils[416 ]. Humid, secondary forests, principally in areas not subject to inundation, on sandy, well-drained soils[625 ]. Found at elevations below 1,200 metres[336 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Nicaragua.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+madruno,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-madruno-1.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,mangostana,"Mangosteen, Manggis",slow,11 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"The tree is mostly known from cultivation, but is also probably wild on hillsides and ridges in undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests at elevations up to 200 metres[653 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+mangostana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-mangostana_Houtte.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,xanthochymus,"Mysore Gamboge. Gamboge, Himalayan garcinia",slow,11 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dense humid forests of valleys or on hills at elevations of 600 - 1,000 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand to Indo-China.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+xanthochymus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia_xanthochymus1.JPEG
Garryaceae,Garrya,elliptica,"Coast Silk Tassel, Wavyleaf silktassel",medium,7 to 10,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,November to February.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Chaparral and forest on dry slopes and ridges below 600 metres[71, 184].",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garrya+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GarryaElliptica.gif
Garryaceae,Garrya,fremontii,"Fever Bush, Bearbrush",medium,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"In dry situations in chaparral, mixed evergreen, yellow pine and red fir forests at elevations from sea level to 2200 metres.",South-western N. America - California and Oregon.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garrya+fremontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GarryaFremontii.gif
Orchidaceae,Gastrodia,cunninghamii,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dark shaded places in deep woods, usually in beech forests, on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gastrodia+cunninghamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GastrodiaCunninghamii.gif
Orchidaceae,Gastrodia,elata,Tien Ma,,5 to 9,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in the mountains of N. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gastrodia+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GastrodiaElata.gif
Orchidaceae,Gastrodia,sesamoides,Potato Orchid,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forest and scrub from the coast to the sub-alpine zone, mainly north of latitude 42°s, in the North and South Islands of New Zealand.","Australia, New Zealand.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gastrodia+sesamoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gastrodia-sesamoides-2.jpg
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,adenothrix,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Coniferous woods and sub-alpine thickets in N. and C. Japan. Edges of forests in more or less dry places at elevations of 400 - 1900 metres.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+adenothrix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaAdenothrix.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,antipoda,Snowberry,,8 to 11,1.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Lowland to montane shrubland, open and rocky places, on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+antipoda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,appressa,White Waxberry,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet eucalyptus forests, especially in sub-alpine regions, and alpine gullies in New South Wales and Victoria.","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+appressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaAppressa.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,cumingiana,,,9 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Grows in uplands.,E. Asia - S. China to the Philippines.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+cumingiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,depressa,Mountain Snowberry,,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Montane to alpine zone in open places in grassland, herbfield and boggy land up to 1800 metres, in North South and Stewart Islands from 39° southwards[11, 44].","Australia - Tasmania, to New Zealand.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+depressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,fragrantissima,Fragrant Wintergreen,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, usually on dry slopes, at elevations of 1200 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - N. India to Sri Lanka and Malaya.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+fragrantissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,griffithianum,,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Found at elevations up to 1600 metres in the Khasia hills.,E. Asia - south China to the Himalayas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+griffithianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,hispida,Snowberry,,8 to 11,0.9,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mountains to 1200 metres. Usually in wet eucalyptus forests in the montane and sub-alpine zone.,Australia - Tasmania.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+hispida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaHispida.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,hispidula,Creeping Snowberry,fast,5 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Coniferous forests and mountains in the alpine and sub-alpine zones. Cold wet woods and bogs.,Northern N. America.,4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+hispidula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaHispidula.tif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,humifusa,"Alpine Wintergreen, Alpine spicywintergreen",,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Moist alpine and sub-alpine slopes.,Western N. America.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+humifusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaHumifusa.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,insana,,,5 to 9,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Open fields or clearings in woods.,"S. America - S. Chile, Argentina.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+insana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,japonica,Creeping Snowberry,fast,5 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mossy grounds under conifers at elevations of 1600 - 2000 metres.,E. Asia - central and northern Japan.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,macrostigma,,,7 to 10,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Montane to lower sub-alpine open grassland and rocky places in North South and Stewart Islands from 39° and southwards.,New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+macrostigma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,mucronata,Prickly heath,,5 to 9,1.5,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Open wet Nothfagus and Drimys forest, dominant or co-dominant with Chiliotrichum in shrub communities fringing forests above high water mark and in transition to swamps and bogs from sea level to 700m","S. America - S. Chile, S. Argentina.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+mucronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaMucronata.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,myrsinoides,,,8 to 11,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Not known,S. America - Costa Rica to the Andes of N. Chile.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+myrsinoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaMyrsinoides.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,nummularioides,,,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,December to March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Evergreen Pinus, Tsuga, Picea, or Abies forests, often on rocks and banks, rarely on trees at elevations of 1000 - 2000, occasionally to 4000 metres[51, 266].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Himachel Pradesh to southwestern China and Burma.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+nummularioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,ovatifolia,"Mountain Checkerberry, Western teaberry",,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Various habitats from fairly dry yellow pine forests to sub-alpine bogs.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+ovatifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaOvatifolia.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,procumbens,"Checkerberry, Eastern teaberry, Teaberry, Creeping Wintergreen",medium,3 to 6,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Sterile woods (poor acid soils) and clearings[43, 62]. Especially found beneath evergreen trees.","Eastern N. America. Introduced and established on one site in Britain, in Scotland.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaProcumbens.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,pumila,,slow,6 to 9,0.1,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Heath, bogs, swamps, open wet places and woods to 900 metres, north to latitude 50° south in Chile.","S. America - Falklands, S. Chile.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,pumila leucocarpa,,,6 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Found as far south as latitude 42° south. Growing in the Andes, it is common on volcanic slopes where it grows up to the snow-line.",Southern S. America - S. Chile.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+pumila leucocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,pyroliifolia,,slow,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Alpine windswept moorlands, thickets and grasslands at elevations of 3600 - 4000 metres.","E. Asia - eastern Himalayas in Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, India ad China.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+pyroliifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,pyroloides,,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Coniferous woods and sub-alpine thickets.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+pyroloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,rigida,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Not known,Juan Fernandez Island.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,sclelophylla,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Not known,North-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+sclelophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,shallon,"Shallon, Salal",medium,6 to 9,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Grows on sandy or peaty soils in shady positions from the coast up to elevations of 800 metres.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+shallon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaShallon.jpg
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,trichophylla,,,7 to 10,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"A creeping shrub in alpine pastures, growing on rocks and banks up to elevations of 4500 metres. Montane grasslands, mountain slopes and rocky places.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas to China.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+trichophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,x wisleyensis,,,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, Gaultheria shallon x G. mucronata.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+x wisleyensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,baccata,Black Huckleberry,,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry or moist woods, thickets and clearings, on acidic sandy soils.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Georgia, Manitoba, Wisconsin and Kentucky.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaBaccata.jpg
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,brachycera,Box Huckleberry,,5 to 9,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,On slopes and in dry sandy woods on dry acidic sandy soils.,Eastern N. America - Delaware and Pennsylvania to Virginia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+brachycera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaylussaciaBrachycera.gif
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,dumosa,Dwarf Huckleberry,,5 to 9,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry barrens and pinelands near the coast.,Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida and Louisiana.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+dumosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaylussaciaDumosa.gif
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,frondosa,"Dangleberry, Blue huckleberry",,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry woods and clearings. Moist woods according to another report.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Virginia, Alabama, Ohio and Louisiana.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+frondosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaylussaciaFrondosa.gif
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,ursina,Bear Huckleberry,,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Wooded slopes and summits, often in acid humus.",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+ursina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Geijera,parviflora,Australian Willow,,9 to 11,12.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry inland areas.,Australia - in all mainland states.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geijera+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeijeraParviflora.gif
Philesiaceae,Geitonoplesium,cymosum,Scrambling Lily,,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist eucalyptus forests, sparse rainforests and creek banks[156, 193].",Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geitonoplesium+cymosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeitonoplesiumCymosum.gif
Loganiaceae,Gelsemium,sempervirens,"False Jasmine, Yellow Jessamine, Evening Trumpetflower, Carolina Jasmine",fast,7 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Along sea coasts in dry to wet woods, thickets and sands.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and north to Arkansas and S. Virginia.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gelsemium+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GelsemiumSempervirens.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Genista,germanica,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets, poor pastures and heaths.",C. and W. Europe.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+germanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GenistaGermanica.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Genista,hispanica,Spanish Gorse,,5 to 9,0.8,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Scrub and open rocky hills in lowland and mountains.,W. Europe - France to Spain.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GenistaHispanica.gif
Leguminosae,Genista,pilosa,"Hairy greenweed, silkyleaf broom",slow,5 to 8,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy and gravelly heaths,Europe. Native range from southern Sweden to the Mediterranean; in dry summer areas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+pilosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Genista_pilosa1.JPEG
Leguminosae,Genista,pilosa procumbens,"Creeping broom, Creeping hairy broom",slow,6 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Poor, dry, sandy, and stony soils",Europe. Native range from southern Sweden to the Mediterranean; in dry summer areas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+pilosa procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Genista_pilosa_procumbens1.JPEG
Leguminosae,Genista,sagittalis,"Winged Broom, Arrow Broom",medium,3 to 8,0.3,0.9,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry grasslands, open forests, hillsides and mountain slopes from central Belgium south to southern Spain and east through the Balkans to Greece. Western European broadleaf forest, Atlantic mixed forests and conifer and mixed forests (Pyrenees and Alps). It is also known to occur in mixed forests and montane forests.",Native Range: Southern and central Europe,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+sagittalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Genista_sagittalis1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Genista,tinctoria,"Dyer's Greenweed, Common Woadwaxen, Broom",medium,4 to 7,0.6,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, pastures, heaths and the edges of fields, especially on poor soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway to the Mediterranean, east to the Urals, Caucasus and W. Asia",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GenistaTinctoria.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,acaulis,Gentian,slow,3 to 7,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry turf and pastures, rubble and scree slopes, occasionally in alpine woods. Usually found in acid soils, though sometimes also found on chalky limestone or sandstone.",Europe - Spain to Yugoslavia.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaAcaulis.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,andrewsii,"Closed Bottle Gentian, Dakota gentian",,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, damp prairies and low thickets.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Nebraska.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+andrewsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaAndrewsii.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,crassicaulis,,,7 to 10,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp patches in mountainous regions. Wastelands, grasslands, roadside slopes, alpine meadows, scrub, forest margins and forests at elevations of 2100 - 4500 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+crassicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,cruciata,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry alpine meadows, woods, rocks and banks[100, 187], usually on limey soils.",Europe to W. Asia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+cruciata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaCruciata.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,dahurica,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes. Roadsides, stream banks, sandy places around lakes, sunny slopes, dry steppes and the edges of cultivated land at elevations of 800 - 4500 metres.",W. Asia to E. Asia - China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+dahurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaDahurica.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,decumbens,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine slopes, 3300 - 4500 metres. Along streams, grassland slopes, clearings in forests, dry steppes at elevations of 1,200 - 2,700 metres in northern China.",E. Asia - Himalayas to Siberia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+decumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,kurroo,,,6 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes, 1800 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+kurroo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,lutea,Yellow Gentian,,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy alpine and sub-alpine pastures, usually on calcareous soils[9, 50].",C. and S. Europe.,1,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaLutea.jpg
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,macrophylla,Qin Jiao,,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes and glades in light woods. Stream and river banks, roadsides, grassland slopes, wet meadows, forest margins, forests at elevations of 400 - 2400 metres..","E. Asia - China, Siberia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaMacrophylla.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,manshurica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland slopes, wet meadows and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Manchuria.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+manshurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,pannonica,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and pastures, screes and grassy bottoms of alpine corries, amongst dwarf pine and in forests. It is found on both limestone and acid rocks.",C. Europe.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+pannonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaPannonica.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,pneumonanthe,Marsh Gentian,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Boggy meadows, fens, moist heaths and sandy or peaty clearings in woods. Very local and decreasing in Britain.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Macedonia, Caucasus and Siberia",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+pneumonanthe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaPneumonanthe.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,puberulenta,Downy gentian,,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies and other grassy places[200, 239].","Central N. America - Manitoba to Ontario, south to Kansas and Arkansas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+puberulenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaPuberulenta.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,punctata,Spotted Gentian,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony pastures, the grassy bottoms of mountain corries, screes and moraines, among rhododendrons and in conifer woods, on both limestone and igneous rocks.",S. Europe.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaPunctata.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,purpurea,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Meadows, pastures and the grassy bottoms of mountain corries, sometimes in scrub and thin conifer woodland, usually on lime-free soils.",C. and N. Europe.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaPurpurea.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,saponaria,Harvestbells,,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Wet soils in woodlands.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario to Minnesota, Connecticut, Florida and Louisiana.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+saponaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaSaponaria.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,scabra,Long Dan Cao,,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, grassy places and wet meadows at low elevations and in the mountains of C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+scabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaScabra.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,scabra buergeri,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, grassy places and wet meadows at low elevations and in the mountains of C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+scabra buergeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,straminea,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes and alpine meadows to 3,500 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+straminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,thunbergii,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny places in lowland and mountains, C. and N. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Manchuria.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaThunbergii.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,triflora,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grassy places, especially along roadsides, from sea level to the mountains.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+triflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaTriflora.tif
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,tubiflora,,,5 to 9,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grassy hillsides, dry hillsides and alpine meadows at elevations of 4200 - 5300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Himachel Pradesh to south-east Tibet.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+tubiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentianella,amarella,"Felwort, Autumn dwarf gentian",,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Basic pastures, usually amongst short grass, and dunes","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Hungary and the Caucasus.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentianella+amarella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianellaAmarella.gif
Gentianaceae,Gentianella,diemensis,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bumblebees', 'Butterflies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swamps, usually found at high elevations.","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentianella+diemensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentianella,quinquefolia,Ague Weed,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and moist fields.,Eastern N. America - southern Ontario to Tennessee and Florida.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentianella+quinquefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianellaQuinquefolia.gif
Santalaceae,Geocaulon,lividum,False Toadflax,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moss or damp humus.,Northern N. America - Labrador to Alaska.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geocaulon+lividum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeocaulonLividum.gif
Orchidaceae,Geodorum,densiflorum,Nodding Swamp Orchid,fast,10 to 12,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dense forest, thickets, and clearings, on grassy slopes, and in pockets of soil on limestone at elevations from near sea level to 450 metres in Fiji[490 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, the Pacific.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geodorum+densiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Geodorum-densiflorum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Geranium,bicknellii,Bicknell's cranesbill,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodlands or open fields.,"Northern N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Michigan, New York and Utah.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+bicknellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumBicknellii.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,dissectum,"Cut-Leafed Cranesbill, Cutleaf geranium",,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,,,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated and waste ground, grassland, hedgebanks etc to 375m.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa and east to Iran.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+dissectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumDissectum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,erianthum,Wooly Geranium,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine meadows and scrub, also on grassy slopes near the sea. Woods and meadows from low elevations to fairly high elevations in the mountains.",North-western N. America to E. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+erianthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumErianthum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,incanum,"Geranium, Cranesbill",fast,4 to 9,0.4,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub, dunes and forest clearings.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+incanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumIncanum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Geranium,lucidum,Shining geranium,,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Basic,['Basic'],,,"Shady rocks, walls and hedgebanks, on calcareous soils.","Britain, Europe and N. Africa to the Himalayas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+lucidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumLucidum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,macrorrhizum,Bigroot Geranium,fast,4 to 8,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Amongst limestone rocks, screes, in woods and scrub to 2100 metres. Shady places, especially in mountains.",C. Europe. A garden escape in Britain in S. Devon.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+macrorrhizum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumMacrorrhizum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,maculatum,"Spotted Cranesbill, Spotted geranium, Crowfoot, Wild Geranium, Cranesbill",medium,3 to 10,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in woods, wet rocks and in swamps. Woodlands, thickets and meadows.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to Arkansas, Kansas and Manitoba.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+maculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumMaculatum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,molle,Dovefoot Geranium,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry grassland, dunes, waste places and cultivated ground.","Britain, Europe to the Himalayas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+molle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumMolle.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,nepalense,Nepalese Crane's Bill,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Semi-shaded scrubby slopes and in forests, 1500 - 2300 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+nepalense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Geranium,ocellatum,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in the temperate and sub-tropical zones of the Himalayas at an elevation of 300 - 1,800 metres. Moist shady places at elevations of 900 - 2400 metres in Nepal.",N. Africa to E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+ocellatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Geranium,pilosum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests on loamy or red volcanic soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+pilosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Geranium,potentilloides,"Native Carrot, Cinquefoil geranium",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forests, usually in damper places but not often in swamps.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+potentilloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumPotentilloides.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,pratense,"Meadow Crane's Bill,  Meadow geranium, Geranium",fast,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows and roadsides.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Himalayas and N. Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+pratense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumPratense.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,pusillum,Small geranium,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated and waste ground and open habitats in dry grassland.,Britain to E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+pusillum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumPusillum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,robertianum,"Herb Robert, Robert geranium",,5 to 9,0.4,0.4,Annual/Biennial,,['Insect'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist shady positions in undergrowth, rocks and walls, hedge banks, roadsides and waste places.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to N. Africa, east to.Japan and the Himalayas",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+robertianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumRobertianum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,rotundifolium,Roundleaf geranium,,6 to 9,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgebanks, wall tops etc.",Britain to E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+rotundifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumRotundifolium.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,sibiricum,Siberian geranium,,5 to 9,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Eastern and Central Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumSibiricum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,solanderi,Solander's Geranium,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassland and open forests in New South Wales. Lowland grassy areas in North and South Islands of New Zealand.,"Australia, New Zealand.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+solanderi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumSolanderi.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,sylvaticum,"Wood Cranesbill, Woodland geranium",,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, hedgebanks, damp woods and mountain rock ledges.","Europe, including Britain from the Arctic to Spain east to the Caucasus and Siberia.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+sylvaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumSylvaticum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,thunbergii,Thunberg's geranium,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places in lowland areas all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumThunbergii.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,tuberosum,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to July,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated ground, fields, vineyards and meadows.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumTuberosum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,viscosissimum,"Sticky Geranium, Sticky purple geranium",,6 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods and meadows. Plentiful in medium-dry to moist or even wet soils of open woods, roadsides, creek banks and meadows to an altitude of 2,700 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to N. California, east to Alberta..",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+viscosissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumViscosissimum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,wallichianum,,,6 to 9,0.3,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, shrubberies and open slopes, 2400 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Bhutan.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+wallichianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumWallichianum.gif
Geraniaceae,Geranium,wilfordii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Lowland and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geranium+wilfordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeraniumWilfordii.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gerbera,lanuginosa,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Almost always found on cliffs in shady places to 2400 metres in Uttar Pradesh.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gerbera+lanuginosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Geum,aleppicum,Yellow Avens,,3 to 7,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and grassy places in lowland and low mountains of N. Japan.,"Europe, Asia, N. America.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+aleppicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumAleppicum.gif
Rosaceae,Geum,canadense,"White Avens, Texan avens",,3 to 7,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich thickets and borders of woods in various soils[204, 274].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, Georgia, Minnesota and Kansas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumCanadense.gif
Rosaceae,Geum,japonicum,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets in hills and low mountains all over Japan.,"N. America, E. Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumJaponicum.gif
Rosaceae,Geum,pentapetalum,Aleutian avens,,7 to 10,0.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet slopes and sometimes on sphagnum bogs in high mountains, C. and N. Japan. Stony ground in mountain valleys.","E. Asia - Japan, Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+pentapetalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumPentapetalum.gif
Rosaceae,Geum,rivale,"Water Avens, Purple avens",,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp places, such as moist ditches and streamsides, most frequently in the shade[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, Siberia and W. Asia. N. America.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+rivale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumRivale.gif
Rosaceae,Geum,triflorum,"Purple Avens, Old man's whiskers, Prairie Smoke",medium,1 to 5,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp places and mountain screes.,"N. America - Newfoundland and New York, west to British Columbia and south to California.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+triflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumTriflorum.gif
Rosaceae,Geum,urbanum,"Wood Avens, Bennet's Root - Old man's whiskers, Herb bennet",,5 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, scrub, hedge banks, walls etc, usually on good damp soils[9, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, Siberia, Himalayas and W. Asia.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geum+urbanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GeumUrbanum.gif
Proteaceae,Gevuina,avellana,Chilean Hazel,slow,8 to 11,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet mountain forests, where it rapidly colonizes cleared areas. Grows from the snow-line down to the coast along the Pacific coast of the Andes. It is seldom found in groups.",S. America - Chile.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gevuina+avellana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GevuinaAvellana.gif
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,albociliata,Clumping bamboo,fast,10 to 11,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"The plant is common in low elevation mixed forest, but does not enter savannahs[310 ].","E. Asia - Myanmar, Thailand.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+albociliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_albociliata1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,apus,Watho. Tabashir Bamboo,fast,9 to 11,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in open areas, disturbed forest and on river sides on sandy or clayey soils[303 ]","E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+apus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_apus1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,atroviolacea,Black Bamboo. Giant Black bamboo,medium,9 to 11,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Only known from cultivation, its origin is unknown.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+atroviolacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_atroviolacea1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,balui,Clumping Bamboo,fast,10 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,"Asia. The plant is found in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, but probably due to cultivation.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+balui,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_balui1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,hasskarliana,Awi Tela,fast,10 to 12,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A plant of the lowland tropics. In Java it grows in the lower mountain forests. It is usually in slightly shady places.,E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+hasskarliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa-hasskarliana-1.jpg
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,levis,"Bulo semilang, Buloh seremai, Bolo",fast,9 to 10,15.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Not known in the wild but naturalized in the Philippines where it grows in secondary forest and abounds in and around towns and villages in the lowland[310,345].",The orininal range is not known. The plant is naturalized in the Philippines and cultivated there and in Borneo.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+levis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_levis1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,verticillata,"Whorled bamboo, Giant stripy bamboo",fast,10 to 12,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild location.,Unknown - the plant is only known in cultivation and its origins are obscure.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_verticillata1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Gillenia,stipulata,"American Ipecacuanna, American ipecac",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, thickets and rocky slopes.","Eastern N. America - New York to Indiana and Kansas, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Oklahoma.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gillenia+stipulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GilleniaStipulata.gif
Rosaceae,Gillenia,trifoliata,"Indian Physic, Bowman's root",medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rocky open woods. Rich woods.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario and New York, east to Michigan and south to Georgia and Missouri.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gillenia+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GilleniaTrifoliata.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Gingidia,harveyana,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sub-alpine zone.,Australia - New South Wales and Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gingidia+harveyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ginkgoaceae,Ginkgo,biloba,"Maidenhair Tree, Ginkgo",slow,3 to 8,30.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found wild in only 2 localities at Guizhou and on the Anhui/Zhejiang border, where it grows on rich sandy soils.",E. Asia - N. China.,5,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ginkgo+biloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GinkgoBiloba2.jpg
Urticaceae,Girardinia,diversifolia,Himalayan Nettle,,None to None,3.0,,Annual/Perennial,,,,September to October,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and shrubberies, 800 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas. Moist, shady, forested areas at elevations of 1200 - 3000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - India to China and Malaysia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Girardinia+diversifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GirardiniaDiversifolia.gif
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,cruentus,,,7 to 10,0.9,,Corm,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa - Drakensburg Mountains.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+cruentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,dalenii,Cornflag,,None to None,1.5,,Corm,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places and open woods at elevations to 2,000 metres in Natal. Regions with summer rainfall.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+dalenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GladiolusDalenii.gif
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,permeabilis edulis,,,8 to 11,0.4,,Corm,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shale slopes and stony ground[42, 282].",S. Africa - Cape Province.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+permeabilis edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,quartinianus,,,8 to 11,1.2,,Corm,,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Africa.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+quartinianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,spicatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+spicatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,unguiculatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,W. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+unguiculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Gladiolus,zambesiacus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gladiolus+zambesiacus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Verbenaceae,Glandularia,canadensis,Rose Verbena,medium,5 to 9,0.3,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mesic to dry black soil prairies, sand prairies, hill prairies, pioneer cemeteries, thinly wooded slopes, openings in rocky upland woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, limestone and sandstone glades, pastures, abandoned fields, and roadside embankments [1-6].",Native to the eastern and south-central areas of the United States.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glandularia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Glandularia_canadensis1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Glaucium,flavum,"Horned Poppy, Yellow hornpoppy",slow,6 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Shingle banks by the coast.,"Usually near the coast in W. Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean and W. Asia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glaucium+flavum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlauciumFlavum.gif
Primulaceae,Glaux,maritima,"Black Saltwort, Sea milkwort",,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Grassy salt marshes, crevices of rocks, the foot of cliffs near the sea and saline districts inland.","Coasts and inland saline areas in most parts of the northern temperate zone, including Britain.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glaux+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Glechoma,hederacea,"Ground Ivy, Field Balm, Gill Over The Ground, Runaway Robin",fast,3 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp waste ground, hedgerows and woodland margins.","Most of Europe, including Britain, northern and western Asia to Japan.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glechoma+hederacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlechomaHederacea.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,aquatica,Water Locust,slow,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],June to October,July to August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Rich lands of river valleys that are subject to inundation, often for a considerable part of the year[82, 229].","South-eastern N. America - N. Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, Indiana and Arkansas.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GleditsiaAquatica.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,caspica,Caspian Locust,medium,6 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Broad-leaved forests in the low montane belt.,"W. Asia - N. Iran, Transcaucasia.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+caspica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GleditsiaCaspica.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,japonica,,medium,5 to 9,20.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Damp sandy soils,E. Asia - Japan.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GleditsiaJaponica.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,koraiensis,Korean Honey Locust,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],June to October,June,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Near streams in low mountain elevations.,E. Asia - Korea.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+koraiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,macracantha,,medium,5 to 9,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Streamsides and open country at low altitudes.,E. Asia - China.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+macracantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,sinensis,Locust,medium,8 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry valleys in W. China, 1000 - 1600 metres. Along valley streams or on level land.",E. Asia - China.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GleditsiaSinensis.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gleditsia,triacanthos,Honey Locust,medium,4 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually growing singly, though occasionally forming almost pure woods, on the borders of streams and in rich woods, usually in moist fertile soils but sometimes on dry sterile gravelly hills[43, 82].",Eastern N. America. Occasionally naturalized in C. and S. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gleditsia+triacanthos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GleditsiaTriacanthos.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Glehnia,littoralis,"Bei Sha Shen, American silvertop",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy banks by the sea, all around Japan.",E. Asia - Japan. N. America.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glehnia+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlehniaLittoralis.gif
Fabaceae,Gliricidia,sepium,"Gliricidia, Forest Lilac, Mexican Lilac",fast,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Early and middle successional vegetation types on disturbed sites such as coastal sand dunes, river banks, floodplains and fallow land at elevations from sea level up to 1,500 metres[303 ].","Central America - Costa Rica, north to Mexico.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gliricidia+sepium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gliricidia-sepium_Catesby.jpg
Globulariaceae,Globularia,vulgaris,,,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Dry calcareous soils.,"Western Europe in Sweden, France and Spain.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Globularia+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlobulariaVulgaris.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Glochidion,eriocarpum,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides, waste places and roadsides. Montane slopes, valleys scrub or grassy ground, sometimes forest edges at elevations of 130 - 1700 metres.",E. Asia - southern China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glochidion+eriocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Glochidion,puberum,Needlebush,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Montane slopes, stream banks scrub or forest edges at elevations of 300 - -2200 metres.",E. Asia - southern and western China.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glochidion+puberum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgyneiaPubera.jpg
Colchicaceae,Gloriosa,superba,"Gloriosa Lily, Climbing Lily, Flame Lily",medium,8 to 12,2.5,0.3,Deciduous Perennial Climber,,"['Sugar birds', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Locally common in brushwood, hedges and open forest, usually at elevations up to 300 metres, occasionally to 600 metres[310 ].","Tropical and southern Africa, through the Indian Ocean and tropical Asia to Malaysia and Indonesia.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gloriosa+superba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gloriosa-superba.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Gluta,laccifera,Lacquer tree,medium,10 to 12,18.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southeast Asia - Vietnam.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gluta+laccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gluta-laccifera-1.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Gluta,usitata,Burmese Varnish Tree,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forests, rare in dry forests[146 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gluta+usitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gluta-usitata_Wallich_1.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,acutiflora,Creeping mannagrass,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Ponds and paddy fields in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan. Eastern N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+acutiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaAcutiflora.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,borealis,Small floating mannagrass,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Wet places or shallow water.,"Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, Iowa and Oregon.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+borealis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaBorealis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,fluitans,"Floating Manna Grass, Water mannagrass",,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water, either stagnant or slow flowing, or in wet soils whether acid or calcareous.","Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia the Caucasus and N. America.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+fluitans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaFluitans.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,occidentalis,Northwestern mannagrass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Along the sides of lakes, ponds and streams, it is also found in marshy areas.","Western N. America - Idaho to British Columbia, south to California and Nevada.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaOccidentalis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,plicata,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Streams and watersides in coniferous woods, open meadows, water meadows, marshy valleys, freshwater lakes on limestone or volcanic substrates, sandy flood plains, pools, ditches etc.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia and N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+plicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaPlicata.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,septentrionalis,"Eastern Manna Grass, Floating mannagrass",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Swamps, wet woods, ditches etc.","Eastern N. America - Vermont and Quebec to British Columbia, south to North Carolina and Texas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+septentrionalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaSeptentrionalis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,striata,"Fowl Manna Grass, Fowl mannagrass",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Moist meadows and wet places.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+striata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaStriata.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycine,max,Soya Bean,,7 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland thickets, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycine+max,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycineMax.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycine,soja,Wild Soya Bean,,7 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland thickets, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - China.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycine+soja,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycineSoja.gif
Fabaceae,Glycine,spp.,Perennial Soybean,fast,7 to 11,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Unknown,Cultivated origin.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycine+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Glycine_species1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycine,tabacina,"Glycine Pea, Glycine",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China to Australia in all the mainland states.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycine+tabacina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycineTabacina.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycyrrhiza,aspera,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Steppes in S.E. Russia and Kazakhstan. Farm sides andr river banks in Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Xinjiang Provinces, China.",Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycyrrhiza+aspera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycyrrhiza,echinata,"Wild Liquorice, Chinese licorice",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Muddy places by rivers.,S. Europe.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycyrrhiza+echinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycyrrhizaEchinata.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycyrrhiza,glabra,"Liquorice, Cultivated licorice",,7 to 10,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open places, especially in sandy places near the sea.",Europe - Mediterranean.,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycyrrhiza+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycyrrhizaGlabra.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycyrrhiza,lepidota,American Liquorice,,3 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated ground, waste places, roadsides, prairies, gravelly river bottoms and moist mountain draws to 2,100 metres. Usually grows in patches, frequently in heavy clay and saline soils.","N. America - Saskatchewan to British Columbia, south to California and Mexico.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycyrrhiza+lepidota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycyrrhizaLepidota.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycyrrhiza,malensis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycyrrhiza+malensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Glycyrrhiza,uralensis,Gan Cao,,5 to 9,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, riparian woodlands and solonetzic slopes in Siberia, Mongolia, China and Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",3,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycyrrhiza+uralensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlycyrrhizaUralensis.gif
Taxodiaceae,Glyptostrobus,pensilis,Chinese Swamp Cypress,medium,7 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,January to March,September to March,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"River deltas, etc., on flooded or waterlogged soil in full sun near sea level. This species is usually planted and is possibly extinct in the wild[185, 200, 266].",E. Asia - S.E. China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyptostrobus+pensilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyptostrobusPensilis.gif
Lamiaceae,Gmelina,arborea,"Gmelina, Snapdragon, White Teak",fast,9 to 12,25.0,22.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Occurs in a variety of forest habitats, including tropical semi-evergreen, sub-montane, very moist teak forests, deciduous, sal and dry teak forests[303 ]. It also occurs in Syzygium parkland and low alluvial savannah woodland[303 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gmelina+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gmelina_arborea_small2.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,affine,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste ground and cultivated fields in lowland all over Japan. Hillsides and arid ground in China.Open places at elevations of 600 - 3500 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, India.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+affine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GnaphaliumAffine.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,hypoleucum,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grazing ground and open slopes, 1500 - 2400 metres from Pakistan to Bhutan in the Himalayas.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+hypoleucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,indicum,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Basalt areas in New South Wales and southern Victoria.,E. Asia - India to China. Australia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,japonicum,,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sunny places in lowland and mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GnaphaliumJaponicum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,keriense,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland to montane streamsides between latitudes 35 and 45°south on North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+keriense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,luteoalbum,Jersey Cudweed,,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy fields and waste places in the Channel Islands. It is also possibly native to a few mainland areas of Britain.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, and most other warm temperate regions in the world.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+luteoalbum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GnaphaliumLuteoalbum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gnaphalium,uliginosum,Marsh Cudweed,,None to None,0.2,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp places in sandy fields, heaths, waysides etc, on acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnaphalium+uliginosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GnaphaliumUliginosum.gif
Gnetaceae,Gnetum,africanum,"Eru, African Jointfir",fast,10 to 12,12.0,0.4,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Understorey layer of humid tropical rainforests, mostly at the periphery of primary forest and in secondary forest[299 , 332 ]. Thrives in a wide range of habitats, including farm fallows or abandoned farmland, secondary forests, and closed forest[401 ].","Tropical west Africa - SE Nigeria and W Cameroon, extending as far south as Angola.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+africanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gnetum-africanum-1.jpg
Gnetaceae,Gnetum,buchholzianum,Jointfir,fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.4,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The understorey layer of humid tropical rainforests[332 ]. Thrives in a wide range of habitats, including farm fallows or abandoned farmland, secondary forests, and closed forest[401 ].","Western tropical Africa - Nigeria to the Central African Republic, south to the Congo.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+buchholzianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gnetum-buchholzianum-1.jpg
Gnetaceae,Gnetum,gnemon,"Jointfir, Melinjo, Meninjau",slow,10 to 12,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Moths'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Occasional in lowland ridges and mature fallow forest[303 ]. Commonly found in secondary humid evergreen dipterocarp forests[303 ].,"E. Asia - China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea to Fiji.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+gnemon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gnetum_gnemon1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Goniorrhachis,marginata,Goniorrhachis,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dryland forest and Atlantic rainforest, usually found in the more open, secondary formations[420 ].","S, America - eastern Brazil.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goniorrhachis+marginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Goniorrhachis-marginata-1.jpg
Urticaceae,Gonostegia,hirta,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,June to July,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny stream banks in valleys and weed patches alongside woodlands. Weedy places, thickets by ditches and rice fields at elevations of 100 - 1000, occasionally to 2700 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gonostegia+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Goodeniaceae,Goodenia,ovata,,,8 to 11,1.8,2.5,Shrub,,,,April to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, near cliffs, river banks, streams etc. Found in a variety of habitats, it is especially frequent after bushfires. Usually found in heavier soils.",Australia - all areas except the extreme north.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goodenia+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GoodeniaOvata.gif
Goodeniaceae,Goodenia,varia,,,8 to 11,0.6,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal limestone cliffs & dunes on sandy soils. Usually found on clay soils[152, 154].","Australia - Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and New South Wales.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goodenia+varia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GoodeniaVaria.gif
Orchidaceae,Goodyera,oblongifolia,Western Rattlesnake Plantain,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deep leaf litter and shade of moist or dry coniferous or mixed woods, in East infrequent in cedar swamps, in s Rocky Mountains confined to high elevation spruce-fir forests; 0 - 3400 m[43, 230, 270].","N. America - Quebec to British Columbia, New Hampshire, Michigan, Arizona and California.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goodyera+oblongifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GoodyeraOblongifolia.gif
Orchidaceae,Goodyera,pubescens,Downy Rattlesnake Plantain,medium,6 to 10,0.4,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Almost any wooded habitat with acid soils, mainly on moist humus soils in shady, upland woods of hemlock, pine, oak, or maple, less frequent in lowland woods, bogs, swamps; 0 -1600 metres.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Alberta and Quebec.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goodyera+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GoodyeraPubescens.gif
Orchidaceae,Goodyera,repens,"Creeping Lady's Tresses, Lesser rattlesnake plantain",,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Humble bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Locally in pine woods, rarely under birch or on moist fixed dunes in northern Britain.","Europe, including Britain, Scandanavia south and east to the Pyrenees, Siberia, Japan and Himalayas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goodyera+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GoodyeraRepens.gif
Malvaceae,Gossypium,arboreum,Tree Cotton,fast,10 to 12,5.0,3.0,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild location.,"The original range of this plant is uncertain, but probably Africa or Asia.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gossypium+arboreum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gossypium_arboreum1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Gossypium,barbadense,Sea Island Cotton,fast,10 to 12,3.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,Western S. America.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gossypium+barbadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gossypium-barbadense_D.jpg
Malvaceae,Gossypium,herbaceum,Levant cotton,fast,9 to 12,1.2,1.2,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,"Probably originating in S. Africa, it is only known in cultivation.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gossypium+herbaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gossypium-herbaceum_Mulsant.jpg
Malvaceae,Gossypium,hirsutum,Upland Cotton,fast,5 to 10,2.0,2.0,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Central America, north to southern N. America and the Caribbean.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gossypium+hirsutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gossypium_hirsutum1.JPEG
Rhamnaceae,Gouania,lupuloides,Chew Stick,medium,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, moist, or wet thickets or forest, most often in second-growth thickets, ascending from sea level to elevations of around 1,500 metres[331 ].","Central America - Panama to Mexico, and the Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gouania+lupuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gouania-lupuloides_Jacquin.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Gratiola,officinalis,Hedge Hyssop,,None to None,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet grassland, fens, river banks, ditches etc[9, 50].",Central and southern Europe.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gratiola+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GratiolaOfficinalis.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Gratiola,pedunculata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet or damp sandy to clayey soils[152, 154].","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gratiola+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Grazielodendron,riodocensis,Grazielodendron,slow,10 to 12,23.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An upper canopy tree in the dense, primary formations of the Atlantic rainforest[625 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grazielodendron+riodocensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Bromeliaceae,Greigia,sphacelata,,,9 to 11,0.9,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Greigia+sphacelata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GreigiaSphacelata.gif
Proteaceae,Grevillea,robusta,Silky Oak,fast,9 to 11,30.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Temperate rainforests,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grevillea+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GrevilleaRobusta.gif
Tiliaceae,Grewia,biloba parviflora,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky places by roadsides.,"E. Asia - E. China, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grewia+biloba parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GrewiaBilobaParviflora.gif
Tiliaceae,Grewia,oppositifolia,,,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Foothills of the N.W. Himalayas to 1800 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grewia+oppositifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Griffonia,simplicifolia,Griffonia,medium,10 to 12,3.0,0.4,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grass savannah; coastal plains on termite mounds; scrub thickets; climber in secondary and gallery forests[328 ].,"West tropical Africa - Liberia to Nigeria, Gabon, Congo.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Griffonia+simplicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Griffonia_simplicifolia_Adansonia.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Grindelia,camporum,"Gumplant, Great Valley gumweed,  Bract gumweed",,7 to 10,1.2,0.8,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry banks, rocky fields and plains, low alkaline ground in California.",Western N. America.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+camporum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GrindeliaCamporum.gif
Asteraceae,Grindelia,hirsutula,"Gumweed, Gum Plant",fast,8 to 11,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Disturbed sites, forest openings, hillsides, prairies, roadsides, stream banks, ocean beaches and bluffs, tidal marshes, alkaline, alluvial, clay, or sand soils from sea level to 2800 metres[270 ].",Western North America. Widespread across Canada and in California and Oregon.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+hirsutula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Grindelia_hirsutula1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Grindelia,humilis,Hairy Gumweed,,7 to 10,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Coastal salt marshes.,Western N. America.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Grindelia,lanceolata,"Rosin Weed,  Narrowleaf gumweed, Texan gumweed",,4 to 8,1.5,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry soils on prairies and roadsides. Calcareous soils in Texas.,"Central and Southern N. America - Tennessee to Missouri, Kansas, Louisiana and Texas.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GrindeliaLanceolata.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Grindelia,robusta,Great Valley Gumweed,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,By the coast in sunny well-drained situations. Thrives in dry areas and salty plains.,South-western N. America.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GrindeliaRobusta.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Grindelia,squarrosa,"Rosin Weed, Curlycup gumweed",,3 to 7,1.0,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Prairies, plains and dry banks[4, 43].","N. America - Minnesota to British Columbia, south to California and Texas.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GrindeliaSquarrosa.gif
Cornaceae,Griselinia,littoralis,,medium,6 to 9,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Lowland to montane forests in North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Griselinia+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GriseliniaLittoralis.gif
Poaceae,Guadua,angustifolia,Clumping Bamboo. Guadua,fast,10 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"It is a tropical plant. Forms dominant colonies known as ""guaduales"" or guadua groves which reach their optimum development in the central region of the Andes.","Central to South America. Guadua angustifolia is only native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.",0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guadua+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guadua_angustifolia1.JPEG
Zygophyllaceae,Guaiacum,officinale,"Lignum Vitae, Guaiacum, Guayacan",slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Alluvial deposits near the coast[346 ]. Dry and humid coastal woodland[307 ].,"Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas to the Caribbean.",2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guaiacum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guaiacum_officinale_Hamilton.JPEG
Zygophyllaceae,Guaiacum,sanctum,"Lignum Vitae, Guaiacum, Holy Wood",slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Lowland, deciduous, tropical forest, where it is largely confined to dry, exposed sites, and is often the predominant species and where the soil is very dry at least part of the year at elevations from around sea level to 700 metres[337 ].","Central America - Costa Rica north to Mexico, Florida and the Caribbean.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guaiacum+sanctum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guaiacum sanctum 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Guarea,guidonia,"Muskwood , Carrapeta, Cedro Macho",slow,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland forests in Panama[333 ]. Often found in gallery forests, on alluvial plains and in valleys, it is found in both dense primary forests and, more commonly, in secondary formations[419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica; Caribbean.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guarea+guidonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guarea guidonia_Descourtilz.JPEG
Malvaceae,Guazuma,ulmifolia,"Bastard Cedar. West Indian elm, Guasimo",fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Colonizes recently disturbed areas and is also found growing along stream banks and in pastures. It is a common species in secondary forest[303 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, north throughout S. America and Central America to Mexico",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guazuma+ulmifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guazuma_ulmifolia1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,coleosperma,"Bushman bean, Large false mopane",slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open forest with Isoberlinia, Brachystegia; in pure stands here and there; almost confined to deep Kalahari sand; at elevations from 750 - 1,400 metres[328 , 663 ].","Tropical Africa - Angola, southern DR Congo, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+coleosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia_coleosperma1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,copallifera,"Kobo Tree, Sierra Leone gum copal",slow,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,In nearly pure stands on mountain slopes; torrent sides; on sandstone; flooded valleys[328 ].,Western tropical Africa - Guinea-Bissau to Cote D'Ivoire.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+copallifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia_copallifera1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,demeusei,African Rosewood,slow,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Periodically flooded and swampy forests; gallery forest, often in pure stands[328 ].","Western tropical Africa - Cameroon to the Central African Republic, south to the Congo.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+demeusei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia demeusei 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,pellegriana,"Akume, Bubinga, Waka",slow,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sometimes abundant in forests with Berlinia tomentosa, Saccoglottis gabonensis[328 ].","West tropical Africa - southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, western DR Congo",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+pellegriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia_pellegriana_1.jpg
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,tessmannii,"Bubinga, Kevazingo",slow,10 to 12,50.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scattered but relatively abundant in Aucoumea, Sacoglottis forest; Maranthaceae forest; growing on firm ground[328 ].","West tropical Africa - southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+tessmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia tessmannii 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Guiera,senegalensis,"Moshi medicine, guier du Senegal",slow,10 to 12,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"(Degraded) savannah, savannah forests, forest on fallow land (abandoned farms); light dry soils, sandy or rocky; at elevations from 945 - 1,020 metres[328 ].",Tropical Africa - drier areas from Senegal to Sudan.,1,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guiera+senegalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guiera senegalensis 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Guizotia,abyssinica,"Niger Seed, Ramtilla",,None to None,1.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Casual on tips and waste ground near oil mills, and as a bird-seed alien, in Britain.",Africa - Tropics. An infrequent casual in Britain.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guizotia+abyssinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GuizotiaAbyssinica.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gundelia,tournefortii,Tournefort's gundelia,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Plains and mountains to 3000 metres.,W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gundelia+tournefortii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GundeliaTournefortii.gif
Gunneraceae,Gunnera,magellanica,,,6 to 9,,,,,,,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp grassy places. Moist sheltered places from sea-level to 1000 metres.,"S. America - S.W. Argentina, S. Chile and the Falkland Islands.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gunnera+magellanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GunneraMagellanica.gif
Gunneraceae,Gunnera,perpensa,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, from Ceres to Paarl, Peninsula to Port Elizabeth.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gunnera+perpensa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gunneraceae,Gunnera,tinctoria,"Gunnera, Chilean gunnera",,6 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist soils by lakes and rivers of the Central Provinces.,S. America - Chile.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gunnera+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GunneraTinctoria.gif
Lecythidaceae,Gustavia,superba,Membrillo,medium,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Humid woodlands and rainforest, often in swampy soils[307 ]. Found on gently sloping, sunny hills[551 ].",Northern S. America - Colombia north to Costa Rica.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gustavia+superba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gustavia_superba1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gutierrezia,sarothrae,"Broomweed, Broom snakeweed",,7 to 10,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry soils of open areas, plains, valleys and foothills. Open or disturbed sites in Texas, often on calcareous soils.","Western N. America - Manitoba to Montana, south to Texas and California.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gutierrezia+sarothrae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GutierreziaSarothrae.gif
Orchidaceae,Gymnadenia,conopsea,Fragrant Orchid,,6 to 9,0.3,,Bulb,,['Moths'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Locally abundant in base-rich grassland, especially on chalk or limestone, fens and marshes.","Europe, including Britain, to north and west Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnadenia+conopsea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GymnadeniaConopsea.gif
Asteraceae,Gymnanthemum,amygdalinum,Bitterleaf,medium,10 to 12,8.0,7.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Along rivers and lakes, in forest margins, woodland and grassland, at elevations up to 2,000 metres. Often found in disturbed localities such as abandoned farmland and in secondary woodland[299 ].","Tropical Africa - widespread, in most countries from Guinea to Mali and south to Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnanthemum+amygdalinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guiera senegalensis 1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Gymnema,sylvestre,"Gurmar, Gymnema",medium,10 to 12,3.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary forest, riverine forest and dry shrub savannah, usually on sandy or loamy soils. It occurs scattered and is locally abundant and common[299 ].","Africa - Mauritania to Ethiopia, south to S. Africa; through Arabia to India, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnema+sylvestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gymnema sylvestre 1.JPEG
Cystopteridaceae,Gymnocarpium,dryopteris,Northern oak fern,slow,2 to 7,0.3,0.3,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady, moist woods, streambanks and wet cliffs preferring mixed coniferous forests.  It is equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.","Widespread across much of North America and Eurasia. It has been found in Canada, the United States, Greenland, China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and most of Europe.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnocarpium+dryopteris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gymnocarpium_dryopteris1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gymnocladus,chinensis,Soap Tree,slow,8 to 11,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Plains and foothills to 1200 metres.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnocladus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Gymnocladus,dioica,Kentucky Coffee Tree,slow,3 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Prefers deep rich soils in bottomlands, deep ravines and moist lower slopes.","Eastern and Central N. America - New York to Tennessee, west to Arkansas and South Dakota.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnocladus+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Gynandriris,sisyrinchium,Spanish Nut,,7 to 10,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry places near the coast and up to 2,000 metres.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynandriris+sisyrinchium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GynandririsSisyrinchium.gif
Malvaceae,Gynatrix,pulchella,Hemp Bush,fast,7 to 10,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,River banks and in valleys.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynatrix+pulchella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GynatrixPulchella.gif
Poaceae,Gynerium,sagittatum,Uva Grass,fast,10 to 12,4.0,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Rocky thickets, gravel bars, along rivers, and in rocky, brushy stream beds, at elevations of 300 - 700 metres[331 ].","S. America - Argentina and Paraguay, north through S. America to the Caribbean and through Central America to Guatemala.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynerium+sagittatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gynerium_sagittatum1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Gynostemma,pentaphyllum,Sweet Tea Vine,,7 to 10,8.0,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],May to October,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in open forests in lowland all over Japan[58, 275]. Forest, thickets or road sides on mountain slopes at elevations of 300 - 3200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynostemma+pentaphyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GynostemmaPentaphyllum.jpg
Compositae,Gynura,procumbens,"Longevity Spinach, Sambung Nyawa",fast,9 to 11,2.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forest margins and thickets in Africa [332 ]. By streams in forests, sandy slopes, climbing on shrubs or trees, at elevations around two hundred metres in China [266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines New Guinea. West Africa - Liberia to Nigeria (prob introduced).",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynura+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gynura_procumbens1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Gynura,segetum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile and moist grassy areas, small shrub thickets by ditches and streams.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynura+segetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Gypsophila,arrostii,Arrost's baby's-breath,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe - S. Italy.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+arrostii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Gypsophila,davurica,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppe meadows and gravelly steppe slopes. Hills, dry rocky slopes, steppes and fixed dunes.","E. Asia - Northern China, Mongolia, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+davurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Gypsophila,licentiana,,,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy places and stony slopes. Mountain slopes, sands and field margins at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+licentiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Gypsophila,oldhamiana,"Manchurian Baby's Breath, Oldham's baby's-breath",,None to None,1.0,1.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub, mountain slope grasslands, rocks and maritime sands from sea level to 2,000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+oldhamiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GypsophilaOldhamiana.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Gypsophila,paniculata,Baby's Breath,medium,4 to 10,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry sandy and stony places, in steppe where it grows with large tufted species of Stipa grasses, north to latitude 57°n.",Europe. An occasional garden escape in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GypsophilaPaniculata.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Gypsophila,struthium,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gypsaceous soils.,S. Europe.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gypsophila+struthium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GypsophilaStruthium.gif
Moraceae,Helicostylis,tomentosa,"Letterhout, Letter Wood",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in rainforests at elevations from sea level to 1,600 metres[338 , 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helicostylis+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helicostylis tomentosa_Poeppig.JPEG
Saururaceae,Houttuynia,cordata,"Tsi, Chameleon, Rainbow Plant, Chameleon Plant",fast,5 to 10,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Shrubberies and damp places to 2400 metres in the Himalayas. Often found as a weed in wet fields.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Houttuynia+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HouttuyniaCordata.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Ipomopsis,aggregata,"Skyrocket,  Scarlet gilia",slow,6 to 9,1.0,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky slopes in sagebrush, scrub and clearings in pine forests to 3000 metres in California.","Western N. America - Oregon to California to Texas, north to N. Dakota.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomopsis+aggregata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomopsisAggregata.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Ipomopsis,congesta,Ballhead ipomopsis,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open slopes, lowland to high elevations.","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, eastwards to North Dakota and West Nebraska.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomopsis+congesta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomopsisCongesta.jpg
Acanthaceae,Justicia,gendarussa,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Beds of streams in moister areas of the Himalayas.,E. Asia - India to Burma.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Justicia+gendarussa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JusticiaGendarussa.jpg
Meliaceae,Khaya,anthotheca,"White Mahogany, East African Mahogany",fast,9 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A canopy tree of lowland rain-forest and riverine fringe forest, from sea level to about 1,500 metres[303 ]. Prefers terraces and stable, gently sloping riverbeds in riparian forests; grows well on adjacent colluvial slopes at margins of floodplains[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola and Mozambique.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Khaya+anthotheca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Khaya anthotheca 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lamium,galeobdolon,Yellow Archangel,fast,3 to 9,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods and shady hedgerows[5, 31], usually on heavier soils. Sometimes becoming locally dominant, especially after coppicing.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain and Iran.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lamium+galeobdolon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LamiumGaleobdolon.jpg
Meliaceae,Leplaea,cedrata,Scented Guarea,slow,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland rain-forest to semi-deciduous forest[332 ]. A canopy and sub-canopy tree of evergreen and semi-deciduous forests, occurring at elevations ranging from sea-level to 1,300 metres[886 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea Bissau to Uganda, south to Angola and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leplaea+cedrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leplaea cedrata 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Leplaea,thompsonii,Black Guarea,slow,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"A sub-canopy tree in lowland evergreen rainforest, usually primary forest. It is most common in moist evergreen forest, especially in undisturbed forest, but it occurs also in moister types of semi-deciduous forest[299 , 886 ].","Western tropical Africa - Liberia to Cameroon, south to Gabon, Congo and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leplaea+thompsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leplaea thompsonii 1.JPEG
Verbenaceae,Lippia,graveolens,Mexican Oregano,fast,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry areas[238 ]. Rocky slopes or damp thickets on plains at elevations of 350 metres or less[331 ].,"Central America from Costa Rica, north to Mexico and southern N. America.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lippia+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lippia graveolens_1.JPEG
Moringaceae,Moringa,oleifera,"Horseradish Tree, Moringa,",fast,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Sunbirds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Readily colonizes stream banks and savannah areas where the soils are well drained and the water table remains fairly high all the year round[303 ].,E. Asia - Indian subcontinent.,4,4,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moringa+oleifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Moringa oleifera_Jacquin.JPEG
Polemoniaceae,Navarretia,squarrosa,"Skunk Weed, Skunkbush",,6 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,,,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry flats and fields in mixed woods below 800 metres in California.,Western N. America.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Navarretia+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NavarretiaSquarrosa.jpg
Lamiaceae,Ocimum,tenuiflorum,Sacred Basil,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Naturalized in waste places or in settled areas and thickets[418 ].,"E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocimum+tenuiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocimum tenuiflorum1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,laurifolia,Yellow Granadilla,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Climbing into trees and shrubs in tropical rainforests[262 ]. Thickets and forest borders[418 ].,"S. America - eastern Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Guyanas to the Caribbean.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+laurifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora_laurifolia_Descourtilz.JPEG
Amaranthaceae,Pfaffia,paniculata,Pfaffia,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"S. America - Amazon rainforest in Brazil to Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay Peru and Venezuela",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pfaffia+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pfaffia paniculata 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pseudognaphalium,obtusifolium,"White Balsam, Rabbit-tobacco",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pine woods and clearings in dry open habitats.,Eastern N. America - Ontario to Georgia and Alabama.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudognaphalium+obtusifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudognaphaliumObtusifolium.jpg
Myrtaceae,Psidium,guajava,"Guava, Tropical Guava, Goiaba, Araçá-goiaba",medium,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common in disturbed places often forming thickets in pastures, plantations and other similar habitats in the Pacific Islands[311 ].",S. America from Peru north to Mexico and the Caribbean.,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psidium+guajava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Psidium_guajava4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Puccinellia,distans,"Sweet Grass, Weeping alkaligrass, Hauptian alkaligrass",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Salt marshes, muddy estuaries and occasionally on sandy ground inland.","Europe, including Britain, to Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Puccinellia+distans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PuccinelliaDistans.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,aciculare,,,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open stony mountain and hill slopes. Forest margins, thickets and rocky slopes at elevations of 1500 - 2100 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+aciculare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,burejense,"Bureja gooseberry,",,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain coniferous forests, slopes and stream banks.",Northern N. America - Alaska to N. Asia - Manchuria to N. Korea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+burejense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,californicum,Hillside Gooseberry,,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open slopes and rocky canyons below 750 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesCalifornicum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,curvatum,Granite gooseberry,,6 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-eastern N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+curvatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,cynosbati,"Dogberry, Eastern prickly gooseberry",,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, loamy or rocky woods[43, 235].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to North Carolina, west to Manitoba, Alabama and Missouri.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+cynosbati,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesCynosbati.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,divaricatum,"Coastal Black Gooseberry, Spreading gooseberry, Parish's gooseberry, Straggly gooseberry",,4 to 8,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, prairies and moist hillsides.",Western N. America.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+divaricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesDivaricatum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,hirtellum,"Currant-Gooseberry, Hairystem gooseberry",,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky or swampy woods and clearings.,"Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, West Virginia and South Dakota.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+hirtellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesHirtellum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,inerme,"Whitestem Gooseberry, Klamath gooseberry",,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist, often shaded places, 1000 - 3200 metres in California.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Montana, south to California.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+inerme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesInerme.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,leptanthum,Trumpet Gooseberry,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streamsides, 1800 - 2800 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+leptanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesLeptanthum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,oxyacanthoides,"American Mountain Gooseberry,  Canadian gooseberry,  	Stream currant, Henderson's currant,  Idaho go",,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist thickets and riverbanks. Prairies and canyons.,"N. America - Alaska to Newfoundland, British Columbia, Michigan, North Dakota and Montana.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+oxyacanthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesOxyacanthoides.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,pinetorum,Orange Gooseberry,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pinewoods.,"South-western N. America - Arizona, New Mexico.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+pinetorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesPinetorum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,rotundifolium,Appalachian Gooseberry,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open rocky places and thickets, ascending to the highest crests.",Eastern N. America - Massachusetts and New York to North Carolina.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+rotundifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesRotundifolium.jpg
Rubiaceae,Rubia,tinctorum,"Madder, Dyer's madder",medium,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Neglected ground, hedgerows and among rubble.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+tinctorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubiaTinctorum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Spartium,junceum,"Spanish Broom, Weaver's Broom, Spanish Broom",fast,8 to 9,3.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry situations amongst rocks and in bushy places, usually on limestone soils[45, 148].",S. Europe to N. Africa. Naturalized in S. Britain[17].,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spartium+junceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Leguminosae,Strophostyles,umbellata,"Pink fuzzybean, Perennial wild bean",fast,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils of fields, forest edges, meadows and woodlands and clearings, mainly near the coast.",Native to fields and woods in the southeastern and central United States.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Strophostyles+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Strophostyles_umbellata1.JPEG
Gentianaceae,Swertia,chirayita,Chiretta,,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Annual,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pastures and slopes in the Himalayas to 3,000 metres[238, 240].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swertia+chirayita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SwertiaChirayita2.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Viguiera,multiflora,Goldeneye,,9 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open areas on foothills and mountains, well up towards the timberline. Yellow pine, aspen and spruce belts.","South-western N. America - New Mexico, Utah, Nevada and California.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viguiera+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViguieraMultiflora.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,sinensis,Chinese Wisteria,medium,5 to 9,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges at low altitudes in W. China.,E. Asia - China. Locally naturalized in Europe in France[50].,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaSinensis.jpg
Lythraceae,Woodfordia,fruticosa,Fire-flame bush,medium,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Habitat Open, sunny places, often on disturbed soils and on old agricultural land. Open waste land and degraded places[338 ].","East Africa - Tanzania, Madagascar; E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indones",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodfordia+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Woodfordia_fruticosa_Hooker.JPEG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,kolomikta,Kiwi,medium,3 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous woodlands and hedges in mountains throughout Japan[58, 126]. Mountain mixed forests in open places at elevations of 1600 - 2900 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, E. Siberia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+kolomikta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Actinidia kolomikta.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,yomena,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowlands, where the soil is moist, especially paddy fields, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+yomena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterYomena.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carthamus,lanatus,Distaff Thistle,,6 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Amongst rocks, in dry hills and uncultivated ground.",S. Europe. A casual in Britain[17].,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carthamus+lanatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarthamnusLanatus.jpg
Rutaceae,Cedrelopsis,grevei,"Katrafay, Kathrafay",slow,10 to 12,22.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open woodland, scrubland, secondary forest and seasonally dry forest, at elevations from sea-level up to 500 metres, occasionally to 900 metres[ 299 ].",Africa - western and southern Madagascar.,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrelopsis+grevei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cedrelopsis grevei_1.jpg
Celastraceae,Euonymus,latifolius,,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady mountain forests, shrubby thickets, slopes, valleys and ravines.",Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusLatifolius.gif
Apocynaceae,Funtumia,elastica,West African Rubber Tree. Lagos silk rubber,fast,10 to 12,25.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Deciduous forest[332 ]. An evanescent species in secondary growth on abandoned cultivated land[332 ].,"Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, south to Gabon, Congo and Tanzania.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Funtumia+elastica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Funtumia_elastica1.JPEG
Schisandraceae,Kadsura,coccinea,,,None to None,,,,,,,May to July,August to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests at elevations of 1500 - 2000 metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kadsura+coccinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Schisandraceae,Kadsura,heteroclita,,,None to None,10.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,June to August,September to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests, ravines and along the sides f rivers at elevations of 400 - 900 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas - from Sikkim to western China, also in Sri Lanka, Thailand.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kadsura+heteroclita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Schisandraceae,Kadsura,japonica,,,6 to 9,3.5,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,June to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Climbs trees in woodlands. Forests and slopes at elevaions of 500 - 2000 metres in Fujian and Taiwan Provinces, China.","E. Asia - southern China, central and southern Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kadsura+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KadsuraJaponica2.jpg
Schisandraceae,Kadsura,longepedunculata,,,None to None,3.5,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to September,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Stream edges and damp shady places. Forests and slopes below 1000 metres.,E. Asia - western China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kadsura+longepedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Schisandraceae,Kadsura,oblongifolia,,,None to None,,,,,,,July to September,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forests at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres in Hainan Province.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kadsura+oblongifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Kalimeris,incisa,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and waste ground in lowland C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalimeris+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalimerisIncisa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Kalimeris,laureana,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hills and low mountains in C. Japan.,E. Asia - Manchuria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalimeris+laureana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Kalimeris,pinnatifida,Japanese  Aster,medium,5 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hills and low mountains in C. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalimeris+pinnatifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalimerisPinnatifida.jpg
Ericaceae,Kalmia,angustifolia,Sheep Laurel,,None to None,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Acidic bogs and swamps.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, south to Georgia and Michigan. Nat in Britain.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalmia+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalmiaAngustifolia.jpg
Ericaceae,Kalmia,latifolia,"Mountain Laurel, Calico Bush, Ivy",slow,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Rich rocky, or dry gravelly woods in the shade of deciduous trees, and swamps in acid soils. Prefers sandy or rocky soils.",Eastern N. America - New England to New York south to W. Florida.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalmia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalmiaLatifolia2.jpg
Ericaceae,Kalmia,polifolia,"Swamp Laurel, Bog laurel",,None to None,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Cold peat bogs and other wet places[11, 200].","Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, southwards. Nat. in Britain in a bog in Surrey.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalmia+polifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalmiaPolifolia2.jpg
Araliaceae,Kalopanax,sciadophylloides,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Hills all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalopanax+sciadophylloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Kalopanax,septemlobus,"Tree Aralia, Castor aralia",slow,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool deciduous forests from near sea level to elevations of 2500 metres[11, 200, 266].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalopanax+septemlobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalopanaxSeptemlobus.jpg
Rosaceae,Kerria,japonica,"Bachelor's Button, Japanese rose, Jew's Mallow, Japanese  Kerria",medium,4 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,By rivers and on rocks in gorges in the mountains. Thickets on mountain slopes at elevations of 200 - 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan. A rare garden escape in Britain.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kerria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KerriaJaponica2.jpg
Pinaceae,Keteleeria,davidiana,,,6 to 9,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in areas with hot dry climates, growing in woodlands and on mountain slopes, often solitary or in small clumps, occasionally forming pure stands, 300 - 1500 metres.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Keteleeria+davidiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KeteleeriaDavidiana.jpg
Meliaceae,Khaya,anthotheca,"White Mahogany, East African Mahogany",fast,9 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A canopy tree of lowland rain-forest and riverine fringe forest, from sea level to about 1,500 metres[303 ]. Prefers terraces and stable, gently sloping riverbeds in riparian forests; grows well on adjacent colluvial slopes at margins of floodplains[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola and Mozambique.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Khaya+anthotheca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Khaya anthotheca 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Khaya,senegalensis,Dryzone Mahogany,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Riverine forests and is scattered within the higher-rainfall savannah woodlands. In moister areas it is found on uplands, but is restricted to riparian habitats or stream bottoms that extend into the savannah in the drier portions of the range[303 ].",Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Uganda.,2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Khaya+senegalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Khaya senegalensis 1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Kickxia,elatine,"Fluellen, Sharpleaf cancerwort",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, usually cornfields in light soils.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kickxia+elatine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KickxiaElatine.jpg
Trilliaceae,Kinugasa,japonica,Kinugasaso,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humus-rich soils in woodlands, N. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kinugasa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Kirkophytum,lyallii,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Only found on the Titi Islands just off Stewart Island.,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kirkophytum+lyallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dipsacaceae,Knautia,arvensis,"Field Scabious, Field scabiosa",,5 to 9,1.0,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, pastures, hedgebanks and grassy hills, usually on dry soils and especially on limestone[9, 17, 187].","Europe, including Britain, north to latitude 69°, east to the Caucasus and W. Siberia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Knautia+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KnautiaArvensis.jpg
Proteaceae,Knightia,excelsa,Rewarewa,,8 to 11,20.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland to montane forest in North Island and on the northern tip of South Island.,New Zealand.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Knightia+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KnightiaExcelsa.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Kniphofia,uvaria,"Red Hot Poker , Common Torch Lily, Torch Lily, Poker Plant, Tritoma",fast,5 to 9,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Damp slopes and marshy ground,S. Africa.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kniphofia+uvaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KniphofiaUvaria.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Koeleria,macrantha,"June Grass, Prairie Junegrass",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy places, chalk and limestone pastures.","Northern temperate zone, including Britain, between latitudes 37° and 60° N.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Koeleria+macrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AiraCristata.jpg
Sapindaceae,Koelreuteria,paniculata,"Golden Rain Tree, Varnish Tree",fast,5 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Found by sea-shores in Japan. Grows on plains and in secondary forest on poor soils in China.,E. Asia - N. China. Naturalized in Japan and S. Europe.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Koelreuteria+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Kosteletzkya,pentacarpos,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Seaside bogs of the Caspian littoral, along the west and south coasts.",Europe - Italy to the Caspian sea.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kosteletzkya+pentacarpos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Kuhnia,eupatorioides,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry soils in open woods, thickets, clearings and open slopes.","Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Georgia, Ohio, Minnesota, West Virginia and Texas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kuhnia+eupatorioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KuhniaEupatorioides.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Kummerowia,stipulacea,"Korean Lespedeza, Korean clover",fast,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and roadsides in C. and S. Japan. Roadsides, grasslands, mountain slopes, stable or semi-stable sand dunes at elevations of 100--1200 metres in China.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kummerowia+stipulacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KummerowiaStipulacea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Kummerowia,striata,"Common Lespedeza, Japanese clover",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and roadsides all over Japan. Clayey, sandy and gravelly soils, riverbanks, roadsides and non-populated areas, always in large quantities.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kummerowia+striata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KummerowiaStriata.jpg
Myrtaceae,Kunzea,muelleri,,,None to None,0.9,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Heaths, especially in wet areas near bogs, at elevations up to the alpine zone.",Australia - New South Wales and Victoria.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kunzea+muelleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Kunzea,pomifera,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry sandy desert areas and also by the coast.,Australia - South Australia and Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kunzea+pomifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,ericoides,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane shrubland, especially on margins, North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+ericoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Musaceae,Musa,x paradisiaca,Banana,fast,10 to 12,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,"Only known as a cultivated plant, it is a hybrid of M. Acuminata × M. Balbisiana.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musa+x paradisiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Musa x paradisiaca 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,albescens,Whiteleaf Mountain Mint,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods and thickets. Low woods, along the sides of streams in Texas.",Eastern N. America - Northwest Florida and Texas to Oklahoma and southern Virginia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+albescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumAlbescens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,flexuosum,"Mountain Mint, Appalachian mountainmint",,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Upland prairies, pastures, meadows, open woodland and roadsides.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, New York, Minnesota, Kansas and Texas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+flexuosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumFlexuosum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,incanum,Hoary Mountain Mint,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry woods and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to New York, south to New Carolina and Tennessee.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+incanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumIncanum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,muticum,Cluster Mountain Mint,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy soils. Dry open woods in Texas.,"Eastern N. America - Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to Pennsylvania and Missouri.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+muticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumMuticum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,pilosum,"Mountain Mint, Whorled mountainmint",,4 to 8,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist woods, thickets and clearings.","Eastern N. America - Ontario and Michigan south to Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+pilosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumPilosum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,virginianum,Virginia Mountain Mint,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Gravelly shores, meadows, dry to wet thickets etc.","Eastern N. America - Virginia to New England, north to North Dakota.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumVirginianum.jpg
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,grandiflora,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests and shrubberies at elevations of 1700 - 3300 metres in the Himalayas[51, 272].",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchisandraGrandiflora.jpg
Xyridaceae,Xyris,caroliniana,Carolina Yelloweyed Grass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist sands of pine savannas, bog edges, upper shores, flatwoods, sandy coastal dune swales, coastal plain from sea level to 300 metres.",Eastern N. America - Ontario to New York and south to Florida.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xyris+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XyrisCaroliniana.jpg
Malvaceae,Abelmoschus,esculentus,Okra,,5 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The original habitat is obscure.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus+esculentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbelmoschusEsculentus2.jpg
Malvaceae,Abelmoschus,manihot,Aibika,fast,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wasteland and humid rocky hillsides. In Nepal it grows at elevations of 700 - 1700 metres in rocky places with shrubs. Grasslands, near streams and margins of farm land.",E. Asia - South-eastern Asia to Northern Australia.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus+manihot,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbelmoschusManihot.jpg
Malvaceae,Abelmoschus,moschatus,"Musk Mallow,Musk Okra",fast,8 to 11,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places in Nepal at elevations of 600 - 1100 metres. Flat areas, valleys, stream sides and scrub slopes in western and southern China.",S.E. Asia - Himalayas to China and Vietnam.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus+moschatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbelmoschusMoschatus.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,utahensis,Century Plant,medium,6 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry stony limestone slopes, at elevations from 600 - 2,280 metres[71 , 338 ]. Calcareous or sandstone outcrops in desert scrub, pinyon-juniper, or conifer woodlands; at elevations from 700 - 2,500 metres[1844 ].","South-western N. America - California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+utahensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_utahensis.jpg
Saururaceae,Anemopsis,californica,Yerba Mansa,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Basic,['Basic'],Wet soil,,"Wet, especially somewhat alkaline or saline marshy places, below 2000 metres[71, 187, 270].","South-western N. America - California, Mexico.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemopsis+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemopsisCalifornica.jpg
Cupressaceae,Calocedrus,decurrens,"Incense Cedar, California Incense Cedar",slow,5 to 8,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found on a variety of soils, usually on western slopes at an altitude of 700 - 2500 metres. The best specimens are found on deep well-drained slightly acidic sandy loam soils.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calocedrus+decurrens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalocedrusDecurrens.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Centella,asiatica,"Gotu Kola, Spadeleaf",,7 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Old stone walls and rocky sunny places in lowland hills and especially by the coast in central and southern Japan. Shady, damp and wet places such as paddy fields, and in grass thickets[147, 238].","E. Asia - India, China and Japan. Australia.",2,5,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centella+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentellaAsiatica.jpg
Malvaceae,Clappertonia,ficifolia,Bolo Bolo,fast,10 to 12,2.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swampy grassland, marshy places, stream-banks, valleys, fallow rice fields; forest fringes, thickets on margins of damp depressions; at elevations of 1,100 - 1,200 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, south to Angola and Mozambique.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clappertonia+ficifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Clappertonia_ficifolia1.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Decemium,appendiculatum,Waterleaf,,None to None,0.4,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario to New York, North Carolina, Minnesota and Kansas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Decemium+appendiculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DecemiumAppendiculatum.gif
Leguminosae,Desmodium,canadense,Showy tick-trefoil,fast,3 to 6,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist to mesic black soil prairies, moist meadows along rivers, borders of lakes, thickets, limestone glades, and areas along railroads where prairie remnants occur.",Native to eastern North America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_canadense1.JPEG
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,scirpoides,Dwarf scouring rush,slow,1 to 9,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tundra, mossy places, and woods. Stems often partly buried in humus. Part shade, shade; moist woods, peat bogs, shady, mossy wetlands.",Native to northern Eurasia and America.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+scirpoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Equisetum_scirpoides1.JPEG
Orchidaceae,Habenaria,intermedia,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open grassland at elevations of 2000 - 3300 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Habenaria+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Habenaria,sparsiflora,Sparse-flowered bog orchid,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found mainly along the sides of streams or in boggy places in montane coniferous forests, 1200 - 3300 metres. Wet meadows, marshes, fens, stream banks, shores, seeping slopes; 0 - 3500 m.",Western N. America - Washington to Arizona and California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Habenaria+sparsiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HabenariaSparsiflora.gif
Amaranthaceae,Hablitzia,tamnoides,Caucasian spinach,fast,3 to 9,3.0,0.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Mesic woodland habitats especially spruce and beech woods in its native environment, among rocks and in ravines and along rivers.","Origin: The Caucasus, the border of Europe and Asia",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hablitzia+tamnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caucasian Spinach.jpg
Boraginaceae,Hackelia,uncinatum,,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet slopes, forest understory, between grasslands at elevatins of 2700 - 4500 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hackelia+uncinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Hakea,drupacea,Sweet Hakea,,8 to 11,2.0,2.0,Shrub,,,,December to February.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Amongst low (sclerophyll) shrubland; occurring on outcrops (edges granite rock); in rocky or stony soil (limestone, sandstone); growing in gravel pits (disturbed areas near old gravel pit).",Australia - Western Australia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hakea+drupacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HakeaDrupacea.gif
Proteaceae,Hakea,sericea,Silky Hakea,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry sclerophyll forests and heaths on sandstone soils and shales.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria. Locally naturalized in parts of S.W. Europe.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hakea+sericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HakeaSericea.gif
Proteaceae,Hakea,suberea,Cork Tree,,None to None,5.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Amongst low trees, or grassland; occurring on outcrops; in rocky or stony soil, or sand, or wet soil; occupying flood plains, rocky outcrop on sand plain.",Western Australia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hakea+suberea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Halenia,elliptica,Spurred Gentian,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Beside streams in valleys, grassland slopes, scrub, forest margins and forests at elevations of 700 - 4,100 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from India to China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halenia+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Halerpestes,sarmentosa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halerpestes+sarmentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Styracaceae,Halesia,carolina,"Silver-Bell Tree, Carolina silverbell, Mountain silverbell",medium,4 to 8,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist woods along the sides of streams in the mountains[43, 184].","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Oklahoma.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halesia+carolina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HalesiaCarolina.gif
Styracaceae,Halesia,tetraptera,Silverbell or Mountain Silverbell,medium,4 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist woods along the sides of streams in the mountains[43, 184].",Native to the southeastern United States.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halesia+tetraptera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Halesia_tetraptera1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Halimione,portulacoides,Sea Purslane,,None to None,0.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Salt marshes, especially fringing channels and pools, usually flooded at full tide[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia. Also in S. Africa.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halimione+portulacoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HalimionePortulacoides.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Halimodendron,halodendron,"Salt Tree, Common salttree",,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Salt steppes and saline flood plains.,Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halimodendron+halodendron,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HalimodendronHalodendron.gif
Chenopodiaceae,Halogeton,arachnoideus,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,July to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Arid slopes, sandy places and riversides in northern China.",Central Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halogeton+arachnoideus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Haloxylon,ammodendron,Saxaul,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandhills, deserts and sand ridges. On dunes, saline-alkaline deserts and sandy places on riversides in northern China.",W. Asia - to E. Asia to Mongolia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haloxylon+ammodendron,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HaloxylonAmmodendron.gif
Chenopodiaceae,Haloxylon,persicum,Salt Tree,,None to None,4.5,,Tree,,,,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandhills, deserts and sand ridges, often forming pure stands.",W. Asia - Russia to Iran and east to China.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haloxylon+persicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Haloxylon,spp,Saxaul,slow,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy arid habitats (psammophyte). Harsh habitats such as moving or fixed sands, saline depressions, dry canyons, clay and rock submontane planes, rocky hill and mountain slopes and tertiary badlands","Southwest and Central Asia, from Egypt to Mongolia and China (Sinkiang and Kansu).",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haloxylon+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Haloxylon_Ammodendron1.JPEG
Hamamelidaceae,Hamamelis,virginiana,"Witch Hazel, American witchhazel, Common Witchhazel, Virginian Witchhazel, Witchhazel",slow,3 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,September to November,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Edges of dry or moist woods, in rich soil and on the rocky banks of streams[43, 82]. The best specimens are found in deep rich soils.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Wisconsin and south to Texas and N. Florida.,1,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hamamelis+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HamamelisVirginiana.jpg
Apocynaceae,Hancornia,speciosa,"Mangaba Rubber Tree, Mangabiera",slow,10 to 12,7.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a tropical plant.  It grows in scrublands (caatinga) and barren lands in central Brazil[416 ]. It grows naturally in regions with average temperatures between 24-26°C.  The rainfall is 1,400 mm per year.  It can grow in the temperature range of 15-43°C.  It grows in sandy soils.","Southern and western S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hancornia+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hancornia_speciosa1.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Handroanthus,guayacan,Guayacan,medium,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal rainforests[307 ]. Wet to rather dry forest, often in open places, at elevations up to 1,200 metres[331 ]. Virgin forests and on mountain slopes[341 ].",Northern S. America - Colombia; through Central America to Mexico.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Handroanthus+guayacan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Handroanthus guayacan 1.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Handroanthus,impetiginosus,"Pau D'Arco, Pink Trumpet Tree",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Interior of dense, primary forests, as well as in open and secondary growth areas[419 ].",S. America - from Argentina north through Central America to Mexico.,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Handroanthus+impetiginosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Handroanthus_impetiginosus_Martius.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Handroanthus,serratifolius,Yellow Trumpet Tree,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree of climax evergreen forest, forming pure stands in some areas but preferring the sides and tops of ridges to swampy ground[303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas, north to Trinidad and Tobago.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Handroanthus+serratifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Handroanthus serratifolius 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Haplopappus,nuttallii,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open places, often on alkaline soils.","Western N. America - Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico and Montana.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haplopappus+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HaplopappusNuttallii.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Haplopappus,spinulosus,Spiny Ironplant,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Prairies and plains in dry open places[43, 60].",Western N. America - Minnesota and Alberta south to Texas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haplopappus+spinulosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HaplopappusSpinulosus.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hardenbergia,violacea,"Coral Pea, Purple Coral Pea, False Sarsaparilla, Vine Lilac",fast,9 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Climbs over low bushes by the coast and to nearby mountains in open forests and on heaths.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hardenbergia+violacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HardenbergiaViolacea.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,brachysiphon,,fast,6 to 9,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,New Zealand. Naturalized in the Scilly Isles.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+brachysiphon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,dieffenbachii,,,8 to 11,1.2,1.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,New Zealand - Chatham Islands. Naturalized in south-west Britain.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+dieffenbachii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeDieffenbachii.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,'Great Orme',Great Orme Hebe,,5 to 9,1.5,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in the wild.,A garden hybrid of uncertain origin[200].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+'Great Orme',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,rakaiensis,,,5 to 9,1.0,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Rocky places at low altitudes in South Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+rakaiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeRakaiensis.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,salicifolia,,,6 to 9,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Many habitats in South and Stewart Islands in New Zealand.,New Zealand. S. America - Chile.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeSalicifolia.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,speciosa,New Zealand hebe,,6 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Sea cliffs on North Island. Locally naturalized on sea cliffs in Ireland.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeSpeciosa.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,x franciscana,Hebe,slow,9 to 11,2.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, H. elliptica x H. speciosa.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+x franciscana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeXFranciscana.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Hedeoma,pulegioides,"American Pennyroyal, American false pennyroyal",,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Dry soils[43 in open woods and fields.,"N. America - S. Quebec to Minnesota and S. Dakota, then south to Tennessee and Arkansas.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedeoma+pulegioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HedeomaPulegioides.gif
Araliaceae,Hedera,helix,"Ivy, 	English ivy, Algerian ivy, Baltic Ivy, Common Ivy",medium,5 to 11,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,October to November,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Woodlands, hedges and shady places, climbing up trees, walls etc and clambering over the ground. Found on all types of soils.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to the Mediterranean and Iran.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedera+helix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HederaHelix.gif
Araliaceae,Hedera,nepalensis,Nepal Ivy,medium,7 to 10,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Moist stones and tree stems at elevations of 1600 - 3000 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedera+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HederaNepalensis.gif
Zingiberaceae,Hedychium,coronarium,"Butterfly Ginger, White garland-lily, Garland Flower, Butterfly Lily",fast,8 to 11,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist places along streams and on forest edges.,E. Asia - India.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedychium+coronarium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HedychiumCoronarium.gif
Zingiberaceae,Hedychium,gracile,,,8 to 11,0.6,,Perennial,,,,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist places and on forest edges.,E. Asia - India.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedychium+gracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Zingiberaceae,Hedychium,spicatum,,,7 to 10,1.5,0.7,Perennial,,,,October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest clearings, shrubberies, 1800 - 2800 metres from Himachal Pradesh to Arunachal Pradesh.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedychium+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,alpinum,Alpine Sweetvetch,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Calcareous rocks and gravelly soils, north to Alaska. Swampy meadows and swamps in China.",N. America. to N. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HedysarumAlpinum.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,arcticum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountain tundra in the Arctic.,Circumboreal.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+arcticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,boreale,"Sweet Vetch, Utah sweetvetch, Northern sweetvetch",,3 to 7,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Calcareous gravels and rocky slopes.,Northern N. America - Saskatchewan to Arizona.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+boreale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HedysarumBoreale.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,boreale mackenzii,Liquorice Root,,3 to 7,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Calcareous gravels and slopes.,Western N. America - Colorado.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+boreale mackenzii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,hedysaroides,Alpine French Honeysuckle,,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravel river bars, roadsides, rocky hills and meadows, 1200 - 2500 metres in the Alps[172, 187].","S. and C. Europe, Arctic Russia and Western N. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+hedysaroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HedysarumHedysaroides.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,occidentale,"Liquorice Root, Western sweetvetch",,4 to 8,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry and often rocky soils of open areas, from the plains to about 2,600 metres.","Western N. America - Montana to Washington, south to Utah and Colorado.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+occidentale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,sachalinense,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Clayey and stony soils amongst shrubs.,E. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+sachalinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hedysarum,vicioides,,,3 to 7,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy to gravelly slopes in high mountains or grassy places in lower districts of Japan. River banks in E. Siberia. Forests and subalpine meadows at elevations of 2500 - 3200 metres.,E. Asia - N. Korea to E. Siberia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hedysarum+vicioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HedysarumVicioides.gif
Lythraceae,Heimia,myrtifolia,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Along the sides of streams.,S. America - Brazil to Uruguay.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heimia+myrtifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeimiaMyrtifolia.gif
Lythraceae,Heimia,salicifolia,"Erva De Vida, Shrubby yellowcrest",,7 to 10,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Along the sides of streams.,Southern N. America from Texas to Mexico and south to Central America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heimia+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeimiaSalicifolia.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Heldreichia,rotundifolia,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Screes and rocky slopes, 2000 - 2900 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia - Turkey.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heldreichia+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helenium,amarum,"Bitter Sneezeweed, Sneezeweed",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open ground, roadsides etc. Open woods, fields, pastures and disturbed areas in Texas.",Eastern N. America - New York to Florida.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helenium+amarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeleniumAmarum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helenium,autumnale,"Sneezeweed, Common sneezeweed, Fall sneezeweed, Mountain sneezeweed, False Sunflower",fast,3 to 8,1.8,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows and marshes. Rich thickets, meadows and shores. Low, moist calcareous soils in Texas.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Manitoba and Arizona.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helenium+autumnale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeleniumAutumnale.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helenium,hoopesii,"Owls Claws, Orange Sneezeweed",medium,4 to 8,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich soils in coniferous forests, in meadows along stream sides and on wet slopes, 2250 - 3300 metres in the Southern Rockies[71, 155].",South-western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helenium+hoopesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeleniumHoopesii.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helenium,puberulum,Rosilla,,7 to 10,1.5,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist meadows, marshes, slough banks etc, below 600 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helenium+puberulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeleniumPuberulum.gif
Cistaceae,Helianthemum,canadense,"Frostweed, Longbranch frostweed",,6 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogamy']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, clearings and barrens in dry sandy soils","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Mississippi.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthemum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthemumCanadense.gif
Cistaceae,Helianthemum,nummularium,"Common Rockrose, Sun Rose, Rock  Rose",fast,5 to 8,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Basic grassland and scrub, to 600 metres.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to Spain and Iran in W. Asia.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthemum+nummularium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthemumNummularium.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,annuus,"Sunflower, Common sunflower",fast,6 to 9,3.0,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Open dry or moderately moist soils on the plains.,Western N. America. An occasional garden escape in Britain.,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+annuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusAnnuus.jpg
Asteraceae,Helianthus,cusickii,Cusick's sunflower,fast,7 to 10,0.6,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry grassy slopes, open woodland, mountain forests and foothills. Elevation: 1050-1300m.","N. America. Native to the western United States from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, northern California, and northwestern Nevada.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+cusickii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_cusickii1.JPEG
Compositae,Helianthus,decapetalus,Thinleaf sunflower,medium,2 to 8,1.2,1.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, partially shaded areas along rivers, meadows, and thickets. Widespread in beech, maple, and red oak forests, especially at borders and openings.","Native to the Eastern and Central United States and Canada, from New Brunswick west to Iowa, Wisconsin, and Ontario, south as far as Georgia and Louisiana.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+decapetalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_decapetalus1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,doronicoides,,,4 to 8,1.8,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods, thickets and clearings.",Central N. America - Ohio to Missouri and Arkansas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+doronicoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusDoronicoides.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,giganteus,Giant Sunflower,fast,4 to 8,3.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp or rich thickets, swampy woods and clearings.","N. America - Maine and Ontario to Saskatchewan, Florida, Louisiana and Colorado.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusGiganteus.gif
Asteraceae,Helianthus,hybrids,Perennial Sunflower,fast,4 to 11,3.6,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Cold to semi-arid regions.,Origin: hybrid. All Helianthus species are native to North America except for three species in South America.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_hybrids1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,laetiflorus,"Showy Sunflower, Cheerful sunflower",,4 to 8,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods and thickets, often on drier soils.",Central N. America - Pennsylvania to Minnesota.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+laetiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusLaetiflorus.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,lenticularis,Wild Sunflower,,None to None,3.0,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and waste places in rich soils.,"N. America - Minnesota to North Dakota, Idaho, Missouri, Texas and California.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+lenticularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,maximilianii,"Maximillian Sunflower, Maximillian Daisy",medium,5 to 10,2.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich prairies, usually on drier soils. Low moist areas, roadsides and prairies in Texas, often forming large colonies.","Central N. America - Minnesota and Manitoba to Saskatchewan, Missouri, Nebraska and Texas.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+maximilianii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusMaximilianii.gif
Asteraceae,Helianthus,pauciflorus,"Stiff Sunflower, Prairie Sunflower",fast,3 to 7,1.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry to moderately wet prairies and open areas. Subspecies Helianthus pauciflorus subsp. subrhomboideus occurs in dry, open habitats.","North American. Widespread across the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Great Lakes region. Naturalized in the eastern United States and in much of southern Canada (from Alberta to Nova Scotia).",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+pauciflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_pauciflorus1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,petiolaris,Prairie Sunflower,,4 to 8,3.0,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils. Dry prairies.,Central to western N. America - Manitoba and Minnesota south to Arizona.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+petiolaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusPetiolaris.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,strumosus,Paleleaf Woodland Sunflower,,4 to 8,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry woods and banks.,"N. America - Quebec to N. Dakota, south to Arkansas and Oklahoma.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+strumosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusStrumosus.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helianthus,tuberosus,Jerusalem Artichoke,fast,4 to 8,2.4,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,October,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Rich and damp thickets.,Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Kansas. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+tuberosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelianthusTuberosus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helichrysum,apiculatum,Common Everlasting Flower,,8 to 11,0.6,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Better soils in grasslands and forests, on sandy soils and decomposed basalt in the montane zone[152, 154, 265].",Australia - all areas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helichrysum+apiculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helichrysum,arenarium,Everlasting Flower,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy places, heaths, dunes, pine forests etc[9, 50].",Europe.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helichrysum+arenarium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelichrysumArenarium.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helichrysum,italicum,Curry Plant,,7 to 10,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Arid hills, rocks and cliffs",S. Europe.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helichrysum+italicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelichrysumItalicum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helichrysum,orientale,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,Southern Europe - Greece and the Aegean.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helichrysum+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helichrysum,stoechas,,,7 to 10,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry banks, rocks and sands.",S. and W. Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helichrysum+stoechas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelichrysumStoechas.gif
Moraceae,Helicostylis,tomentosa,"Letterhout, Letter Wood",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in rainforests at elevations from sea level to 1,600 metres[338 , 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helicostylis+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helicostylis tomentosa_Poeppig.JPEG
Compositae,Heliopsis,helianthoides,"False sunflower, Oxeye sunflower",fast,3 to 9,1.5,1.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open woods, woodland borders and clearings, thickets, grassy meadows, savannas, limestone glades, tallgrass prairies, blackland prairies, stream banks and disturbed roadsides or railroad rights of way.","Native to eastern and central North America from Saskatchewan east to Newfoundland and south as far as Texas, New Mexico, and Georgia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heliopsis+helianthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Heliopsis_helianthoides1.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Heliotropium,arborescens,"Heliotrope, Garden heliotrope, Cherry Pie, Heliotrope",medium,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal: forests, lomas from sea level to 3500 metres.",S. America - Peru.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heliotropium+arborescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeliotropiumArborescens.jpg
Boraginaceae,Heliotropium,ellipticum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes in semi-desert and semi-steppe belts, rarely in steppes. Often a weed in oases, river gravel and sand.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heliotropium+ellipticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Helleborus,foetidus,"Stinking Hellebore, Setterwort, Bear's Foot, Bearsfoot, Setterwort, Stinkwort, Stinking Hellebore",medium,6 to 9,0.8,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,February to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, scrub and sunny banks on moist chalk and limestone soils[9, 17, 187].","Western and southern Europe, including Britain, from Belgium to Spain and Italy.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helleborus+foetidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelleborusFoetidus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Helleborus,niger,Black Hellebore,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,January to February,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and thickets, mainly in mountains, on calcareous soils[50, 187]. Sometimes also found in grassland.",S.E. and C. Europe.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helleborus+niger,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelleborusNiger.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Helleborus,viridis,Green Hellebore,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,February to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, scrub and sunny banks on moist chalk and limestone soils[9, 17, 187].","Central and western Europe, including Britain.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helleborus+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelleborusViridis.jpg
Cornaceae,Helwingia,chinensis,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, 1300 - 2300 metres in W. Szechwan. Mixed woods and thickets on slopes, broad-leaved forests, at elevations of 1000 - 2600 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helwingia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HelwingiaChinensis.jpg
Cornaceae,Helwingia,himalaica,,,None to None,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An undershrub of dense dark forests, especially in E. Nepal, 2100 - 2700 metres. Woods and margins of woods at elevations of 1700 - 3000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas - C. Nepal to S.W. China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helwingia+himalaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Helwingia,japonica,,,7 to 10,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and thickets in hills and low mountains of Japan. Moist rich soil in woods, thickets, valleys, streamsides and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 3400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helwingia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helwingiajaponica.jpg
Cornaceae,Helwingia,liukiuensis,,,None to None,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests in Ryuku.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helwingia+liukiuensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,altissima,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest margins, grassy fields and slopes along valleys, from near sea level to 2000 metres.",E. Asia - S. China.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,aurantiaca,,,5 to 9,0.8,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, grasslands and streamsides at elevations of 300 - 1000 metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Taiwan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+aurantiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisAurantiaca.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,bulbiferum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+bulbiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,citrina,Citron daylily,,4 to 8,0.8,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest margins, grassy fields and slopes along valleys from near sea level to 2000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+citrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisCitrina.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,coreana,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest margins, grassy fields and slopes along valleys, from near sea level to 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+coreana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,darrowiana,Day Lily,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - N. Japan.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+darrowiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,dumortieri,Dumortier's daylily,,4 to 8,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows in the mountains of N. and C. Japan[58, 187].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+dumortieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisDumortieri.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,exaltata,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows.,"E. Asia - Japan, it is only found on Tobishima Island, a small Islet off W. Japan.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+exaltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,forrestii,,,4 to 8,0.4,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry ridges and rocky banks around 250 metres. Forests, grassy slopes and limestone cliffs at elevations of 2300 - 3200 metres in SW Sichuan and NW Yunnan.",E. Asia - W. China in Yunnan Province.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+forrestii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,fulva,"Common Day Lily, Orange daylily, Tawny Daylily,  Double Daylily",medium,3 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common and widespread in the wild, probably as an escape from cultivation.",Of uncertain origin. A garden escape in Britain.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+fulva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisFulva.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,fulva longituba,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Long cultivated, the plant is not known in the wild",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+fulva longituba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisFulvaLongituba.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,graminea,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Siberia.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+graminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,hakunensis,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - S. Korea.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+hakunensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,lilioasphodelus,Yellow Day Lily,,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky mountain woods, wet meadows and riversides on foothills of the S.E. Alps in Europe.","Original habitat is obscure, possibly China. An occasional garden escape in Britain.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+lilioasphodelus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisLilioasphodelus.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,littorea,Coastal Day Lily,,4 to 8,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places near the sea[58, 187].",E. Asia - Japan.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+littorea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisLittorea2.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,micrantha,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,middendorffii,"Amur daylily, Middendorf, Daylily",medium,4 to 8,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows in high mountains of N. Japan. Forests, forest margins, meadows and wet grasslands from near sea level to 2000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+middendorffii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisMiddendorffii.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,middendorffii esculenta,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows in high mountains, N. and C. Japan[58, 205]. Forests, forest margins, grassy slopes, stony places and roadsides at elevations of 500 - 2500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+middendorffii esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisMiddendorffiiEsculenta.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,minor,"Grassleaf Day Lily, Small daylily",,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Water meadows, elevated wet places with sandy soils, forest glades, mountain slopes and scrub.","E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisMinor.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,multiflora,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hill forests and openings in forests on hilltops at elevations of 700 - 1000 metresin China.,"E. Asia - China in Hunan, Japan.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,pedicellata,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - N. Japan.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+pedicellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,plicata,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine woods and alpine meadows. Pinus forests, forest margins, thinly forested hilltops and grassy slopes at elevations of 1500 - 3200 metres in Sichuan and Yunnan.",E. Asia - S.W. and W. China.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+plicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,species,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,A range of garden hybrids.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisSpecies.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,thunbergii,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemerocallisThunbergii.jpg
Hemerocallidaceae,Hemerocallis,yezoensis,,,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places and marshy meadows near the sea.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemerocallis+yezoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Hemiphragma,heterophyllum,,,7 to 10,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes, forest and scrub at elevations of 1800 - 4000 metres[200, 272].",E. Asia - Western Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemiphragma+heterophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemiphragmaHeterophyllum.jpg
Ulmaceae,Hemiptelea,davidii,,,3 to 7,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, loess banks, banks of soil and debris. Hill slopes and trailsides, often planted when found around houses, at elevations below 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemiptelea+davidii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemipteleaDavidii.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hemizonia,fascicuata,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry coastal plains to 300 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemizonia+fascicuata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HemizoniaFascicuata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hemizonia,luzulifolia,,,None to None,0.4,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal valleys and hills to 300 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hemizonia+luzulifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Hepatica,acutiloba,"American Liverleaf, Sharp-lobed Hepatica, Hepatica",slow,3 to 9,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods. Deciduous woods, often in calcareous soils, from sea level to 1200 metres.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hepatica+acutiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneAcutiloba.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Hepatica,americana,"American Liverleaf, Alumroot, Round Lobed Hepatica",slow,3 to 9,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods. Mixed woods, often in association with both conifers and deciduous trees, usually in drier sites and more acid soils, from sea level to 1200 metres.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida, Georgia and Missouri",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hepatica+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HepaticaAmericana.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Hepatica,nobilis,"Hepatica, Sharplobe hepatica, Roundlobe hepatica",,4 to 8,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,February to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp underground in shady deciduous, usually beech, woodlands, scrub and grassland, especially on limestone[7, 9, 13].",Europe.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hepatica+nobilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneHepatica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,lallii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open slopes, pastures and meadows, also in open shrubby areas, in the lower subalpine to lower alpine zones.",E. Asia - Himalayas in central and western Nepal.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+lallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,moellendorfii,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills, low mountains and lowland in C. and S. Japan. Open forests, forest margins, shaded valleys or stream sides at elevations up to 3200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+moellendorfii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,pubescens,Downy Cow-Parsnip,,None to None,0.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady places.,W. Asia. Possibly naturalized in parts of C. and W. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,sphondylium,"Cow Parsnip, Eltrot",,4 to 8,1.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist grassland and ditches, by hedges and in woods[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south of latitude 61° to western N. Africa, west and northern Asia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+sphondylium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeracleumSphondylium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,sphondylium montanum,Cow Parsnip,,4 to 8,2.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich damp soils of prairies and mountains, especially along streams and in open woods in Western N. America.",N. America to W. Asia.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+sphondylium montanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,sphondylium sibiricum,,,None to None,1.8,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places and rough ground.,N.E. to C. Europe.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+sphondylium sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,tuberosum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy places near hedges.,S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Heracleum,wallichii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and open slopes, 3600 - 4100 metres from C. Nepal to Bhutan.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heracleum+wallichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Herniaria,glabra,"Rupture Wort, Smooth rupturewort",,4 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A rare and local plant of dry sandy areas in south Devon and eastern England[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Herniaria+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HerniariaGlabra.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Herniaria,hirsuta,Hairy Rupture Wort,,4 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy ground.,Central and Southern Europe to Africa and Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Herniaria+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Herpetospermum,pedunculosum,,,None to None,2.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest edges, especially along trails at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in Nepal. Thickets and forest sides on mountain slopes at elevations of 2300 - 2500 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China and Tibet.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Herpetospermum+pedunculosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Agavaceae,Hesperaloe,funifera,New Mexico false yucca,slow,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky slopes and open plains in arid and semiarid regions at elevations of 500 - 1000, occasionally to 2100 metres.",Southern N. America - Texas and north-eastern Mexico.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hesperaloe+funifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HesperaloeFunifera.jpg
Agavaceae,Hesperaloe,nocturna,,slow,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,N. America - north-eastern Mexico.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hesperaloe+nocturna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HesperaloeNocturna.jpg
Iridaceae,Hesperantha,baurii,,,8 to 11,0.2,,Corm,,"['Bees', 'Moths']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist grassland to 2450 metres.,"S. Africa - E. Cape, Natal, Transvaal.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hesperantha+baurii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Hesperis,matronalis,"Sweet Rocket, Dames rocket,",medium,4 to 10,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woodland edges, meadows, hedges, grass verges etc, avoiding acid soils.","S. Europe to Siberia. A garden escape in Britain, occasionally naturalized.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hesperis+matronalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HesperisMatronalis.jpg
Agavaceae,Hesperocallis,undulata,Desert Lily,,8 to 11,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,February to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry sandy flats and gentle slopes below 750 metres in deserts and creosote bush scrub.,"South-western N. America - Arizona, California and Nevada,",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hesperocallis+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HesperocallisUndulata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Heteropappus,hispidus,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In open fields and grasslands in lowland areas of C. and S. Japan[58, 275].","E. Asia - Japan, Formosa and Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heteropappus+hispidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeteropappusHispidus.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,americana,"Rock Geranium, American alumroot, Alumroot, Coral Bells, Rock Geranium",medium,4 to 9,0.5,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Loamy woods and shady calcareous slopes and rocks.,"Eastern N. America - Southern Ontario to Connecticut and Michigan, south to Oklahoma and Georgia.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraAmericana.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,cylindrica,"Alum Root, Roundleaf alumroot, Alpine alumroot, Beautiful alumroot, Poker alumroot",,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streambanks and wet rocky places. Rocky soils, cliffs and talus slopes.","N. America - British Columbia to California and east to Nevada, Wyoming and Montana.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+cylindrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraCylindrica.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,diversifolia,"Alum Root, Crevice alumroot",,4 to 8,0.6,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist banks of humus and rocks in woodland below 600 metres, from British Columbia to California. Gravelly banks and rock crevices from low elevations to the sub-alpine zone.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+diversifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraDiversifolia.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,glabra,Alpine Heuchera,,4 to 8,0.6,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stream banks and crevices of moist rocks from the coast to above the timber line.,Western N. America.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraGlabra.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,micrantha,"Alum Root, Crevice alumroot",,4 to 8,0.6,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist banks of humus and rocks in woodland below 600 metres, from British Columbia to California. Gravelly banks and rock crevices from low elevations to the sub-alpine zone.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraDiversifolia.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,sanguinea,"Alum Root, Coralbells, Crimson Bells",medium,4 to 10,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist shady rocks.,"South-western N. America - S. Arizona, N. Mexico.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraSanguinea.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Heuchera,versicolor,Pink alumroot,,8 to 11,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coniferous forests, especially around moist and shaded rocks, 2000 - 3600 metres.",South-western N. America.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heuchera+versicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeucheraVersicolor.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Hevea,benthamiana,Hevea,fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low alluvial flood-sites and often-times growing in all year Mauritia-bogs[587 ].,"Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hevea+benthamiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hevea benthamiana 1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Hevea,brasiliensis,"Para Rubber Tree, Brazilian Rubber Tree",fast,11 to 12,20.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Along river banks in rainforests[307 ]. Rainforest, often in periodically flooded areas, but larger trees are found on the well-drained plateaux. In its natural habitat, it forms part of the middle storey of the tropical forest[303 ].",S. America - Brazil around the Amazon and Orinoco rivers.,2,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hevea+brasiliensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hevea brasiliensis_Kohler.JPEG
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,acetosella,Cranberry Hibiscus,medium,9 to 11,1.5,,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. and C. Africa.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+acetosella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusAcetosella.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,cannabinus,"Kenaf, Brown Indianhemp",fast,6 to 12,1.8,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Original habitat is obscure, it probably arose in the tropics of Asia or America.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+cannabinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hibiscus_cannabinus4.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,diversifolius,Swamp Hibiscus,,9 to 11,1.0,0.6,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mainly by the coast, especially near rainforests, occasionally on disturbed ground in Australia in New South Wales and Queensland.",Tropics.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+diversifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusDiversifolius.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,heterophyllus,Native Rosella,,9 to 11,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist eucalyptus forests, jungle gullies and rainforest edges[144, 193].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+heterophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusHeterophyllus.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,moscheutos,"Swamp Rose Mallow, Crimsoneyed rosemallow, Wild Cotton, Common Rosemallow, Eastern Rosemallow, Swamp",medium,6 to 9,2.5,2.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Saline marshes and the shores of lakes.,"Southern N. America - Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Alabama, Georgia and Florida,",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+moscheutos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusMoscheutos.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,mutabilis,"Cotton Rose, Dixie rosemallow",,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets in S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+mutabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusMutabilis.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,radiatus,"Monarch Rosemallow. Ruby hibiscus, Clavelina",medium,9 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Probably originated in the Asian tropics, but widely naturalized throughout the tropics.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+radiatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hibiscus_radiatus1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,rosa-sinensis,"Chinese Hibiscus, Shoeblackplant, Hawaiian Hibiscus, Tropical Hibiscus, China Rose, Rose-of-China, S",fast,9 to 11,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,S. E. Asia.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+rosa-sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusRosa-sinensis.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,sabdariffa,Roselle,,9 to 12,3.0,2.0,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Disturbed ground.,Tropics - probably tropical central or western Africa.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+sabdariffa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusSabdariffa.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,sinosyriacus,Rose Of Sharon,medium,6 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub in valleys at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres.,E. Asia - China.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+sinosyriacus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,syriacus,"Rose Of Sharon, Althaea, Shrub Althea, Hardy Hibiscus",medium,5 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found wild on mountain slopes, though the original habitat is obscure.",E. Asia - China to India. Locally naturalized in S. Europe.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+syriacus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlthaeaFrutex.jpg
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,tilliaceus,"Beach Hibiscus, Sea Hibiscus",fast,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Coastal swamps; edges of mangrove swamps,"Origin: Pantropical. native to coastal areas of Australia, South East Asia and the South Pacific",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+tilliaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hibiscus_tilliaceus1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,trionum,Flower Of An Hour,fast,9 to 11,0.6,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and waste places in S.E. Europe.,Arid old world tropics. Naturalized in S.E. Europe[50].,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+trionum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HibiscusTrionum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hieracium,albertinum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist soils of fields and open woods, from foothills to 2,700 metres.",N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hieracium+albertinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hieracium,umbellatum,"Hawkweed, Narrowleaf hawkweed",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Roadsides, banks, open woods, copses, heaths and rocks, mainly in lowland areas.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Asia and N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hieracium+umbellatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HieraciumUmbellatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hieracium,venosum,Rattlesnake Weed,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open woods and clearings,Eastern N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hieracium+venosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HieraciumVenosum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hierochloe,odorata,Holy Grass,,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet banks in only a few sites in Scotland.,"Central and northern Europe, including Britain, to N. Asia and N. America.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hierochloe+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hilaria,jamesii,"Galleta, James' galleta",,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Deserts, canyons, dry plains and semi-arid habitats[200, 236].",South-western N. America - Wyoming and Utah to Texas and California.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hilaria+jamesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HilariaJamesii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,asper,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 1800 - 2300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in W. and C. Nepal.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+asper,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,brevinodus,,,None to None,9.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 1800 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in E. Nepal.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+brevinodus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,cupreus,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 2300 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in the Kaski district of Nepal.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+cupreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,falconeri,,slow,7 to 10,6.0,1.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 2000 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+falconeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,fimbriatus,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 1100 - 1800 metres. It grows well in relatively dry situations in full sunshine.",E. Asia - Himalayas in C. Nepal.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+fimbriatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,hookerianus,Padang,fast,7 to 10,9.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 2000 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from E. Nepal to Sikkim and Bhutan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+hookerianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apocynaceae,Himatanthus,sucuuba,Plumeria sucuuba,medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rainforests, in both dense primary and the more open, secondary growth areas; favouring deep, well-drained sandy or loamy soils and avoiding areas subject to periodic inundation[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himatanthus+sucuuba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Himatanthus sucuuba 1.JPEG
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,goniocarpa,,fast,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open sunny places in montane areas, rarely found below 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+goniocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,gyantsensis,,fast,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open sunny places in montane areas, rarely found below 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+gyantsensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,neurocarpa,,fast,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open sunny places in montane areas, rarely found below 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+neurocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,rhamnoides,"Sea Buckthorn, Seaberry",medium,3 to 8,6.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Usually found near the coast, often forming thickets on fixed dunes and sea cliffs[9, 17, 244].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain and Asia to Japan and the Himalayas.",5,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+rhamnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HippophaeRhamnoides.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,rhamnoides turkestanica,Sea Buckthorn,medium,4 to 8,6.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Uper subalpine to lower alpine zones.,E. Asia - Himalayas in the higher Tibetan plateau.,5,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+rhamnoides turkestanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,salicifolia,Willow-Leaved Sea Buckthorn,fast,3 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alluvial gravel, wet landslips and riversides to 3500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,5,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/hippophaesalicifolia4.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,sinensis,Chinese Sea Buckthorn,fast,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open sunny places between 800 and 3600 metres.,E. Asia - W. China.,5,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,tibetana,Tibetan Sea Buckthorn,fast,7 to 10,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open sunny places in montane areas, rarely found below 3000 metres. Rocky and sandy ground at elevations of 3800 - 4200 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+tibetana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hippuridaceae,Hippuris,vulgaris,"Common Marestail, Common mare's-tail",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Pond margins, ditches etc, preferring base-rich water.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa, western and northern Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippuris+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HippurisVulgaris.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Hirschfeldia,incana,"Greek Mustard, Shortpod mustard",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Naturalized in sandy places in the Channel Islands, it is also a casual in southern England.",S. Europe - Greece to Turkey. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hirschfeldia+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HirschfeldiaIncana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Hoffmannseggia,densiflora,Indian Rush-Pea,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Diptera']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Heavy, alkaline soils at elevations below 900 metres[71 ]. Roadsides and disturbed areas in Texas[274 ]. Subarid areas and dry mountains, growing on dry, stony, or saline soils at elevations from sea level to 3,400 metres[1493 ].","SW. & Central U.S.A. to Mexico, Bolivia to S. South America.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hoffmannseggia+densiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Hoheria,populnea,Lacebark,medium,7 to 10,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal to lowland forests, by river banks and on woodland edges in North Islands south to latitude 38°s.",New Zealand.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hoheria+populnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HoheriaPopulnea.jpg
Malvaceae,Hoheria,sexstylosa,Ribbonwood,fast,7 to 10,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Lowland to lower montane forests, especially marginally, in North and South Islands from latitude 36° 30' and southwards.",New Zealand.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hoheria+sexstylosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lardizabalaceae,Holboellia,angustifolia,,,7 to 10,,,,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and gorges, 600 - 1800 metres in W. Hubei. Mixed forest on mountain slopes, edge of forests, hillsides, along valleys and by streams at elevations of 1000 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas to C. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holboellia+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lardizabalaceae,Holboellia,coriacea,Sausage Vine,fast,8 to 11,7.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,April to May,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and gorges, 600 - 1300 metres in W. Hubei. Rocky places in thickets. Mixed forests, mountain slopes, among shrubs and trailsides at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holboellia+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HolboelliaCoriacea.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Holboellia,grandiflora,,,8 to 11,,,,,,,May,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets. Grows over scrub and rocks in limestone ravines at altitudes of 1,300 - 1,600 metres. Mixed forests, mountain slopes, scrub along valleys; 1100 - 3000 metres.","E. Asia - W. China in Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holboellia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lardizabalaceae,Holboellia,latifolia,,,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,March.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, shrubberies and shady ravines below 4000 metres. Forests, mixed forests by streams or other shady moist sites, forest margins on mountain slopes, along valleys 600 - 3000 m.",E. Asia - Himalayas from India to China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holboellia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Holodiscus,discolor,"Creambush, Oceanspray",fast,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and rocky places in California. Streambanks and moist woods, canyons and hills from valleys to around 2,100 metres.",Western N. America.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holodiscus+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HolodiscusDiscolor.jpg
Rosaceae,Holodiscus,dumosus,Rock Spiraea,,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky desert valleys and hillsides well up into the mountains.,"Western N. America - Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holodiscus+dumosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HolodiscusDumosus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hololeion,krameri,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet boggy places in central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan and Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hololeion+krameri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HololeionKrameri.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hololeion,maximowiczii,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places such as grassy fields in southern Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan and Korea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hololeion+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Homalanthus,populifolius,"Bleeding Heart, Queensland Poplar",fast,10 to 12,5.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland and lower montane forest regrowth, secondary forest, well drained or swamp forest, on ridges, riversides, from sea level up to elevations of 1,000 metres[327 ].",Australasia - northern Australia to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Homalanthus+populifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Homalanthus_populifolius_small.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Homoranthus,flavescens,,,8 to 11,0.5,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Well-drained low-fertility heathland and woodland soils.,Australia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Homoranthus+flavescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HomoranthusFlavescens.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Honckenya,peploides,"Sea Sandwort, Seaside sandplant",medium,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Wind', 'Wind-blown sand']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,By sea coasts on mobile sand and sandy shingle.,"Coasts of temperate and arctic regions of Eurasia, including Britain, and N. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Honckenya+peploides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HonckenyaPeploides.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,bulbosum,Bulbous Barley,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry grassland.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+bulbosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumBulbosum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,deficiens,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Africa - Ethiopia.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+deficiens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,distichon,Two-Rowed Barley,,4 to 8,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild. Occurs as a relict of cultivation in Britain but it does not persist.,"Of uncertain origin, possibly a hybrid between H. spontaneum and a 6-rowed barley[34].",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+distichon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumDistichon.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,hexastichon,"Six-Row Barley, Common barley",,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Of uncertain origin.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+hexastichon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumHexastichon.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,intermedium,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Of uncertain origin.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+intermedium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,jubatum,"Foxtail Barley, Intermediate barley",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Grassy bushy places below 2500 metres in California.,Most areas of N. America to Siberia. An occasional casual in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+jubatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumJubatum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,murinum,"Mouse Barley, Smooth barley, 	Hare barley, 	Wall barley",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Disturbed ground and dry grassland.,Europe to N. Africa.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+murinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumMurinum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,trifurcatum,Egyptian Barley,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild location.,N. Africa to W. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+trifurcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,vulgare,"Barley, Common barley",,4 to 8,1.0,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in the wild, it is found in Britain as a relict of cultivation but does not persist.",Of uncertain origin.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HordeumVulgare.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Hordeum,zeocriton,Sprat Barley,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe to C. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hordeum+zeocriton,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Funkiaceae,Hosta,clausa,,,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the banks of rivers where it is subject to periodic inundation.,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+clausa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaClausa.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,clavata,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist habitats in the mountains of C. Japan[58, 251].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+clavata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Funkiaceae,Hosta,crispula,,slow,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is probably of garden origin.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+crispula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaCrispula.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,longipes,,,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Usually found growing on trees or rocks in the wild.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+longipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaLongipes.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,longissima,Swamp Hosta,,4 to 8,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swampy grassland and other wet places, often exposed to full sun in the spring but then shaded in the summer by the long grasses it grows amongst.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+longissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Funkiaceae,Hosta,montana,,,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodlands and forest margins in the hills and mountains of northern and central Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaMontana.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,nigrescens,Kuro-Giboshi,,None to None,1.0,0.7,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich fertile soils in mountain valleys and forest margins.,E. Asia - C. and N. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+nigrescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Funkiaceae,Hosta,plantaginae,August Lily,,4 to 8,0.6,1.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, grassy slopes and rocky places from near sea level to 2200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+plantaginae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaPlantaginae.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,rectifolia,,,4 to 8,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp lakeside moorlands.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+rectifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaRectifolia.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,sieboldiana,,,4 to 8,1.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,May to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich fertile soils in mountain valleys and forest margins.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+sieboldiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaSieboldiana.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,sieboldii,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.8,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland moors and meadows, usually fully exposed to the sun.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaSieboldii.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,species,,,None to None,,,,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaSpecies.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,tardiva,Nankai-Giboshi,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Relatively dry open areas.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+tardiva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Funkiaceae,Hosta,undulata,,,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,This species is a hybrid of garden origin.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaUndulata.jpg
Funkiaceae,Hosta,ventricosa,"Blue plantain lily, Hosta",medium,3 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky or stony river banks near ponds and lakes. Forests, grassy slopes and hillsides at elevations of 500 - 2400 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hosta+ventricosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HostaVentricosa.jpg
Primulaceae,Hottonia,palustris,Water Violet,fast,5 to 9,0.9,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Ponds and ditches.,"North and central Europe, including Britain, south to northern Italy, east to Siberia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hottonia+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HottoniaPalustris.jpg
Rubiaceae,Houstonia,caerulea,Azure bluet or Quaker ladies,fast,3 to 8,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Fields and open woods on moist acidic soils in shady areas, growing especially well among grasses.","Native to eastern Canada (Ontario to Newfoundland) and the eastern United States (Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Louisiana, with scattered populations in Oklahoma).",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Houstonia+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Houstonia_caerulea1.JPEG
Saururaceae,Houttuynia,cordata,"Tsi, Chameleon, Rainbow Plant, Chameleon Plant",fast,5 to 10,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Shrubberies and damp places to 2400 metres in the Himalayas. Often found as a weed in wet fields.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Houttuynia+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HouttuyniaCordata.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Hovenia,dulcis,Japanese Raisin Tree,,5 to 9,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains and mountains to 2000 metres in W. China. Secondary forest.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hovenia+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HoveniaDulcis2.jpg
Cannabidaceae,Humulus,japonicus,Japanese Hop,fast,4 to 8,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Wind'],,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and roadsides in lowland areas all over Japan. Forest margins, wastelands and along the sides of streams in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Humulus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cannabidaceae,Humulus,lupulus,"Hop, Common hop, European Hop,",medium,5 to 7,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Wind'],,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Hedgerows, woodlands and sunny waste ground.","Much of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",4,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Humulus+lupulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HumulusLupulus.jpg
Liliaceae,Hyacinthoides,nonscripta,Bluebell,,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deciduous woodland, usually on slightly acid soils.",Western Europe from the Netherlands and Britain o Belgium and France.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyacinthoides+nonscripta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyacinthoidesNonscripta.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Hyacinthus,orientalis,"Hyacinth, Garden hyacinth",slow,3 to 7,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Among rocks, up to 2000 metres in Turkey",W. Asia. Naturalized in Europe around the Mediterranean.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyacinthus+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyacinthusOrientalis.jpg
Achariaceae,Hydnocarpus,kurzii,Chaulmugra,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Evergreen forests at elevations of 600 - 1,800 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - northeast India, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydnocarpus+kurzii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hydnocarpus kurzii 1.JPEG
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,anomala,Hydrangea,fast,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady ravines to 2100 metres in the Himalayas. Dense to sparse forests in valleys, along stream banks, or on rocky mountain slopes at elevations of 500 - 2900 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+anomala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaAnomala2.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,arborescens,"Seven Barks, Wild hydrangea, Ashy Hydrangea, Snowhill Hydrangea, Smooth Hydrangea",medium,4 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woods, banks of streams and calcareous rocky slopes.","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Ohio, Oklahoma and Indiana.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+arborescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaArborescens.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,aspera,Hydrangea,medium,7 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and forest in the mountains, 1200 - 2700 metres from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China and Burma[51, 184]. Dense forests or thickets in valleys or on mountain slopes.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+aspera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaAspera.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,hirta,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaHirta2.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,macrophylla,"French hydrangea , Florist's Hydrangea, Bigleaf  Hydrangea",medium,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sunny places near the coast of E. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaMacrophylla2.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,paniculata,"Panicled hydrangea, Hybrid Hydrangea, PeeGee Hydrangea, Panicle Hydrangea",fast,3 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bamboo scrub, open forests and by streams. Sparse forests or thickets in valleys or on mountain slopes or tops, at elevations of 300 - 2100 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,serrata,"Hydrangea, Mountain Hydrangea, Sawtooth Hydrangea",medium,5 to 9,2.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woodland to 1500 metres in the mountains of C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaSerrata.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,serrata amagiana,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found only on Amagi mountain in the wild.,E. Asia - Japan.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+serrata amagiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrangeaceae,Hydrangea,serrata thunbergii,"Tea of heaven, Ama-tsja,",,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane woodlands and by mountain streams all over Japan[11, 174].",E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrangea+serrata thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrangeaSerrataThunbergii.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Hydrastis,canadensis,Goldenseal,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich shady woods[4, 43] and moist areas on woodland edges[19, 31]. Mesic, deciduous forests, often on clay soils at elevations of 50 - 1200 metres.","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Minnesota, Missouri and Kansas.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrastis+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrastisCanadensis.jpg
Hydrocharitaceae,Hydrilla,verticillata,"Hydrilla, Waterthyme",fast,4 to 8,,,,,['Water'],,May to October,June to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows in a variety of aquatic habitats, from acidic to basic, oligotrophic to eutrophic, fresh to brackish, and from a few centimeters deep to a meter or more if light penetrates that deeply.","A cosmopolitan plant, it is hard to know the areas where it is truly native[270]..",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrilla+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrillaVerticillata.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Hydrocotyle,sibthorpioides,"Water Pennywort, Lawn marshpennywort",,5 to 9,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady places in lowland areas of C. and S. Japan. Stream banks or forests in wet grassy places at elevations of 400 - 3000 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrocotyle+sibthorpioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrocotyleSibthorpioides.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Hydrocotyle,vulgaris,Pennywort,,5 to 9,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bogs, fens and marshes, usually on acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Greece and the Caspian Sea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrocotyle+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrocotyleVulgaris.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Hydrophyllum,canadense,"John's Cabbage, Bluntleaf waterleaf",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp rich woodland.,"Eastern N. America - Vermont to New York, North Carolina, Ontario, Illinois and Kentucky.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrophyllum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrophyllumCanadense.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Hydrophyllum,capitatum,"Cat's Breeches, Ballhead waterleaf, Alpine waterleaf, Thompson's waterleaf",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist soils, most often in the shade, from valleys to around 2,700 metres.","Western N. America - Alberta to British Columbia, south to Oregon and Colorado.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrophyllum+capitatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrophyllumCapitatum.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Hydrophyllum,occidentale,Western Waterleaf,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, dense or open woods and moist open places.",Western N. America - Oregon to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrophyllum+occidentale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrophyllumOccidentale.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Hydrophyllum,tenuipes,Pacific Waterleaf,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woods at lower elevations.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrophyllum+tenuipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrophyllaceae,Hydrophyllum,virginianum,"Virginia Waterleaf, Eastern waterleaf",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,,,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and damp clearings.,"Eastern N. America - Quebec and New England to Virginia, west to Tennessee and Kansas.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydrophyllum+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HydrophyllumVirginianum.jpg
Cactaceae,Hylocereus,megalanthus,Yellow Pitaya,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Colombia, Ecuador.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hylocereus+megalanthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hylocereus megalanthus 1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Hylocereus,undatus,"Dragon Fruit, Red Pitaya",fast,10 to 12,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An epiphytic or terrestrial plant, growing in thickets, hedges, on rocks or rock walls, at elevations up to 2,000 metres[335 ].","Central America - Mexico southwards, also in the West Indies.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hylocereus+undatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hylocereus undatus 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Hymenaea,courbaril,West Indian Locust,slow,10 to 12,30.0,28.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bee', 'Bats']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found in a wide range of habitats including tropical dry forest, transition to premontane moist forest, and tropical wet forest as well as subtropical moist forest[303 , 791 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to southern Mexico; Caribbean.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenaea+courbaril,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hymenaea_courbaril_Descourtilz.JPEG
Fabaceae,Hymenaea,martiana,Copal,slow,10 to 12,13.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Savannah, Atlantic rainforest and forests in semi-arid areas; usually in the more open and secondary growth areas; favouring moister clay soils on the floodplains[625 ].","S. America - Paraguay, central, eastern and northern Brazil, Bolivia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenaea+martiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hymenaea martiana 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Hymenaea,verrucosa,East African Copal. Zanzibar copal tree,slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"On or near the coast in dry evergreen forest, woodland and evergreen bushland, usually at elevations below 100 metres, but sometimes up to 240 metres[328 ].","Tropical East Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, to Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenaea+verrucosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hymenaea_verrucosa1.JPEG
Violaceae,Hymenanthera,dentata,Tree Violet,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks and on basalt and silurian soils to high elevations.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenanthera+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HymenantheraDentata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hymenopappus,lugens,Fineleaf hymenopappus,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry, often sandy or gravelly places in foothills and plains.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenopappus+lugens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HymenopappusLugens.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hymenoxys,richardsonii,"Pingue Hymenoxys, Pingue rubberweed, Colorado rubberweed",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, open often rocky hillsides and plains.",Western N. America - Colorado to Saskatchewan and Alberta.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenoxys+richardsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HymenoxysRichardsonii.jpg
Solanaceae,Hyoscyamus,albus,White Henbane,,6 to 9,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, uncultivated ground, walls and field margins.",S. Europe.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyoscyamus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyoscyamusAlbus.jpg
Solanaceae,Hyoscyamus,aureus,,,7 to 10,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cliffs, old walls and ruins to 1200 metres.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyoscyamus+aureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyoscyamusAureus.jpg
Solanaceae,Hyoscyamus,niger,"Henbane, Black henbane",,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"By the walls of fields, waste ground, near buildings and in stony places from low-lying ground near the sea to lower mountain slopes.","Much of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyoscyamus+niger,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyoscyamusNiger.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,androsaemum,"Tutsan, Sweet-amber, St. Johnswort",fast,5 to 10,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Damp woods and hedges.,"Western and southern Europe, including Britain, south and east to Algeria, W. Asia and the Caucasus.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+androsaemum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumAndrosaemum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,ascyron,Great Saint John's Wort,,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy places in the mountains of N. Japan.,"N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, south to Kansas, Iowa and Missouri. E. Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+ascyron,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumAscyron.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,attenuatum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods and shrub thickets. Fields, pastures, steppes, grassy and dry stony slopes, pebble shores, forest margins and clearings from sea level to 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+attenuatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,bellum,,,5 to 9,1.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub on open hillsides. Forest glades. Open forest, forest edges, thickets and grassy slopes at elevains of 1900 - 3200 metres in the western Himalayas.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+bellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumBellum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,calycinum,"Rose Of Sharon, Aaron's beard, Creeping Aron's Beard St. Johnswort",fast,5 to 10,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grassy places and open woods to 1800 metres.,W. Asia - Turkey. Naturalized in Britain.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+calycinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumCalycinum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,erectum,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy places and thin woods in hills and mountains all over Japan. Grassy slopes at elevations of 400 - 2300 metresin China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+erectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumErectum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,forrestii,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open stony situations on hillsides, sometimes beside streams, also at Pinus forest margins at elevations of 1500 - 3000, occasionally to 4000 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+forrestii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumForrestii.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,hypericoides,St. Andrews Cross,,5 to 9,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy soils.,"Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+hypericoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumHypericoides.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,japonicum,Matted St. John's Wort,,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet places in lowland, C. and S. Japan. Rice fields, ditches, marshes, grasslands and waste places from sea level to around 3000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan to Australia and New Zealand.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,kamtschaticum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Alpine regions in northern and central Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+kamtschaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumKamtschaticum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,monogynum,,,8 to 11,0.7,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub in gorges around 500 metres. Mountain slopes, roadsides and thickets in dry habitats from sea level to 200 metres in lowland provinces, but up to 1500 metres in Sichuan.","E. Asia - China in W. Hubei, E. Sichuan and Jiangxi, also in Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+monogynum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumMonogynum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,patulum,Goldencup St. Johnswort,medium,6 to 7,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady ravines, sometimes on rocks. Open hillsides, 1500 - 2400 metres in the Himalayas.","E. Asia - W. China, Japan, Himalayas.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+patulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumPatulum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,perforatum,"St. John's Wort, Common St. Johnswort",,3 to 10,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, hedgebanks and grassland, in dry sunny places, usually on calcareous soils[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa, the Azores, Madeira and W. Asia.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+perforatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumPerforatum.jpg
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,sampsonii,,,8 to 11,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wasted slopes and roadsides in China. Thickets, streamsides, grassy places, roadsides and cultivated margins at elevations of 100 - 1700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+sampsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae,Hyphaene,thebaica,Doum Palm. Gingerbread palm.,slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Open grasslands and desert[314 ].,"Africa - Mauritania and Senegal to Egypt, Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyphaene+thebaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hyphaene_thebaica1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hypochoeris,apargioides,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypochoeris+apargioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hypochoeris,glabra,Smooth Cat's Ear,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grassy fields, derelict arable land, heaths, fixed dunes etc on sandy soils. This is a typical plant of non-calcareous sand plant communities.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Syria and W. Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypochoeris+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypochoerisGlabra.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hypochoeris,incana,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal sands and gravels, open scrub, dry grassland and Empetrum heath to 150 metres and occasionally found to 650 metres from Tierra Del Fuego north to latitude 41°s in Argentina.",Southern S. America - Argentina to Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypochoeris+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hypochoeris,maculata,Spotted Hawkweed,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Calcareous pastures and grassy cliffs. A rare and decreasing plant in Britain.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Pyrenees, N. Italy and Balkans.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypochoeris+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypochoerisMaculata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hypochoeris,radicata,Cat's Ear,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies lepidoptera']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadws and dry pastures, grassy dunes, waysides and open woods[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and western Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypochoeris+radicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypochoerisRadicata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Hypochoeris,scorzonerae,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypochoeris+scorzonerae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hypoxidaceae,Hypoxis,hygrometrica,Golden Weather Glass,,8 to 11,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist positions in grassland and heath.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypoxis+hygrometrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hypoxidaceae,Hypoxis,pratensis,Golden Weather Glass,,None to None,0.4,,Corm,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grasslands.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypoxis+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Hyssopus,officinalis,Hyssop,medium,5 to 10,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Old walls and buildings, stony places[9, 17]. Dry hills and rock ledges to 2200 metres in Turkey.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyssopus+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyssopusOfficinalis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Kummerowia,striata,"Common Lespedeza, Japanese clover",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and roadsides all over Japan. Clayey, sandy and gravelly soils, riverbanks, roadsides and non-populated areas, always in large quantities.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kummerowia+striata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KummerowiaStriata.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Levisticum,officinale,"Lovage, Garden lovage",medium,5 to 9,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],March to November,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land and waste places in damp soils[7, 14]. Mountain pastures and hedgerows near streams.",Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Levisticum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LevisticumOfficinale.jpg
Proteaceae,Macadamia,ternifolia,"Macadamia Nut, Gympie nut",medium,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Occurs in south-facing gullies with fertile, basalt-derived krasnozem soils or the interface between sandstone and basalt krasnozems.",Origin: E. Australia. The Small-fruited Queensland Nut is endemic to Queensland.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macadamia+ternifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Macadamia_ternifolia1.JPEG
Moringaceae,Moringa,peregrina,Moringa,medium,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky slopes of wadis and gullies; Acacia- Commiphora woodland, sometimes on nearly bare rock with a strongly reduced root system, at elevations up to 850 metres[299 ].","Northeast tropical Africa - southern Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moringa+peregrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Moringa_peregrina1.JPEG
Hyacinthaceae,Muscari,comosum,"Tassel Hyacinth, Tassel grape hyacinth",,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows, edges of fields, woods and in short grass on dry soils[7, 50].","Europe. A frequent casual, rarely naturalized in Britain[17].",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muscari+comosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuscariComosum.jpg
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,ludoviciana,"Broomrape,  Louisiana broomrape",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows on sandy soils on the plains where it is parasitic on the hosts' roots include Grindelia, Artemisia, and Heterotheca, but NOT Ambrosia. and other members of the Compositae.","N. America - Illinois to South Dakota, Saskatchewan, Nebraska, Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+ludoviciana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Orobanche_ludoviciana_Broomrape240.jpg
Malvaceae,Pavonia,spinifex,Gingerbush,fast,8 to 11,1.2,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, shrublands, savannahs; 0–100 m; Fla.; West Indies; introduced in Bermuda. Sandy woods and hammocks (stands of trees, usually hardwood, that form an ecological island in a contrasting ecosystem.)","Origin: North America, tropical Americas.  Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, USA: Florida. In Florida, US it is found in seven counties north of Lake Okeechobee, from Duval to Brevard and Highlands counties.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pavonia+spinifex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pavonia_spinifex1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,floribunda,"Purpleheart, pau-roxo, zapatero",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree, it occurs principally on moist, hard, red clay soils, though it also succeeds in dry sites[378 ].","S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana; Caribbean - Trinidad and Tobago.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne floribunda 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Picris,echioides,Bristly Ox-Tongue,,5 to 9,0.9,0.4,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Roadsides, hedgebanks, field margins and waste places, usually on stiff and calcareous soils.",S. Europe. Possibly native but certainly established in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picris+echioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Platanthera,bifolia,Butterfly Orchid,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy hills and open woods on base-rich and especially on calcareous soils.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, N. Asia, the Caucasus.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanthera+bifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatantheraBifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Poliomintha,incana,"Rosemary Mint, Frosted mint",,None to None,1.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Around 1600 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poliomintha+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoliominthaIncana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,macrostachya,Large Leather Root,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places, especially along the borders of streams and salt marshes.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+macrostachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaMacrostachya.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,orbicularis,Roundleaf Leather Root,,5 to 9,0.1,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist places below 1500 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+orbicularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaOrbicularis.jpg
Rutaceae,Ptaeroxylon,obliquum,Sneezewood,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Dry evergreen forest, often together with Podocarpus and Juniperus, and in bushland, at elevations from sea-level up to 2,000 metres.","Southern Africa - Tanzania, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland and S. Africa.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptaeroxylon+obliquum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ptaeroxylon obliquum 1.JPEG
Styracaceae,Pterostyrax,corymbosa,Epaulette Tree,fast,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Thickets around 1300 metres in Kiangsi. Damp shaded areas along streams in forests at elevations of 400 - 1600 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterostyrax+corymbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PterostyraxCorymbosa.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,tuberosa,,,None to None,1.0,,Climber,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and streamsides, 300 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - Pakistan to C. Nepal and India.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sargentodoxaceae,Sargentodoxa,cuneata,,fast,8 to 11,7.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forests on mountains, along alpine gullies where the soil is fertile.",E. Asia - C. China.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sargentodoxa+cuneata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,affinis,,,None to None,0.6,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes and valleys, plains, hills, forest margins, forests, grassland, wasteland, farmland, riversidesand roadsides from near sea level to 3300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Scopolia,carniolica,"Scopolia, European scopolia",,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist rocky beech woods around 1000 metres[187, 200]. Damp stony places in hilly areas.","Europe - Austria, Hungary and Russia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scopolia+carniolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScopoliaCarniolica.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,spectabile,Ice Plant,,5 to 9,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Valleys, rocky cliffs and damp places along woodlands.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+spectabile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSpectabile.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Serratula,tinctoria,"Saw-Wort, Dyer's plumeless saw-wort",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,July to September,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wood margins, clearings, rides and open grasslands on moist basic soils over limestone or chalk.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Spain, Balkans and Siberia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Serratula+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SerratulaTinctoria.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Shepherdia,argentea,"Buffalo Berry, Silver Buffaloberry,",medium,3 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March,July to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Banks of streams and open wooded areas, often on limestone and on sandy soils.",Central N. America - Manitoba to New Mexico.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shepherdia+argentea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ShepherdiaArgentea.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Shepherdia,canadensis,"Buffalo Berry, Russet buffaloberry, Canada Buffaloberry",medium,2 to 6,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April,July to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Calcareous rocks, banks and sandy shores, usually in partial shade.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to British Columbia, New York and New Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shepherdia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ShepherdiaCanadensis.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,balangeran,Red Balau,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Peat-swamp forest[338 ]. A mid-canopy tree in undisturbed keranga or (peat)-swamp forests near the coast up to elevations of 100 metres[359 , 653 ]. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant tree[359 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+balangeran,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea balangeran 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,macrophylla,"Light Red Meranti, Engkabang, False Ilipe Nut",fast,10 to 12,35.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A canopy tree, locally abundant in mixed dipterocarp forest, growing on clay-rich periodically flooded alluvium and river banks, uncommon on hillsides, at elevations below 600 metres[451 , 899 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia (the tree is endemic to the island of Borneo).",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea macrophylla 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,siamensis,"Dark red meranti, Light red meranti, Red lauan",fast,10 to 12,18.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A canopy tree of dry Dipterocarp forests, especially on skeletal soils and overlying granite; occurring scattered on rocky headlands in Malaya[404 , 451 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+siamensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea siamensis 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sorghum,halepense,Johnson Grass,fast,7 to 10,2.0,1.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Dry open habitats.,Europe to Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorghum+halepense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorghumHalepense.jpg
Malvaceae,Talipariti,elatum,Blue Mahoe,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry woodlands[307 ].,"Caribbean - Cuba, Jamaica.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talipariti+elatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talipariti elatum 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Talipariti,tiliaceum,"Beach Hibiscus, Sea Hibiscus, Cottontree, Mahoe",fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found throughout the tropics, often on beaches, saline swamps and disturbed places[302 , 307 ]. Sometimes forms nearly impenetrable thickets, especially along the sides of streams[302 ].",Pantropical.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talipariti+tiliaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talipariti_tiliaceum_Catesby.JPEG
Malvaceae,Thespesia,populneoides,Tulip Tree;  Portia Tree; Pacific Rosewood,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky coasts and occasionally on the inland edge of mangrove swamp[303 ].,Coastal regions of the Indian Ocean from Africa to India and Sri Lanka.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thespesia+populneoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thespesia Populneoides 1.JPEG
Asteraceae,Tithonia,diversifolia,Mexican Sunflower,fast,10 to 12,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Damp thickets or dry, brushy slopes, at elevations from 200 - 2,300 metres in Guatemala[331 ].","C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tithonia+diversifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tithonia_diversifolia1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,japonicum,,,5 to 9,0.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Woods in mountains and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumJaponicum.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,elata,"Japanese Angelica Tree, Angelica Tree",medium,4 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thin woodland and thickets on rich well moistened slopes[74, 109], 900 - 2000 metres in N. Hupeh.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaElata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,scaber,,,6 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Clearings in forest in warm temperate areas.,"E. Asia - China, Japan",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+scaber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterScaber.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,odashimae,Odashimae Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland hilly areas[ 266 ].,E. Asia - southern China in Taiwan.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+odashimae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa odashimae-1.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,bulbifera,"Coral Root, Coralroot bittercress",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Very local in woods, usually on calcareous soils, in Devon, S.E. England, the Chilterns and Ayr. A characteristic species of base-rich beech woodlands.","Central Europe from Britain and France to Sweden, east to the Balkans, W. Asia and the Caucasus.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+bulbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineBulbifera.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,leucantha,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places by ponds and streams, in mountains all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+leucantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineLeucantha.JPG
Betulaceae,Carpinus,cordata,,slow,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests on moist mountain slopes at elevations of 200 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpinus+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Consolida,regalis,"Larkspur, Royal knight's-spur",,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Cornfields and waste places, usually on sandy or chalky soils, avoiding shade in Britain[4, 17].",S. Europe. A rare casual in Britain[17].,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Consolida+regalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConsolidaRegalis.gif
Agavaceae,Cordyline,australis,Cabbage Tree,slow,7 to 10,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Forest margins and open places. Abundant near swamps. North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordyline+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CordylineAustralis.gif
Agavaceae,Cordyline,indivisa,Cabbage Tree,slow,7 to 10,8.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Wetter mountains in North and South Islands. Openings in wet forests.,New Zealand.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordyline+indivisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CordylineIndivisa.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,kousa chinensis,Japanese Dogwood,,5 to 8,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, 1200 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+kousa chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusKousaChinensis.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Dacrycarpus,dacrydioides,Kahikatea,slow,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forest, often dominant in swamp forests, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dacrycarpus+dacrydioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DacrycarpusDacrydioides.gif
Podocarpaceae,Dacrydium,cupressinum,"Rimu, New zealand red pine",slow,8 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and montane forests to 800 metres, on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dacrydium+cupressinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Burseraceae,Dacryodes,edulis,"Bush Butter Tree, Butterfruit, African Plum, bush pear, bush plum, safou",fast,11 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamp forest[ 308 ]. Evergreen forest[ 332 ]. A shade-loving species of non-flooded forests in the humid tropical zone[ 303 ]. Where there is a well-marked season, it is found only in gallery forest and on swampy ground[ 303 ].",Southern and western Tropical Africa - Ghana to the Congo.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dacryodes+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dacryodes edulis2.jpg
Chrysobalanaceae,Dactyladenia,barteri,Monkey Fruit,medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Red ants', 'Bees', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forest with at least 1,200mm rainfall per year. In the forest-savannah transition zone, it is found along riverbanks, sometimes on the inland side of mangrove forest[ 303 ].","Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Nigeria, south to Gabon and Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactyladenia+barteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dactyladenia-barteri.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Dactylis,glomerata,"Cock's Foot, Orchardgrass, Ascherson's orchardgrass",,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Meadows, waste places, by roads and on downs.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactylis+glomerata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DactylisGlomerata.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Dactyloctenium,radulans,"Button Grass, Buttongrass",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows near the coast.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactyloctenium+radulans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Dactylorhiza,incarnata,Marsh Orchid,,6 to 9,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows and marshes in rich soils[17, 42].","Europe, including Britain, north to Norway and east to W. Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactylorhiza+incarnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DactylorhizaIncarnata.gif
Orchidaceae,Dactylorhiza,maculata,Spotted Orchid,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Beetles']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Moist acid peaty substrata throughout the British Isles.,"W. Europe in Britain and France, north through Germany ad Belgium to Scandanavia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactylorhiza+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dactylorhiza_maculata_Norway(2).jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dahlia,pinnata,"Dahlia, Pinnate dahlia",,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich damp oak and pine woods at elevations around 1,800 metres.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dahlia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DahliaPinnata.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dahlia,rosea,"Dahlia, Pinnate dahlia",,8 to 11,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pine-oak forests and sandy meadows to 1500 metres[4, 181].",Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dahlia+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,baronii,"Palissandre rouge des marais, hitsika, sovodrano",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland, evergreen, humid, rainforest, sea-level to 150, occ. 600 metres. Often by watercourses, also in swamp forest and the land margin of mangroves. Usually on sandy soils, sometimes saline, rarely on ferrallitic soils at higher altitudes[ 299 ].",Africa - eastern Madagascar.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+baronii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-baronii.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,cochinchinensis,"Siam Rosewood, Thailand Rosewood",slow,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open semi-deciduous forests[ 338 ]. Open and semi-deciduous forests, occasionally in pure stands. Mainly concentrated at elevations of 400 - 500 metres. Preferring deep sandy clay soil and calcareous soil[ 384 ].","Southeast Asia - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+cochinchinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia_cochinchinensis_small.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,greveana,Madagascar Rosewood,slow,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in deciduous, seasonally dry forest and woodland, it is sometimes found as a shrub in grassland, at elevations up to 800 metres. It can be found on various soils, from sandy to limestone-derived and ferrallitic[ 299 ]..",Africa - western Madagascar.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+greveana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-greveana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalbergia,hupeana,,,None to None,15.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny wild uplands. In forests or among bushes on mountain slope, ravines by streams and woodland slopes at elevations of 800 - 1400 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+hupeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,latifolia,"Black Rosewood, East Indian Rosewood, Kala sheeshan, Satisal",medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mainly found in monsoon forests in association with species such as Tectona grandis, Albizzia chinensis, and Cassia fistula[ 349 ]. In the southwestern part of its range, it also occurs in evergreen forests[ 349 ].",E. Asia - Indian subcontinent; Java in Indonesia.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia_latifolia_small.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,louvelii,"Andramena, Volombodipona, Violet rosewood",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Lowland evergreen forest and coastal forest at elevations up to 700 metres. It occurs on ferrallitic or sandy soils[ 299 ].,Africa - eastern Madagascar.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+louvelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-louvelii.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,melanoxylon,"African Blackwood, Grenadilla, Mpingo",slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grows under a wide range of conditions including semi-arid, subhumid and tropical lowland areas[ 303 ]. It is often found on dry, rocky sites but is most frequent in the mixed deciduous forests and savannahs of the coastal region[ 303 ].","Africa - drier areas from Senegal to Ethiopia, south to S. Africa.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+melanoxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia_melanoxylon_small.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,monticola,"Hazovola, tsiandalana, voamboana",slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen forests at elevations from 350 - 1,600 metres, usually on ferrallitic soils[ 299 , 752 ].",Africa - eastern Madagascar.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+monticola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-monticola.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,nigra,Brazilian Rosewood,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hygrophilous forest on rich soils[ 338 ]. Well-drained soils on hillsides, both in the interior of dense, primary forests and also in secondary growth areas of the Atlantic rainforest[ 419 ].",S. America - Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-nigra.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,oliveri,Redwood,slow,10 to 12,23.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually in primary and secondary forest, mixed deciduous forest, tropical evergreen or semi-deciduous forest, along streams, at elevations up to 1,200 metres[ 598 ].","E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+oliveri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-oliveri.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,retusa,Cocobolo,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found only on the drier half of the isthmus, from Gambia south, but it is never common. Occasionally seen along roads in the Canal area, or in farmland woodlots[ 333 ]. Tropical moist forest and premontane moist forest[ 315 ].",Central America - Panama to Mexico.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+retusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-retusa.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,stevensonii,Honduras Rosewood,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, mainly along the rivers, though also occurring in their inter-riverain and drier areas[ 378 ].",Central America - Belize.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+stevensonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-stevensonii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,candida,White Prairie Clover,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres[43, 200]. Prairies and open wods on sandy, clayey and rocky soils.",Central N. America - southwards from Canada.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+candida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaleaCandida.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,candida oligophylla,White Prairie Clover,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres[43, 200]. Prairies and open wods on sandy, clayey and rocky soils.",Central N. America - southwards from Canada.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+candida oligophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,gattingeri,Purpletassels,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres[43, 200].",N. America - Tennessee to N.W. Alabama.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+gattingeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaleaGattingeri.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,purpurea,Purple Prairie Clover,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres. Sandy prairies in Texas.,Western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaleaPurpurea.gif
Alismataceae,Damasonium,alisma,Thrumwort,,6 to 9,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Gravelly ditches and ponds. Very local and apparently decreasing in Britain.,"Central and southern Europe, from Britain and France to Italy and S. Russia, south to N. Africa.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Damasonium+alisma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DamasoniumAlisma.gif
Fabaceae,Daniellia,ogea,"Accra copal, Ogea copal",medium,10 to 12,40.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rainforest[316 ]. Daniellia ogea occurs in evergreen and semi-deciduous forest, also in swampy localities near water courses, from sea-level up to 800 m altitude. ",Western tropical Africa - Senegal to Gabon.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daniellia+ogea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Daniellia_ogea1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Daniellia,oliveri,African Copaiba Balsam Tree,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wooded grassland with Butyrospermum paradoxum; gregarious in deciduous forests; wooded savannah to open forest on sandy-clayey humid soil; sandy soils on laterite; granitic rocks; on alluvial terrace of large marigot[328 ].,"Tropical Africa - Senegal to Cote D'Ivoire, east to Sudan and Uganda.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daniellia+oliveri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Daniellia_oliveri1.JPEG
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,bholua,,,7 to 10,2.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,January to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Clearings in oak and rhododendron forests and shrubberies to 3100 metres. Moist shady places under trees at elevations of 1000 - 3200 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas - Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+bholua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneBholua.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,genkwa,Lilac Daphne,,4 to 8,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Margins of paddy fields, hillsides and valleys[11, 147]. Grassy hills and plains, limestone cliffs, on boulders, on conglomerate and in piles of stones removed from fields.","E. Asia - N. and C. China, Korea.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+genkwa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneGenkwa.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,gnidium,Flax-Leaved Daphne,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grows with other evergreen shrubs on shallow, stony soils, often on hillsides.","S. Europe, N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+gnidium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneGnidium.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,involucrata,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found at elevations up to 1800 metres in Sikkim.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,laureola,Spurge Laurel,,6 to 9,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, mainly on calcareous soils, where it is widespread and rather common.","Western and southern Europe, from Britain and Belgium to Spain and Macedonia, N. Africa, W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+laureola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneLaureola.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,mezereum,"Mezereon, Paradise plant, February Daphne",medium,4 to 7,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,February to March,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp deciduous mixed woodlands and on rich calcareous soils[7, 17, 268].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain, east to Macedonia and temperate Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+mezereum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneMezereum.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,odora,"Winter Daphne, Fragrant Daphne",slow,7 to 9,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,January to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,In the shade of upland trees around 1000 metres.,"E. Asia - W. China, Japan.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+odora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneOdora.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,oleoides,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry open slopes in Kashmir, 1700 - 2300 metres.","S. Europe, N. Africa and W. Asia to the Himalayas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+oleoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphneOleoides.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,papyracea,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,January to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, 1200 - 2800 metres. Shaded places in forested areas at elevations of 1500 - 3200 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to C. Nepal..,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+papyracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,pseudomezereum,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",October to July,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mountainous areas.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+pseudomezereum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphnePseudomezereum.gif
Daphniphyllaceae,Daphniphyllum,himalense,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool moist forests, shady ravines and valleys alongside streams, 1200 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Central and Eastern Himalayas to Northern Burma.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphniphyllum+himalense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Daphniphyllaceae,Daphniphyllum,macropodum,,,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By the sides of streams in moist woods[109, 184] at elevations of 600 - 1,900 metres..","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphniphyllum+macropodum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaphniphyllumMacropodum.gif
Saxifragaceae,Darmera,peltata,"Umbrella Plant, Indian rhubarb, Indian Rubarb, Indian Rubarb",medium,5 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],May to October,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,By the banks of mountain streams below 1800 metres. By or in cold mountain streams.,South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Darmera+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DarmeraPeltata.gif
Liliaceae,Dasylirion,simplex,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky and gravelly desert areas.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dasylirion+simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Dasylirion,texanum,Texas sotol,,8 to 11,0.5,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky and gravelly desert areas. Open, rocky limestone slopes, arroyos and canyons, dry limestone hills at elevations of 600 - 1800 metres in Texas and Mexico.",Southern N. America - Texas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dasylirion+texanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DasylirionTexanum.gif
Agavaceae,Dasylirion,wheeleri,"Sotol, Common sotol, Bear Grass, Common Sotol, Desert Spoon",slow,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open, rocky slopes at elevations of 1200 - 1900 metres in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Mexico .",South-western N. America - Arizona to Texas and Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dasylirion+wheeleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DasylirionWheeleri.gif
Datiscaceae,Datisca,cannabina,"Acalbir, Akalbir",,7 to 10,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,,,September,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of streams in rich alluvial soils[50, 200].","S. Europe (Crete), to W. Asia.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Datisca+cannabina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DatiscaCannabina.gif
Solanaceae,Datura,inoxia,"Downy Thorn Apple, Pricklyburr",,8 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Sandy or gravelly dry open places below 1200 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Datura+inoxia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaturaInoxia.gif
Solanaceae,Datura,metel,"Thorn Apple, Angel's Trumpet, Hindu Datura, Horn of Plenty, Downy Thorn Apple",medium,8 to 11,1.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Waste places, river sands etc in sunny positions[147, 192]","E. Asia - S. China, India. Naturalized in the Mediterranean.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Datura+metel,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaturaMetel.gif
Solanaceae,Datura,quercifolia,"Oak Leaf Datura, Chinese thorn-apple",,7 to 10,1.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Roadsides, 1200 - 1800 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America - Arizona to Mexico.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Datura+quercifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaturaQuercifolia.gif
Solanaceae,Datura,stramonium,"Thorn Apple, Jimsonweed, Jamestown Weed",medium,6 to 9,1.5,1.0,Annual,,['Moths'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry waste ground and amongst rubble or the ruins of old buildings[7, 204].","Original habitat is obscure, it is found in many areas of the world, occasionally in S. Britain[17].",0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Datura+stramonium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaturaStramonium.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Daucus,carota,"Wild Carrot, Queen anne's lace, Carrot, Wild Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace",medium,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Cultivated and waste land, amongst grass, especially by the sea and on chalk[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, China and eastern India.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daucus+carota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaucusCarota.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Daucus,carota sativus,Carrot,,4 to 10,1.2,0.3,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of D. carota.,5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daucus+carota sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaucusCarotaSativus.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Daucus,pusillus,"Rattlesnake Weed, American wild carrot",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Barrens, plains and dry hills. Streambanks, roadsides and waste areas in Texas.",Western N. America.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daucus+pusillus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaucusPusillus.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Daviesia,horrida,,,8 to 11,1.6,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forests, especially in hilly and mountainous areas, forming dense scrub on silurian, basalt and red sand soils.","Australis - New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daviesia+horrida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaviesiaHorrida.gif
Urticaceae,Debregeasia,edulis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,The upper sub-tropical zone of the Himalayas in Tibet.,E. Asia - from eastern Tibet to central and southern Japan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Debregeasia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Debregeasia,hypoleuca,,,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, chiefly along watercourses, 1500 - 2400 metres[146, 158].",W. Asia to the W. Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Debregeasia+hypoleuca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Debregeasia,longifolia,Wild Rhea,,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to September,October to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mainly found on old cultivated land to 2100 metres in the Himalayas. Along the banks of streams at elevations of 500 - 2200 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Debregeasia+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DebregeasiaLongifolia.gif
Urticaceae,Debregeasia,wallichiana,,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations up to 2100 metres in the E. Himalayas. Subtropical forest slopes of limestone mountains; 800 m. S Yunnan, China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from western India to China, also in southern India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia..",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Debregeasia+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lardizabalaceae,Decaisnea,fargesii,Blue Sausage Fruit,medium,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,April to October,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods and thickets to 1600 metres. Mixed forests, scrub on mountain slopes, wet area in ravines at elevations of 900 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - W. China,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Decaisnea+fargesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DecaisneaFargesii.gif
Lardizabalaceae,Decaisnea,insignis,,,7 to 10,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods and thickets to 3000 metres[109, 146].",E. Asia - Himalayas in Sikkim and Bhutan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Decaisnea+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DecaisneaInsignis.gif
Hydrophyllaceae,Decemium,appendiculatum,Waterleaf,,None to None,0.4,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario to New York, North Carolina, Minnesota and Kansas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Decemium+appendiculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DecemiumAppendiculatum.gif
Fabaceae,Deguelia,utilis,"Barbasco, cube, timbo, nicou, lancepod",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Both dense, primary rainforest and also in more open areas of secondary growth, often as a relict of cultivation. It is found in a range of conditions, sometimes in soils subject to periodic flooding, often near rivers, in acid to neutral soils[ 748 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Deguelia+utilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Deguelia-utilis.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Deinanthe,bifida,,slow,6 to 9,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in the mountains.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Deinanthe+bifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DeinantheBifida.gif
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,brachycentrum,Northern larkspur,,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained tundra slopes from sea level to 1600 metres in the Yukon and Alaska.,North-western N. America to E. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+brachycentrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,brunonianum,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes and screes in drier areas, to elevations of 5500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+brunonianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,caeruleum,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Alpine areas from 2500 to 5000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+caeruleum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,cashmerianum,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Alpine areas from 3000 to 4800 metres.,E. Asia - Western Himalayas in Kashmir and Tibet.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+cashmerianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,denudatum,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry scrubby slopes and forest clearings, 1700 - 2300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+denudatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,elatum,"Candle larkspur, English Larkspur",medium,4 to 7,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Temperate areas from 3000 - 3600 metres. Grassy slopes at elevations of 1900 - 2100 metres in Tibet..,E. Asia - Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+elatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DelphiniumElatum.gif
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,glaucum,"Giant Larkspur, Sierra larkspur",,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sub-alpine to alpine meadows and streambanks. Meadows, wet thickets, bogs, streamsides and open coniferous woods from sea level to 3200 metres.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+glaucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DelphiniumGlaucum.gif
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,menziesii,Menzies' Larkspur,,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,,,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal bluffs and prairies to lower montane meadows. Meadows and open woodlands from sea level to 1000 metres.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DelphiniumMenziesii.gif
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,nudicaule,"Red Larkspur, Larkspur",medium,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes among shrubs and in woods, below 2150 metres. Moist talus and cliff faces from sea level to 2600 metres.","South-western N. America - California, oregon",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+nudicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DelphiniumNudicaule.gif
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,nuttallianum,"Larkspur,  Twolobe larkspur",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sagebrush desert to (more commonly)mountain valleys and slopes. Most frequent in the ponderosa pine belt and is usually found in well-drained gravelly soils.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+nuttallianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DelphiniumNuttallianum.gif
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,semibarbatum,Zalil,,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,W. Asia - Afghanistan and Iran.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+semibarbatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Delphinium,staphisagria,Stavesacre,,7 to 10,1.0,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Field verges and in scrub, on hot dry soils. Often found in poor soils.",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+staphisagria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DelphiniumStaphisagria.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,indicum,Chrysanthemum,,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found wild in most habitats. Grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, wet places by rivers, fields, roadsides, saline places by seashores, under shrubs 100 - 2900 m. Nearly throughout China.","E. Asia - Eastern China, Central and Southern Japan.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DendranthemaIndicum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,lavandulifolium,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain slopes, rocks, river valleys, river banks, wastelands and hilly lands at elvations of 600--2800 metres.","E. Asia - Northern China, Japan, Korea and Manchuria.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+lavandulifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,nubigenum,,,None to None,0.2,,Shrub,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open rocky places at elevations of 2600 - 4000 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Bhutan and Nepal.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+nubigenum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,x grandiflorum,"Chrysanthemum, Cut Mum, Garden Mum, Pot Mum, Florist's  Chrysanthemum",medium,5 to 10,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A hybrid of garden origin.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+x grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DendranthemaXGrandiflorum.gif
Orchidaceae,Dendrobium,nobile,,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tree trunks in mountain forests, also on rocks in mountain valleys at elevations of 500 - 1700 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrobium+nobile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DendrobiumNobile.gif
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,asper,"Giant Bamboo, Dragon bamboo, Sweet bamboo",fast,10 to 12,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,"Africa - Madagascar; Southeast Asia - China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+asper,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendroc-asper.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,brandesii,"Velvet Leaf Bamboo, Clumping Bamboo",fast,9 to 10,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet, evergreen tropical forest, at elevations up to 1,300 metres.","E. Asia - southern China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Andamans.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+brandesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_brandesii1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,giganteus,"Giant Bamboo, Bhalu bans, Dhungre bans",fast,9 to 12,30.0,15.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests in humid tropical highlands, at elevations up to 1,200 metres[ 303 ].","E. Asia - Myanmar, Thailand.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus-giganteus.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,hamiltonii,Tama Bamboo. Tufted bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mixed forests[310 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+hamiltonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_hamiltonii1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,hookeri,"Bhalu bans, Bhutan Green Bamboo",fast,10 to 12,20.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in the foothills of the Himalayas at elevations of 700 - 1,500 metres[361 ].","E. Asia - northeast India, Bhutan, Nepal and Myanmar.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_hookeri1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,latiflorus,"Sweet Bamboo, Sweet bamboo shoot, Taiwan giant bamboo",fast,10 to 12,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - southern China, Myanmar, Vietnam.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+latiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_latiflorus_small2.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,membranaceus,White bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An undergrowth plant in dry/moist tropical and subtropical broadleaf forests, montane rain forest and semi-evergreen rain forest at elevations up to 3,000 metres[338 ].","E. Asia - China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+membranaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_membranaceus1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,strictus,Male Bamboo. Calcutta Stricta or Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,15.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Drier open deciduous forests in hill slopes, ravines and alluvial plains[361 ].","E. Asia - Pakistan, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+strictus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_strictus1.JPEG,Dendrostellera,arenaria,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Overgrown hummocky sands.,C. Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrostellera+arenaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dennstaedtiaceae,Dennstaedtia,punctilobula,Hay-scented fern,fast,3 to 8,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found in forest edges and canopy openings, along the sides of trails and roads, on hillsides, stream banks, and rocky slopes, and in meadows and old fields in part shade to full shade from sea level up to 1,200 m altitude..","Native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Alabama.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dennstaedtia+punctilobula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dennstaedtia_punctilobula1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Dentaria,diphylla,Crinkleroot,,3 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich damp woods and meadows[43, 187].","Eastern N. America - Ontario to S. Carolina, Kentucky and Minnesota.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dentaria+diphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DentariaDiphylla.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Dentaria,laciniata,Cut-Leaved Toothwort,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,April,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich damp woods and on calcareous rocky banks.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida and west to Minnesota and Kansas.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dentaria+laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DentariaLaciniata.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Dentaria,maxima,Large Toothwort,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,By woodland streams or on calcareous wooded slopes.,Eastern N. America - Maine to Michigan and Pennsylvania.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dentaria+maxima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DentariaMaxima.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Deschampsia,caespitosa,"Tussock Grass, Tufted Hair Grass, Hair Grass",medium,5 to 9,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods and meadows, usually on badly drained clay soils.","Temperate areas of Europe, including Britain, Asia, N. Africa, N. America and Australasia.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Deschampsia+caespitosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AiraCaespitosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Descurainia,antarctica,,,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,,,,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sand and gravel beaches, sandstone cliffs, saline flats in Lepidophyllum scrub to 20 metres above sea-level and north to latitude 40° 30' south.",Southern S. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Descurainia+antarctica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Descurainia,incana,Mountain Tansy Mustard,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in many habitats at lower mountain elevations.,Western N. America. A casual in Britain[17].,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Descurainia+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DescurainiaIncana.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Descurainia,pinnata,"Tansy Mustard,  Western tansymustard, Menzies' tansymustard.",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Most areas and situations, usually in dry soils.",Western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Descurainia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DescurainiaPinnata.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Descurainia,sophia,"Flixweed, Herb sophia",,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste ground and roadsides.,Europe to Asia. Possibly native to Britain[17].,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Descurainia+sophia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DescurainiaSophia.gif
Loganiaceae,Desfontainia,spinosa,Taique,slow,7 to 10,2.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool mountain cloud forests in the north of its range, descending to sea level in the south.",S. America - Growing in the Andes from Colombia to southern Chile.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desfontainia+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DesfontainiaSpinosa.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Desmanthus,illinoensis,"Prairie Mimosa, Illinois bundleflower",,4 to 8,1.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Prairies, river banks and fields[222, 235]. Ditches, stream bottoms, fields, roadsides and low areas, often on clay soils.","N. America - Ohio to N. Dakota, New Mexico to Mississippi.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmanthus+illinoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Leguminosae,Desmodium,canadense,Showy tick-trefoil,fast,3 to 6,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist to mesic black soil prairies, moist meadows along rivers, borders of lakes, thickets, limestone glades, and areas along railroads where prairie remnants occur.",Native to eastern North America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_canadense1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Desmodium,caudatum,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in C. and S. Japan. Mountain slopes, roadsides, grasslands, streamsides and forest margins at elevations of 100 - 1000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+caudatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Desmodium,cinereum,Rensoni. Tickclover,fast,9 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"A tropical plant. Adapted to the wet tropics with more than 1500 mm average annual rainfall and a short, or no dry season. Lowland species found at altitudes between 0-1000 m .",Native to: Western Mexico and Central America from Salvador to Nicaragua. Also found in south and southeast Asia and the Philippines.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+cinereum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_cinereum1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Desmodium,elegans,,,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassy slopes and in glades in deodar forests to 2700 metres. Forest margins, forests, thickets, mountain slopes, rocky places, roadsides and ditches at elevations of 1000 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas to W. China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DesmodiumElegans.gif
Leguminosae,Desmodium,glutinosum,Pointed-leaved Ticktrefoil,fast,3 to 9,0.9,0.9,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Richer soils of woods and savannas where there is partial shade and mesic to dry moisture conditions.,Native to eastern North America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+glutinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_glutinosum1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Desmodium,intortum,Pega-pega. Beggarlice,fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"A weed of riparian vegetation, forest margins, open wooodlands, roadsides, disturbed sites and waste areas.","Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+intortum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_intortum1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Desmodium,paniculatum,Panicled tick trefoil,fast,4 to 10,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist to dry (chiefly oak) forests and savannas, clearings, shores, ravines; prairies, sandy hillsides and banks. Forest edges, forests, woodlands. ",Native to eastern and southern North America,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_paniculatum1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Desmodium,styracifolium,"Guang Jing Qian Cao, Coin-leaf desmodium",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes, grasslands and thickets at elevations below 1000 metres in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei and S Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+styracifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Desmodium,triflorum,"Three-flower beggarweed, Three-flower tick-trefoil",fast,10 to 12,0.2,0.2,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found on a wide range of soils, and most commonly in heavily grazed or closely cut areas in pastures, plantations, roadsides and lawns[310 , 418 ].","Probably originated in tropical Asia, but is now Pantropical.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+triflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_triflorum1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Desmodium,uncinatum,Silverleaf desmodium. Spanish tick-clover,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"It is a subtropical plant.  In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,000 m above sea level.",Americas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+uncinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_uncinatum1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Desmoschoenus,spiralis,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sand dunes by the coast on North, South and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmoschoenus+spiralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DesmoschoenusSpiralis.gif
Hydrangeaceae,Deutzia,scabra,"Fuzzy pride-of-rochester, Deutzia",medium,5 to 8,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub and woodland edges in most areas of Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. Locally naturalized in Austria[50].",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Deutzia+scabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DeutziaScabra.gif
Phormiaceae,Dianella,caerulea,"Blue Flax Lily, Cerulean flaxlily",,8 to 11,0.8,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Sandy soils near creeks on heaths and in sparse woodlands.,Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianella+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianellaCaerulea.gif
Phormiaceae,Dianella,congesta,Beach Flax Lily,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Stabilized coastal sand dunes, forming mats in gregarious colonies that are often extensive[193, 265]","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianella+congesta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Phormiaceae,Dianella,laevis,Flax Lily,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Sandy soils near creeks on heaths and in sparse woodlands.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianella+laevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Phormiaceae,Dianella,revoluta,Flax Lily,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Sandy soils near creeks on heaths and in sparse woodlands.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianella+revoluta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianellaRevoluta.gif
Phormiaceae,Dianella,tasmanica,Flax Lily,medium,8 to 9,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forests.,"Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianella+tasmanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianellaTasmanica.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,anatolicus,,,5 to 9,0.4,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Found at elevations of 2,400 - 3,000 metres in the Himalayas.",W. Asia - Turkey to E.. Asia - western Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+anatolicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusAnatolicus.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,barbatus,Sweet William,medium,4 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and woods.,S. Europe. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+barbatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusBarbatus.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,caryophyllus,"Carnation, Clove Pink, Border Carnation",slow,6 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"A plant of limestone soils, it is often found on old walls in Britain.",Europe - W. and S. France. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+caryophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusCaryophyllus.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,chinensis,"Chinese Pink, Rainbow pink, Annual Pink, China Pink",medium,5 to 8,0.7,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A wide variety of habitats including sandy forest margins, dry hillsides and summits, forest and hillside grasslands, scrub on mountain slopes, rocky ravines, meadows and streamsides.",E. Asia - China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusChinensis.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,gratianopolitanus,Cheddar Pink,,3 to 7,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Carboniferous limestone cliffs. In Britain this species is only found in Cheddar Gorge.,Western and central Europe from Britain and France to Moravia and Hungary.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+gratianopolitanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusGratianopolitanus.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,plumarius,"Pink, Feathered pink, Cottage  Pink",,4 to 9,0.4,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grows in old walls in many parts of Britain.,E. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+plumarius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusPlumarius.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Dianthus,superbus,Fringed Pink,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woody hills and dry meadows.,Europe to N. Asia.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dianthus+superbus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DianthusSuperbus.gif
Papaveraceae,Dicentra,canadensis,Squirrel Corn,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich woods. Deciduous woods, often among rock outcrops, in rich loam soils from sea level to 1500 metres.","Eastern N. America - S. Quebec, Minnesota, N. Carolina, Tennessee.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicentra+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DicentraCanadensis.gif
Papaveraceae,Dicentra,cucullaria,Dutchman's Breeches,medium,5 to 9,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool places in rich mountain woods[43, 187]. Deciduous woods and clearings, in rich loam soils from sea level to 1500 metres.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to N. Carolina and west to Kansas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicentra+cucullaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DicentraCucullaria.gif
Papaveraceae,Dicentra,eximia,"Dwarf bleeding heart, turkey-corn",medium,3 to 9,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,"['Birds', 'Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Forest and mountain areas from New York to Georgia and Tennessee growing on forest floors, rocky woods and ledges on rocky soils in the Appalachian Mountains. Shade-loving.",Native to the Eastern North America - Appalachian Mountains.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicentra+eximia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dicentra_eximia1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Dicentra,spectabilis,"Bleeding Heart, Japanese Bleeding Heart, Common Bleeding Heart",medium,3 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and deep shady valleys.,"E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea and Siberia. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicentra+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Dichelachne,crinita,"Plume Grass, Clovenfoot plumegrass",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Basaltic plains in Victoria. Open forest or cleared areas on sandy soils.,Australia and New Zealand.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichelachne+crinita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichelachneCrinita.gif
Alliaceae,Dichelostemma,pulchellum,Wild Hyacinth,,4 to 8,0.6,0.1,Corm,,,,May to June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Plains and hillsides on dry open ridges and grassy meadows to 1800 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichelostemma+pulchellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichelostemmaPulchellum.jpg
Alliaceae,Dichelostemma,volubile,"Snake Lily, Twining snakelily",,8 to 11,3.6,,Corm,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Clay or granite, bushy or open slopes below 750 metres in California, where it clambers over shrubs.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichelostemma+volubile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichelostemmaVolubile.gif
Convolvulaceae,Dichondra,micrantha,Asian ponysfoot,,None to None,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,,,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Around dwellings and roadsides in lowland warmer areas of Central and Southern Japan. Grasslands on mountain slopes and roadsides at elevations of 1300 - 2000 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichondra+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichondraMicrantha.gif
Liliaceae,Dichopogon,fimbriatus,Chocolate Lily,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland, woodland and forests, often on the sides of gullies near streams.","Australia - New South Wales, S. Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichopogon+fimbriatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Dichopogon,strictus,Chocolate Lily,,8 to 11,0.9,,Perennial,,,,November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open forests and heathlands in sandy soils. Also found in grassland.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichopogon+strictus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichopogonStrictus.gif
Hydrangeaceae,Dichroa,febrifuga,"Chinese Quinine, Dichroa",medium,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and damp places, often gregarious in clearings of oak forests, 900 - 2400 metres, from C. Nepal to China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichroa+febrifuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichroaFebrifuga.gif
Fabaceae,Dichrostachys,cinerea,"Marabou Thorn, Sickle Bush",medium,8 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bats', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually on poor, occasionally clayey soils, in brushwood, thickets, hedges, teak forest and grassland to elevations of 1,700 metres[ 200 , 303 ]. Often forms widespread thickets by means of root suckers[ 200 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Somalia, south to Angola and Mozambique. E. Asia - India to Indonesia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichrostachys+cinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dichrostachys_cinerea_small.jpg
Dicksoniaceae,Dicksonia,antarctica,"Tree Fern, Australian treefern",slow,7 to 10,9.0,4.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp sheltered woodland slopes and moist gullies.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicksonia+antarctica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DicksoniaAntarctica.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dicoria,brandegei,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicoria+brandegei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Dicorynia,guianensis,Angelique,medium,10 to 12,35.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rainforests, especially on sandy soils[ 422 ].","Northern S. America - Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicorynia+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dicorynia-guianensis.jpg
Rutaceae,Dictamnus,albus,"Burning Bush, Gasplant, White Dittany,",slow,4 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woodland margins and rocky scree, mainly on calcareous soils.",S. and C. Europe.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dictamnus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DictamnusAlbus.gif
Arecaceae,Dictyosperma,album,"Hurricane Palm, Princess Palm, Red Palm",fast,10 to 12,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,Coastal forests[ 314 ]. Grows at low elevations generally up to 600 metres[ 299 ].,"Africa - Mauritius, Réunion.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dictyosperma+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dictyosperma-album4.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Diervilla,lonicera,"Bush Honeysuckle, Northern bush honeysuckle",medium,3 to 8,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry gravelly soils in woodlands.,Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diervilla+lonicera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiervillaLonicera.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Digitalis,ferruginea,Rusty Foxglove,medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Woods, grassy clearings, rocky slopes and scrub to 2700 metres[50, 187].",S. and S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitalis+ferruginea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitalisFerruginea.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Digitalis,grandiflora,Large Yellow Foxglove,medium,3 to 10,0.9,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Woods in mountains[50, 148] and in drier stonier habitats.",Europe to W. Asia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitalis+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitalisGrandiflora.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Digitalis,laevigata,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and woods in the mountains[50, 148].",S.E. Europe.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitalis+laevigata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitalisLaevigata.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Digitalis,lanata,Grecian Foxglove,,None to None,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Biennial/Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and scrub.,E. Europe.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitalis+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitalisLanata.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Digitalis,lutea,"Yellow Foxglove, Straw foxglove",,None to None,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Woodlands, hedgerows and uncultivated fields on siliceous soils.",Europe.,0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitalis+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitalisLutea.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Digitalis,purpurea,"Foxglove, Purple foxglove, Common Foxglove",medium,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Biennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Acid soils in woods, heaths, mountain grasslands etc[9, 17].","Western Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain and Sardinia.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitalis+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitalisPurpurea.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Digitaria,ciliaris,"Southern Crab Grass, Southern crabgrass",,7 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste ground and cultivated fields all over Japan.,Cosmopolitan in warmer areas of the world.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitaria+ciliaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitariaCiliaris.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Digitaria,sanguinalis,"Crab Grass, Hairy crabgrass",fast,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Arable ground and waste places in Britain.,Cosmopolitan. A rare casual in Britain[17].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitaria+sanguinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitariaSanguinalis.gif
Sapindaceae,Dimocarpus,longan,"Longan, Lungan, Dragon's Eye, Cat's Eye",fast,8 to 10,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humid mountain woodlands[ 307 ]. Usually found in the understorey of primary forests, sometimes in secondary formations[ 404 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dimocarpus+longan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dimocarpus_longan_small1.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,alata,"Water Yam, Purple yam, Greater yam, White yam",fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a wild state.,Probably arose in cultivation in E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscorea-alata_Descourtilz.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,batatas,Chinese Yam,,4 to 11,3.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in an apparently wild situation in valleys and on the slopes of hills in China. Prefers sunny slopes in the wild.,"Temperate E. Asia, though the exact range is not known.",5,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+batatas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DioscoreaBatatas3.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,bulbifera,"Aerial Yam, Air Potato",fast,9 to 12,10.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+bulbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscorea-bulbifera1.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,cayennensis,"Yellow Yam, Yellow Guinea yam",fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, having arisen in cultivation.",Western Africa - possibly Dahomey.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+cayennensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscorea-cayennensis.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,deltoidea,Yam,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and humus-rich soils, 1700 - 2800 metres in Kashmir. Broad-leaved forests and scrub forests at elevations of 2000 - 3100 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab eastwards to Nepal and China.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+deltoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,esculenta,"Lesser Yam, Potato Yam, Chinese Yam, Wild Yam",fast,8 to 12,3.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscorea-esculenta.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,japonica,"Glutinous Yam, Japanese yam",,7 to 12,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wooded foothills. Mixed forests and margins, scrub forests, herb communities, mountain slopes, valleys, along rivers and streams, roadsides; 100 - 1200 metres.","E. Asia - China, C. and S. Japan.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DioscoreaJaponica.gif
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,kamoonensis,,,None to None,2.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary scrub forests, forest margins and valleys at elevations of 500 - 2900 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+kamoonensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,tokoro,,,None to None,,,,,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in lowland and foothills all over Japan. Mixed forests, bamboo forests, usually along ravine sides from near sea level to 1,000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+tokoro,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,trifida,"Cush Cush Yam, Sweet yam",fast,10 to 12,3.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Northern S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Guatemala; eastern Caribbean.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+trifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscorea-trifida.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Dioscorea,villosa,Wild Yam,,5 to 9,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of bogs, swamps, marshes, river and lake margins, creek bottoms, sandy or rocky soils, moist or dry woods, hammocks, thickets, limestone or talus slopes, roadsides, sea level to 1500 m.","Eastern N. America - New England to Minnesota and Ontario, south to Virginia and Texas.",2,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscorea+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DioscoreaVillosa.gif
Menispermaceae,Dioscoreophyllum,cumminsii,"Serendipity Berry, Guinea potato",medium,10 to 12,1.8,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dense rain-forest and galleried forest, often in old cultivation sites[ 332 ].","Western, central and northeastern tropical Africa.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscoreophyllum+cumminsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscoreophyllum-cumminsii.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,celebica,"Indonesian Ebony, black ebony, makassar-ebenholts",slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forest and monsoon forest at elevations from sea level to 540 metres[ 325 ].,Southeast Asia - eastern Indonesia.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+celebica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros-celebica.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,conzattii,"Zapote negro mont's, zapotillo.",slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry tropical forest on coastal slopes. Also found at elevations between 220 - 2,200 metres altitude on slopes with pine-oak woodland; alder-oak forests and deciduous forests[ 554 ].",Central America - southern Mexico.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+conzattii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,crassiflora,Benin Ebony,slow,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found as isolated trees in lowland semi-deciduous and evergreen rain forest at elevations up to 1,000 metres, but usually avoiding the most humid forest types[ 299 ].","Western tropical Africa - Nigeria to the Central Africa Republic, south to Gabon and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+crassiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros-crassiflora1.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,digyna,"Black Sapote, Chocolate Pudding Tree",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry or wet mixed forest usually around sea level[ 331 ].,"Northern S. America - Colombia, north through Central America to Guatemala.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+digyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros-digyna-1.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,ebenum,"Ebony, Ceylon Ebony, Mauritius Ebony, Ebony Persimmon",slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humid, coastal and lowland forests[ 307 ]. An understorey tree of dry evergreen forests[ 338 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+ebenum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros_ebenum_Spach_1.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,kaki,"Persimmon, Japanese persimmon",medium,7 to 10,12.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is found in broad leafed woodland but probably as an escape from cultivation[74, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+kaki,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiospyrosKaki.gif
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,lotus,Date Plum,medium,7 to 9,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mixed mountain forests to 1500 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan. Himalayas.",5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+lotus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiospyrosLotus2.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,malabarica,"Indian Persimmon, Gaub, Timbiri, Mountain ebony",slow,10 to 12,35.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland rainforests; occurring scattered, typically along rivers and streams at elevations up to 300 metres[ 325 ]. Often found in shady and wet sites near streams in the forest at elevations up to 500 metres[ 418 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+malabarica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros_malabarica_small1.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,mespiliformis,"West African Ebony, Monkey guava, jackalberry",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Riparian forest, more rarely on termite mounds or rocky outcrops or in dry semi-evergreen forest at elevations of 60 - 1,370 metres[ 308 ]. Drier northern borders of the humid rain-forest zone especially in wet situations[ 332 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Eritrea and Yemen, south to Namibia, Transvaal and Mozambique.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+mespiliformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros_mespiliformis_small.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,mun,"Mun Ebony, Vietnamese Ebony",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Limestone mountains, at elevations below 800 metres[ 598 ].","Southeast Asia - Vietnam, Laos.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+mun,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,quaesita,"Calamander, kalu mediriya",slow,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Infrequent in lowland wet evergreen forest and in dry forest[ 338 ].,E. Asia - southestern Sri Lanka.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+quaesita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,tessellaria,"Black ebony, Mauritian ebony",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A dominant component of lowland evergreen forest and upland rainforest in the southwest and eastern mountain ranges[ 338 ].,Africa - Mauritius.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+tessellaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros-tessellaria-1.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,texanum,Black Persimmon,,None to None,12.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky hills, ravine sides and canyons, often on limestone.",Southern N. America - Texas and New Mexico.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+texanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiospyrosTexanum.gif
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,virginiana,"American Persimmon, Common persimmon, Persimmon",medium,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods, old fields and clearings, on light well-drained sandy soils. Found on most soil types from sands to shales and mud bottomlands.","Eastern N. America - New England to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiospyrosVirginiana.jpg
Liliaceae,Dipcadi,erythaeum,Snakeroot,,None to None,,,,,['Moths'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mobile and stable sands of the Negev desert in Israel.,N. Africa - Egypt to Arabia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipcadi+erythaeum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Diphylleia,cymosa,"Umbrella Leaf, American umbrellaleaf",,6 to 9,0.7,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Very rare in the wild, growing in rich woods in mountains, thriving by streams.",Eastern N. America - Virginia to Georgia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diphylleia+cymosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiphylleiaCymosa.gif
Berberidaceae,Diphylleia,grayi,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in high mountains, central and northern Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diphylleia+grayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiphylleiaGrayi.gif
Berberidaceae,Diphylleia,sinensis,Umbrella Leaf,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady areas in woodland.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diphylleia+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Athyriaceae,Diplazium,esculentum,Vegetable Fern,fast,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"River banks, open places in wet ground, at elevations below 900 metres in Sri Lanka[667 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, through southeast Asia to Indonesia and Philippines.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplazium+esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diplazium_esculentum1.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Diploglottis,australis,Native Tamarind,,None to None,8.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rainforests along the coast and adjoining plateaux.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diploglottis+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiploglottisAustralis.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Diplotaxis,erucoides,White Wall Rocket,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A weed of arable and waste ground in S. England and frequent as a casual.,S. Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in S. Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotaxis+erucoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiplotaxisErucoides.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Diplotaxis,muralis,"Wall Rocket, Annual wallrocket",,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Limestone rocks, walls and as a weed of arable ground in England.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in S. Britain[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotaxis+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiplotaxisMuralis.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Diplotaxis,tenuifolia,Perennial Wall Rocket,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Old walls and waste places in S. England, a casual further north. This plant is doubtfully native in Britain.","Southern and central Europe, possibly including Britain.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotaxis+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiplotaxisTenuifolia.gif
Gleicheniaceae,Diploterigium,glaucum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry thin woods in central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diploterigium+glaucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Diplotropis,purpurea,"Sucupira, Tatabu",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Upland areas in rainforests and seasonal forests[ 378 ]. Found mainly in primary forests in areas not subject to seasonal inundation, growing on slopes and well-drained soils of medium texture[ 420 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotropis+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diplotropis-purpurea-1.jpg
Dipsacaceae,Dipsacus,fullonum,"Teasel, Fuller's teasel",,4 to 8,1.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Copses, stream banks, roadsides, rough pasture etc, especially on clay soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipsacus+fullonum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DipsacusFullonum.gif
Dipsacaceae,Dipsacus,japonicus,Xu Duan,,None to None,0.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wild places and roadsides in China. Sunny places at elevations of 300 - 1500 metres in central and southern Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipsacus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dipsacaceae,Dipsacus,mitis,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Humus rich soils amongst scrub and in forests, 1700 - 3100 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - N. India.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipsacus+mitis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dipsacaceae,Dipsacus,sativus,"Fuller's Teasel, Indian teasel",,4 to 8,1.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild condition.,Of uncertain origin. An occasional escape from cultivation in Britain[17].,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipsacus+sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DipsacusSativus.gif
Dipterocarpaceae,Dipterocarpus,alatus,"Apitong, baume de gurjun, gurjun balsam",slow,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree that occurs gregariously along river banks, and in mixed dipterocarp forest[ 338 ]. Native to both evergreen and dry deciduous forests[ 303 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipterocarpus+alatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipterocarpus_alatus_Pierre.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Dipterocarpus,gracilis,Tagalog: Panao,medium,10 to 12,50.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,A canopy tree of undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests at elevations up to 1200 metres[359 ]. Found in various habitats on alluvial sites; dry hillsides and ridges; limestone[359 ]. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant tree[359 ],"E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipterocarpus+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipterocarpus_gracilis1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Dipterocarpus,grandiflorus,Apitong,slow,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"A relict species of the Pleistocene Sundaland, occurring in primary semi-evergreen and evergreen dipterocarp forest[338 ]. Lowland rainforests[307 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipterocarpus+grandiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipterocarpus_grandiflorus1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Dipterocarpus,kerrii,Kerr's Keruing,medium,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Frequently gregarious in semi-evergreen and evergreen coastal dipterocarp forests in periodically or seasonally dry climates, on red lateritic soils, on undulating land and hills at elevations below 400 metres[451 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipterocarpus+kerrii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipterocarpus_kerrii1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Dipteryx,odorata,"Tonka Bean, Brazilian Teak",medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy and emergent tree of rainforests, often beside rivers[ 238 , 378 ].","Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipteryx+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipteryx_odorata_Descourtilz.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Dirca,occidentalis,"Leather Wood, Western leatherwood",,6 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist situations, often on calcareous soils.",South-western N. America - California..,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dirca+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DircaOccidentalis.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Dirca,palustris,"Leather Wood, Eastern leatherwood",,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich deciduous or mixed woods in moist situations, often on calcareous soils.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Louisiana and Minnesota.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dirca+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DircaPalustris.gif
Aizoaceae,Disphyma,australe,Pig's Face,,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Coastal rocks and gravels, cliffs and sand dunes throughout New Zealand[44, 173].","Australia, New Zealand.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disphyma+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Disporopsis,aspersa,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, shady places along valleys or streams at elevations of 700 - 2900 metres.","E. Asia - western China in Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporopsis+aspersa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Disporopsis,longifolia,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,May to June,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, forest margins and thickets at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres in Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces..Wet places in mountainous regions in Vietnam.","E. Asia - southwestern China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporopsis+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Colchicaceae,Disporum,cantoniense,,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cool shady places at elevations of 1100 - 2900 metres in Nepal. Forests and thickets at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+cantoniense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumCantoniense.gif
Colchicaceae,Disporum,sessile,Japanese Fairy Bells,fast,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in hilly country and foothills all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+sessile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumSessile.gif
Colchicaceae,Disporum,smilacinum,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in hilly country and foothills all over Japan. Forests from near sea level to 400 metres, occasionally to 1600 metres. in NE Shandong, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+smilacinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumSmilacinum.gif
Colchicaceae,Disporum,trachycarpum,Fairybells,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wooded slopes, often by streams, or in aspen groves, to 3000 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia to N.E. Oregon and south along the Rockies.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+trachycarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumTrachycarpum.gif
Colchicaceae,Disporum,viridescens,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. Japan. Forests and grassy slopes from near sea level to 600 metres in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Provinces in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+viridescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumViridescens.gif
Poaceae,Distichlis,palmeri,"Nipa. Palmer saltgrass, NyPa Wild Wheat",fast,10 to 12,0.4,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Along coastlines and on salt flats and disturbed soils, as well as forest, woodland, montane, and desert scrub habitats. Grows easily in salty and alkaline soils, excreting salts from its tissues via salt glands.",Mesoamerica.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Distichlis+palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Distichlis_palmeri1.JPEG
Hamamelidaceae,Distylium,racemosum,Isu Tree,slow,7 to 10,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to April,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen oak forests. Forests at elevations of 1000 - 1300 metres in Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan and Zhejiang Provinces of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Distylium+racemosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DistyliumRacemosum2.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dittrichia,viscosa,False yellowhead,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places.,Europe - Mediterranean. Introduced and naturalized in a few localities in Britain[17].,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dittrichia+viscosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DittrichiaViscosa.gif
Rosaceae,Docynia,delavayi,,,7 to 10,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Riversides in valleys, mixed forests and mountainous areas at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in W Guizhou, W Sichuan and NW Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Docynia+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Docynia,indica,,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places to elevations of 2000 metres in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan[146, 272]. Slopes, streamsides and thickets at elevations of 2000--3000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Docynia+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Dodecatheon,hendersonii,"Sailor-Caps, Mosquito bills",,5 to 9,0.3,0.1,Perennial,,,March to July,April to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and prairies.,South-western N. America - California to Vancouver Island.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dodecatheon+hendersonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DodecatheonHendersonii.gif
Sapindaceae,Dodonaea,viscosa,"Native Hops, Florida hopbush, Hopseed Bush, Varnish Leaf, Hopbush, Narrow-leaf hopbush, Wedge-leaf h",medium,9 to 11,3.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky, stony or sandy soils in the montane zone of Victoria. On dry slopes, in fields and sandy soils by the coast in China.","Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Australia, New Zealand and N. America.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dodonaea+viscosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DodonaeaViscosa.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Dorema,ammoniacum,Ammoniacum,,None to None,2.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Loess loams in desert areas. Dry rocky areas.,W. Asia - Iran to Afghanistan and Pakistan.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dorema+ammoniacum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DoremaAmmoniacum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Doronicum,falconeri,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine slopes and rocks, 3300 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Himachel Pradesh..,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Doronicum+falconeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Doronicum,pardalianches,Great Leopard's Bane,fast,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and plantations in Britain.,Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Doronicum+pardalianches,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DoronicumPardalianches.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Doronicum,roylei,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, usually along mountain drains, 3000 - 3600 metres[51, 145].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Bhutan..,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Doronicum+roylei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Dovyalis,abyssinica,Abyssinian Gooseberry,medium,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Highland forest over 1,800 metres[ 307 ]. Rain-forest to riparian forest and scrub; dry evergreen forest; sometimes in open wooded grassland; semi-evergreen or deciduous bushland; rocky limestone slopes; at elevations from 600 - 3,050 metres[ 328 ].","Eastern Africa - Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Malawi and Mozambique.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dovyalis+abyssinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dovyalis-abyssinica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Draba,muralis,Wall Whitlow Grass,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A rare plant of limestone rocks and walls in western England. A weed of nursery gardens in Cornwall.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south ad east to N. W. Africa and W. Asia..",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Draba+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DrabaMuralis.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Draba,nemerosa,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny places all over Japan. Found in most of Europe except the far north-west.,Europe to E. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Draba+nemerosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DrabaMuralis.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Dracocephalum,heterophyllum,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes in dry areas. Stony slopes of mountain streams, pebbles, clayey, stony and sometimes sandy mountain slopes.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to S.E. Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dracocephalum+heterophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Dracocephalum,moldavica,"Moldavian Balm, Moldavian dragonhead",,6 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry hills, stony riverbanks and valleys at elevations from 200 - 2,700 metres in western China.",E. Europe to E. Asia.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dracocephalum+moldavica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DracocephalumMoldavica.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Dracocephalum,parviflorum,American Dragonhead,,6 to 9,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry, rocky or gravelly calcareous soils, often in recent clearings.","N. America - Quebec and Ontario to Alaska, New York, Iowa, Missouri and Arizona.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dracocephalum+parviflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DracocephalumParviflorum.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Drepanostachyum,falcatum,Ringal,slow,7 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms dense thickets in evergreen oak forests that are usually damp, to 3600 metres[11, 51].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drepanostachyum+falcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Winteraceae,Drimys,insipida,Brush Pepperbush,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows in rainforests.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drimys+insipida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Winteraceae,Drimys,lanceolata,Mountain Pepper,slow,7 to 10,4.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Moist places in mountain forests and also in alpine zones to 1500 metres.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drimys+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DrimysLanceolata.gif
Winteraceae,Drimys,winteri,Winter's Bark,medium,7 to 10,7.5,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,January to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,The dominant tree in moister lowland sites to Tierra Del Fuego. Boggy sites by streams etc in rich soils.,"Southern S. America - Chile, Argentina.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drimys+winteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DrimysWinteri.gif
Droseraceae,Drosera,peltata,Sundew,,8 to 11,0.3,,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy slopes, 1500 - 3600 metres in the Himalayas. Wet places in Japan. Sunny hillsides in China.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drosera+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DroseraPeltata.gif
Droseraceae,Drosera,rotundifolia,"Sundew, Roundleaf sundew",slow,5 to 9,0.1,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet and moist places in poor peaty soils, occasionally forming a floating fringe on small ponds[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain but excluding he Mediterranean, N. Asia, N. America..",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drosera+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DroseraRotundifolia.gif
Rosaceae,Dryas,octopetala,"Mountain Avens, Eightpetal mountain-avens,  Alaskan mountain-avens, Hooker's mountain-avens, Kamtsch",medium,3 to 6,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky places and high pastures, especially on limestone rocks.","Arctic and sub-arctic Europe, Asia and America. Mountains in south Europe, including Britain.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryas+octopetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryasOctopetala.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Drymaria,cordata,"West Indin Chickweed, Whitesnow",,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland in C. Japan. The plant grows in tropical and sub-tropical India, but extends into the Himalayas up to elevations of 2100 metres.","E. Asia - Japan, India and extending to the Tropics.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drymaria+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DrymariaCordata.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,barbigera,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas in the Alpine zone from Kashmir to Sikkim.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+barbigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,blandfordii,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+blandfordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,carthusiana,"Narrow Buckler Fern, Spinulose woodfern",medium,6 to 8,1.0,0.5,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Damp and wet woods, marshes and wet heaths.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and Siberia. N. America..",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+carthusiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisCarthusiana2.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,crassirhizoma,Crown Wood-Fern,,5 to 9,1.0,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Mountains all over Japan. A terrestrial fern, growing on the humus-rich floor of temperate forests, often in colonies.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+crassirhizoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisCrassirhizoma.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,cristata,Crested Wood Fern,,4 to 8,0.5,0.4,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Damp woods. Swamps, swampy woods or open shrubby wetlandsfrom sea level to 1200 metres.",Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to N. Carolina and Montana.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+cristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisCristata.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,dilatata,Shield Fern,,4 to 8,1.2,0.5,Fern,,,,,July to September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Woods, hedgebanks, wet heaths, shady rock ledges and crevices.","Europe, including Britain, Iceland and N. Russia south and east to Spain and temperate Asia.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+dilatata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisDilatata2.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,expansa,"Spiny Wood Fern, Spreading woodfern",,3 to 7,0.4,0.5,Fern,,,,,July to September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool moist woods, often on rotting logs and tree stumps.","Northern Temperate Zone, including Britain.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+expansa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisExpansa.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,filix-mas,Male Fern,medium,3 to 8,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,July to September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Damp undergrowth, woodlands and other shady positions[7, 9, 31].","Throughout Europe, including Britain, and temperate Asia.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+filix-mas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisFilix-mas.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,fragrans,Fragrant Woodfern,,3 to 7,0.2,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Rocks and screes in Arctic Finland. Shaded cliffs and talus, often of limestone at elevations of 50 -1800 metres in northern N. America.",N. Europe. N. Asia. N. America.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisFragrans.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,marginalis,"Marginal Woodfern, Leather Wood Fern",medium,3 to 8,0.8,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Damp woods and swamps. Rocky, wooded slopes and ravines, edges of woods, stream banks and roadbanks, and rock walls at elevations of 50 - 1500 metres.",N. America - Canada to Georgia and westwards to the Rockies.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+marginalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisMarginalis2.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,odontoloma,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas at elevations to 3000 metres in the Kashmir valley.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+odontoloma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,oreades,Mountain Male Fern,,5 to 9,0.6,0.5,Fern,,,,,July to September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Rocky places on mountains, in open or slight shade, scree slopes.","Western and central Europe, including Britain.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+oreades,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisOreades.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,schimperiana,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas around 2000 metres.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+schimperiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,sieboldii,,,7 to 10,0.5,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Woods, C. and S. Japan. On the rather dry floor of mountain forests.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisSieboldii.gif
Solanaceae,Duboisia,myoporoides,Corkwood,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High-rainfall areas on the margins of rainforests at elevations up to 1,000 metres[365 ]. Also found in rainforest regrowth[365 ]. Sandy soils in open forest, rainforest margins and coastal dunes[238 ].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, north to New Caledonia.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Duboisia+myoporoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Duboisia_myoporoides1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Duchesnea,chrysantha,,,6 to 9,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny grassy places in lowland all over Japan,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Duchesnea+chrysantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DuchesneaChrysantha.gif
Rosaceae,Duchesnea,filipendula,,,6 to 9,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Duchesnea+filipendula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Duchesnea,indica,"Mock Strawberry, Indian strawberry",fast,5 to 11,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady places in woods, grassy slopes, ravines in low mountains, all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Duchesnea+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DuchesneaIndica.gif
Crassulaceae,Dudleya,edulis,"Mission Lettuce, Fingertips",,7 to 10,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky hillsides below 1,000 metres. High elevations in the Sonoran Desert.",South-western N. America - S. California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dudleya+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DudleyaEdulis.gif
Crassulaceae,Dudleya,lanceolata,Lanceleaf Liveforever,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in rocky soils under dry conditions in slope habitats in chaparral and coastal sage scrub communites from sea level to elevations of 1000 metres.,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dudleya+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DudleyaLanceolata.gif
Crassulaceae,Dudleya,pulverulenta,"Chalk Lettuce, Chalk dudleya",,7 to 10,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in coastal sage scrub and chaparral plant communites from sea level to elevations of 1500 metres.,South-western N. America - California to Arizona.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dudleya+pulverulenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DudleyaPulverulenta.gif
Malvaceae,Durio,dulcis,"Durian Marangang, Merangang, Red Durian, Tutong, Lahong",medium,11 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, at elevations up to 800 metres[ 303 , 338 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Durio+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Durio-dulcis-1.jpg
Malvaceae,Durio,zibethinus,Durian,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Moths'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dense lowland humid forests[ 303 , 307 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Durio+zibethinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Durio_zibethinus_small.jpg
Apocynaceae,Dyera,costulata,Hill Jelutong,medium,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Primary evergreen lowland or hill forest up to 300 metres[ 338 ]. In undisturbed forests at elevations up to 400 metres. Usually on hillsides and ridges on clayey to sandy soils. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant[ 359 ].,"Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dyera+costulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dyera-costulata-1.jpg
Meliaceae,Dysoxylum,acutangulum,Membalo,slow,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An upper canopy tree in undisturbed lowland and hill forest, growing on hillsides and ridges with sandy soils; at elevations up to 1,000 metres[ 334 , 359 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysoxylum+acutangulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dysoxylum_acutangulum_small.jpg
Meliaceae,Dysoxylum,fraserianum,"Australian rosewood, rose-mahogany, rosewood, turnipwood.",slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rain forests on richer soils, it is also found in more open situations[ 694 ]. Subtropical and dry rain forests, often on coastal ranges in New South Wales[ 365 ].",Australia - New South Wales. Southern Queensland.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysoxylum+fraserianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dysoxylum-fraserianum1.jpg
Meliaceae,Dysoxylum,spectabile,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Lowland forest in coastal regions of North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysoxylum+spectabile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DysoxylumSpectabile.gif
Amaranthaceae,Dysphania,anthelmintica,Wormseed,medium,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mainly found on dry wasteland and cultivated ground[ 204 , 268 ]. Sand dunes, pinelands, meadows, roadsides, and other waste areas; at elevations up to 1,100 metres in southern N. America[ 270 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; southern N. America.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysphania+anthelmintica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dysphania-anthelmintica-1.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Edgeworthia,gardneri,Nepalese Paper Bush,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres.,E. Asia - S. China to the E. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Edgeworthia+gardneri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erophila,verna,Whitlow Grass,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,March to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, walls and dry places.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa and east to temperate Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erophila+verna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErophilaVerna.gif
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,ursina,Bear Huckleberry,,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Wooded slopes and summits, often in acid humus.",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+ursina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,albociliata,Clumping bamboo,fast,10 to 11,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"The plant is common in low elevation mixed forest, but does not enter savannahs[310 ].","E. Asia - Myanmar, Thailand.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+albociliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_albociliata1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Helenium,hoopesii,"Owls Claws, Orange Sneezeweed",medium,4 to 8,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich soils in coniferous forests, in meadows along stream sides and on wet slopes, 2250 - 3300 metres in the Southern Rockies[71, 155].",South-western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helenium+hoopesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HeleniumHoopesii.gif
Podocarpaceae,Lagarostrobus,colensoi,,,7 to 10,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane forests between latitudes 35 and 45°s, on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagarostrobus+colensoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podocarpaceae,Lagarostrobus,franklinii,Huon Pine,slow,7 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of rivers and swampy flats to 750 metres[11, 167].",Australia - S. and W. Tasmania.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagarostrobus+franklinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LagarostrobusFranklinii.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Lepidothamnus,intermedius,Yellow Silver Pine,slow,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland, montane and sub-alpine forests, often in bog forests, southwards from latitude 35°s on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidothamnus+intermedius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapindaceae,Litchi,chinensis,"Lychee, Litchi",slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Ants', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,The tree has been in cultivation for so long that wild forms are no longer believed to exist[200 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litchi+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Litchi chinensis2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,inflata,Indian Tobacco,,None to None,0.6,0.3,Annual,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, fields, roadsides, waste places and open woods[19, 43]. Usually in dry soils.","Northern N. America - Labrador to Saskatchewan, Georgia, Kansas and Arkansas.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+inflata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaInflata.jpg
Fabaceae,Lonchocarpus,nicou,"Barbasco, timbo, cube",medium,10 to 12,10.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"Northern S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonchocarpus+nicou,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lonchocarpus nicou 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Lonchocarpus,urucu,"Barbasco, timbo urucu",medium,10 to 12,12.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"Northern S. America - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonchocarpus+urucu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podocarpaceae,Microcachrys,tetragona,,slow,7 to 10,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in the alpine and sub-alpine zones.,Australia - Tasmania.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microcachrys+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicrocachrysTetragona.jpg
Moringaceae,Moringa,stenopetala,"African horseradish tree, cabbagetree",medium,10 to 12,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Acacia tortilis woodland, riverine woodland of Hyphaene, Acacia, etc.; Acacia, Delonix, Commiphora associations, scrub and succulent steppe; usually on rocky ground by permanent water; at elevations from 390 - 1,200 metres[328 ].",East tropical Africa - Ethiopia and Kenya.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moringa+stenopetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Moringa stenopetala_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Podocarpaceae,Nageia,nagi,"Nagi, Nagi Podocarpus, Broadleaf  Podocarpus",medium,9 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to May,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains in C. and S. Japan. Evergreen broad-leaved and Quercus forests, forests on dry mountainsides, thickets, along streams at elevations of 200 - 1200 metres in China.","E. Asia - S. China, S. Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+nagi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NageiaNagi.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Nageia,wallichiana,Nageia,medium,9 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A sub-canopy to canopy tree, scattered but often common in primary rainforest with canopy heights to 50 metres or more, occurring from lowlands to montane forested ridges at elevations to 2,100 metres[338 ].","E. Asia - southwest China, India, Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nageia_wallichiana_Blume.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pachyrhizus,ahipa,"Ahipa, Yam bean",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyrhizus+ahipa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Paraderris,elliptica,Derris,medium,10 to 12,16.0,2.0,Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest edges, roadsides and along rivers, usually at low elevations but up to 1,500 metres in Java[303 ]. It can occur as a weed in forest plantations of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Swietenia[303 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paraderris+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paraderris elliptica 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Phaseolus,polystachios,Thicket Bean. Wild bean,fast,6 to 10,3.0,0.2,Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A temperate plant.  It grows in dry woods and sandy thickets. Climbing on shrubs and young trees in moist thickets, clearings and edges of deciduous forests, in deep swamps and sometimes on dry sandy, dry shale and rocky hillsides[1555 ].","North America, Mesoamerica. Eastern and southern N. America - Iowa to Maine, south to Texas and Florida",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+polystachios,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phaseolus_polystachios1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,podocarpum,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, grassy slopes, grasslands on high mountains, mountain slopes, forests, thickets, forest margins and ditches at elevations of 100 - 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+podocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,podocarpum fallax,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to November,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets throughout Japan. Roadsides on mountain slopes, thickets, sparse forests and forest margins at elevations of 300 - 1400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+podocarpum fallax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,podocarpum japonicum,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets throughout Japan. Oak groves and shrubby thickets, gravelly soils of mountain slopes.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+podocarpum japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,fruticosa,"Shrubby Cinquefoil, Potentilla",medium,2 to 6,1.2,1.2,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Damp rocky ground, usually on limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to the Pyrenees, N. and C. Asia to Japan.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaFruticosa.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Prumnopitys,taxifolia,Matai,slow,8 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forests, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prumnopitys+taxifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrumnopitysTaxifolia.jpg
Winteraceae,Pseudowintera,axillaris,Heropito,,None to None,7.5,7.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Lowland and lower montane forests between latitudes 35 and 42°south in North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudowintera+axillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,montana lobata,Kudzu Vine,fast,5 to 9,10.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Thickets and thin woods all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+montana lobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PuerariaMontanaLobata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sesbania,herbacea,"Colorado River Hemp, Bigpod sesbania",,None to None,3.0,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fields and low ground.,Southern and South-western N. America - Alabama to Texas and north to Oklahoma.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SesbaniaHerbacea.jpg
Fabaceae,Sphenostylis,stenocarpa,African Yam Bean,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Brachystegia woodland, riparian and lakeshore bushland, grassland, roadsides, often in rocky places and on termite mounds, at elevations of 10 - 1,500, occasionally 2,000 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea to Ethiopia and south to Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sphenostylis+stenocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sphenostylis stenocarpa 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Stenotaphrum,secundatum,"Buffalo Grass, St. Augustine Grass, St. Augustinegrass",slow,7 to 12,0.2,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Found in a variety of habitats, most commonly on siliceous and calcareous sands near the sea[415 ].",S. America - Colombia; C. America - Honduras; Caribbean; southern N. America; tropical W. Africa.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stenotaphrum+secundatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stenotaphrum secundatum 1.JPEG
Araceae,Symplocarpus,foetidus,Skunk Cabbage,,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February to April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Marshes, bogs, swampy woods and by streams.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocarpus+foetidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymplocarpusFoetidus.jpg
Marantaceae,Thaumatococcus,daniellii,"Sweet Prayer Plant, Katemfe",fast,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Tropical lowland rainforest[310 ]. Forest clearings[418 ].,Western and central Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Zaire.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thaumatococcus+daniellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thaumatococcus daniellii 1.JPEG
Thelypteridaceae,Thelypteris,palustris,"Marsh Fern, Eastern marsh fern",fast,4 to 8,0.8,0.6,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Marshes and fens, often abundant in carr or alder wood.","Europe, incl Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, temperate Asia to China, E. N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelypteris+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelypterisPalustris.jpg
Fabaceae,Vigna,hosei,Sarawak Bean,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Not known as a wild plant. Naturalized in southern china, where it grows in grass at roadsides, wastelands; at elevations below 500 metres[266 ].","Native to Taiwan, Indonesia and Malaysia in tropical southeast Asia. It is also widely cultivated an",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+hosei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna hosei 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,unguiculata unguiculata,Black-Eyed Pea,fast,10 to 12,4.0,0.2,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Original range is uncertain, perhaps tropical Africa.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+unguiculata unguiculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna_unguiculata1.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,japonica,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"A rare plant, grwing on sunny hills and in mountains at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Wikstroemia,sikokiana,,,8 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wikstroemia+sikokiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WikstroemiaSikokiana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,floribunda,Japanese Wisteria,medium,5 to 9,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Damp habitats by streams etc in thickets and woods in hills and mountains in all areas of Japan south of Hokkaido[58, 200, 249].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaFloribunda.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,aloifolia,"Spanish Bayonet, Aloe yucca, Dagger Plant, Yucca, Spanish Bayonet",slow,8 to 10,7.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sand dunes of the coast, occasionally up to 60 km inland, in pine forests. Also found on the margins of brackish marshes.","Southeastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana. Naturalized in S. Europe[11]",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+aloifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaAloifolia.jpg
Asparagaceae,Yucca,gigantea,"Spineless yucca, Izote",fast,9 to 11,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Moth'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common in cultivation, or in hedges and thickets, throughout the lowlands and ascending commonly in the mountains to middle elevations; it is often seen at up to 2,700 metres or perhaps even higher[331 ].",Central America - Panama to southern Mexico.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Yucca_gigantea1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Camassia,cusickii,Cussick's camas,medium,3 to 11,0.9,0.6,Bulb,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp meadows at subalpine and alpine elevations (4,000–6,000 feet (1,200–1,800 m) and tolerates pond edges, rich soils, and bloom well in either sun or shade.",A Pacific Northwest U.S. native that’s been cultivated commercially in the Netherlands.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camassia+cusickii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Camassia_cusickii1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,cuspidata,Japanese Chinquapin,,6 to 9,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods and ravines, especially near the sea in western China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+cuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastanopsisCuspidata.png
Malvaceae,Quararibea,cordata,"South American Sapote, Chupa Chupa, Matisia",fast,10 to 12,20.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Humming birds']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests on fertile soil from fairly high altitudes to lowland coastal regions[307 ]. Found both in areas that are seasonally inundated, and also areas that are not[416 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quararibea+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quararibea cordata3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Simaroubaceae,Quassia,amara,"Bitterwood, Amargo Bark",slow,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hummingbirds'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,An understorey plant in rainforests and humid sites[307 ].,"Northern S. America - Guiana, northern Brazil and Venezuela.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quassia+amara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quassia amara3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fagaceae,Quercus,× schuettei,Schuette's oak,fast,4 to 8,18.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,Native Range: Garden origin,"Naturally occurring hybrid scattered through locations where the ranges of the parent trees coincide (southern Ontario and Quebec south to Kentucky, Missouri and Oklahoma).",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+× schuettei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quercus_×_schuettei1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Quercus,acuta,Japanese Evergreen Oak,medium,6 to 9,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan, N. Korea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+acuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusAcuta.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,acutissima,Sawthorn Oak,medium,5 to 9,5.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Often forming pure forests or growing with Pinus species, to 1000 metres in W. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+acutissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusAcutissima.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,agrifolia,"Encina, California live oak,  Coast Live Oak",slow,8 to 11,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forming open groves of great extent in valleys and on not too dry slopes in woods below 1000 metres, it is also found on coastal sand dunes[71, 82].",South-western N. America - California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+agrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusAgrifolia.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,alba,"White Oak, Hybrid oak",slow,3 to 9,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods, gravelly ridges, sandy plains, rich uplands and moist bottoms. The best specimens are found in deep rich well-drained loamy soils.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusAlba.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,aliena,Oriental White Oak,,4 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, 1000 - 1600 metres in W. China. Mixed mesophytic forests at elevations of 100 - 2700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+aliena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusAliena.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,aucheri,Boz-Pirnal Oak,slow,7 to 10,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Europe - Mediterranean around Greece.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+aucheri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,bicolor,Swamp White Oak,medium,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bottomlands, stream margins and swamps. Tolerant of poorly drained sites, it is frequently found in heavy mucky soils.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+bicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusBicolor.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,brantii,"Barro, Brant's oak",fast,7 to 9,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Limestone slopes; at elevations from 350 - 1,700 metres[1212 ].","W. Asia - eastern Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+brantii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quercus_brantii1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Quercus,cerris,"Turkey Oak, European turkey oak",fast,5 to 9,35.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,September,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, thickets and woods in acid soils[17, 100].",Europe to S.W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+cerris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusCerris.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,chrysolepis,"Live Oak, Canyon live oak",slow,8 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in a variety of habitats, it is a tall tree in deep, cool, narrow canyons and is a low thicket-forming shrub on high windswept slopes[82, 229].","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, west to Arizona.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+chrysolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusChrysolepis.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,coccifera,Kermes Oak,,5 to 9,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to June.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry places on limestone and siliceous rocks.,Europe - Mediterranean.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+coccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusCoccifera.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,coccinea,Scarlet Oak,medium,4 to 8,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found on upland sites such as ridges and middle and upper slope, it grows in a variety of soils doing well on poor, dry, sandy, or gravelly soils.","Eastern N. America - Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+coccinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusCoccinea.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,dentata,"Japanese Emperor Oak, Daimyo oak",fast,4 to 8,20.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Sunny slopes and thickets in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Mixed mesophytic forests below 100 - 2700 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusDentata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,douglasii,Blue Oak,slow,8 to 11,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry soils in valleys, rolling hills and lower mountain slopes to 1350 metres[62, 82], often forming extensive stands.",South-western N. America - California.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusDouglasii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,durata,"California Scrub Oak, Leather oak",,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal ranges. The type species is found on serpentine soils at 150-1500 m, whilst var gabrielensis is found in chaparral on dry, exposed, loose slopes in nonserpentine soils at 450 - 1000 m",South-western N. America - California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+durata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusDurata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,ellipsoidalis,Northern Pin Oak,medium,4 to 6,20.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist siliceous to argillaceous woods. Prairies and sandy hills in dry soils. The best specimens are found in rich well-drained soils, especially those containing clay.",Northern Central N. America - west and north of the Great Lakes.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+ellipsoidalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusEllipsoidalis.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,emoryi,"Black Oak, Emory oak",slow,6 to 9,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Canyons, dry foothills and mountain slopes, 1350 - 2350 metres, growing best in sheltered valleys.","South-western N. America - W. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and northern Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+emoryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusEmoryi.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,engelmannii,"Evergreen Oak, Engelmann oak,  Mesa Oak",medium,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low hills and dry rolling mesas in well-drained soils, usually below 1350 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+engelmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusEngelmannii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,falcata,"Southern Red Oak, Cherrybark Oak, Spanish Oak, Southern Red Oak",medium,7 to 9,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry sandy or clay upland soils, to 600 metres. It is also occasionally found on moister fertile bottomlands or near streams, where it achieves its greatest size[43, 229].","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+falcata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusFalcata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,floribunda,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist forested areas on mountain slopes at elevations of 2100 - 2700 metres[146, 272].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Nepal.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,frainetto,"Hungarian Oak,  Italian Oak, Forest Green Oak",fast,5 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"Europe - Hungary, S. Italy and the Balkans.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+frainetto,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusFrainetto.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,fruticosa,"Gall Oak, Lusitanian Oak",,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy places in lowland and mountains.,S.W. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quercus_fruticosa1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Quercus,gambelii,"Shin Oak, Gambel oak, Rocky Mountain White Oak",slow,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry foothills and lower mountain slopes, 1350 - 2800 metres.",Western N. America - Rocky Mountains from Utah and Wyoming to Mexico.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+gambelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusGambelii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,garryana,"Oregon White Oak, Garry Oak",slow,7 to 9,18.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Dry prairies and foothills to rocky bluffs.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+garryana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusGarryana.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,glauca,"Ring-cup oak , Ring Cupped Oak, Blue Japanese Oak",slow,8 to 9,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist forests and ravines, not gregarious, 800 - 3000 metres from Pakistan to S.W. China. Shady valleys.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusGlauca.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,hispanica,,,6 to 9,20.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, Q. cerris x Q. suber.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusHispanica.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,ilex,"Holly Oak,  Evergreen Oak",slow,7 to 10,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Arid places, maquis, woods and hills on limestone.",Europe - Mediterranean. Occasionally naturalized in Britain in S. England[17].,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+ilex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusIlex.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,ilex ballota,Holm Oak,slow,6 to 9,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Arid places, maquis, woods and hills on limestone.",Europe - Mediterranean.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+ilex ballota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusIlexBallota.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,imbricaria,"Shingle Oak,  Northern Laurel Oak",medium,4 to 8,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in a variety of habitats from dry upland ridges to rich and moist river bank soils.,"Eastern and Central N. America - Pennsylvania to Alabama, west to Kansas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+imbricaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusImbricaria.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,infectoria,"Aleppo Oak, Oak",medium,6 to 8,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Europe - E. Mediterranean.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+infectoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusInfectoria.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,insignis,Chicalaba,fast,8 to 11,22.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cloud forest at elevations from 900 - 2,000 metres[331 ].","Mesoamerica. C. America - Panama, north to Guatemala, central and southern Mexico",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quercus_insignis1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Quercus,ithaburensis macrolepis,Valonia Oak,,6 to 9,15.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forests in the hills or as solitary trees[45, 89], usually in dry soils.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+ithaburensis macrolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusIthaburensisMacrolepis.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,kelloggii,"Californian Black Oak, Black Oak",medium,8 to 11,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Clay or gravelly soils in hills and mountains below 2500 metres[71, 229]. Sometimes forms groves of considerable extent in coniferous forests.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+kelloggii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusKelloggii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,laevis,"American Turkey Oak, Turkey oak",slow,7 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry barren sandy ridges, sandy bluffs and hammocks, growing well in almost sterile soil.",South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida and west to Louisiana.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+laevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusLaevis.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,lamellosa,Bull Oak,,7 to 10,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forms dense evergreen forests with Lithocarpus and Castanopsis species at altitudes up to 2700 metres[146, 258].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+lamellosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusLamellosa.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,leucotrichophora,,,7 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests where it is usually gregarious and common, 1200 - 2400 metres. Prefers rather dry hillsides.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to C. Nepal.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+leucotrichophora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,libani,Lebanon Oak,,5 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"W. Asia - Turkey, Iran, Iraq.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+libani,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusLibani.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,lineata,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,1800 - 2700 metres.,E. Asia - E. Himalayas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+lineata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,lobata,"Californian White Oak, Valley oak",slow,7 to 11,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile lowlands in deep rich soils in the valleys of W. California between the Sierra Nevada and the coast[82, 229].",South-western N. America - California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+lobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusLobata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,lyrata,Overcup Oak,slow,5 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bottomlands and wet woods, usually on rich soils. Wet, poorly-drained heavy clay soils[227, 229].","Central and South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida, west to Mississippi and Texas.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+lyrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusLyrata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,macrocarpa,"Burr Oak, Mossy Cup Oak",slow,3 to 8,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Found in a variety of habitats from dry hillsides to moist bottomlands, rich woods and fertile slopes, mainly on limestone soils[43, 229].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Wyoming, Massachusetts, Georgia, Kansas and Texas.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMacrocarpa.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,marilandica,Blackjack Oak,slow,6 to 9,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry siliceous or argillaceous barrens and sterile woods.,"Central and South-eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Iowa and Texas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+marilandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMarilandica.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,michauxii,Swamp Chestnut Oak,medium,5 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Inundated bottoms, stream borders and swamps.","South-eastern N. America - Delaware to Indiana, Missouri, Florida and Texas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+michauxii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMichauxii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,mongolica,Mongolian oak,medium,5 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in the cooler areas of Japan. Mixed mesophytic forests at elevations of 200 - 2500 metres in northern and eastern China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+mongolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMongolica.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,mongolica grosseserrata,,,3 to 7,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+mongolica grosseserrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMongolicaGrosseserrata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,muehlenbergii,"Yellow Chestnut Oak, Chinkapin oak",medium,4 to 8,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry calcareous slopes and ridges, or on rich bottoms. Well-drained uplands, favouring limestone soils and avoiding acid soils.","Eastern N. America - Vermont and Ontario to Minnesota, Nebraska, Alabama and Texas.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+muehlenbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMuehlenbergii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,myrsinaefolia,,,6 to 9,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Warmer areas of Japan. Mixed mesophytic forests in mountain valleys at elevations of 200 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+myrsinaefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusMyrsinaefolia.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,nigra,Water Oak,,5 to 9,20.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods or borders of streams and bottomlands. The best specimens are found in well-drained, silty clay or loamy soils.","South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida, west to Oklahoma.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusNigra.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,oblongifolia,Mexican Blue Oak,,6 to 9,8.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A common tree of open oak woodlands in foothills, mountain slopes and in canyons, 1500 - 2000 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+oblongifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusOblongifolia.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,palustris,"Pin Oak, Swamp Oak",fast,4 to 8,25.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Deep rich soils[227, 229] in swampy woods and bottoms at low elevations. Often found in wet, poorly drained claypan soils typical of floodplains, tolerating short periods of spring flooding.","North-eastern and Central N. America - Massachusetts to Michigan, Virginia and Arkansas.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPalustris.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,petraea,"Sessile Oak, Durmast oak",slow,5 to 8,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, especially on acid soils and in the western part of Britain, where it is often dominant.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, S.W. Russia and Greece.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+petraea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPetraea.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,phellos,Willow Oak,medium,5 to 9,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low wet borders of swamps and streams, bottom lands and sandy uplands on rich soils[43, 82].","South-eastern N. America - Staten Island to Georgia, west to Texas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+phellos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPhellos.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,phillyreoides,"Black ridge oak,",slow,6 to 9,9.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets and open woods near seashores in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+phillyreoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPhillyraeoides.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,prinoides,Dwarf Chinkapin Oak,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny sites, often in rocky or acid sandy soils on dry plains, rocks, thickets and woodland edges.","Eastern and Central N. America - Maine to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+prinoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPrinoides.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,prinus,Rock Chestnut Oak,slow,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or rocky woods, mainly on siliceous soils and on the borders of streams. The best specimens are found on deep rich well-drained soils.",Eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia and Alabama.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+prinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPrinus.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,pubescens,Downy Oak,,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and dry hills in both siliceous and limestone soils.,Europe.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusPubescens.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,pungens,"Sandpaper Oak, Pungent oak",,6 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"On dry limestone or igneous slopes, usually in oak, pinyon, and juniper woodlands, chaparral, and sometimes descending into desert vegetation at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,robur,"Pedunculate Oak, English oak",slow,4 to 8,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Often the dominant woodland tree, especially on clay soils and in the eastern half of Britain, but avoiding acid peat and shallow limestone soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Urals and Crimea.",4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+robur,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusRobur.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,rubra,"Red Oak, Northern red oak",fast,3 to 7,25.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or upland woods. Found in a variety of soils, it grows best in those that are deep and fine textured, and the largest trees are found in protected ravines or on sheltered slopes.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Minnesota.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusRubra.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,semecarpifolia,,,7 to 10,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Often the dominant species on north-facing slopes in the Himalayas, from 2400 - 3600 metres[11, 146]. In China it grows right up to the tree-line, where it becomes a thicket-forming shrub.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+semecarpifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusSemecarpifolia.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,serrata,Bao li,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Deciduous forests below 100 - 2000 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusSerrata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,shumardii,"Shumard Oak, Schneck oak",medium,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Borders of streams and swamps in rich moist soils. Usually found in clay soils.,South-eastern N. America - Michigan to Florida and west to Texas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+shumardii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusShumardii.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,species,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,A collection of garden hybrids.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusSpecies.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,stellata,Post Oak,slow,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Rocky or sandy ridges and outcrops, also in dry woodlands in a variety of soils including gravelly, sandy, poor upland soils and heavy moist loamy soils, where it reaches its greatest height.","South-eastern N. America - Massachusetts to New York, Iowa, Florida and Texas.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+stellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusStellata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,suber,Cork Oak,slow,7 to 10,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Siliceous hills on the littoral.,S. Europe to N. Africa.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+suber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusSuber.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,suber occidentalis,Cork Oak,slow,7 to 10,18.0,13.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Siliceous hills on the littoral.,S. Europe to N. Africa.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+suber occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,undulata,Wavyleaf Oak,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandstone soils and dry rocky slopes.,"South-western N. America - Colorado to Texas, south to Mexico.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusUndulata.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,variabilis,Chinese Cork Oak,,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed woods, occasionally in pure stands, 800 - 1600 metres in W. China. Evergreen and deciduous forests below 3000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+variabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusVariabilis.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,velutina,Black Oak,medium,None to None,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods. Often found on poor dry sandy, heavy clay soils or on gravelly uplands and ridges[82, 227].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+velutina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusVelutina.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,virginiana,Live Oak,medium,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy dry to wet soils, especially by the coast[43, 149]. Usually found in sandy-loam soils, but it is also found in heavy clays.",South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida and Texas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusVirginiana.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,wislizenii,Live Oak,,None to None,20.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Desert mountain slopes and valleys below 1600 metres[71, 229]. No more than a shrub in the desert, forming trees in the sheltered coastal valleys.",South-western N. America - California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+wislizenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,x bebbiana,,slow,3 to 7,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,A hybrid of garden origin.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+x bebbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusXBebbiana.jpg
Fagaceae,Quercus,x hybrid,Burgambel oak,medium,3 to 8,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A cross between the bur oak, whose native range is in the eastern U.S., and the Gambel oak, whose native range is in the southwestern U.S. and Mexico.",Origin: Natural hybrid in W. N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+x hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quercus_x_hybrid1.JPEG
Quillajaceae,Quillaja,saponaria,"Soap-Bark Tree, Soapbark",slow,9 to 11,18.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous regions on the western slopes of the Andes[169, 171].","S. America - Chile, Peru.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quillaja+saponaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuillajaSaponaria.jpg
Simaroubaceae,Simarouba,amara,"Paradise tree, bitterwood",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey tree in moist thickets or wet forests at elevations up to 850 metres[331 , 418 ]. Rain and savannah forests[422 ]. Found in both dense, primary forest and also in the more open and secondary growth areas[419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Guatemala; Caribbean - Trinidad - Leeward Islands.",3,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Simarouba+amara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Simarouba amara 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,koaia,Koai'a,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Highly adapted to dry habitats, and is capable of forming dense forests in areas with very little rainfall. It was formerly found widely in dry forests on all of the main islands. Associated plants include uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis), hala (Pandanus tectorius), ko?oko?olau (Bidens spp.), koki?o (Hibiscus kokio), nehe (Lipochaeta spp.), hala pepe (Pleomele spp.), and ?ohi?a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha).",Hawaiian Islands.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+koaia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_koaia1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Acanthosicyos,horridus,Naras. Butterpips,fast,9 to 11,1.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy dunes of mostly dry river beds where subsurface water is available.[63 , 299 ].",Tropical Africa - Namib Desert from southern Angola to S. Africa.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acanthosicyos+horridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acanthosicyos_horridus1_Plants.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,murpheyi,"Hohokam Agave, Murphey agave",slow,8 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grows in warm temperate to subtropical highlands, arid to semi-arid. Plants are usually found in close proximity of major drainage systems on open, hilly slopes or alluvial terraces in desert scrub with pre-Columbian agricultural and settlement features. Agave murpheyi grows at elevations from 400 to 900 meters. ","Southern-central Arizona (U.S.A., Northern America) from the Bradshaw and New River Mountains, east to the Sierra Ancha Mountains and northern Sonora desert (Mexico).",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+murpheyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_murpheyi1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,palmeri,Palmer’s agave,medium,7 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bats', 'Insects', 'Hummingbirds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy to rocky or gravelly slopes and in grassland, oak savannah, and pine dominated communities, also along disturbed habitats near highways; at elevations from 900 - 2,200 metres[338 ].","Southwestern N. America - SE. Arizona to SW. New Mexico to northern Mexico (Sonora, NW. Chihuahua).",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_palmeri.jpg
Clusiaceae,Allanblackia,parviflora,"Vegetable tallow tree, Ouotera",fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Undergrowth in rain and secondary forest; at elevations up to 250 metres[328 ]. Most abundant in wet evergreen forest zone, especially on slopes and away from disturbed areas. Less common in semi-deciduous forest[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Guinea to Ghana.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allanblackia+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Allanblackia_parviflora1_Plants.JPEG
Amaranthaceae,Alternanthera,sissoo,"Brazilian Spinach, Sambu, Samba lettuce",fast,10 to 12,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alternanthera+sissoo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alternanthera sissoo.png
Annonaceae,Annona,atemoya,Atemoya,fast,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A hybrid of garden origin, it is not known in the wild.","A garden hybrid, Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa.",5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+atemoya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_atemoya.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,salzmannii,Beach Sugar Apple,slow,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry forest areas on tree-covered sand dunes and in coastal forests[ 416 , 625 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+salzmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_salzmannii1.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,vepretorum,"Araticum, Pinha da Caatinga, Araticum-da-bahia",slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in the dry forests of northeastern Brazil, growing in well-drained soils in areas of denser tree growth[ 625 ],",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+vepretorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona vepretorum.jpg
Fabaceae,Arachis,pintoi,Pinto peanut,fast,8 to 12,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low forest with a fairly dense canopy[310 ],S. America - eastern and central Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arachis+pintoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arachis_pintoi1_Plants.JPEG
Moraceae,Artocarpus,camansi,"Breadnut, Kamansi",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Alluvial forests in lowland areas, it is one of the first species to appear on the tops of frequently flooded banks of rivers[ 303 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia to Papua New Guinea.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+camansi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus camansi.jpg
Poaceae,Astrebla,squarrosa,Bull Mitchell grass,fast,4 to 12,1.5,0.1,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Heavy, cracking clays on plains and river flats, sometimes with Lysiphyllum or Excoecaria, or in Dicanthium-Eulalia grassland and cleared Brigalow areas; flowers after rain.",Australasia.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astrebla+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astrebla_squarrosa1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Ateleia,glazioveana,TIMBO,fast,10 to 12,13.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broadleaved and Atlantic rainforest, usually in open areas and secondary growth, favouring moist soils and forest fringes[ 419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ateleia+glazioveana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ateleia-glazioveana-1.jpg
Azollaceae,Azolla,pinnata,"Water Fern, Ferny or Red Azolla",fast,11 to 12,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Ponds and backwaters of rivers at elevations of 3 - 1,000 metres[ 308 ].","Widespread in tropical Africa and southeast Asia through to the Pacific including Australia, New Zealand.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azolla+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Azolla_pinnata1.jpg
Fabaceae,Baikiaea,plurijuga,"Rhodesian Teak, Zambesi Redwood",slow,10 to 12,15.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Confined to Kalahari sands, where it is often abundant and dominant in lowland tropical forests, often associated with Guibourtia coleosperma and Schinziophyton rautanenii, at elevations around 900 - 1,200 metres[ 308 , 325 ].",Southern tropical Africa - Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana; Namibia.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baikiaea+plurijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Baikiaea_plurijuga_1.jpg
Alliaceae,Bloomeria,crocea,"Golden Stars, Common goldenstar",,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry flats, hillsides, often in heavy soil, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, valley grasslands, oak woodlands from sea level to 1700 metres[71, 270].",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bloomeria+crocea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BloomeriaCrocea.jpg
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia crispifolia,Curled Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia crispifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea integrifolia crispifolia 1.jpg
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia rugosa,Head Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.6,0.6,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea integrifolia rugosa 1.jpg
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia strumata,Large Petiole Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.8,0.8,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia strumata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia subintegrifolia,Leaf Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia subintegrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea tsatsai multiceps,Green In The Snow,fast,6 to 10,0.4,0.4,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"Reported to be anodyne, aperitif, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, and stimulant, the plant is a folk",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea tsatsai multiceps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea tsatsai multiceps.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Buchanania,lanzan,"Almondette, Charoli Nut",medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In open and dry forests on poor soils[ 310 ]. Lowland forests in southern China at elevations of 100 - 900 metres[ 310 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buchanania+lanzan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Buchanania lanzan 1.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Bulnesia,sarmientoi,Pao Santo,slow,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Found mainly in deciduous, calcareous forests, open forests, in dryland varzeas on very saline soils with good deep water humidity[ 420 ].","Tropical S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Brazil and Bolivia.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulnesia+sarmientoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bulnesia sarmientoi 1.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,hachijoensis,Japanese sedge,medium,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,E. Asia.,"Native to low alpine areas in Japan. Most sedges are found in wetlands – such as marshes, calcareous fens, bogs and other peatlands, pond and stream banks, and riparian zones.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+hachijoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_hachijoensis1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Caryodendron,orinocense,"Taccy Nut, Nuez de Barinas",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in dense rain forests; at elevations from sea level to 2,300 metres[418 , 521 ].","Northern and western S. America - Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryodendron+orinocense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryodendron_orinocense1_Plants.JPEG
Moraceae,Castilla,ulei,Caucho Negro,medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Clearings and other open spots in primary forests, generally in company with Cecropia species; or in the fertile, sparsely wooded alluvial flats of valley bottoms[684 ]. Rainforests, where it is found at elevations from sea level to 500 metres in Ecuador.","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castilla+ulei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Castilla_ulei1.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,oligodon,"She-oak, kilu",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms extensive pure stands along river beds and on ridge tops at elevations up to 2,500 metres[ 303 ].",Australasia - Papua New Guinea.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+oligodon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Casuarina oligodon 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Centrolobium,sclerophyllum,Hard leaved tarara,fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Atlantic rainforest and semi-arid forest, occasional in the dense, primary formations but often quite plentiful in more open, secondary formations; favouring well-drained soils[ 625 ].",S. America - eastern and northeastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centrolobium+sclerophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Chlorocardium,rodiei,"Greenheart, Demerara Greenheart",medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A dominant component of a restricted belt of lowland rainforest on brown sand and is also found occasionally in other forest types[ 338 ]. Found mostly on slopes leading down to streams and in damp sites near streams[ 378 ].,"S. America - French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chlorocardium+rodiei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chlorocardium rodiei 1.jpg
Asteraceae,Chondrilla,ambigua,"Chondrilla, Sha di fen bao ju",fast,4 to 9,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sand dunes, gravel and loess areas; 300-800 m. Xinjiang - Kazakhstan, Russia (Southern European), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.",Northern Middle Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chondrilla+ambigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chondrilla_ambigua1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Cinnamomum,loureiroi,Saigon Cinnamon,medium,10 to 12,18.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests at low to medium elevations, occasionally ascending to 2,000 metres[ 785 ].",E. Asia - Vietnam.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinnamomum+loureiroi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinnamomum loureiroi 1.jpg
Rutaceae,Citropsis,gilletiana,Gillet's cherry-orange,medium,10 to 12,9.0,9.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,West tropical Africa - DR Congo.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citropsis+gilletiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citropsis gilletiana 1.JPG
Rutaceae,Citrus,x paradisi,"Grapefruit, Pomelo, Pamplemousse",medium,9 to 11,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,"A hybrid of garden origin, it probably arose in Barbados, perhaps as a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+x paradisi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusXParadisi3.gif
Fabaceae,Copaifera,multijuga,"Hayne oil, Copaiba,",slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rainforest[ 238 ].,S. America - Brazil.,1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+multijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera multijuga 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Cordeauxia,edulis,Yeheb. Yeheb nut,slow,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry areas[63 ]. Semi-arid scrub on coarse, deep red sands with a water table at 6.5 - 25.5 metres and at an elevation of 100 - 1,000 metres[324 ].","Northeastern tropical Africa - Somalia, Ethiopia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordeauxia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cordeauxia_edulis1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,digitata,Coyote Gourd,medium,10 to 12,5.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in sandy alluvial soil of washes and valleys or on dry plains and mesas; 5,000 ft (1524 m).","Native to northern Baja California at higher elevations, northern Sonora, Mexico, southern Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+digitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cucurbita_digitata1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,baronii,"Palissandre rouge des marais, hitsika, sovodrano",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland, evergreen, humid, rainforest, sea-level to 150, occ. 600 metres. Often by watercourses, also in swamp forest and the land margin of mangroves. Usually on sandy soils, sometimes saline, rarely on ferrallitic soils at higher altitudes[ 299 ].",Africa - eastern Madagascar.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+baronii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-baronii.jpg
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,mun,"Mun Ebony, Vietnamese Ebony",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Limestone mountains, at elevations below 800 metres[ 598 ].","Southeast Asia - Vietnam, Laos.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+mun,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,quaesita,"Calamander, kalu mediriya",slow,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Infrequent in lowland wet evergreen forest and in dry forest[ 338 ].,E. Asia - southestern Sri Lanka.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+quaesita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,filix-mas,Male Fern,medium,3 to 8,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,July to September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Damp undergrowth, woodlands and other shady positions[7, 9, 31].","Throughout Europe, including Britain, and temperate Asia.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+filix-mas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisFilix-mas.gif
Fabaceae,Erythrina,sandwicensis,"Wiliwili, Hawaiian coral tree",fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Lowland areas on the leeward side of the Islands, thriving in the hot, dry foothills and lowland dry forest[303 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+sandwicensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina_sandwicensis1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Esenbeckia,leiocarpa,"Brazilian Boxwood, Guaranta",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broadleaved, semideciduous forests, found only in dense, primary formations[ 419 ].",S. America - eastern and central Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Esenbeckia+leiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Esenbeckia-leiocarpa-1.jpg
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,brassiana,Cape York red gum,fast,9 to 11,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The natural habitat of the species is tropical and humid to subhumid. The tree can withstand temperatures of at least 32 degrees centigrade, and grows up to 650 m above sea level. It can tolerate a dry season of 3 to 5 months; minimum annual rainfall is 1,000 mm. Infertile soils are not considered a problem for the species. It grows on rocky slopes, inundated flats and depressions.","Australia, New Guinea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+brassiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_brassiana1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,urophylla,Timor White Gum,fast,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Frequently occurs as the dominant species in open, often secondary montane forests, where it grows on mountain slopes and in valleys[303 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+urophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_urophylla1.JPEG
Proteaceae,Euplassa,cantareirae,Louro Faja,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in the Atlantic rainforest, both in the mountain slopes and on the coastal plain, mainly in dense, primary forest, favouring moist, fertile soils[ 420 ].",S. America - southern and eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euplassa+cantareirae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Compositae,Gaillardia,x grandiflora,Blanket flower,fast,3 to 10,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Butterflies birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,A hybrid.,Garden origin.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaillardia+x grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gaillardia_x_grandiflora1.JPEG
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,mangostana,"Mangosteen, Manggis",slow,11 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"The tree is mostly known from cultivation, but is also probably wild on hillsides and ridges in undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests at elevations up to 200 metres[653 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+mangostana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-mangostana_Houtte.jpg
Leguminosae,Genista,pilosa procumbens,"Creeping broom, Creeping hairy broom",slow,6 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Poor, dry, sandy, and stony soils",Europe. Native range from southern Sweden to the Mediterranean; in dry summer areas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+pilosa procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Genista_pilosa_procumbens1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,balui,Clumping Bamboo,fast,10 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,"Asia. The plant is found in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, but probably due to cultivation.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+balui,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_balui1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Glechoma,hederacea,"Ground Ivy, Field Balm, Gill Over The Ground, Runaway Robin",fast,3 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp waste ground, hedgerows and woodland margins.","Most of Europe, including Britain, northern and western Asia to Japan.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glechoma+hederacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlechomaHederacea.gif
Fabaceae,Grazielodendron,riodocensis,Grazielodendron,slow,10 to 12,23.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An upper canopy tree in the dense, primary formations of the Atlantic rainforest[625 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grazielodendron+riodocensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Hablitzia,tamnoides,Caucasian spinach,fast,3 to 9,3.0,0.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Mesic woodland habitats especially spruce and beech woods in its native environment, among rocks and in ravines and along rivers.","Origin: The Caucasus, the border of Europe and Asia",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hablitzia+tamnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caucasian Spinach.jpg
Asteraceae,Helianthus,cusickii,Cusick's sunflower,fast,7 to 10,0.6,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry grassy slopes, open woodland, mountain forests and foothills. Elevation: 1050-1300m.","N. America. Native to the western United States from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, northern California, and northwestern Nevada.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+cusickii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_cusickii1.JPEG
Compositae,Helianthus,decapetalus,Thinleaf sunflower,medium,2 to 8,1.2,1.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woodlands, woodland borders, savannas, partially shaded areas along rivers, meadows, and thickets. Widespread in beech, maple, and red oak forests, especially at borders and openings.","Native to the Eastern and Central United States and Canada, from New Brunswick west to Iowa, Wisconsin, and Ontario, south as far as Georgia and Louisiana.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+decapetalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_decapetalus1.JPEG
Myristicaceae,Iryanthera,laevis,Cumala,medium,8 to 12,25.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,It is a tropical plant.,Origin: S. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iryanthera+laevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Iryanthera_laevis1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Leopoldinia,piassaba,Piassaba,fast,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Sandy soils near blackwater rivers and streams, rarely on white-water rivers[768 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leopoldinia+piassaba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leopoldinia piassaba 1.JPEG
Apiaceae,Ligusticum,canbyi,Osha,medium,3 to 6,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist streambanks, slopes and meadows in the montane grasslands and shrublands zone.",Western North America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+canbyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ligusticum_canbyi1.JPEG
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,japonica,Japanese Honeysuckle,fast,4 to 10,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Moths'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets in hills and mountains all over Japan. Woods in the mountains and lowlands of Korea.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. Locally naturalized in Britain[50].",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraJaponica.jpg
Celastraceae,Maytenus,obtusifolia,Blunt folia Maytenus,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - northern and eastern Brazil.,2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maytenus+obtusifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maytenus obtusifolia 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Miscanthus,x giganteus,Giant Miscanthus,fast,4 to 9,4.0,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Hybrid,Origin: Hybrid of Asian species.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Miscanthus+x giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Miscanthus_x_giganteus1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Myrciaria,vexator,"Blue Grape, False Jaboticaba",slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pastures along roadsides[307 ].,S. America - Venezuela; C. America - Panama and Costa Rica.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrciaria+vexator,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrciaria vexator 1.JPEG
Urticaceae,Myrianthus,arboreus,"Giant yellow mulberry, Monkeyfruit",medium,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary vegetation; more or less open places in rain-forests; damp places in forest; forest gallery and clearings; stream or lagoon and lake sides; flooded ground; sometimes in villages[328 ]. At elevations from 700 - 1,200 metres in Tanzania[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea to Central African Republic and Uganda, south to Angola, DR Congo and Tanzania.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrianthus+arboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrianthus arboreus 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Nabalus,albus,White Lettuce,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rich woods and thickets.,"North-eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to N. Dakota.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nabalus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NabalusAlbus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Nabalus,serpentarius,Lion's Foot,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Fields and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to New York, Florida, Alabama and Mississippi.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nabalus+serpentarius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NabalusSerpentarius.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Nageia,nagi,"Nagi, Nagi Podocarpus, Broadleaf  Podocarpus",medium,9 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to May,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains in C. and S. Japan. Evergreen broad-leaved and Quercus forests, forests on dry mountainsides, thickets, along streams at elevations of 200 - 1200 metres in China.","E. Asia - S. China, S. Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+nagi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NageiaNagi.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Nageia,wallichiana,Nageia,medium,9 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A sub-canopy to canopy tree, scattered but often common in primary rainforest with canopy heights to 50 metres or more, occurring from lowlands to montane forested ridges at elevations to 2,100 metres[338 ].","E. Asia - southwest China, India, Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nageia+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nageia_wallichiana_Blume.JPEG
Najadaceae,Najas,flexilis,Nodding waternymph,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,['Water'],,August to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shallow fresh or brackish water. Lakes and rivers; from sea level to 1500 metres in America.,"Nrthwestern Europe, including Britain. #eastern and western N. America.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Najas+flexilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NajasFlexilis.jpg
Najadaceae,Najas,graminea,Ricefield waternymph,,7 to 10,0.2,,Annual,,['Water'],,July to September,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, paddy fields, usually in still or slowly-moving waters. Rice fields and ditches. Found in one pond in Britain that is warmed by industrial outflow.",S. Europe to E. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Najas+graminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NajasGraminea.jpg
Najadaceae,Najas,marina,Spiny Naiad,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Water'],,September to November,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fresh or brackish water. Ponds, lakes and slowly-moving rivers at elevations up to 2700 metres in China. Brackish or highly alkaline waters of ponds and lakes to 1000 metres in America.","Cosmopolitan, found in most areas of the world, including Britain, but absent from colder regions.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Najas+marina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NajasMarina.jpg
Berberidaceae,Nandina,domestica,"Sacred Bamboo, Heavenly Bamboo",medium,6 to 9,2.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Ravines and valleys in mountains and warmer parts of C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and India.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nandina+domestica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NandinaDomestica.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Nannorrhops,ritchiana,Mazari Palm,slow,7 to 10,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, sparsely vegetated semi-arid desert regions where there is a water table close enough to the surface to provide a continuous supply of moisture.",W. Asia - Iran to Afghanistan and Pakistan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nannorrhops+ritchiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NannorrhopsRitchiana.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Narcissus,jonquilla,Jonquil,,4 to 8,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky hillsides, often on limestone, also in meadows and damp places.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Narcissus+jonquilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NarcissusJonquilla.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Narcissus,poeticus,Poet's Narcissus,,4 to 8,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp meadows in mountains.,Europe - France to Greece.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Narcissus+poeticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NarcissusPoeticus.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Narcissus,pseudonarcissus,"Wild Daffodil, Daffodil",,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woodlands and grassland.,"Western Europe, including Britain.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Narcissus+pseudonarcissus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NarcissusPseudonarcissus.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Narcissus,tazetta,"Bunchflower Daffodil, Cream narcissus",,7 to 10,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,January to February.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, meadows and garigue, especially in damp places, in the Mediterranean.",Europe to E. Asia.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Narcissus+tazetta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NarcissusTazetta.jpg
Valerianaceae,Nardostachys,grandiflora,Spikenard,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocks, ledges and open slopes, 3600 - 4800 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nardostachys+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NardostachysGrandiflora.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Nasturtium,microphyllum,"Watercress, Onerow yellowcress",,5 to 9,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Stream margins, ditches, flushes etc with moving water[17, 27], usually in chalk or limestone areas.","Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nasturtium+microphyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NasturtiumMicrophyllum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Nasturtium,officinale,Watercress,fast,3 to 11,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Stream margins, ditches, flushes etc with moving water[17, 27], usually in chalk or limestone areas.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden and Denmark south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nasturtium+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NasturtiumOfficinale.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Nasturtium,x sterile,Brown Watercress,,5 to 9,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Stream margins, ditches, flushes etc with moving water[17, 27], usually in chalk or limestone areas.",Western Britain in Britain and France.,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nasturtium+x sterile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Nauclea,latifolia,African Peach,medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry savannah and thickets[307 ]. A savannah shrub sometimes found in undisturbed fringing forest and closed savannah woodland[303 ].,West tropical Africa - Ghana to Gabon and DR Congo.,3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nauclea+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nauclea latifolia.JPEG
Polemoniaceae,Navarretia,squarrosa,"Skunk Weed, Skunkbush",,6 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,,,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry flats and fields in mixed woods below 800 metres in California.,Western N. America.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Navarretia+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NavarretiaSquarrosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Neillia,thyrsiflora,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Exposed slopes along streams at elevations of 1600 - 2100 metres in Nepal. In bushes at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in NW Yunnan, China.","E. Asia - Himalayas to western China, Burma and south to Indonesia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neillia+thyrsiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Nelumbonaceae,Nelumbo,lutea,"American Water Lotus, American lotus",,4 to 8,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Beetles']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mostly flood plains of major rivers in ponds, lakes, pools in marshes and swamps, and backwaters of reservoirs from sea level to 400 metres.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Minnesota, Nebraska and Louisiana.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nelumbo+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NelumboLutea.jpg
Nelumbonaceae,Nelumbo,nucifera,"Sacred Water Lotus, Sacred lotus",,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in large lakes to 1400 metres in the Himalayas.,"Western. Asia from Iran eastwards to China, Japan and Australia.",4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nelumbo+nucifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NelumboNucifera2.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Nemopanthus,mucronatus,Mountain Holly,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods, thickets and swamps.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Wisconsin, Indiana and Virginia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nemopanthus+mucronatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NemopanthusMucronatus.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Neobalanocarpus,heimii,Chengal,medium,10 to 12,40.0,28.0,Tree,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Widespread in mixed dipterocarp forest below 1,000 metres, especially on well-drained friable soils on undulating land[310 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neobalanocarpus+heimii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Neobalanocarpus heimii 1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Neolamarckia,cadamba,"Amboina, Kadam",fast,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An early-succession species, it grows best on deep, moist, alluvial sites, often in secondary forests along riverbanks and in the transitional zone between swampy, permanently flooded and periodically flooded areas[303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, China, Malaysia through Indo-China to Australia.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neolamarckia+cadamba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Neolamarckia cadamba 1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Neolitsea,sericea,,,8 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,September to October,January to February,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Ravines, thickets and woodland from 300 - 1300 metres in W. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neolitsea+sericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NeolitseaSericea.jpg
Myrtaceae,Neomyrtus,pedunculata,,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal to lower montane forest and shrubland on North, South and Stewart Islands, south from 35° south.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neomyrtus+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Nepeta,cataria,"Catmint, Catnip",,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to November,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides and near streams. Hedgerows, borders of fields, dry banks and waste ground, especially on calcareous and gravelly soils[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, W. and C. Asia to the Himalayas",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nepeta+cataria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NepetaCataria.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Nepeta,raphanorrhiza,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Locally common on open dry slopes, 1700 - 2000 metres in Kashmir.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas from Afghanistan to Kashmir.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nepeta+raphanorrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Nepeta,tenuifolia,Jing Jie,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sloping forest margins, valleys; 500-2700 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and cultivated in Fujian, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Zhejiang",E. Asia - Eastern China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nepeta+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Nepeta,tenuifolia japonica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sloping forest margins, valleys; 500-2700 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and cultivated in Fujian, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Zhejiang","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nepeta+tenuifolia japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapindaceae,Nephelium,lappaceum,"Rambutan, Hairy Lychee",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Found in the lower or middle storey in different types of primary and secondary forest ranging from dryland to swamp[303 ]. Lowland humid forests[307 ].,"E. Asia - China, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nephelium+lappaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nephelium_lappaceum_Hoola_van_Nooten.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Nephelium,ramboutan-ake,Pulasan,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found mostly in lowland primary forests, often on river banks but rarely in swamps, usually on sand or clay[303 ].","E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nephelium+ramboutan-ake,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nephelium ramboutan-ake 1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Nerium,oleander,"Oleander, Rose Bay",fast,9 to 11,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,River banks and river gravels in Europe.,S.W. Europe to E. Asia.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nerium+oleander,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NeriumOleander.jpg
Rubiaceae,Nertera,balfouriana,,,8 to 11,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp and boggy ground from lowland to the sub-alpine zone, especially amongst sphagnum moss.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nertera+balfouriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Nertera,ciliata,,,8 to 11,0.1,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane forests, North, South and Stewart Islands, southwards from latitude 43°s.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nertera+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Nertera,cunninghamii,,,8 to 11,0.1,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane damp forests, shrubland and boggy places, North and South Islands, between latitudes 35 to 44°s.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nertera+cunninghamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Nertera,granadensis,Bead Plant,,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal to sub-alpine damp forest, shrubland, grassland, boggy ground and herbfield, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nertera+granadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NerteraGranadensis.jpg
Fabaceae,Newtonia,buchananii,"East African Newtonia, Forest Newtonia",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy and subcanopy tree in highland forest areas at elevations from 1,100 - 1,800 metres in west Africa. In East and southern Africa it occurs in evergreen rainforest, often along watercourses and lakes, at elevations from 600 - 2,200 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, eastern DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Newtonia+buchananii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Newtonia_buchananii1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Nicandra,physaloides,Shoo Fly,fast,7 to 10,1.2,,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Naturalized in waste places and near dwellings in much of N. America.,S. America - Peru. Introduced and casual in Britain.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nicandra+physaloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NicandraPhysaloides.jpg
Solanaceae,Nicotiana,alata,"Tobacco, Jasmine tobacco, Nicotiana, Jasmine Tobacco, Ornamental Tobacco, Flowering  Tobacco",slow,6 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - S. Brazil to N. Argentina. Locally naturalized in C. Europe.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nicotiana+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NicotianaAlata.jpg
Solanaceae,Nicotiana,glauca,Tree Tobacco,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, walls and roadsides in the Mediterranean.",S. America - S. Bolivia to N. Argentina. Naturalized in the Mediterranean.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nicotiana+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NicotianaGlauca.jpg
Solanaceae,Nicotiana,rustica,"Wild Tobacco, Aztec tobacco",,7 to 10,1.5,,Annual,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The original habitat is obscure. Plants are naturalized in Eastern N. America where they grow in waste places, open areas etc.",S. America - Ecuador to Bolivia.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nicotiana+rustica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NicotianaRustica.jpg
Solanaceae,Nicotiana,tabacum,"Tobacco, Cultivated tobacco",,7 to 10,1.2,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. America. Naturalized in C. and S. Europe.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nicotiana+tabacum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NicotianaTabacum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Nigella,arvensis,Wild Fennel,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cornfields and dry hills on calcareous soils[50, 89].","Europe - Mediterranean, to W. Asia. A rare casual in Britain.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nigella+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NigellaArvensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Nigella,damascena,"Love-In-A-Mist, Devil in the bush",fast,None to None,0.6,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony, sunny positions.",Europe - Mediterranean. A rare casual in Britain.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nigella+damascena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NigellaDamascena.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Nigella,orientalis,Yellow Fennel Flower,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cornfields and dry hills on calcareous soils.,"Europe - Mediterranean, to W. Asia. A rare casual in Britain.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nigella+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Nigella,sativa,Black Cumin,,None to None,0.4,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, arable land and waysides.",N. Africa to Ethiopia and W. Asia.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nigella+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NigellaSativa.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Nitraria,schoberi,,,None to None,2.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Clayey and sandy, usually solonetzic soils in desert plains. Saline soils in arid regions[50, 144].",South-eastern Europe to Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nitraria+schoberi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NitrariaSchoberi.jpg
Cactaceae,Nopalea,cochenillifera,Cochineal plant.,slow,9 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a tropical plant.  It needs good sunlight.  It needs a temperature above 13°C.  It can grow in arid places. Hammocks, fields, sandy soils[270 ].","Mesoamerica. Central America - Mexico, Panama. Caribbean - Cuba, Puerto Rica.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nopalea+cochenillifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nopalea_cochenillifera1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,betuloides,,fast,6 to 9,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dominant or locally dominant in evergreen forest on better drained sites in areas of higher rainfall from sea level to 500 metres in S. Chile.,"S. America - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+betuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusBetuloides.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,cunninghamii,Myrtle Beech,fast,8 to 11,55.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist sheltered localities in temperate rainforests[154, 156].",Australia - Tasmania and Victoria.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+cunninghamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusCunninghamii.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,fusca,Red Beech,fast,8 to 11,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane forests southwards from 37°s, on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusFusca.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,menziesii,Silver Beech,fast,8 to 11,20.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane forest or a shrub in the sub-alpine zone, southwards from latitude 37° south in North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusMenziesii.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,obliqua,"Roblé, Roble beech",fast,6 to 9,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forests between latitudes 41°s and 38°s.,S. America - Chile to Argentina.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+obliqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusObliqua.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,procera,Rauli,fast,6 to 9,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forms forests in mountains, and is also found occasionally on coastal plains, between latitudes 35° and 40° south.",S. America - Chilean Andes.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusProcera.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,pumilio,Lenga,medium,6 to 9,40.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dominant or co-dominant in deciduous forest on better drained sites and well developed soils from sea level to 1800 metres.,Southern S. America.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+pumilio,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NothofagusPumilio.jpg
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,solanderi,Black Beech,fast,7 to 10,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Lowland and montane forest between latitudes 38°s and 44°s on North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+solanderi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Nothofagus,solanderi cliffortioides,Mountain Beech,fast,7 to 10,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Montane and sub-alpine forests and scrub, southwards from latitude 38°s, in North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothofagus+solanderi cliffortioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Nothoscordum,gracile,Slender false garlic,,6 to 9,0.5,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy roadsides, woods and cultivated ground in southeastern N. America.",South America. A garden escape in south-eastern N. America and Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nothoscordum+gracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumFragrans.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nuphar,advena,"Common Spatterdock, Yellow pond-lily, Varigated yellow pond-lily",,3 to 7,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, lakes, sluggish streams and rivers, springs, marshes, ditches, canals, sloughs, and tidal waters from sea level to 450 metres[43, 270].","Southeastern N. America - Labrador and Nova Scotia, south to Florida, Texas and Utah.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nuphar+advena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NupharAdvena.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nuphar,japonicum,,,5 to 9,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, lakes and shallow streams throughout Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nuphar+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NupharJaponicum.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nuphar,lutea,"Yellow Water Lily, Yellow pond-lily, Rocky Mountain pond-lily,  Varigated yellow pond-lily",,4 to 8,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep, slow moving or still water to a depth of 3metres[19, 100].","Europe, including Britain, to N. Asia.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nuphar+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NupharLutea.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nuphar,polysepala,"Spatterdock, Rocky Mountain pond-lily",,4 to 8,1.8,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, shallow lakes and slow-flowing rivers[60, 187], from valleys to almost 3,000 metres in the mountains.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nuphar+polysepala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NupharPolysepala.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nuphar,pumila,Yellow pond-lily,,None to None,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lakes, mainly in N. Scotland. Predominantly in cool usually acid infertile ponds and lakes of moors and mountains.","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to northern Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nuphar+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NupharPumila.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nymphaea,alba,"White Water Lily, European white waterlily",,4 to 8,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, ponds, slow moving streams, lakes and canals up to 1.2m deep[7, 9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphaea+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphaeaAlba.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nymphaea,candida,,,4 to 8,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, lakes and slow flowing streams.","Europe, southwest Asia, Himalayas, China and Siberia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphaea+candida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphaeaCandida.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nymphaea,odorata,"Fragrant Water Lily, American white waterlily",,4 to 8,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Acidic or alkaline ponds, lakes, sluggish streams and rivers, pools in marshes, ditches, canals, or sloughs from sea level to 1700 metres.","N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to California, Florida, Mexico and Cuba.",3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphaea+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphaeaOdorata.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nymphaea,tetragona,Pygmy Water Lily,,None to None,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds and shallow lakes in Japan. Ponds, lakes, and quiet streams from sea level to 1200 metres in northwestern N. America.",N.E. Europe to E. Asia and western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphaea+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphaeaTetragona.jpg
Nymphaeaceae,Nymphaea,tuberosa,"Tuberous Water Lily, American white waterlily",,3 to 7,,,,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mainly alkaline ponds, lakes and sluggish streams and rivers, usually in very oozy sediments at elevations of 100 - 400 metres.",Eastern N. America - Ontario and Quebec south to Kansas and Oklahoma.,3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphaea+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphaeaTuberosa.jpg
Menyanthaceae,Nymphoides,peltata,"Water Fringe, Yellow floatingheart",,5 to 9,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Water margins of ponds and slow moving water.,"Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, N. and W. Asia to Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphoides+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphoidesPeltata.jpg
Arecaceae,Nypa,fruticans,"Nipa Palm, Mangrove Palm",medium,11 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Flies'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Mangrove swamps, tidal areas in deep mud in swampy coastal lowland areas, growing in water or subject to tidal inundation[200 , 297 ].","E. Asia - India, Malaysia, Indo-China to northern Australia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nypa+fruticans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nypa fruticans 1.JPEG
Nyssaceae,Nyssa,aquatica,Water Tupelo,medium,6 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Swamps, bottomlands, or sites periodically under water, in soils ranging from clay to rich silts.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois and Texas.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nyssa+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NyssaAquatica.jpg
Nyssaceae,Nyssa,ogeche,"Ogeechee Lime, Ogeechee tupelo",,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet swamps on the coastal plain. Found in permanently wet sites or those that are inundated for part of the year.,South-eastern N. America - Florida to S. Carolina.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nyssa+ogeche,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NyssaOgeche.jpg
Nyssaceae,Nyssa,sylvatica,"Black Tupelo, Blackgum, Sour Gum, Black Tupelo",medium,4 to 9,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],May to October,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Low acid woods, swamps and shores in imperfectly drained soils[11, 43]. Also found on high wooded slopes in the south of its range.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Ontario and Texas.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nyssa+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NyssaSylvatica.jpg
Rosaceae,Oemleria,cerasiformis,"Oso Berry, Indian plum",,5 to 9,2.5,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky valleys and canyons by streams, roadsides and moist to fairly dry open woods.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oemleria+cerasiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OemleriaCerasiformis.jpg
Buxaceae,Pachysandra,procumbens,Allegheny spurge,slow,5 to 8,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodland with acid, well drained soils in shade or semi-shade.","Native to the southeast United States from West Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida, and west to Louisiana.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachysandra+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachysandra_procumbens1.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,popenovii,Granadilla de Quijos,fast,10 to 12,8.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Western S. America - Ecuador,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+popenovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora popenovii 1.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,tarminiana,"banana passionfruit, banana poka",fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Not known in a truly wild location, the plant probably arose in cultivation.",S. America - Colombia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+tarminiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora tarminiana 1.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Paullinia,yoco,Yoco,medium,10 to 12,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paullinia+yoco,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paullinia yoco 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,purpurea,"Purpleheart, Amaranth, Nazareno",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in very humid climates, it grows best in the hills or in areas with good soil drainage at elevations from 50 - 500 metres[381 ].","Northern S. America - Colombia; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne purpurea 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,venosa,Purpleheart,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforest, especially creek forest[422 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+venosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne venosa 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pentaclethra,macrophylla,"African Oil Bean. Oil Bean Tree, Owala Oil",fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mainly in lowland rainforest, but also sometimes in the high forest zone[303 ]. Often occurs near streams and on the edges of damp depressions, and is frequently seen as a small tree of untidy habit and large crown on roadsides and farms[303 ].","West tropical Africa - Senegal to Central African Republic, south to Angola and the Congo.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentaclethra+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pentaclethra_macrophylla1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,japonicus,"Sweet Coltsfoot, Japanese sweet coltsfoot, Butterbur",fast,5 to 9,0.6,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February,March,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woods and thickets.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. Naturalized in Britain.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesJaponicus.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Phlox,stolonifera,Creeping phlox,medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Indigenous to rich deciduous woodlands, stream banks, open woods and shaded rocky slopes mostly in the Appalachian Mountains.","Native to woodlands in the vicinity of the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to northern Georgia in the United States. Naturalized populations occur as far north as Québec, Canada.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlox+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phlox_stolonifera1.JPEG
Polytaenia,Polytaenia,nuttallii,Nuttall's prairie parsley,medium,4 to 6,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies, plains, savannas, open woods",Native to the central and midwestern United States.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polytaenia+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Polytaenia_nuttallii1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,tamarugo,Tamarugo,fast,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid salt flats, sometimes with salt incrustation of 10 - 60cm thickness at the surface and the water table at a depth of 20 metres[418 ].",S. America - northern Chile.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+tamarugo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_tamarugo1.JPEG
Araliaceae,Pseudopanax,arboreus,Puahou,,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and open scrub from sea-level to 760 metres from North Cape to Southland.,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudopanax+arboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudopanaxArboreus.jpg
Olacaceae,Ptychopetalum,olacoides,"Muira Puama, marapuama",medium,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Native to the Amazon rainforest.,Northern S. America - Brazil.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptychopetalum+olacoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ptychopetalum olacoides 1.JPEG
Olacaceae,Ptychopetalum,uncinatum,Muira Puama,medium,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Northern S. America - Brazil.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptychopetalum+uncinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ptychopetalum uncinatum 1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Quercus,× schuettei,Schuette's oak,fast,4 to 8,18.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,Native Range: Garden origin,"Naturally occurring hybrid scattered through locations where the ranges of the parent trees coincide (southern Ontario and Quebec south to Kentucky, Missouri and Oklahoma).",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+× schuettei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quercus_×_schuettei1.JPEG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,× hybridum,Garden Rhubarb,medium,3 to 8,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Garden Hybrid,Cosmopolitan,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+× hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rheum_x_hybridum1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rorippa,amphibia,Great Yellow Cress,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"By ponds, ditches and streams, often in water, in acid or calcareous conditions.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rorippa+amphibia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RorippaAmphibia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rorippa,palustris,"Yellow Marsh Cress,  Bog yellowcress, Hispid yellowcress,  Western bog yellowcress",,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist places, especially where water stands only in the winter.","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world including Britain.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rorippa+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RorippaPalustris.jpg
Poaceae,Saccharum,hybrids,Energy Cane,fast,8 to 12,6.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Originated in cultivation.,Not known as a wild plant. Hybrid of Asian species.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saccharum+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Saccharum_hybrids1.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Salvia,dorisiana,Sage Fruity Pineapple,fast,9 to 12,1.3,1.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Hummingbirds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Central America - Honduras.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+dorisiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salvia_dorisiana1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,ellipticum,Coast Sandalwood,slow,9 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually near the ocean shore; less often inland in dry gulches, on slopes or ridges, and frequently in rocky habitats; arid shrub land and forest, often persisting in areas invaded by non_native species; at elevations up to 560 metres[312 ],",Pacific - Hawaii.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+ellipticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum ellipticum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,freycinetianum,"Lanai Sandalwood, Hawaiian Sandalwood",slow,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Exposed, open grasslands on old lava flows in the dryer regions of Hawaii at elevations of 600 metres or more[509 ]. Most often found on slopes and ridges, it can be locally common in dry, mesic, and wet forests[337 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+freycinetianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum freycinetianum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,haleakalae,"Haleakala Sandalwood, Lliahi",slow,9 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Restricted to scattered areas in the subalpine shrub land on dry slopes, especially in foggy areas; at elevations from 1,900 - 2,700 metres[312 ].","Pacific - Hawaii, only on the island of Maui.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+haleakalae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum haleakalae 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,paniculatum,"Mountain Sandalwood, Hawaiian Sandalwood, 'Iliahi",slow,10 to 11,7.5,7.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry forest areas on lava substrates or on cinder cones, up to higher elevations in more humid forest, or in secondary Metrosideros forest; at elevations from about 450 - 2,550 metres[312 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum paniculatum 1.JPEG
Crassulaceae,Sedum,oreganum,Oregon stonecrop,,5 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Chiefly montane on rock ledges, gravelly ridges and talus slopes.",Western N. America - Oregon to Alaska.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+oreganum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumOreganum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,spathulifolium,"Broadleaf Stonecrop,  Purdy's stonecrop, Yosemite stonecrop, Stonecrop, Blood Leaf Sedum",medium,6 to 10,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Coastal cliffs and ledges, or in the gravelly soil of the foothills.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+spathulifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSpathulifolium.jpg
Aizoaceae,Sesuvium,portulacastrum,"Sea Purslane, Shoreline seapurslane",,8 to 10,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal dunes and beaches.,Worldwide in Tropical and Subtropical regions.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesuvium+portulacastrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SesuviumPortulacastrum.jpg
Rubiaceae,Sherardia,arvensis,"Field Madder, Blue fieldmadder",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Flies'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bare and cultivated ground, arable fields and waste places throughout Britain, ascending to 350 metres in Scotland[17, 200].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sherardia+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SherardiaArvensis.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,robusta,Sal Tree,fast,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A rare plant in China, it is gregarious in savannah woodlands at elevations below 800 metres in south-eastern Xizang[266 ]. Often the main tree in forests of Nepal at elevations up to 1,400 metres[266 ].",E. Asia - Indian subcontinent to south-western China[266 ].,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea robusta 1.JPEG
Compositae,Silphium,trifoliatum,Whorled rosinweed,medium,4 to 6,1.8,1.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, grassy areas such as prairies, river cobble bars, and roadsides.",Native to the eastern United States east of the Mississippi River.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+trifoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Silphium_trifoliatum1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,irio,London Rocket,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, walls and waste places.",Mediterranean. Long naturalized or possibly native in Britain[17].,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+irio,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisymbriumIrio.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,herbacea,"Carrion Flower, Smooth carrionflower",,4 to 8,2.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodlands, meadows and rich alluvial thickets. Higher elevations in rich woods, alluvial thickets, and meadows, often in calcareous soils at elevations of 100--800 metres.",Eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxHerbacea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,viridula,Green Needlegrass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains and dry slopes.,"Eastern and central N. America - Alberta and Saskatchewan to Illinois, Montana and Arizona.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+viridula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StipaViridula.jpg
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,orientale,White comfrey,fast,3 to 9,0.8,0.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hedgerows and copses, on lane sides, by roads and railways, on waste ground. It is often naturalised, and sometimes regenerates from seed.","Native to: Lebanon-Syria, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine. Introduced into: Slovakia, Czech Republic, France, Great Britain, Italy.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Symphytum_orientale1.JPEG
Thelypteridaceae,Thelypteris,noveboracensis,New York fern,medium,2 to 8,0.5,0.5,Fern,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist woodlands, moist sandy woodlands, upland rocky woodlands, shaded sandstone cliffs, low areas along streams in wooded areas, shaded seeps and springs along hillsides and ravines, and swamps.","Eastern United States and Canada, from Louisiana to Newfoundland, but most concentrated within Appalachia and the Atlantic Northeast.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelypteris+noveboracensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thelypteris_noveboracensis1.JPEG
Urticaceae,Touchardia,latifolia,Olona,slow,10 to 12,2.0,,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mesic valleys and wet forest at elevations from 70 - 1,200 metres[417 ]. Deep ravines[454 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Touchardia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Touchardia latifolia 1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Uncaria,guianensis,Cat's Claw,fast,10 to 12,30.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Found mainly in secondary forest[646 ].,"S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; north to Tr",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uncaria+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Uncaria guianensis 1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,australe,Northern Blueberry,medium,2 to 7,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Swamps, low wet woods, pine barrens and dry uplands.","Introduced in Europe (Britain, The Netherlands), Asia (Japan), USA, Canada.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vaccinium_australe1.JPEG
Leguminosae,Vicia,caroliniana,"Carolina vetch, Carolina wood vetch",medium,3 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Acid soils on rocky slopes, rocky woods, ridges, streambanks.","Native to the United States, V. caroliniana is now found throughout the eastern half of the country, from Texas east to Florida and north to New York and Minnesota. It is also found in Ontario, Canada.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vicia_caroliniana1.JPEG
Rosaceae,x,Sorbaronia hybrid,Aronia x mountain ash,medium,3 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,A cultivated plant.,Hybrid,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=x+Sorbaronia hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/x_Sorbaronia_hybrid1.JPEG
Rosaceae,x,Sorbo­crataegus hybrid,Haw x mountain ash,medium,3 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,A cultivated plant.,Hybrid,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=x+Sorbo­crataegus hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/x_Sorbo­crataegus_hybrid1.JPEG
Rosaceae,x,Sorbopyrus hybrid,Pear x mountain ash,medium,3 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,A cultivated plant.,Hybrid,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=x+Sorbopyrus hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/x_Sorbopyrus_hybrid1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Achnatherum,hymenoides,"Indian Millet, Indian ricegrass",,7 to 10,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy prairies and rocky slopes. Generally found in dry, well-drained soils, in association with a range of plants.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Manitoba, south to Texas, California and Mexico.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achnatherum+hymenoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchnatherumHymenoides.jpg
Orchidaceae,Anacamptis,pyramidalis,Pyramidal Orchid,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,April to June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Grassland, on chalk or limestone and on calcareous dunes, mainly in the southern part of Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anacamptis+pyramidalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnacamptisPyramidalis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,truncata,Wedgescale Saltbush,,7 to 10,0.9,0.9,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Saline saltgrass-greasewood-rabbitbrush communities, and other pans or palustrine or lacustrine habitats at elevations of 400 - 2700 metres.",Western N. America - southern British Columbia to California.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+truncata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Cephalostachyum,pergracile,Tinwa Bamboo,slow,10 to 12,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed deciduous forests, often growing with teak[146 , 310 ]. It is vigorous in moister forests but stunted in the driest forests. Characteristic of low, hilly country, it thrives best on well-drained loams and usually grows in large stands[310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalostachyum+pergracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cephalostachyum_pergracile1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Dactylorhiza,incarnata,Marsh Orchid,,6 to 9,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows and marshes in rich soils[17, 42].","Europe, including Britain, north to Norway and east to W. Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactylorhiza+incarnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DactylorhizaIncarnata.gif
Orchidaceae,Dactylorhiza,maculata,Spotted Orchid,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Beetles']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Moist acid peaty substrata throughout the British Isles.,"W. Europe in Britain and France, north through Germany ad Belgium to Scandanavia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactylorhiza+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dactylorhiza_maculata_Norway(2).jpg
Oleaceae,Fraxinus,ornus,"Manna Ash, Flowering ash",slow,5 to 6,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,September to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mixed woodland, thickets and rocky places, mainly on limestone.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+ornus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraxinusOrnus.gif
Orchidaceae,Gymnadenia,conopsea,Fragrant Orchid,,6 to 9,0.3,,Bulb,,['Moths'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Locally abundant in base-rich grassland, especially on chalk or limestone, fens and marshes.","Europe, including Britain, to north and west Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnadenia+conopsea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GymnadeniaConopsea.gif
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,integra,Mochi Tree,,6 to 9,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods in hills and low mountains, often near the sea, in C. and S. Japan[58, 184].","E. Asia - E. China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+integra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexIntegra.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Isodon,inflexus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thin woods and thickets in hills and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isodon+inflexus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Macromeria,viridiflora,"Giant Trumpets, Thurber's giant-trumpets",,6 to 9,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky slopes and in valleys in pine forest and in scrub, 1000 - 2750 metres.",South-western N. America - New Mexico to Arizona and N. Mexico.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macromeria+viridiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MacromeriaViridiflora.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Matteuccia,orientalis,,,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matteuccia+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatteucciaOrientalis.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Matteuccia,struthiopteris,Ostrich Fern,medium,2 to 7,1.0,0.5,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Light shade on rocky stream banks, forming extensive colonies. Wooded ravines in Turkey, 650 - 1200 metres.",N. Temperate zone. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matteuccia+struthiopteris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatteucciaStruthiopteris.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Mirabilis,nyctaginea,"Wild Four O'clock Plant, Heartleaf four o'clock",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and rich soil. Often found in calcareous clay soils.,N. America - Wisconsin to Mexico.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mirabilis+nyctaginea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MirabilisNyctaginea.jpg
Poaceae,Ochlandra,spp.,"Elephant grass, Clumping Bamboo",fast,10 to 12,6.0,3.0,Bamboo,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Various depending on the species.,Origin: S. Asia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ochlandra+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ochlandra_spp1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Ochroma,pyramidale,Balsa Wood,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bats', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist, lowland, limestone forest[307 ]. Common along the margins of lakes or in disturbed areas, rare in the older forest where it is a large tree[315 ]. It is found mainly on fertile, bottom-land soils along the sides of streams[378 ]","S. America - Bolivia, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Guatemala.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ochroma+pyramidale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ochroma pyramidale 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ocimum,basilicum,"Sweet Basil, Common Basil, Thai Basil, Tropical Basil",fast,9 to 11,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Long cultivated, its original habitat is obscure.",Tropical Asia?,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocimum+basilicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OcimumBasilicum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ocimum,minimum,Bush Basil,,9 to 11,0.3,,Annual,,['Bees'],,August to September,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Long cultivated, its original habitat is obscure.",Tropical Asia?,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocimum+minimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OcimumMinimum.jpg
Lamiaceae,Ocimum,tenuiflorum,Sacred Basil,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Naturalized in waste places or in settled areas and thickets[418 ].,"E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocimum+tenuiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocimum tenuiflorum1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Lauraceae,Ocotea,cymosa,Varongy,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Forests and coastal sands at elevations up to 1,000 metres[455 ].",Africa - eastern Madagascar.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocotea+cymosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocotea cymosa 1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Ocotea,kenyensis,"Transvaal stinkwood, stinkhout",fast,10 to 12,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in evergreen rainforest at elevations from 1,100 - 2,600 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Ethiopia, Sudan, eastern DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, S. Africa.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocotea+kenyensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocotea kenyensis 1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Ocotea,porosa,"Brazilian-walnut, imbuia",slow,10 to 12,18.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Araucaria forest and higher elevations in the Atlantic rainforest, favouring secondary formations[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, southern and eastern Brazil.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocotea+porosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocotea porosa 1.JPEG
Datiscaceae,Octomeles,sumatrana,Ilimo Tree,fast,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rainforests, especially along the sides of rivers, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[325 , 451 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Octomeles+sumatrana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Octomeles sumatrana 1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Oemleria,cerasiformis,"Oso Berry, Indian plum",,5 to 9,2.5,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky valleys and canyons by streams, roadsides and moist to fairly dry open woods.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oemleria+cerasiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OemleriaCerasiformis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Oenanthe,aquatica,"Water Dropwort, Fineleaf waterdropwort",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"In slow moving or stagnant water, and by the sides of streams, avoiding acid conditions.","Europe, including Britain, though absent from the far north, to W. Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenanthe+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenantheAquatica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Oenanthe,javanica,"Water Dropwort, Java waterdropwort, 	Stolon waterdropwort",,5 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ditches, ponds and wet places in lowland areas all over Japan. Marshlands, lakeshores, muddy stream banks and shallow water at elevations of 600 - 3000 metres in most parts of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea to Australia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenanthe+javanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenantheJavanica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Oenanthe,peucidanifolia,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet grassland.,Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenanthe+peucidanifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Oenanthe,pimpinelloides,"Meadow Parsley, Corkyfruit waterdropwort",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows and damp grassy places.,"Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to Spain and W. Asia",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenanthe+pimpinelloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenanthePimpinelloides.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Oenanthe,sarmentosa,"Water Dropwort,Water parsely",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low wet places.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenanthe+sarmentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenantheSarmentosa.jpg
Arecaceae,Oenocarpus,bataua,Pataua Palm. Bataua,fast,10 to 12,20.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rainforest[314 ]. Tropical rainforests of South America, in a wide range of growing conditions from swampy lowlands to mountainous regions[370 ]. Found in both inundated and non-inundated areas[768 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama; Caribbean - Trinidad.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenocarpus+bataua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oenocarpus_bataua1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Oenocarpus,distichus,"Pataua, Bacaba, White bacaba",slow,10 to 12,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dryland forests and the transitional vegetation of the savannahs[416 ]. Lowland rainforest, as well as in somewhat drier areas on the margins on savannah[314 ]. Grows in areas not subject to seasonal inundation at elevations up to 350 metres[768 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenocarpus+distichus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oenocarpus_distichus1.JPEG
Onagraceae,Oenothera,albicaulis,Whitest Evening Primrose,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rather dry grassy and disturbed places, 800 - 2200 metres.",Western N. America - Arizona to S. Dakota and Montana.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+albicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraAlbicaulis.jpg
Onagraceae,Oenothera,biennis,"Evening Primrose, Sun Drop, Common evening primrose",,4 to 8,1.2,,Biennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dunes, roadsides, railway banks and waste places in Britain, often in sandy soils.","Eastern N. America - Labrador, south to Florida and Texas. Naturalized in Britain.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+biennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraBiennis.jpg
Onagraceae,Oenothera,brevipes,Golden Suncup,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes and washes below 1500 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+brevipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraBrevipes.jpg
Onagraceae,Oenothera,elata hookeri,Hooker's Evening Primrose,,6 to 9,0.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open soils, meadows and roadsides.",North-western N. America.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+elata hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraElataHookeri.jpg
Onagraceae,Oenothera,glazioviana,"Large-Flower Evening Primrose, Redsepal evening primrose",,3 to 7,1.5,,Biennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, probably O. grandiflora x O. elata.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+glazioviana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraGlazioviana.jpg
Onagraceae,Oenothera,lamarckiana,,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Sandy soils.,Europe to Eastern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+lamarckiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraLamarckiana.jpg
Onagraceae,Oenothera,odorata,,,4 to 8,0.9,0.3,Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Southern S. America - Chile.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraOdorata.jpg
Santalaceae,Okoubaka,aubrevillei,Okoubaka tree,medium,10 to 12,23.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Forests on rocky hills, usually solitary but occasionally in pure stands in Ghana and Cote D'Ivoire[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Cameroon and DR Congo.,0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Okoubaka+aubrevillei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Okoubaka aubrevillei 1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Oldenlandia,diffusa,Snake-Needle Grass,,7 to 10,0.3,0.3,Annual,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist ground and fields. A weed of gardens and fields.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Formosa.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oldenlandia+diffusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Olea,europaea,"Olive, African olive,  European olive",slow,8 to 10,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Woods and scrub in dry rocky places.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olea+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OleaEuropaea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,avicenniifolia,Akeake,,7 to 10,3.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sub-alpine scrub to 1000 metres in South Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+avicenniifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,ilicifolia,,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Lowland to sub-alpine forest and scrub, southwards from latitude 38°s on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+ilicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,macrodonta,,medium,7 to 10,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Lowland to sub-alpine forest to 1300 metres, southwards from latitude 37° 30's on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+macrodonta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,paniculata,,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OleariaPaniculata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,solandri,,slow,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Coastal situations and occasionally inland on South Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+solandri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OleariaSolandri.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,traversii,,medium,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Forests on Chatham Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+traversii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,virgata,,fast,6 to 9,3.5,3.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Lowland, shrubland and boggy ground, southwards from latitude 37°s on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+virgata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,x haastii,,,7 to 10,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"A naturally occurring hybrid, O. avicenniifolia x O. moschata.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+x haastii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Olneya,tesota,"Desert ironwood, Ironwood",medium,None to None,9.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Desert washes below 600 metres.,South-western N. America - California to Arizona and Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olneya+tesota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OlneyaTesota.jpg
Olacaceae,Ongokea,gore,Boleko Nut,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dense evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forests[299 ]. It occurs on dry ground and in periodically inundated localities[299 ].,"West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to the Congo, south to Angola.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ongokea+gore,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ongokea gore 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Onobrychis,viciifolia,Sainfoin,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grassland on chalk and limestone.,"Europe, including Britain, from France south and east to Spain, Siberia, Caucasus and Iran.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onobrychis+viciifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnobrychisViciifolia.jpg
Onocleaceae,Onoclea,sensibilis,Sensitive Fern,fast,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,June to October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Open swamps, thickets, marshes, or low woods, in sunny or shaded locations, often forming thick stands from sea level to elevations of 1500 metres,",N. America - east of the Rockies to N.E. Asia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onoclea+sensibilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnocleaSensibilis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Ononis,repens,"Rest Harrow, Common restharrow",,5 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Dry grassland on calcareous soils[5, 17].","Western Europe in Britain, France and Belgium.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ononis+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnonisRepens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Ononis,spinosa,Spiny Rest Harrow,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Chalk and limestone grassland, stony hillsides and open pine forests, mainly on dry stony ground.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ononis+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnonisSpinosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Onopordum,acanthium,"Scotch Thistle, Scotch cottonthistle",slow,5 to 9,1.5,1.0,Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Waste places and arable land, especially on chalky and sandy soils, avoiding shade[4, 9]. Also found on slightly acid soils.","Europe, possibly including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and W. Asia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onopordum+acanthium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnopordumAcanthium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Onopordum,illyricum,"Cotton Thistle, Illyrian cottonthistle",,6 to 9,1.3,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny and well-drained habitats.,S. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onopordum+illyricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnopordumIllyricum.jpg
Boraginaceae,Onosma,bracteatum,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky slopes in dry areas, 3300 - 5000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh to C. Nepal.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onosma+bracteatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Onosma,echioides,Onosma,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Limestone slopes and rocks to 1600 metres. Crevices in rocks and cliffs.,S. Europe to N. Africa.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onosma+echioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OnosmaEchioides.jpg
Boraginaceae,Onosma,frutescens,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Limestone slopes and rocks to 1600 metres.,S.W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onosma+frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Onosma,hispidum,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, rocky and savannah slopes, 1700 - 2000 metres in Kashmir. Found at elevations up to 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Onosma+hispidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ophioglossaceae,Ophioglossum,reticulatum,Adder's tongue fern,medium,10 to 12,0.2,0.1,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Grassland in open damp sandy soil at elevations up to 1,500 metres in Africa[200 , 299 ]. Moist sandy soils, seasonally wet soils, along roads, on termite hills, in montane grassland among rocks and forest margins, from sea-level up to 2,500 metres[299 ].",Pantropical.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophioglossum+reticulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ophioglossum_reticulatum_Hooker_1.JPEG
Ophioglossaceae,Ophioglossum,vulgatum,"Adder's Tongue, 	Southern adderstongue",,4 to 8,0.3,,Fern,,,,,May to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp grassland, fens and scrub.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to N. Africa, north and west Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophioglossum+vulgatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphioglossumVulgatum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Ophiopogon,japonicus,"Snake's Beard, Dwarf lilyturf, Mondo Grass, Monkey Grass,  Dwarf Lilyturf",slow,7 to 11,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Damp ground in shady places in lowland and foothills. Forests, dense scrub in ravines, moist and shady places on slopes and along streams, cliffs at elevations of 200 - 2800 m in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophiopogon+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphiopogonJaponicus.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,apifera,Bee Orchid,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pastures, field borders, banks and copses on chalk or limestone, especially on recently disturbed soils; also on base-rich clays and calcareous dunes.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+apifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysApifera.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,araneola,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. and C. Europe.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+araneola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysAraneola.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,bertolonii,,,6 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. and C. Europe.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+bertolonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysBertolonii.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,bombyliflora,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+bombyliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysBombyliflora.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,fusca,Brown Bee Orchid,,6 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky, grassy and bushy places.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysFusca.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,holoserica,Late Spider Orchid,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to July,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Very rare and local on chalk downs and field borders in S. E. England.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to the Near East.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+holoserica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysHoloserica.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,insectifera,Fly Orchid,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, copses, field borders, spoil slopes, banks and grassy hillsides on chalk or limestone and in fens.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to the Mediterranean.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+insectifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysInsectifera.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,iricolor,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Chalk and marl soils in Israel.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+iricolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysIricolor.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,lutea,Yellow Bee Orchid,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to June,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Calcareous soils in open places in the maquis and garigue, often in full sun.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysLutea.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,scolopax,Woodcock Orchid,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places and stony ground.,S. Europe.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+scolopax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysScolopax.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,sphegodes,Early Spider Orchid,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy slopes, banks and field borders on chalk or limestone.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+sphegodes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysSphegodes.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,tenthredinifera,Sawfly Orchid,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Calcareous soils in open places in scrub to 1200 metres.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+tenthredinifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysTenthredinifera.jpg
Orchidaceae,Ophrys,vernixia,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+vernixia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OphrysVernixia.jpg
Araliaceae,Oplopanax,horridus,Devil's Club,,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist woods, especially by streams[11, 60] and usually in rich soils.",Western N. America.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oplopanax+horridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OplopanaxHorridus.jpg
Araceae,Oplopanax,japonicus,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist woods, especially by streams and usually in rich soils.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oplopanax+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Opopanax,chironium,Opopanax,,5 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to August,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony ground, olive groves, vineyards etc.",S. Europe.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opopanax+chironium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpopanaxChironium.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,compressa,"Eastern Prickly Pear, Prickly Pear Cactus",fast,8 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Opn dry areas. Rocky bluffs, sand dunes, dry rocky or sandy grasslands.",North-eastern N. America. Naturalized on rocks and walls in S. and S.C. Europe.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+compressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaCompressa.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,dillenii,"Dillen prickly pear, ",medium,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A weed of semi-arid, sub-tropical, tropical and warmer temperate regions. It may inhabit open woodlands, rangelands, grasslands, pastures, creekbanks, roadsides, railways lines, coastal environs, gardens, disturbed sites and waste areas.","Origin: Mesoamerica. Native to south-eastern USA (i.e. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Texas), Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and parts of northern South America (i.e. Ecuador).",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+dillenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Opuntia_dillenii1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Opuntia,erinacea,Mojave Prickly Pear,,8 to 11,0.5,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Gravelly rocky soil under dry conditions in creosote bush scrub, pinyon-juniper and joshua tree woodland, chaparral and yellow pine forest at elevations of 800 - 2800 metres.",South-western N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+erinacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cactaceae,Opuntia,ficus-indica,"Prickly Pear, Barbary fig",,8 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Naturalized in the Mediterranean where it grows in dry arid and rocky places.,Original habitat is obscure.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+ficus-indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaFicus-indica.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,fragilis,"Prickly Pear, Brittle pricklypear",,7 to 10,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry prairies, sandhills and rocks.","N. America - Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota to South Dakota, British Columbia, Kansas and Utah.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+fragilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaFragilis.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,howeyi,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,N. America - eastern Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+howeyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaHoweyi.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,imbricata,Tree Chola,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Sandy to gravelly soils.,South-western N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+imbricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaImbricata.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,littoralis,Western Prickly Pear,,None to None,0.6,1.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry soils in coastal sage scrub from near sea level to elevations of 400 metres.,South-western N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaLittoralis.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,macrorhiza,Twist-Spine Prickly Pear,,8 to 11,0.1,0.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy, gravelly or rocky soil in grasslands. Plants can sometimes persist for years under invading trees.",South-western N. America - Texas to Missouri and Kansas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+macrorhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaMacrorhiza.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,microdasys,"Bunny Ears, Angel's-wings",,7 to 10,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Desert hills, uplands, sandy to loamy calcareous soils at elevations of 1700 - 2100 metres.",South-western N. America - Arizona to Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+microdasys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaMicrodasys.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,phaeacantha,"Bastard Fig, Tulip pricklypear",,8 to 11,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry prairies and open woodlands, often on sandy soils.",South-western N. America.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+phaeacantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaPhaeacantha.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,polyacantha,"Plains Prickly Pear, El Paso pricklypear, Grizzlybear pricklypear, Navajo Bridge pricklypear, Hairsp",,3 to 7,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry prairies, sand hills and rocks.",N. America - British Columbia to Oregon and Texas,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+polyacantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaPolyacantha.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,ramosissima,Branched Pencil Cholla,,7 to 10,0.6,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry situations in creosote bush scrub and joshua tree woodland.,South-western N. America - California to Arizona.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+ramosissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpuntiaRamosissima.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,tomentosa,"Velvet prickly pear, Woollyjoint Pricklypear",medium,9 to 12,4.5,4.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"This species is mostly found in sub-tropical, semi-arid and warmer temperate environments. It is a weed of roadsides, railways, pastures, grasslands, open woodlands, rangelands, disturbed sites and waste areas.",Origin: Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico and Guatemala.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Opuntia_tomentosa1.JPEG
Orchidaceae,Orchis,coriophora,Bug Orchis,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry or damp pastures and marshes in hills and mountains. Usually found on acid soils.,C. Europe to W. Asia.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+coriophora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisCoriophora.jpg
Orchidaceae,Orchis,italica,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],October to June,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Calcareous soils in grassland, garigue and open places in pine woodland.",Europe.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+italica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisItalica.jpg
Orchidaceae,Orchis,laxiflora,Marsh Orchis,,4 to 8,0.8,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet marshes and wet meadows in the Channel Islands.,"Southern Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+laxiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisLaxiflora.jpg
Orchidaceae,Orchis,mascula,Early Purple Orchis,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, copses and open pastures in base rich soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, western and northern Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+mascula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisMascula.jpg
Orchidaceae,Orchis,militaris,Military Orchis,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Basic,['Basic'],,,"Grassy hills, banks, borders of fields and woodland edges on chalky soils. Extremely rare in Britain, growing in only one or two sites.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia and W. Asia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+militaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisMilitaris.jpg
Orchidaceae,Orchis,morio,"Green-Winged Orchid, Green-winged orchid",,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",April to August,May to June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows, especially on chalk[13, 17, 230].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia, Caucasus and Siberia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+morio,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisMorio.jpg
Orchidaceae,Orchis,ustulata,Dark-Winged Orchis,,4 to 8,0.2,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Chalk downs and limestone pastures, it is also found in marshy places.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Caucasus and Siberia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orchis+ustulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrchisUstulata.jpg
Urticaceae,Oreocnide,integrifolia,Wild Rhea,slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rain forests, valleys, at elevations of 200 - 1,400 metres in southern China[266 ]. Understorey trees in disturbed wet evergreen forests at elevations between 300 - 1,400 metres in India.","E. Asia - southern China, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oreocnide+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oreocnide integrifolia 1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Oreomyrrhis,hookeri,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Sands and gravels, open grassland and scrub to 250 metres, north to latitude 51° 25's in Chile.",Southern S. America - Chile and the Falkland Islands.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oreomyrrhis+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,compactum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills in S.W. Spain.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+compactum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OriganumCompactum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,dictamnus,"Dittany Of Crete, Hop Marjoram",medium,7 to 9,0.2,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady rocks in dry places in high mountains[50, 148].",S. Europe - Crete.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+dictamnus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaracusDictamnus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,glandulosum,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+glandulosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,isthmicum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Europe - E. Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+isthmicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,majorana,Sweet Marjoram,,6 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes and rocky places, occasionally in partial shade, to 1500 metres in Turkey.",N. Africa to Turkey.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+majorana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OriganumMajorana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,onites,Pot Marjoram,,7 to 10,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony hills and rocky slopes, usually on limestone, occasionally in partial shade, to 1400 metres in Turkey.",Europe - Mediterranean,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+onites,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Origanum onites 240.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,syriacum,Bible Hyssop,,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Calcareous rocks and slopes, often in partial shade, 200 - 2700 metres in Turkey.",S. Europe - E. Mediterranean to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+syriacum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,virens,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places, field verges and hedges.",S.W. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+virens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,vulgare,"Oregano, Pot Marjoram",medium,4 to 10,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry grassy areas and scrub, usually on calcareous soils[9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to north and west Asia.",4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OriganumVulgare.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,vulgare hirtum,Greek Oregano,,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry places in mountain regions in bushy places and on stony ground[50, 148].",S. Europe - Greece.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+vulgare hirtum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OriganumVulgareHirtum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,x hybridum,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,W. Asia - Levant.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+x hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,x majoricum,Hardy Marjoram,,6 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western Europe.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+x majoricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OriganumXMajoricum.jpg
Rutaceae,Orixa,japonica,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, scrub and on cliffs, to 1300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orixa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrixaJaponica.jpg
Liliaceae,Ornithogalum,narbonense,Star Of Bethlehem,,6 to 9,0.4,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places and waste ground[50, 90].",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ornithogalum+narbonense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrnithogalumNarbonense.jpg
Liliaceae,Ornithogalum,pyrenaicum,"Bath Asparagus, Pyrenees star of Bethlehem",,5 to 9,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and scrub. Dry stony places.,S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ornithogalum+pyrenaicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrnithogalumPyrenaicum.jpg
Liliaceae,Ornithogalum,umbellatum,"Star Of Bethlehem, Dove's Dung",fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in eastern England[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Mediterranean.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ornithogalum+umbellatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrnithogalumUmbellatum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Ornithopus,sativus,"Serradella, Common bird's-foot",,None to None,0.7,,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the sides of roads and as a weed of cultivated ground. Naturalized on china clay waste in south-eastern Cornwall.,South-western Europe. Naturalized in south-west Britain.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ornithopus+sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,ammophyla,Lie Dang,,None to None,0.4,,Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, grasslands; 900-4000 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan",E. Asia - China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+ammophyla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,californica,"California Broomrape, Jepson's broomrape",,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Parasitic on Artemisia tridentata, growing on open slopes in foothills and valleys below 1500 metres.",South-western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrobancheCalifornica.jpg
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,cernua,Nodding broomrape,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky slopes, especially in Lahul, 1500 - 3300 metres from Pakistan to C. Nepal in the Himalayas.",Europe - Mediterranean to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+cernua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrobancheCernua.jpg
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,fasciculata,"Cancer Root, Clustered broomrape",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils, where it is parasitic on the roots of Eriogonum and Artemisia spp, to 3200 metres in California and north to British Columbia.","Western N. America - Indiana to Yukon and British Columbia, south to California and Arizona.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+fasciculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrobancheFasciculata.jpg
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,grayana,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows and open slopes.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+grayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,ludoviciana,"Broomrape,  Louisiana broomrape",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows on sandy soils on the plains where it is parasitic on the hosts' roots include Grindelia, Artemisia, and Heterotheca, but NOT Ambrosia. and other members of the Compositae.","N. America - Illinois to South Dakota, Saskatchewan, Nebraska, Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+ludoviciana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Orobanche_ludoviciana_Broomrape240.jpg
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,minor,"Lesser Broomrape, Hellroot",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Parasitic, mainly on Trifolium species and other herbaceous Legumes, mainly in southern and eastern Britain.","South and west Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrobancheMinor2.jpg
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,pinorum,Conifer broomrape,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coniferous woods.,Western N. America - Washington to N.W. California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+pinorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,tuberosa,Ground Cone,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Parasitic on Gaultheria shallon, on or near the coast.",Western N. America - British Columbia to N. California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,uniflora,Oneflowered broomrape,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open moist or dry places, or in dry woods, from lowland to low elevations, where it is parasitic on the roots of various herbs.","N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, South Carolina and Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+uniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrobancheUniflora.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Orogenia,linearifolia,"Indian Potato, Great Basin Indian potato",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open mountain sides and ridges, often in sandy or gravelly soils, and often near vernal snow banks where it blooms as soon as the snow melts.",Western N. America - Montana to W. Colorado and west to Utah and Washington.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orogenia+linearifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrogeniaLinearifolia.jpg
Araceae,Orontium,aquaticum,Golden Club,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Sandy, muddy or peaty shores and in shallow water.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Kentucky, south to Florida and Louisiana.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orontium+aquaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrontiumAquaticum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Orostachys,japonica,Rock Pine,,None to None,0.1,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Surface of mountain rocks in Korea.Rocks on low mountains, along streams in China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orostachys+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pyrolaceae,Orthilia,secunda,Sidebells Wintergreen,,4 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp coniferous woods and on damp rock ledges[17, 200].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to the Pyrenees and Asia. N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orthilia+secunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrthiliaSecunda.jpg
Lamiaceae,Orthosiphon,aristatus,"Java Tea, Cat's Whiskers",fast,9 to 12,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Forest margins[334 ]. Thickets, regrowths, grasslands and along forest borders and roadsides, often in shaded not too dry localities, but also in sunny places, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - China, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orthosiphon+aristatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Orthosiphon aristatus 1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Orychophragmus,violaceus,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, gardens, forests, fields, thickets, valleys, hillsides and sunny slopes from near sea level to 1500 metres.",E. Asia - eastern China to Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orychophragmus+violaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrychophragmusViolaceus.jpg
Poaceae,Oryza,hybrids,Perennial Rice,fast,7 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Various depending on the species.,Origin: hypothetical hybrid.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oryza+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oryza_hybrids1.JPEG
Poaceae,Oryza,longistaminata,Perennial wild rice,fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Swamps, shallow ponds, lake and river sides, field edges and flooded grassland, in both permanently wet and seasonally inundated areas[332 , 1040 ]. It can colonise inundated meadows to form a blanket cover[332 ]. Found at elevations up to 1,800 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Somalia, south to southwest Africa to Madagascar.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oryza+longistaminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oryza_longistaminata1.JPEG
Poaceae,Oryza,sativa,"Rice, Common Rice",fast,10 to 12,1.8,0.3,Annual,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation,Only known in cultivation.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oryza+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oryza sativa 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Oryzopsis,asperifolia,"Mountain Rice, Roughleaf ricegrass",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open coniferous woods, thickets and peaty openings southwards from Canada[43, 60].","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New York, West Virginia and Wyoming.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oryzopsis+asperifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OryzopsisAsperifolia.jpg
Melastomataceae,Osbeckia,chinensis,,,8 to 11,0.5,,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in lowland areas of central and southern Japan. Hilly places, edges of paddy fields and roadsides in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan and Malaysia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osbeckia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsbeckiaChinensis.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,americana,,,None to None,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods, swamps and bluffs.","Eastern N. America - Florida to Louisiana, north to Virginia.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusAmericana.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,decorus,,,6 to 9,3.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed deciduous or mixed Fagus - Picea forests and the sides of gorges, 1000 - 1600 metres in Turkey[93, 184].",W. Asia - N.E. Turkey to Georgia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+decorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusDecorus.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,delavayi,,slow,6 to 9,3.5,3.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry hillsides, in scrub and forest, often on limestone. Montane regions, ravines, thickets and mixed woods at elevations of 2100 - 3400 metres.",E. Asia - W. China in Yunnan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusDelavayi.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,fragrans,Fragrant Olive,,8 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains of S. Japan. 1200 - 2100 metres in the Himalayas. Forests, in association with Ilex dipyrena and Castanopsis spp, at elevations of 1300 - 3000 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusFragrans.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,heterophyllus,"Holly Olive, Holly osmanthus, Chinese Holly, Holly Tea Olive, False  Holly",slow,6 to 9,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In evergreen forests from the lowlands to elevations of 600 metres.,"E. Asia - Japan, Taiwan.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+heterophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusHeterophyllus.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,x burkwoodii,,slow,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, O. decorus x O. delavayi.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+x burkwoodii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusXBurkwoodii.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Osmorhiza,aristata,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Forests on mountain slopes or stream banks in grassy places at elevations of 250 - 1120 metres in many areas of China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmorhiza+aristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaAristata.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Osmorhiza,chilensis,,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Deciduous Nothofagus forests and moist shaded cliffs to 200 metres in S. Chile north to latitude 31°s.,"N. America, S. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmorhiza+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaChilensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Osmorhiza,claytonii,"Woolly Sweet-Cicely, Clayton's sweetroot",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and wooded slopes.,"Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to South Dakota, North Carolina, Illinois, Nebraska and Kansas.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmorhiza+claytonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaClaytonii.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Osmorhiza,longistylis,"Aniseroot, Longstyle sweetroot",,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich, often alluvial woods and thickets. Woods, often along the sides of streams in Texas.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, Alabama, Tennessee, Kansas and Colorado.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmorhiza+longistylis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaLongistylis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Osmorhiza,obtusa,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady or partly shady areas, often on slopes and in valleys, from Alaska to California[43, 85].","N. America - Newfoundland and Labrador to New Brunswick and Quebec, south to California and Arizona.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmorhiza+obtusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaObtusa.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Osmorhiza,occidentalis,"Western Sweet-Cicely, Western sweetroot",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady or partly shady areas, often on slopes and in valleys[60, 85].",Western N. America.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmorhiza+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaOccidentalis.jpg
Osmundaceae,Osmunda,asiatica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmunda+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Osmundaceae,Osmunda,cinnamomea,Cinnamon Fern,medium,4 to 8,0.6,0.4,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy or alluvial soils in swamps low woods and thickets in Eastern N. America. Moist areas, acidic soils, frequently in vernal seeps from sea level to 2300 metres.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida, S. America, E. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmunda+cinnamomea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmundaCinnamomea.jpg
Osmundaceae,Osmunda,claytoniana,Interrupted Fern,,3 to 7,0.5,0.3,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in C. Japan. Open slopes, rarely in forests, 2800 - 3300 metres in Kashmir.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas. Eastern N. America.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmunda+claytoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmorhizaClaytonii.jpg
Osmundaceae,Osmunda,japonica,Zenmai,,5 to 9,1.0,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist places all over Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmunda+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmundaJaponica.jpg
Osmundaceae,Osmunda,regalis,"Royal Fern, Flowering Fern",medium,4 to 9,2.0,1.0,Fern,,,,,June to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swampy areas, fens and damp woodland.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, Asia, N. and S. America.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmunda+regalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmundaRegalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Osteomeles,obtusifolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osteomeles+obtusifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Osteomeles,schwerinae,,,7 to 10,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By streams and in hot dry river valleys, 350 - 2000 metres[109, 200]. Among shrubs, slopes, fields, roadsides and mixed forests at elevations of 1500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - W. China in Yunnan and W. Sichuan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osteomeles+schwerinae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsteomelesSchwerinae.jpg
Rosaceae,Osteomeles,subrotunda,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hot dry river valleys. Mixed forests, among shrubs at mountain summits, roadsides at elevations of 200 - 500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osteomeles+subrotunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Ostrya,carpinifolia,Hop Hornbeam,,5 to 9,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous forests and scrub, open pine forests, very often on dry and stony limestone hills from 50 - 1700 metres in Turkey.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ostrya+carpinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OstryaCarpinifolia.jpg
Betulaceae,Ostrya,virginiana,"Ironwood, Hophornbeam, Hop Hornbeam American, Hop Hornbeam Eastern",slow,3 to 9,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist woods[43, 227], it is also found on dry gravelly slopes and ridges, often in the shade of oaks and other large trees.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Nebraska, Florida and Texas.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ostrya+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OstryaVirginiana.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,acetosella,Wood Sorrel,fast,3 to 7,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Cleistogamy']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods, moorland and on shady rocks.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, N. and C. Asia to Japan.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+acetosella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisAcetosella.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,adenophylla,Sauer Klee,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern S. America - Chile to Western Argentina.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+adenophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisAdenophylla.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,articulata,Pink Sorrel,,7 to 10,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Southern S. America - Paraguay.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+articulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisArticulata.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,barrelieri,Barrelier's woodsorrel,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern S. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+barrelieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisBarrelieri.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,bifida,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa - Cape Province.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+bifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,corniculata,"Yellow Sorrel, Creeping woodsorrel",,4 to 8,0.1,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arable land and waste places, it is a common garden weed[9, 17] where it tends to become especially troublesome in pots of plants growing in greenhouses etc.","Original habitat is obscure, it is naturalized in Britain.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+corniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisCorniculata.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,corymbosa,"Lilac Oxalis, Pink woodsorrel",,7 to 10,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of disturbed ground and gardens in Britain, especially near London.",S. America. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+corymbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisCorymbosa.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,deppei,Iron Cross Plant,,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico. Occasionally established in Europe.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+deppei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisDeppei.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,enneaphylla,Scurvy Grass,,5 to 9,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal sands, open grassland, open scrub, screes and rock crevices.",Southern S. America - Falklands and S. Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+enneaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisEnneaphylla.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,europaea,,,None to None,0.4,,Annual/Perennial,,,,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste places and as a weed of the garden.,"Europe, Scandanavia to Spain, east to Italy anf Poland. Naturalized in Britain. Eastern N. America.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisEuropaea.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,exilis,"Least Yellow Sorrel, Shady woodsorrel",,4 to 8,0.1,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arable land and waste places, it is a common garden weed[9, 17] where it tends to become especially troublesome in pots of plants growing in greenhouses etc.",New Zealand and Tasmania.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+exilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,frutescens,Shrubby woodsorrel,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Andes.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,grandis,Great Yellow Woodsorrel,fast,5 to 7,0.2,0.2,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy woods, alluvial soils; 100–1100 m","Native to the eastern United States from Georgia north to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, west as far as Louisiana.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxalis_grandis1.JPEG
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,lasiandra,,,8 to 11,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+lasiandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisLasiandra.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,magellanica,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Walls and stony places.,Southern S. America - Falklands to Bolivia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+magellanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisMagellanica.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,montana,Mountain Wood Sorrel,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp woods.,"Eastern N. America - S. Newfoundland and E. Quebec to Manitoba, south to Wisconsin and Minnesota.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisMontana.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,oregana,Redwood Sorrel,,6 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Redwood forests. Moist woods.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+oregana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisOregana.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,pes-caprae,Bermuda Buttercup,,8 to 11,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to June,March to June,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and grassy places in S. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in S.W. England but it does not flower there.,S. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+pes-caprae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisPes-caprae.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,stricta,"Yellow Wood Sorrel, Common yellow oxalis, Common Yellow Wood Sorrel, Oxalis",fast,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open soils. Prefers impoverished soils, growing in abandoned fields, roadsides etc.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas. E. Asia. A rare introduction in Britain.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+stricta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisStricta.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,tetraphylla,,,7 to 10,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of cultivated soil in Jersey.,Southern N. America - Mexico. Naturalized in Britain.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+tetraphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisTetraphylla.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,triangularis,Oxalis,medium,10 to 11,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],June to October,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Amongst rocks by streams at elevations of about 600 metres around Rio de Janeiro.,S. America - Brazil.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+triangularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisTriangularis.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,tuberosa,Oca,,6 to 9,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Unknown in a truly wild situation, though plants have been found growing at heights up to 4000 metres in the Andes.","S. America - Colombia, Peru.",5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisTuberosa5.jpg
Oxalidaceae,Oxalis,violacea,Violet Wood Sorrel,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, shaded slopes, gravelly banks and prairies. Dry sandy or clay soils.","Eastern N. America - New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+violacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxalisViolacea.jpg
Annonaceae,Oxandra,lanceolata,"Black lancewood, lancewood, haya prieta",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Woods and thickets, often on limestone soils at elevations up to 450 metres[426 , 448 ].","Caribbean - Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cuba.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxandra+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxandra lanceolata 1.JPEG
Annonaceae,Oxandra,laurifolia,"Yaya, lancewood",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Forests at elevations from 150 - 600 metres in Puerto Rico[448 ]. Forests on limestone in wet areas at elevations around 600 metres in Jamaica[426 ].,Caribbean - Martinique to Cuba.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxandra+laurifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxandra laurifolia 1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Oxydendrum,arboreum,"Sorrel Tree, Sourwood",slow,5 to 8,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Well-drained gravelly soils on ridges rising above the banks of streams.,"South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Louisiana and Ohio.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxydendrum+arboreum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxydendrumArboreum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Oxyria,digyna,"Mountain Sorrel, Alpine mountainsorrel",,2 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp rocky places on mountains, especially by streams, avoiding acid soils. Locally common on enriched soils below bird roosts.","Mountains of the northern temperate zone, including Britain.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxyria+digyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxyriaDigyna.jpg
Poaceae,Oxytenanthera,abyssynica,Savanah Bamboo,fast,10 to 12,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry forest and soudanian woodland[332 ]. Along banks of perennial watercourses, in damp places at the bases of hills, in moorland, on slopes of wooded hills, often on termite mounds from sea level to 2,000 metres[308 , 610 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Eritrea and Ethiopia, south to Angola, Mozambique and northern S. Africa.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxytenanthera+abyssynica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxytenanthera_abyssynica1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Oxytropis,lambertii,"Crazy Weed, Purple locoweed",,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry prairies, calcareous gravels and bluffs. Limestone outcrops in Texas.","N. America - Minnesota to N Dakota, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, south to Texas and New Mexico",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxytropis+lambertii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxytropisLambertii.jpg
Apocynaceae,Rauvolfia,serpentina,"Rauwolfia, Ajmaline, Java devil-pepper",medium,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane forests at elevations of 800 - 1,500 metres in China[266 ]. Shady places in moist forests[646 ]. Sunny or shaded places in well-drained rain forest and secondary thickets up to 2,100 metres, sometimes as a weed in sugar cane fields[310 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Indonesia.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rauvolfia+serpentina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rauvolfia serpentina 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Rhynchoryza,subulata,Arroz bravo,fast,9 to 12,0.3,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,It is a tropical grass. Climate: warm temperate to tropical. Humidity: humid.,"Origin: S. America. Native to Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Chaco), Paraguay and Uruguay.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhynchoryza+subulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhynchoryza_subulata1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Senefeldera,verticillata,Senefeldera,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Atlantic rainforest, growing in the more open areas and in secondary growth formations, commonly found invading abandoned agricultural fields[625 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senefeldera+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senefeldera verticillata 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,rigida,"Stiff Goldenrod, Flat Topped Goldenrod, Stiff Goldenrod",fast,3 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or gravelly open woods, thickets and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Saskatchewan, south to Massachusetts, Georgia, Texas and Colorado.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoRigida.jpg
Gentianaceae,Swertia,bimaculata,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet grassy places in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Beside streams, swamp, meadows, scrub and forests at elevations of 200 - 3000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swertia+bimaculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SwertiaBimaculata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,vulgaris,"Common Thyme, Garden thyme, Wild Thyme",medium,5 to 11,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry slopes, rocks and maquis. Always found on clay or limestone soils.",S. Europe.,4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusVulgaris.jpg
Boraginaceae,Trigonotis,icumae,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - C. and N. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonotis+icumae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonotisIcumae.jpg
Uvulariaceae,Uvularia,sessilifolia,"Bellwort, Sessileleaf bellwort",fast,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist hardwood coves, alluvial bottomlands, thickets and xeric woods northwards from sea level to 1000 metres[43, 187, 270].","Eastern and southeastern N. America - New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Georgia and Arkansas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uvularia+sessilifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UvulariaSessilifolia.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,erythrocarpum,Southern Mountain Cranberry,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thickets, rocky woods, slopes and summits.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+erythrocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumErythrocarpum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,macrocarpon,"American Cranberry, Cranberry",medium,None to None,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,,"Acid boggy ground[11, 43].",Eastern N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+macrocarpon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumMacrocarpon.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,oxycoccos,Small Cranberry,fast,None to None,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Acid boggy land.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Roumania, N. Asia to Japan.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+oxycoccos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumOxycoccos.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,nipponica,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,venosa,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, C. and S. Japan. Grassland on hill slopes at elevations of 600 - 1800 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+venosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Alnus,incana,"Grey Alder, Speckled alder, Thinleaf alder, White Alder",fast,2 to 6,18.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Mountains, especially on poor soil[17, 50].",Europe. Introduced in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusIncana.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,serrulata,"Smooth Alder, Hazel alder",,3 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist lowlands, such as swamps, and along ponds and streams where it forms thickets[222, 229].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Oklahoma and Indiana.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusSerrulata.jpg
Primulaceae,Ardisia,sieboldii,Duo Zhi Zi Jin Niu,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to June,January to April,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests, thickets, mountains and hillsides at elevations of 100 - 600 metres.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Formosa.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ardisia+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArdisiaSieboldii.jpg
Iridaceae,Babiana,plicata,Baboon Root,,8 to 11,0.2,0.1,Corm,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils on flat land and mountain sides.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Babiana+plicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae,Baccharis,genistelloides,Carqueja,,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Rainforest[ 318 ].,"S. America - northern Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru and Colombia.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baccharis+genistelloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Baccharis_genistelloides_Martius.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Baccharis,halimifolia,"Bush Groundsel, Eastern baccharis, High Tide Bush, Sea Myrtle, Salt Bush",medium,4 to 8,3.5,3.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Open woods, thickets and borders of marshes near the coast, often in saline soils.",Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baccharis+halimifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaccharisHalimifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Baccharis,patagonica,,slow,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Rock crevices, forest margins and coastal sands.","Southern S. America - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baccharis+patagonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Baccharis,pilularis,"Dwarf Chaparral Broom, Coyotebrush , Chaparral Broom",fast,8 to 10,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Coastal sand dunes and hills.,South-western N. America - California.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baccharis+pilularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaccharisPilularis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Baccharis,viminea,Mule's Fat,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry stream beds, ditch banks etc, usually below 450 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Mexico.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baccharis+viminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae,Baccharoides,hymenolepis,Baccharoides,fast,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Along rivers and roadsides, in forest margins, old cultivation sites and bushed grassland, also in montane forest and often found in disturbed habitats; usually at elevations from 1,200 - 3,000 metres, sometimes descending to 600 metres[ 299 , 610 ].","Tropical Africa - Sudan, Ethiopia, eastern DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zi",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baccharoides+hymenolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Backhousia,myrtifolia,Grey Myrtle,,8 to 11,12.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gullies and the margins of rainforests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, E. Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Backhousia+myrtifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaccharisPilularis.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Bacopa,monnieri,"Herb of Grace, Brahmi, Smooth Water Hyssop",fast,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mud flats in estuarine habitats[ 200 ]. Moist and wet places, such as the borders of water channels, wells, irrigated fields etc[ 304 ].",Found through most of the tropics.,3,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bacopa+monnieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bacopa_monnieri 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Bactris,gasipaes,"Peach Palm, Pupunha",fast,11 to 12,15.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Not known in a truly wild location[ 300 , 200 ]. Plants are found in disturbed natural ecosystems, principally along riverbeds and primary forest gaps[ 303 ].",Central and northern S. America.,5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bactris+gasipaes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bactris gasipaes5.jpg
Myrtaceae,Baeckea,gunniana,,,8 to 11,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bogs and wet rocky sites, especially by water courses in alpine regions to 1800 metres.","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baeckea+gunniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Baikiaea,plurijuga,"Rhodesian Teak, Zambesi Redwood",slow,10 to 12,15.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Confined to Kalahari sands, where it is often abundant and dominant in lowland tropical forests, often associated with Guibourtia coleosperma and Schinziophyton rautanenii, at elevations around 900 - 1,200 metres[ 308 , 325 ].",Southern tropical Africa - Angola; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana; Namibia.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baikiaea+plurijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Baikiaea_plurijuga_1.jpg
Sapotaceae,Baillonella,toxisperma,"African Pearwood, False Shea Butternut",fast,10 to 12,50.0,40.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Usually scattered in primary rainforest on all soil types except marshy soil[ 299 ].,"Western tropical Africa - southern Nigeria to Gabon, Congo and south-western DR Congo.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baillonella+toxisperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Baillonella_toxisperma_1.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Balanites,aegyptiaca,"Desert Date. Desert date, Soapberry tree",slow,10 to 12,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in a variety of habitats, growing best in low-lying, level alluvial sites with deep sandy loam and uninterrupted access to water such as valley floors, riverbanks or the foot of rocky slopes[303 ].","Africa - most of the drier areas except the far south, extending to Arabia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Balanites+aegyptiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Balanites_aegyptiaca1_Plants.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ballota,acetabulosa,,,7 to 10,0.5,0.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocks and rough ground in dry hills to 900 metres.,S. Europe - Greece.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ballota+acetabulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BallotaAcetabulosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ballota,nigra,Black Horehound,,7 to 10,0.9,0.8,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Waste ground, hedgerows, woods and shady places, preferring nitrogen-rich, moist, rather loose soil[13, 268].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa and E. Mediterranean",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ballota+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BallotaNigra.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ballota,pseudodictamnus,,,7 to 10,0.6,0.9,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocks and rough ground on alkaline soils.,S. Europe - S. Aegean.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ballota+pseudodictamnus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Balsamorhiza,deltoidea,Deltoid Balsamroot,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open places but not on thin soils.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Balsamorhiza+deltoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BalsamorhizaDeltoidea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Balsamorhiza,hookeri,"Balsam Root, Hooker's balsamroot, Hairy balsamroot,  Idaho balsamroot,  Rabbithead balsamroot, Negle",,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rock outcrops in foothills and lowlands.,Western and Central N. America,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Balsamorhiza+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BalsamorhizaHookeri.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Balsamorhiza,incana,Hoary Balsamroot,,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and other moderately moist to moderately dry open places.,North-western N. America,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Balsamorhiza+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BalsamorhizaIncana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Balsamorhiza,sagittata,"Oregon Sunflower, Arrowleaf balsamroot",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open hillsides and flat land up to moderate elevations, especially on deep soils.","Western N. America - South Dakota to British Columbia, south to California and Colorado.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Balsamorhiza+sagittata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BalsamorhizaSagittata.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,atra,Clumping Bamboo. Long pipe bamboo.,fast,10 to 12,8.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"It is a tropical plant.  It grows in the lowlands and usually in wet soil.  It can grow on limestone. River banks, margins of disturbed lower montane forest, and on lower hill slopes, often on limestone; at low elevations.","Southeast Asia - Philippines, Indonesia (Molukus) to New Guinea and northern Australia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+atra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_atra1.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,bambos,Giant Thorny Bamboo,fast,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found most abundantly in mixed moist deciduous forest, and not so commonly in mixed dry deciduous forest and in semi-evergreen forest, growing best along river valleys and in other moist conditions, on hills at elevations up to 1,000 metres[ 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+bambos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_bambos_Blanco.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,blumeana,"Spiny Bamboo. Spiny bamboo, Thorny bamboo",fast,10 to 12,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Often found on heavy soils and on marginal land at elevations up to 300 metres, it grows well along river banks, hill slopes and freshwater creeks and tolerates flooding[310 ].","Exact origin uncertain, but believed to be native in Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands and Borneo.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+blumeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_blumeana1_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,heterostachya,Malay Dwarf Green,fast,10 to 12,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Often planted around villages, it is not known in a wild habitat","Southeast Asia - probalby Malaysia, though it has not been found in a truly wild situation.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+heterostachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_heterostachya_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bambusa,multiplex,"Hedge Bamboo, Chinese Goddess Bamboo",fast,8 to 11,4.5,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open places at elevations of 200 - 1500 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Eastern Himalayas to southern China.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+multiplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BambusaMultiplex.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,nutans,"Nodding Bamboo, Mai bong",fast,9 to 10,12.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist hill slopes and flat uplands in well-drained sandy loam to clayey loam soils at elevations from 700 - 1,500 metres[ 361 ].","E. Asia - India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa nutans_Camus.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,odashimae,Odashimae Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland hilly areas[ 266 ].,E. Asia - southern China in Taiwan.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+odashimae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa odashimae-1.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bambusa,oldhamii,"Ryoku-Chiku, Giant Timber Bamboo, Oldham's Bamboo",,9 to 12,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains[ 266 ],"E. Asia - China, Taiwan.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+oldhamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BambusaOldhamii.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,pervariabilis,Clumping Bamboo,fast,9 to 11,8.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River banks, around villages, China -  Guangdong, Guangxi.",Asia. China,3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+pervariabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_pervariabilis1.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,polymorpha,"Burmese bamboo, Jama Betua",fast,9 to 12,12.0,8.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Abundant throughout the more humid types of mixed deciduous forest, particularly on the lower slopes and in well-drained valleys. It flourishes best and reaches its largest dimensions on deep fertile loams[ 310 ].","Southeast Asia - northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+polymorpha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa polymorpha-Pai-horn-bamboo.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,textilis,Clumping Bamboo. Weaver's bamboo,fast,7 to 11,8.0,1.5,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Usually cultivated along rivers and near villages at low altitudes in southern China.,Australasia.,3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+textilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_textilis1.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,tulda,Bengal Bamboo. Spineless Indian bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mixed deciduous forest in plains, valleys, and along streams, up to elevations of 1,500 metres[310 ]. Common on flat alluvial land along streams in the mixed deciduous forests and along the banks of dry water-courses in Myanmar[418 ].",E. Asia - northern India to Myanmar and Thailand.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+tulda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_tulda_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,vulgaris,Common Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Riversides and open forests in Yunnan[ 266 ].,"Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia. Ecuador, Venezuela.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa vulgaris1_Low_Resolution.jpg
Malpighiaceae,Banisteriopsis,caapi,"Yage, Ayahuasca, Caapi",,10 to 12,30.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Rainforest[ 254 ].,"Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia. Ecuador, Venezuela.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Banisteriopsis+caapi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Banisteriopsis caapi 1.jpg
Proteaceae,Banksia,integrifolia,Coast Banksia,,8 to 11,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,August to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Basalt and red sand areas, usually by the coast but also found at higher elevations where it can be very gnarled and stunted.","Australia - New South Wales, S. Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Banksia+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BanksiaIntegrifolia.jpg
Proteaceae,Banksia,marginata,Silver Banksia,,8 to 11,9.0,,Tree,,,,August to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Usually found in sclerophyll forest from the coast to mountainous areas.,"Australia - New South Wales, S. Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Banksia+marginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BanksiaMarginata.jpg
Fabaceae,Baphia,nitida,"Camwood, Baphia",,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey tree in wetter parts of the coastal regions, in a rainforest, in secondary forest and on abandoned farmland, from sea level up to 600 metres[ 299 ].",Western Tropical Africa - Senegal to Gabon.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baphia+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Baphia nitida 1.jpg
Acanthaceae,Baphicacanthus,cusia,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hilly areas. Usually found in wet places.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and India.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baphicacanthus+cusia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Baptisia,australis,"Wild Indigo, Blue wild indigo, Blue False Indigo",slow,3 to 9,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,,May to October,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich woods and alluvial thickets, often on river banks.","Eastern and Central N. America - Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Texas, Nebraska and Indiana.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baptisia+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaptisiaAustralis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Baptisia,bracteata,"Plains Wild Indigo, Longbract wild indigo, False Indigo, Cream Wild Indigo",medium,4 to 9,0.7,0.6,Perennial,,,,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry soils on prairies. Sandy open woods, prairies, pastures and roadsides in Texas.","Eastern N. America - Arkansas, Texas and Nebraska to Minnesota.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baptisia+bracteata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaptisiaBracteata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Baptisia,lactea,Wild Indigo,,4 to 8,2.0,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sandy pine woods, prairies and river banks[1, 43].",South-eastern N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baptisia+lactea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaptisiaLactea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Baptisia,pendula,"White False Indigo, False  Indigo",slow,3 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,,May to October,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,South-eastern N. America.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baptisia+pendula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Baptisia,tinctoria,"Wild Indigo, Horseflyweed",,4 to 8,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,,April to October,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry soils in open woods and clearings[21, 43].",Eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida.,1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Baptisia+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BaptisiaTinctoria.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Barbarea,australis,,,None to None,0.4,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wettish land in the montane and sub-alpine zones.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barbarea+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Barbarea,orthoceras,American Yellowrocket,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of streams, in swamps or on wet rocks, Labrador to Alaska and south to California.",N. America. N.E. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barbarea+orthoceras,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BarbareaOrthoceras.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Barbarea,verna,"Land Cress, Early yellowrocket",,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Beetles']",,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste and cultivated ground.,S.W. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barbarea+verna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BarbareaVerna.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Barbarea,vulgaris,"Yellow Rocket, Garden yellowrocket",,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Beetles']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places, roadsides, stream banks and hedges.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barbarea+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BarbareaVulgaris.jpg
Lecythidaceae,Barringtonia,edulis,"Vutu kana, Cut nut",fast,10 to 12,12.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Dense and open forests, woodland and grassland, at elevations up to 400 metres[490 , 658 ]. Humid sites.","Southwestern Pacific - Fiji, Vanuatu.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barringtonia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Barringtonia_edulis_Plants.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Barringtonia,novae hiberniae,Pao Nut,fast,10 to 12,10.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Dense primary forest on rich alluvial soils; often near the coast but also inland to elevations of 600 metres[658 ].,"Australasia - New Guinea to the Bismarck Islands, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barringtonia+novae hiberniae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Barringtonia_novae-hiberniae1_Plants.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Barringtonia,procera,"Pao nuts, Cut nut",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Secondary rainforests at low elevations[658 ]. Usually associated with human activity, in old gardens, mature coconut plantations, and coastal villages, and in remnants of secondary lowland rainforests[312 ].","Australasia - eastern New Guinea, Bismarck Island, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barringtonia+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Barringtonia_procera_Plants.JPEG
Basellaceae,Basella,alba,"Malabar Spinach, Indian Spinach, Ceylon spinach,",fast,9 to 11,9.0,,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist places in hedges to elevations of about 500 metres in Nepal.,"A widely cultivated plant, its original range uncertain but was possibly Africa.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Basella+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BasellaAlba.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Bassia,scoparia,"Summer Cypress, Burningbush",,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,September,October,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, ditches and wasteland in western N. America.",Europe to Western N. America.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bassia+scoparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BassiaScoparia.jpg
Fabaceae,Bauhinia,forficata,Brazilian Orchid Tree,fast,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Atlantic rainforest, most commonly in secondary formations and only occasionally in dense primary forest, favouring the rich moist soils of the alluvial plains[ 419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern and eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+forficata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bauhinia_forficata_1.jpg
Fabaceae,Bauhinia,petersiana,"White bauhinia, Zambezi coffee",fast,9 to 12,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open grassland, wooded grassland and woodland, at elevations from 150 - 1,850 metres in east Africa[299 ].","Africa - southern DR Congo, Tanzania, southern Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, S. Africa.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+petersiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bauhinia_petersiana_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Bauhinia,purpurea,"Orchid Tree, Purple Butterfly Tree, Mountain Ebony, Geranium Tree, Purple Bauhinia",fast,9 to 12,10.0,9.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in the mixed and sal forests of the sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 1,200 metres. It is characteristic of mixed deciduous forests, often of a dry type, occurring on hill slopes, in valleys, and along streams[ 652 ].","E. Asia - India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bauhinia purpurea_Rheede_tot_Drakestein.jpg
Fabaceae,Bauhinia,thonningii,"Camel's foot tree, monkey bread",medium,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woodland, wooded grassland and bushland, at elevations from sea level to 1,830 metres.","Tropical Africa - widespread from Sierra Leone to Ethiopia and Kenya, south to Angola, Botswana, northern S. Africa, Swaziland.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+thonningii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bauhinia_thonningii1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Bauhinia,vahlii,"Malu Creeper, Adda Leaf, Pahur Camel's Foot Creeper",fast,7 to 11,20.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Climax monsoon-deciduous forests at elevations up to 1,500 metres[ 668 ].","E. Asia - India, Nepal, Pakistan.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+vahlii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bauhinia_vahlii_1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Bauhinia,variegata,Mountain Ebony,,8 to 11,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Open valleys with good loamy soil at elevations of 150 - 1800 metres.,E. Asia - Pakistan to S. China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+variegata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BauhiniaVariegata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Beckmannia,eruciformis,Sloughgrass,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet meadows, swamps, marshes and shallow water.",Southern and Eastern Europe to central Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beckmannia+eruciformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BeckmanniaEruciformis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Beckmannia,syzigachne,American Sloughgrass,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet meadows, swamps, marshes and shallow water.",Eastern Europe to central Asia and North America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beckmannia+syzigachne,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BeckmanniaSyzigachne.jpg
Begoniaceae,Begonia,grandis evansiana,Hardy Begonia,medium,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady slopes or wet places. In moist rocky wall of valley, in dense forests of valley by streams as wall as on rocks by streams or under shrubberies of valley; 100 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas(Malaya).",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Begonia+grandis evansiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BegoniaGrandisEvansiana.jpg
Begoniaceae,Begonia,palmata,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In shady moist places by streams, on rocks of valley, under dense forests of shady stony cliffs, under evergreen broad-leaved forests, on moist rocks; in shrubberies by streams; 100 - 3200 metres","E. Asia - S. China, Himalayas",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Begonia+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Begoniaceae,Begonia,picta,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady banks and rock ledges in wetter areas, to 2800 metres. Plants are sometimes found at much higher elevations.",E. Asia - Himalayas,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Begonia+picta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Beilschmiedia,sikkimensis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills to 2,000 metres, perhaps to 2,400 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Sikkim and Bhutan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beilschmiedia+sikkimensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Beilschmiedia,tawa,Tawa,,None to None,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady moist forests in lowland and lower montane areas on North and South Islands, south to 42° S.",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beilschmiedia+tawa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BeilschmiediaTawa.jpg
Iridaceae,Belamcanda,chinensis,"Leopard Lily, Blackberry lily, Leopard Flower",fast,4 to 10,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and banks at the edge of cultivation in rich damp soils in the Himalayas[51, 147].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Belamcanda+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BelamcandaChinensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bellis,perennis,"Daisy, Lawndaisy, English Daisy",medium,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,May to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common plant of meadows, lawns and other grassy areas, it is very frequently found growing in lawns.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bellis+perennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BellisPerennis2.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Benincasa,hispida,Wax Gourd,,9 to 11,6.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],June to October,July to September,August to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Tropical Asia.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Benincasa+hispida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BenincasaHispida.jpg
Flacourtiaceae,Berberidopsis,corallina,Coral Plant,medium,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Deep, moist ravines in woodlands within the coastal belt[11, 200]. This species is quite possibly extinct in the wild.",S. America - Chile.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberidopsis+corallina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberidopsisCorallina.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,aggregata,Salmon Barberry,medium,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and streamsides up to 2500 metres in Kansu and W. Szechwan[67, 109].",E. Asia - W. China.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+aggregata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisAggregata.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,amurensis,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Thickets, edges of woods and banks of streams in Korea and Manchuria.",E. Asia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,angulosa,Large-Flowered Barberry,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine regions, open places in forests and amongst rocks in river beds to 4500 metres[51, 67].",E. Asia - Himalayas (Nepal),3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+angulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisAngulosa.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,aristata,"Chitra, Indian Barberry or Tree Turmeric",medium,5 to 9,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shrubberies to 3500 metres. Open hillsides at elevations of 1800 - 3000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas in Nepal.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+aristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisAristata.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,asiatica,"Chutro, Rasanjan (Nep); marpyashi (Newa); Daruharidra, Darbi (Sans)",medium,7 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies, grassy and rocky slopes up to 2500 metres. Found in heavy shade, on north-facing slopes and on open hillsides in the drier areas.",E. Asia - Himalayas (Nepal),4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Berberis-asiaticaB2.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,buxifolia,Magellan Barberry,,4 to 8,2.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal scrub, forest margins, clearings and moister areas in grass.",S. America - S. Chile and S. Argentina. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+buxifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisBuxifolia.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,calliantha,,,6 to 9,0.7,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Montane regions.,E. Asia - S.E. Tibet.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+calliantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,canadensis,"Allegheny Barberry, American barberry",medium,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Banks of streams and dry woods[11, 43]. In woods or glades, on rocky slopes and near rivers at elevations of 100 - 700 metres.","Eastern N. America - Virginia to Georgia, Alberta and Indiana.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisCanadensis.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,capillaris,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China to Burma.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+capillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,chengii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hilly slopes in shady and fertile spots.,E. Asia - China.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+chengii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,chinensis,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy mountain slopes and river sands.,E. Asia - China.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisChinensis.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,chitria,,,None to None,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,1800 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas. Mainly in moist places at elevations of 2000 - 3000 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+chitria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,concinna,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forms thickets in open spaces at elevations of 3000 - 3600 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - Himalayas in Sikkim, Nepal and Tibet.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+concinna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,cooperi,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Bhutan,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+cooperi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,darwinii,"Darwin's Barberry, Darwin's berberis",medium,7 to 9,3.0,3.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Moist shady woodland in the Patagonian mountains.,"S. America - S. Argentina, S. Chile.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+darwinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisDarwinii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,empetrifolia,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground near the sea and at elevations up to 1300 metres[67, 184].","S. America - S. Argentina, S. Chile.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+empetrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisEmpetrifolia.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,everstiana,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Shrub,,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open rocky places at elevations of 3000 - 4000 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - northern India, Nepal and Tibet.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+everstiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,fendleri,Colorado Barberry,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Slopes and canyon bottoms at elevations of 1300 - 2700 metres.,"South-western N. America - Colorado, New Mexico and Utah.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+fendleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisFendleri.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,flexuosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky slopes and shrublands at elevations of 2500 - 3500 metres.,"S. America - Argentina, Chile, Peru.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+flexuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,gagnepainii,,,4 to 8,2.4,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woodlands, 2000 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - China in Sichuan.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+gagnepainii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisGagnepainii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,georgii,Barberry,medium,3 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild condition.,A hybrid of uncertain parentage.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+georgii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,heterophylla,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern S. America - S. Chile.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,jaeschkeana,,,None to None,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations of 2,700 - 4,000 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Kashmir.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+jaeschkeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisJaeschkeana.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,koreana,"Korean Barberry, Barberry",medium,3 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgerows, ledges and montibus[11, 67].",E. Asia - Korea.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+koreana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisKoreana.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,lycium,,medium,5 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and open hillsides[51, 67], usually on hot dry slopes, to 3000 metres. in Kashmir.",E. Asia - Himalayas,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+lycium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,parisepala,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In the subalpine to alpine zone, growing on rocky slopes and scree.","E. Asia - Himalayas in northern Assam, northeastern India, Nepal, Sikkim and eastern Tibet.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+parisepala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,rariflora,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Bolivia around La Paz.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+rariflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,rubrostilla,,,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, B. aggregata x B. wilsoniae?",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+rubrostilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,ruscifolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"S. America - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+ruscifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,sherriffii,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Lower subalpine to montane zone.,E. Asia - Southeast Tibet.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+sherriffii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,sibirica,,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Amongst rocks on stony and desert slopes and rock streams, usually in low mountain zones.","E. Asia - Siberia, Mongolia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,sieboldii,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,sikkimensis,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations of 2,100 - 4,200 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - Sikkim.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+sikkimensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,soulieana,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+soulieana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,thunbergii,Japanese Barberry,medium,4 to 8,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisThunbergii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,tomentosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shrublands at elevations of 3000 - 3500 metres.,"S. America - Peru, Chile.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,ulcina,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Shrub,,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open windy slopes at elevations of 2500 - 3500 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - northern India, Nepal and Tibet.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+ulcina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,verruculosa,,slow,4 to 8,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, thickets and rocky places, 1300 - 4100 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+verruculosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisVerruculosa.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,vulgaris,"European Barberry, Common barberry",medium,3 to 7,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],March to November,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Light deciduous woodland, hedges, roadsides, clearings etc, preferring a sunny position and a chalky soil[9, 268].","Barberry Coast. Naturalized, or possibly native, in Britain[17].",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisVulgaris.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,wallichiana,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open ground at elevations of 2000 - 3400 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,wilsoniae,Wilson barberry,,6 to 9,1.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - W. China.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+wilsoniae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisWilsoniae.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,x carminea,,medium,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A range of garden hybrids involving B. aggregata as one parent with other closely related species.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+x carminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Berberis,x lologensis,,medium,5 to 9,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, B. darwinii. x B. linearifolia",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+x lologensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisXLologensis.jpg
Berberidaceae,Berberis,x stenophylla,,medium,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, B. darwinii. x B. empetrifolia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berberis+x stenophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerberisXStenophylla.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Berchemia,flavescens,,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June to August,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet shaded places in forested areas at elevations of 2000 - 3400 metres. Often found in thickets or forests on slopes at elevations of 1200 - 4000 metres.,"E. Asia - Himalayas in India, Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet and Bhutan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berchemia+flavescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Berchemia,lineata,,,7 to 10,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to August,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"On rocks and in forests, 2000 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas. Scrub thickets in dry places at elevations of 2400 - 4000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - C. and N. China to the Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berchemia+lineata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerchemiaLineata.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Berchemia,racemosa,,,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to August,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets in low mountains.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berchemia+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerchemiaRacemosa.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Bergenia,ciliata,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"On moist rocks and under forest shade, 1900 - 2600 metres in Kashmir.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to E. Tibet.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bergenia+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BergeniaCiliata.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Bergenia,cordifolia,"Siberian-tea, Pigsqueak, Heartleaf  Bergenia",medium,3 to 9,0.3,0.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Damp rocky woodland and meadows.,"E. Asia - Siberia, Mongolia.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bergenia+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BergeniaCordifolia.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Bergenia,crassifolia,Siberian Tea,,3 to 7,0.3,0.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"On shady north-facing rocks, stony slopes, rock streams and old moraines in the forest and alpine zones.",E. Asia - N.W. China to Siberia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bergenia+crassifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BergeniaCrassifolia.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Bergenia,purpurascens,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"On rocks and open slopes, 3600 - 4700 metres. in the Himalayas. Forests, scrub, alpine meadows and alpine rock crevices at elevations of 2700 - 4800 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bergenia+purpurascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BergeniaPurpurascens.jpg
Lecythidaceae,Bertholletia,excelsa,Brazil Nut,medium,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Deep, rich, alluvial soils, on slightly raised ground that is not subject to regular or extensive flooding[ 200 ].","North and western S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bertholletia+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bertholletia excelsa1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Berula,erecta,Cutleaf Waterparsnip,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches, canals, ponds, fens and marshes throughout Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. America, W. and C. Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berula+erecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerulaErecta.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,lomatogona,Beet,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny slopes.,Western Asia and the Caucasus.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+lomatogona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,trigyna,Beet,,None to None,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppe, roadsides, seacoasts, cultivated land and grassy places in Turkey. Occasionally persists in fields in Britain.",Europe - Balkans. to W. Asia. Occasionally persisting in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+trigyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,vulgaris altissima,Sugar Beet,,4 to 8,1.5,0.2,Biennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A cultivated form of B. vulgaris maritima that is grown for the sugar content of its root.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+vulgaris altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Beta-vulgarisAltissima.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,vulgaris cicla,Spinach Beet,,4 to 8,0.9,,Biennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A cultivated form of B. vulgaris maritima that is grown for its edible leaves.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+vulgaris cicla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetaVulgarisCicla.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,vulgaris craca,Beetroot,,4 to 8,0.9,,Biennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A cultivated form of B. vulgaris maritima that is grown for its edible root.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+vulgaris craca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,vulgaris flavescens,Swiss Chard,,4 to 8,0.9,,Biennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A cultivated form of B. vulgaris maritima that is grown for its leaves and petioles.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+vulgaris flavescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetaVulgarisFlavescens.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Beta,vulgaris maritima,Sea Beet,,4 to 8,1.2,,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Banks and shingle by the coast.,"Coastal areas of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Asia to the East Indies.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Beta+vulgaris maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetaVulgarisMaritima.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,alleghaniensis,"Yellow Birch, Swamp Birch",fast,3 to 7,12.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Usually found in moist well-drained soils in rich woodlands on lower slopes, it is also found in cool marshlands in the south of its range[62, 229].",North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Virginia and Tennessee.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+alleghaniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaAlleghaniensis.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,alnoides,,fast,7 to 10,40.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests, ravines and streamsides, Himachel Pradesh to S.W. China, 1500 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+alnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaAlnoides.png
Betulaceae,Betula,ermanii,Gold Birch,fast,3 to 7,25.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mountains all over Japan.,"N.E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+ermanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaErmanii.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,glandulosa,Scrub Birch,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Streambanks, marsh margins, lakes and bogs, also found on alpine slopes.","North-western N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, southwards on mountain ranges.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+glandulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaGlandulosa.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,kenaica,Kenai Birch,fast,None to None,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grows along the coast. Rocky slopes in the subalpine zone from sea level to 300 metres.,North-western N. America - Alaska.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+kenaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Betula,lenta,"Cherry Birch,  Sweet birch, Black Birch, Cherry Birch",fast,3 to 7,24.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rich woodlands, preferring north-facing slopes and moist soils[43, 62]. It is also found on rocky soils.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Alberta and Ohio.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+lenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaLenta.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,nana,Dwarf Birch,,None to None,0.3,0.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain moors, 240 - 840 metres.","Arctic and northern Europe, including Britain, east to Siberia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+nana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaNana.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,nigra,"River Birch, Black Birch, Red Birch, Water Birch, River  Birch",fast,3 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March,June,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of streams, by swamps etc, in deep rich soil that is often inundated for weeks at a time.",Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Florida.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaNigra.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,occidentalis,Water Birch,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Usually found on the banks of streams or moister spots in forests, it is also occasionally found in drier sites[60, 229].",Western and Central N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaOccidentalis.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,papyrifera,"Paper Birch, Mountain paper birch, Kenai birch",fast,None to None,20.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, usually on slopes, edges of ponds, streams and swamps etc[43, 82]. Found in a wide range of soil conditions, but the best specimens are found in well-drained sandy-loam soils.",Northern N. America to Greenland.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+papyrifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaPapyrifera.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,pendula,"Silver Birch, European white birch, Common Birch, Warty Birch, European White  Birch",fast,2 to 6,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woodland and heaths[17, 100]. Rarely found on chalk.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to Morocco, W. Siberia and central Asia.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+pendula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaPendula.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,platyphylla,"White Birch, Asian white birch,",fast,3 to 6,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Highlands, C. and N. Japan.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+platyphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaPlatyphylla.JPG
Betulaceae,Betula,populifolia,Grey Birch,fast,3 to 6,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found on the margins of swamps and ponds, it also commonly grows in dry sandy or gravelly barren soils, growing well in poor almost sterile soils[82, 229].",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Virginia and west to Indiana,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+populifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaPopulifolia.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,pubescens,"White Birch,  Downy birch",fast,2 to 9,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodland and heaths, usually on acid soils, from sea level to 830 metres[1, 17, 100].","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to W. Siberia and central Asia.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaPubescens.JPG
Betulaceae,Betula,schmidtii,Schmidt's Birch,fast,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Temperate broad-leaved forests at elevations of 700 - 800 metres.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+schmidtii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaSchmidtii.jpg
Betulaceae,Betula,utilis,"Indian Paper Birch, Whitebarked Himilayan Birch, Jacquemontii Birch",fast,5 to 6,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests at the upper height limit of tree growth, rarely found below 3000 metres. Moist hillsides at elevations of 2000 - 4000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+utilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BetulaUtilis.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,aurea,Arizona beggarticks,,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Marshy fields.,Southern N. America from Mexico south to Guatemala in Central America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensAurea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,bigelovii,Bigelow's beggarticks,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Canyons and moist soils along the sides of streams, especially in the south of New Mexico, 1200 - 2000 metres.",Southern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+bigelovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensBigelovii.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,bipinnata,Spanish Needles,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,September to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky woods, roadsides and waste places, often in sandy soils, Florida to Mexico, north to Massachusetts and New York.",E. Asia. Eastern N. America.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+bipinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensBipinnata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,biternata,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Hover-flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wasteland, amongst scrub, it is also an occasional weed of cultivated land, 1700 - 1900 metres in Kashmir. Wet places and roadsides, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+biternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensBiternata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,frondosa,"Beggar Ticks, Devil's beggartick",,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Hover-flies']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp ground in waste places in California.,"N. America - Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida and California.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+frondosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensFrondosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,parviflora,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal and riverside precipices and rocks, sandy banks, rocky outcrops. Sometimes found as ruderales by stony fences, walls etc.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,pilosa,"Beggar's Ticks, Blackjack, Hairy beggarticks",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Hover-flies']",,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp lowland fields and wasteland, North and Kermadec Islands. Moist, open neglected places at elevations of 700 - 2000 metres in Nepal.",New Zealand. A pantropical weed[272].,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+pilosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensPilosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Bidens,tripartita,"Burr Marigold, Threelobe beggarticks",,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Hover-flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches, pond and lake margins, sides of streams etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain, north to 63°, east to W. Asia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bidens+tripartita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BidensTripartita.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Billardiera,cymosa,Sweet Appleberry,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodlands, mallees and coastal heaths, on sandy soils.","Australia - South Australia, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Billardiera+cymosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pittosporaceae,Billardiera,longiflora,Appleberry,slow,7 to 10,2.4,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Damp forests and along the sides of streams.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Billardiera+longiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BillardieraLongiflora.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Billardiera,scandens,Common Appleberry,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"By mountain streams or scrub country in forests, by coasts and on tablelands.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Billardiera+scandens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BillardieraScandens.jpg
Bixaceae,Bixa,orellana,"Annatto (Lipstick Plant, Urucum, Colorau, Achiote )",fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,Coastal and inland thickets[ 307 ]. Tropical forests[ 254 ].,"S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bixa+orellana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bixa orellana1.jpg
Gentianaceae,Blackstonia,perfoliata,Yellow Wort,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Calcareous grassland and on dunes.,"Europe, including Britain, south from Holland and Germany east to Morocco and W. Asia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blackstonia+perfoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BlackstoniaPerfoliata.jpg
Blechnaceae,Blechnum,spicant,"Hard Fern, Deer fern",slow,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,June to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, heaths, moors, mountain grassland and on rocks, to 1200 metres.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. Africa, Japan, Western N. America.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blechnum+spicant,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BlechnumSpicant.jpg
Lamiaceae,Blephilia,ciliata,Downy wood mint,fast,4 to 7,0.7,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Indigenous to dry open woods, prairies, savannas, limestone bluffs, glades, barrens, clearings, fields, steep slopes, disturbed sites and roadsides.  Plants often occur in thin soils over limestone.",Eastern North American and through parts of the Central United States. Plants occur from Canada south to Georgia and west to Oklahoma.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blephilia+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Blephilia_ciliata1.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Blephilia,hirsuta,Hairy wood-mint or hairy pagoda plant,medium,4 to 7,0.7,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Occurs in rich, moist, shady woods, slopes and valleys. Habitats include mesic deciduous woodlands, areas alongwoodland paths, woodland borders, woodland openings, limestone glades, and thickets.",Eastern and northcentral United States,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blephilia+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Blephilia_hirsuta1.JPEG
Orchidaceae,Bletilla,striata,"Hyacinth Orchid, Urn orchid, Hyacinth Bletilla, Hardy Orchid, Chinese Ground Orchid",,5 to 8,0.4,0.3,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes in foothills, C. and S. Japan. In sandy soils amongst grassy patches on cool mountain slopes in China. Margins of woods and thickets.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bletilla+striata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BletillaStriata.jpg
Sapindaceae,Blighia,sapida,"Akee, ackee apple or ayee",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Seasonally dry lowland woodland[307 ]. Forest outliers on the savannah and drier parts of forests[332 ].,Western and central tropical Africa - Senegal to Cameroon and Gabon.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blighia+sapida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Blighia_sapida3_Plants.JPEG
Alliaceae,Bloomeria,aurea,"Golden Stars, Common goldenstar",,7 to 10,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry flats and hillsides, often in heavy soils and especially in foothill woods, to 1500 metres. in California.",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bloomeria+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Bloomeria,crocea,"Golden Stars, Common goldenstar",,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry flats, hillsides, often in heavy soil, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, valley grasslands, oak woodlands from sea level to 1700 metres[71, 270].",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bloomeria+crocea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BloomeriaCrocea.jpg
Iridaceae,Bobartia,indica,Rush Iris,slow,7 to 10,0.6,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to October.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy mountain slopes and flats below 500 metres in the south-western Cape[79, 260].",S. Africa,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bobartia+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BobartiaIndica.jpg
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,cylindrica,"False Nettle, Smallspike false nettle",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or shady ground. Alluvial or moist, deciduous woods, swamps, bogs, marshes, wet meadows and ditches from sea level to 1800 metres.","Eastern N. America - Florida to Texas, north to S. Quebec, S. Ontario and Minnesota.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+cylindrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoehmeriaCylindrica.jpg
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,glomerulifera,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,November to January,March to May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Subtropical forests at elevations of 850 - 1400 metres in S Yunnan and SE Xizang Provinces, China.To 1500 metres in the Sikkim Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Sikkim and China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+glomerulifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,longispica,,,None to None,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to August,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Thickets, edges of forests, along streams in hills and mountains at elevations of 300 - 600 metres in N. and SE. China, 1000 - 1300 metres in SW. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+longispica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoehmeriaLongispica.jpg
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,macrophylla,,,None to None,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to September,September to January,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River beds in the sub-Himalayan tract to 1200 metres. Edges of forests, valleys and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 3000 metres in western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Bhutan, Sikkim and China.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoehmeriaMacrophylla.jpg
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,nipononivea,Ramie,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and roadsides at elevations of 200 - 1200 metres in S Anhui, Fujiang and Guangdong Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, C. and S. Japan.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+nipononivea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,nivea,"Ramie, Chinese Grass, Chinese Silk Plant",,6 to 9,1.8,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,September to October.,,Monoecious,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places to 1200 metres. A very common plant in China, growing in thickets, roadsides, edges of forests in mountains at elevations of 200 - 1700 metres.","E. Asia - China to the Himalayas of Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+nivea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoehmeriaNivea.jpg
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,spicata,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Thickets, grassland, edges of forests, by ditches in hills and mountains at elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Boehmeria,tricuspis,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and mountains, C. and S. Japan. Thickets, edges of forests, along streams in hills and mountains at elevations of 500 - 1400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boehmeria+tricuspis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Boenninghausenia,albiflora,,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shrubberies to 3300 metres in the Himalayas. Generally found in moist places in Nepal at elevations of 500 - 3000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas to Japan.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boenninghausenia+albiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoenninghauseniaAlbiflora.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Boerhavia,diffusa,"Tar Vine, Red spiderling",,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to September,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A pioneer of bare areas, usually found on dry sandy soils.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",2,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boerhavia+diffusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoerhaviaDiffusa.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bolax,gummifera,Bolax,slow,7 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cliffs and rocks, open scrub and heath, forest margins and clearings, feldmark, to 900 metres.",Southern S. America,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bolax+gummifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BolaxGummifera.jpg
Alstroemeriaceae,Bomarea,acutifolia,Yatzi,,8 to 11,,,,,['Bees'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Shady woodlands in oak woods, tropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests.",Southern N. America - S. Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bomarea+acutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BomareaAcutifolia.jpg
Alstroemeriaceae,Bomarea,edulis,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,August to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found in mountains, in oak woodlands to tropical woodlands. Disturbed areas and forests from sea level to 3000 metres.",C. and S. America - Mexico to Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bomarea+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BomareaEdulis.jpg
Alstroemeriaceae,Bomarea,salsilla,,,8 to 11,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods and thickets in mountains, by the coast in C. Chile, favouring humid areas.",S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bomarea+salsilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BomareaSalsilla.jpg
Malvaceae,Bombax,ceiba,"Red Silk Cotton Tree, Kapok Tree",medium,10 to 12,25.0,22.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Hot, dry river valleys, savannah; at elevations below 1,400 metres in southern China[ 266 ]. Humid lowland deciduous forests[ 307 ]. Often found near stream banks[ 320 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines to Papua New Guinea and Australia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bombax+ceiba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bombax_ceiba_1.jpg
Berberidaceae,Bongardia,chrysogonum,,slow,8 to 11,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Steppes, amongst field crops on clayey and solonetzic slopes. Fields, open stony hillsides and waste places.",N. Africa to W. Asia - Syria to Iran.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bongardia+chrysogonum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BongardiaChrysogonum.jpg
Calyceraceae,Boopsis,australis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open sands and gravels by the coast and estuaries, to elevations of 60 metres, from Tierra Del Fuego and north to latitude 39°s in Argentina.",Southern S. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boopsis+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Borago,officinalis,"Borage, Common borage,Cool-tankard, Tailwort",medium,6 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Waste ground near houses in Britain.,C. Europe. A garden escape in Britain[17].,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borago+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoragoOfficinalis.jpg
Arecaceae,Borassus,aethiopum,"African Fan Palm, Palmyra Palm",slow,10 to 12,20.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Riverine flats and coastal plains; open secondary forest; dense forest borders; savannah in drier areas where it is restricted to grassland with high ground water table, or along water courses, often forming dense stands in temporary flooded areas[ 325 ].","Tropical Africa - semi-arid and sub-humid zones of Senegal to Somalia, south to S. Africa.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borassus+aethiopum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Borassus aethiopum 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Borassus,akeassii,African Fan Palm,slow,10 to 12,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Savannahs, often in close proximity to human settlements[ 325 ].",Semi-arid and sub-humid zones of Africa from Senegal to Sudan.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borassus+akeassii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Borassus akeassii 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Borassus,flabellifer,Palmyra Palm,medium,10 to 12,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Hot, dry, monsoonal areas in both forested and open country, often forming large stands[ 297 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borassus+flabellifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Borassus flabellifer1.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Borinda,emeryi,,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wetter temperate mixed coniferous and rhododendron forests, 2600 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Eastern Nepal.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borinda+emeryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Borinda,grossa,,,None to None,10.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wetter temperate mixed coniferous forests, often associated with hemlock, at altitudes of 2600 - 3200 metres in central and eastern Bhutan.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Bhutan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borinda+grossa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Borojoa,patinoi,Borojo,medium,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland rainforests, usually at elevations up to 700 metres but occasionally to 1,200 metres[ 418 ]..","Northwestern S. America - Colombia and Brazil, north through Central America to Nicaragua.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borojoa+patinoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Borojoa patinoi 1.jpg
Rutaceae,Boronia,pinnata,Pinnate Boronia,,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,Maritime exposure,Mountain ranges. Heathland and dry sclerophyll forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boronia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoroniaPinnata.jpg
Capparaceae,Boscia,senegalensis,"Aizen, Boscia",medium,10 to 12,8.0,10.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"It occupies most types of arid-land environment including stony slopes, sand dunes, and cracking-clay plains[ 323 ]. It often occurs in desiccated, barren, hard, and even fire-scorched sites[ 323 ]. It often sprouts directly out of termite mounds[ 323 ].","Africa - Senegal and Mauritania east through the Sahel to Egypt, Somalia and Kenya.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boscia+senegalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Boscia senegalensis_1.jpg
Ophioglossaceae,Botrychium,australe,Parsley Fern,,None to None,0.5,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane forest, usually along the edges of clearings. Also found in grassland. North, South and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Botrychium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BotrychiumAustrale.jpg
Ophioglossaceae,Botrychium,lunaria,Common Moonwort,,None to None,0.1,,Fern,,,,,June to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassland and rock ledges, usually on peaty soils.","Widely distributed in arctic and temperate zones of Europe, Asia and Australasia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Botrychium+lunaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BotrychiumLunaria.jpg
Ophioglossaceae,Botrychium,ternatum,,,None to None,0.3,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and grassy places in lowland and low mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan. N. America.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Botrychium+ternatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BotrychiumTernatum.jpg
Ophioglossaceae,Botrychium,virginianum,Rattlesnake Fern,,None to None,0.4,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist or dry woods. Common to abundant, especially in shaded forests and shrubby second growth, rare or absent in arid regions from sea level to 1500 metres.","N. Europe, E. Asia. N. America and S. America.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Botrychium+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BotrychiumVirginianum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bouteloua,gracilis,Blue Grama,,7 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Deserts and prairies[216, 235]. Grows in pure stands in mixed prairie associations and disturbed habitats, usually on rocky or clay soils and mainly at elevations of 300-3000 metres.","Southern N. America - Wisconsin to North Dakota, south to Arizona and Mexico.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bouteloua+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoutelouaGracilis.jpg
Fabaceae,Bowdichia,virgilioides,Alcornoco,fast,10 to 12,20.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rain and savannah forests, favouring more open positions in well-drained soils[ 341 , 419 ].","The root tubercles and the bark are antirheumatic, astringent, depurative, febrifuge and hypoglycaem",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bowdichia+virgilioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bowdichia_virgilioides_1.jpg
Sterculiaceae,Brachychiton,populneus,"Kurrajong, Bottletree, Kurrajong",fast,8 to 11,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal and sub-coastal areas on a variety of soils but favouring limestone[144, 167].","Australia - New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachychiton+populneus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachychitonPopulneus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,Dunedin Hybrids,,slow,7 to 10,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A group of garden hybrids involving B. compacta, B. greyi. and B. laxifolia.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+Dunedin Hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachyglottisDunedinHybrids.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,greyi,,slow,7 to 10,2.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Coastal rocks and adjacent ravines in North Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+greyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachyglottisGreyi.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,laxifolia,,slow,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Mountains, 900 - 1500 metres on South Island.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+laxifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,monroi,,slow,7 to 10,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Montane to sub-alpine shrubland and rocky places on South Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+monroi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,repanda,Bushman's Toilet Paper,slow,8 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal to montane forest and scrub.,New Zealand.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+repanda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachyglottisRepanda.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,rotundifolia,,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"From coastal scrub to elevations of 1000 metres on South and Stewart Islands[11, 44].",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Brachyloma,ciliatum,Daphne Heath,slow,8 to 11,0.4,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern Australia and Tasmania.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyloma+ciliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Bracyloma,depressum,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Granite rocks.,Australia - Victoria and Tasmania.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bracyloma+depressum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Brahea,armata,"Blue Hesper Palm, Blue Fan Palm, Mexican Blue Palm",slow,9 to 11,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry woodlands, usually on limestone soils.",South-western N. America - Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brahea+armata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BraheaArmata.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Brahea,dulcis,Apak Palm,slow,8 to 11,7.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry woodlands, usually on limestone soils.","Southern N. America - Texas, Mexico and southwards.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brahea+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BraheaDulcis.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Brahea,edulis,"Guadalupe Palm,",slow,9 to 11,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry woodlands, usually on limestone soils.",South-western N. America - Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brahea+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BraheaEdulis.jpg
Cabombaceae,Brasenia,schreberi,Water Shield,,None to None,0.1,2.0,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Wind']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Oligotrophic or mesotrophic ponds, lakes, and sluggish streams from sea level to 2000 metres.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brasenia+schreberi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BraseniaSchreberi.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,balearica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,Limestone cliffs.,Europe - Majorca.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+balearica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,carinata,Abyssinian Cabbage,fast,9 to 12,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An occasional bird-sown alien on waste ground in Britain.,N. Africa - Ethiopia. Occasional in Britain.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+carinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica-carinata1b.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,cretica,Mustard,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, usually near sea-level, in Turkey.",South-eastern Europe to western Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+cretica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,elongata,Elongated mustard,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Arable land and roadsides.,C. Europe to W. Asia. A casual in Britain[17].,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+elongata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea,Brown Mustard,,6 to 9,0.8,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cornfields in Britain.,N. Europe to C. Asia. Rarely naturalized in Britain[17].,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaJuncea.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea crispifolia,Curled Mustard,fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea crispifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea foliosa,Leaf Mustard,fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea foliosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia crispifolia,Curled Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia crispifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea integrifolia crispifolia 1.jpg
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia rugosa,Head Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.6,0.6,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea integrifolia rugosa 1.jpg
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia strumata,Large Petiole Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.8,0.8,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia strumata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea integrifolia subintegrifolia,Leaf Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea integrifolia subintegrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea multiceps,Green In The Snow,fast,6 to 9,0.4,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea multiceps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea napiformis,Root Mustard,,6 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea napiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea rugosa,Head Mustard,,6 to 9,0.6,0.4,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea strumata,Large Petiole Mustard,,6 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea strumata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea tsatsai multiceps,Green In The Snow,fast,6 to 10,0.4,0.4,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"Reported to be anodyne, aperitif, diuretic, emetic, rubefacient, and stimulant, the plant is a folk",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea tsatsai multiceps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea tsatsai multiceps.jpg
Brassicaceae,Brassica,juncea tsatsai tumida,Swollen-Stem Mustard,fast,6 to 10,0.8,0.4,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea tsatsai tumida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica juncea tsatsai tumida 1.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,juncea tumida,Swollen-Stem Mustard,,6 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+juncea tumida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaJunceaTumida.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,napus,"Colza,  Rape",,6 to 9,1.2,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of streams, ditches and arable fields in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+napus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaNapus.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,napus arvensis,Coleseed,,6 to 9,1.2,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of streams, ditches and arable fields in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+napus arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,napus napobrassica,Swede,,6 to 9,0.8,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,A hybrid of garden origin between B. napus and B. campestris.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+napus napobrassica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,napus napus,Rape,,6 to 9,1.2,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of streams, ditches and arable fields in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+napus napus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,napus pabularia,Rape Kale,,6 to 9,1.2,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of streams, ditches and arable fields in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+napus pabularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,nigra,Black Mustard,,6 to 9,1.2,0.6,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Cliffs near the sea in S. W. England.,C. Europe. Occasionally naturalized in S.W. Britain[17].,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaNigra.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea,"Wild Cabbage,  Broccoli,  Tronchuda cabbage,  Brussels sprouts,  Kohlrabi, Sprouting broccoli",,6 to 9,1.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,A rare plant of sea cliffs.,Coastal regions of the Mediterranean and W. Europe north to France and Britain.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleracea.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea acephala,Collards,,5 to 10,0.9,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea acephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Collard_Leaves_240.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea alboglabra,Chinese Kale,fast,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Not known in the wild, it probably originated in the Mediterranean and is very close to B. oleracea costata, the Couve tronchuda.",A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea alboglabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaAlboglabra.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea botrytis,Cauliflower,,3 to 10,0.8,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea botrytis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaBotrytis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea botrytis aparagoides,Nine Star Perennial Broccoli,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea botrytis aparagoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica oleracea botrytis asparagoides.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea capitata,"Cabbage,Ornamental Cabbage, Red Cabbage, Savoy  Cabbage",medium,7 to 11,0.8,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica oleraceaCapitata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea costata,Couve Tronchuda,,7 to 10,1.5,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea costata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea gemmifera,Brussels Sprouts,,None to None,1.2,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea gemmifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaGemmifera.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea gongylodes,Kohl Rabi,fast,4 to 8,0.5,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A cultivated form of B. oleracea, not known in the wild.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea gongylodes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaGongylodes.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea italica,Broccoli,,2 to 11,0.9,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea italica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaItalica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea medullosa,Marrow-Stem Kale,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea medullosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaMedullosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea palmifolia,Jersey Kale,,None to None,3.0,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea palmifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaPalmifolia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea ramosa,Perpetual Kale,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea ramosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brassica oleracea ramosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea sabauda,Savoy Cabbage,,7 to 11,0.8,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea sabauda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaSabauda.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,oleracea sabellica,Curly Kale,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. oleracea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+oleracea sabellica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaOleraceaSabellica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa,"Turnip, Field mustard, Toria, Yellow sarson",,7 to 11,0.5,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,Derived in cultivation.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa campestris,Wild Turnip,,6 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"River banks, arable and waste land.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa campestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaCampestris.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa chinensis,Pak Choi,,6 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaChinensis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa dichotoma,Indian Rape,,6 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. rapa.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa dichotoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa narinosa,Chinese Savoy,,6 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa narinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaNarinosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa nipposinica,Mizuna,fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa nipposinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaNipposinica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa oleifera,Stubble Turnip,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. rapa.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa oleifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaOleifera.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa parachinensis,False Pak Choi,,6 to 9,0.3,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivar of garden origin.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa parachinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa pekinensis,Chinese Cabbage,,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in the wild, it is possibly a cross between B. campestris rapa (the turnip) and B. napus chinensis (Pak-choi).",A cultivar of garden origin.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa pekinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaPekinensis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa perviridis,Mustard Spinach,fast,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Biennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Not known in the wild, it probably arose from B. rapa chinensis, Pak choi.",A cultivar of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa perviridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaRapaPerviridis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,rapa trilocularis,Indian Colza,,6 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of B. rapa.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+rapa trilocularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,tournefortii,"Wild Turnip-Rape, Asian mustard",,7 to 11,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dunes, roadsides and fields in the maritime belt.",Europe - E. Mediterranean to W. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+tournefortii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaTournefortii.jpg
Alliaceae,Brodiaea,coronaria,"Californian Hyacinth,  Crown brodiaea, Indian Valley brodiaea",,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Corm,,,,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravelly prairies, grassy slopes and rocky buffs. Grasslands, volcanic mesas from sea level to 1600 metres.",Western N. America from British Columbia to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brodiaea+coronaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrodiaeaCoronaria.JPG
Bromeliaceae,Bromelia,karatas,"Ananas pingouin, Karatas, Camburito",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Marginal forests bordering savannahs and in deciduous forests, at elevations of 1,300 - 1,500 metres[331 ].",S. America - Brazil and Ecuador north through Central America to Mexico and the West Indies.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromelia+karatas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bromelia_karatas1_Plants.JPEG
Bromeliaceae,Bromelia,pinguin,Pinuela. Pinguin,fast,9 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Common and widely distributed in the lowlands of Guatemala, forming wide and dense thickets on the plains[331 ]. Rocky hills in the West Indies[454 ].",Northern South America - Venezuela north to Central America and the West Indies.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromelia+pinguin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bromelia_pinguin1_Plants.JPEG
Bromeliaceae,Bromelia,serra,Bayonet bromeliad,fast,10 to 12,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A terrestrial herb that grows in the understory of Chaco and Cerrado woodlands and often forms the ground layer together with other bromeliads and cacti such as: the firecracker cactus or scarlet bugler (Cleistocactus baumanii) and Aechmea distichantha,",S. America - central Brazil and Bolivia to Paraguay and northern Argentina.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromelia+serra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bromelia_serra1_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,breviaristatus,Mountain Brome,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Various habitats from moist woods to dry open meadows or sagebrush covered hills, sometimes to the timber line.","Western N. America - Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Iowa, Arizona and California.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+breviaristatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusBreviaristatus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,carinatus,Californian Brome,,4 to 8,0.8,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Wind', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Various habitats from moist woods to dry open meadows or sagebrush covered hills, sometimes to the timber line. Found naturalized along the Thames at Kew and Oxford.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California and New Mexico. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+carinatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusCarinatus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,inermis,"Smooth Brome,  Pumpelly's brome",,3 to 7,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"N. Europe, eastwards to China.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+inermis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusInermis.jpeg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,japonicus,"Japanese Chess, Field brome",,7 to 10,0.8,,Annual/Biennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields and waste places, British Columbia, Alberta and Quebec.","S. Europe - Mediterranean, to E. Asia. Introduced and naturalized in most areas of N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusJaponicus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,mango,"Mango, Mango brome",,None to None,1.0,0.3,Biennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - S. Chile, Argentina.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+mango,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,marginatus,Mountain Brome,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Various habitats from moist woods to dry open meadows or sagebrush covered hills, sometimes to the timber line.","Western N. America - British Columbia and Alberta to California, New Mexico and South Dakota.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+marginatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusMarginatus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,ramosus,Hairy Brome,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedges and woods.,"Most of Europe south from Scandanavia, including Britain, to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+ramosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusRamosus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,rigidus,Ripgut Brome,,6 to 9,1.0,,Annual,,"['Wind', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waste places on sandy shores in the Channel Islands, a casual in other parts of Britain.","Southern and western Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+rigidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusRigidus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,tectorum,"Cheat Grass, Downy Brome",,7 to 10,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Roadsides and waste places, also in thatched roofs in Eastern N. America.",S. Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+tectorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusTectorum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,thominii,Soft Brome,,3 to 7,0.8,,Biennial,,"['Wind', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, waste places, and on dunes, shingle banks and cliffs, mainly in southern Britain.","W. Europe, from Britain and France to Scandanavia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+thominii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Brosimum,alicastrum,Breadnut. Maya nut,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy tree in seasonally flooded or dry limestone woodland. Moist or wet forest, ascending to about 1,000 metres but mostly at 300 metres or less in Guatemala.","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+alicastrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_alicastrum2_Plants.JPEG
Moraceae,Brosimum,guianense,Bastard Breadnut,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Forests that are not subject to inundation at elevations from sea level to 1,000 metres[ 420 ]. It is most commonly found in secondary forests, and sometimes in very dry or very humid terrains[ 420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north through Central America to Mexico.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+guianense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_guianense_1.jpg
Moraceae,Brosimum,parinarioides,"Leite de amapa, Brosimum",medium,10 to 12,32.0,22.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in rainforests, especially on slopes; favouring laterite and bauxite soils[422 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, the Guyanas.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+parinarioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_parinarioides1.JPEG
Moraceae,Brosimum,rubescens,Bloodwood Cacique,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet evergreen forests at low elevations[ 369 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north through Central America to Panama and Costa Rica.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+rubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_rubescens_1.jpg
Moraceae,Brosimum,utile,"Cow Tree, Palo De Vaca",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests[317 ]. Evergreen forest formations at elevations below 400 metres[369 ].,"S. America - Amazon basin to Ecuador, north through Colombia and Venezuela to Costa Rica.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+utile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_utile1_Plants.JPEG
Moraceae,Broussonetia,kazinoki,Kozo,,6 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,August,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Forest margins, low mountains and near houses.","E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Broussonetia+kazinoki,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BroussonetiaKazinoki.jpg
Moraceae,Broussonetia,papyrifera,Paper Mulberry,medium,6 to 11,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,August to September,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets, mountain ravines and forests.",E. Asia - China. Occasionally naturalized in S.E. Europe[50].,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Broussonetia+papyrifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BroussonetiaPapyrifera.jpg
Simaroubaceae,Brucea,antidysenterica,Waginos,medium,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In the lower storeys of evergreen forest and often as secondary growth in deforested areas or at forest edges[ 308 ]. Montane forests, forest margins and secondary vegetation, most frequently at elevations of 1,750 - 2,500 metres[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea and Nigeria east to Ethiopia and south to Angola, Malawi and Zambia.",1,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brucea+antidysenterica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brucea_antidysenterica_1.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Bryonia,alba,White Bryony,fast,5 to 9,4.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Vineyards and woods.,Europe to W. Asia - Iran.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bryonia+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BryoniaAlba.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Bryonia,dioica,"Red Bryony, Cretan bryony",fast,5 to 9,3.5,3.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Scrub and woodland, especially on well-drained soils, avoiding acid soils[7, 17].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bryonia+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BryoniaDioica.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Buchanania,lanzan,"Almondette, Charoli Nut",medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In open and dry forests on poor soils[ 310 ]. Lowland forests in southern China at elevations of 100 - 900 metres[ 310 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buchanania+lanzan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Buchanania lanzan 1.jpg
Buddleiaceae,Buddleia,asiatica,Bai Bei Feng,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,January to April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Second growth forest, sandy river banks, grass, savannah, landslips and deserted village sites[146, 260].",E. Asia - India to the Philippines.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buddleia+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuddleiaAsiatica.jpg
Buddleiaceae,Buddleia,davidii,"Butterfly Bush, Summer Lilac, Butterflybush",fast,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to October,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in rocky riverside habitats 1300 - 2600 metres in China. Waste places, often on brick walls in Britain.",E. Asia - China. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buddleia+davidii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuddlejaDavidii.jpg
Buddleiaceae,Buddleia,globosa,Orange Ball Tree,,6 to 9,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Found at altitudes up to 2000 metres.,"S. America - Argentina, Chile, Peru.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buddleia+globosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuddleiaGlobosa.jpg
Buddleiaceae,Buddleia,officinalis,Mi Meng Hua,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,December to February.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"River valleys of Szechwan in dry rocky areas to 1000 metres. Cliffs, scrub and waste places at elevations up to 1,000 metres.",E. Asia - western China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buddleia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Buddleiaceae,Buddleia,paniculata,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry slopes and amongst rocks, especially on exposed sunny slopes, 1200 - 2250 metres.",E. Asia - N. India.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buddleia+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuddlejaPaniculata.jpg
Boraginaceae,Buglossoides,arvensis,"Field Gromwell, Corn gromwell",,6 to 10,0.5,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arable fields, rough ground and open grassy places.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, through Asia to the Himalayas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buglossoides+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuglossoidesArvensis.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Bulbinella,hookeri,Maori Onion,,7 to 10,0.7,0.3,Bulb,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Northern slopes and damp places from lowland to sub-alpine pastures on North and South Islands south to latitude 42° south.,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulbinella+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Bulbinopsis,bulbosa,Golden Lily,,8 to 11,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grassland and rock crevices, in swampy situations up to the sub-alpine zone. Usually found on flats or sandy soils. Woodlands, grassland and saltbush plains.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulbinopsis+bulbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Bulbophyllum,inconspicuum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,,,[],,,Epiphytic on tree trunks in central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - China and Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulbophyllum+inconspicuum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BulbophyllumInconspicuum.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Bulnesia,arborea,Verawood,slow,9 to 12,15.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,A common tree of the dry shorelines and foothills[ 307 ].,S. America - Colombia and Venezuela.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulnesia+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bulnesia arborea_1.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Bulnesia,sarmientoi,Pao Santo,slow,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Found mainly in deciduous, calcareous forests, open forests, in dryland varzeas on very saline soils with good deep water humidity[ 420 ].","Tropical S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Brazil and Bolivia.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulnesia+sarmientoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bulnesia sarmientoi 1.jpg
Sapotaceae,Bumelia,lanuginosa,Chittamwood,,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"On sandy beaches and in sandy woods, preferring water courses and washes[43, 82, 181].",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bumelia+lanuginosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapotaceae,Bumelia,lycioides,Shittamwood,,6 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low moist soils by swamps and streams, also found on rocky bluffs.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Indiana and Texas.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bumelia+lycioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BumeliaLycioides.jpg
Sapotaceae,Bumelia,tenax,"Ironwood, Tough bully",,8 to 11,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy soils, in sand-pine forests and with coastal oak.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bumelia+tenax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malpighiaceae,Bunchosia,armeniaca,Ameixa Do Peru,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"S. America - Brazil, Andes.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunchosia+armeniaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Bunias,erucago,"Corn Rocket, Crested wartycabbage",,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields and roadsides, usually on rather poor soils.",S. Europe. A rare casual in Britain[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunias+erucago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuniasErucago.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Bunias,orientalis,"Turkish Rocket, Turkish wartycabbage",,6 to 9,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of cultivated and waste ground[50, 200].","N. America. Europe - Caucasus, S. Russia. Naturalized in Britain[17].",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunias+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuniasOrientalis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bunium,bulbocastanum,"Pig Nut, Earth-nut",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rough grassland and banks on chalk.,"Western and Southern Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands to Italy.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunium+bulbocastanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuniumBulbocastanum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bunium,ferulaceum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Exposed stony mountain slopes in the forest belt.,Europe - Mediterranean to the Balkans and the Crimea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunium+ferulaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bunium,persicum,"Black Caraway, Black Cumin",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gentle exposed mountain slopes in C. Asia. Dry scrubby slopes in the Himalayas.,"South-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and Western Asia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunium+persicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bunium-persicum2.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,chinense,Bei Chai Hu,,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy areas on hills and mountain slopes in Korea. Grasslands, stream banks, sunny slopes and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 2700 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bupleurum+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,falcatum,Thorow-Wax,,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste places and hedgebanks.,"Scattered throughout Europe, including Britain, and Asia north to the subarctic, east to Japan.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bupleurum+falcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BupleurumFalcatum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,fruticosum,Shrubby Hare's Ear,slow,6 to 9,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wasps'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sunny hills, walls and rocky places.",S. Europe to N. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bupleurum+fruticosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BupleurumFruticosum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,longiradiatum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubby thickets, it is also found rarely on not excessively exposed dry slopes. Mountains all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bupleurum+longiradiatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,octoradiatum,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grasslands, stream banks, sunny slopes and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bupleurum+octoradiatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bupleurum,rotundifolium,Hare's Ear,,5 to 9,0.4,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cornfields, waste places and waysides, often as a weed of cultivated land[17, 200].","Central to southern Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and the Caucasus.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bupleurum+rotundifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BupleurumRotundifolium.jpg
Colchicaceae,Burchardia,umbellata,Milkmaids,,8 to 11,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Heaths, flats, open forests and low hillsides in all regions[154, 193].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Burchardia+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BurchardiaUmbellata.jpg
Malvaceae,Burretiodendron,hsienmu,Hsienmu wood,slow,10 to 12,35.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A canopy tree in lowland semi-deciduous woodland, sometimes as the dominant component[ 338 ].","E. Asia - southwest China, Vietnam.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Burretiodendron+hsienmu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Burretiodendron hsienmu 1.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Bursaria,spinosa,"Christmas Bush, Sweet Bursaria",,7 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and open places, but avoiding arid areas, in loamy soils, stony hills and on riverbanks, probably at its best near the coast.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bursaria+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BursariaSpinosa.jpg
Burseraceae,Bursera,simaruba,"Gum Tree, Gumbo Limbo",medium,10 to 12,20.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Especially bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Generally found in dry forests, but sometimes in wetter forests; common in advanced secondary growth[ 303 ]. In the wetter areas of its range it is more likely to be found growing on slopes where the soil is shallow and dries quickly[ 510 ].","S. America - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; north through the Caribbean to Florida; C. America - Panama to Guatemala.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bursera+simaruba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bursera_simaruba_1.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Butia,capitata,"Jelly Palm, South american jelly palm",slow,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland plains near the coast.,Southern S. America - South Brazil and Uruguay.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Butia+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ButiaCapitata.jpg
Butomaceae,Butomus,umbellatus,Flowering Rush,medium,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Pond margins, ditches and canals, avoiding shade[13, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, and temperate Asia.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Butomus+umbellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ButomusUmbellatus.jpg
Buxaceae,Buxus,balearica,,slow,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills.,"Europe - Spain, Balearic Islands.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buxus+balearica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuxusBalearica.jpg
Buxaceae,Buxus,harlandii,Japanese Box,slow,6 to 9,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Streamsides or forest in the offshore islands of Guangdong, Hainan in China.","E. Asia - eastern China, Japan",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buxus+harlandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Buxaceae,Buxus,microphylla,"Littleleaf boxwood , Littleleaf Boxwood",slow,6 to 10,1.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buxus+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuxusMicrophylla.jpg
Buxaceae,Buxus,sempervirens,"Box, Common box, American Boxwood",slow,6 to 8,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to May,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Beechwood and scrub, usually on chalk and limestone.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from France and Germany to N. Africa and Albania.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buxus+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuxusSempervirens.jpg
Buxaceae,Buxus,wallichiana,,slow,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steep shady rocky ravines, often gregarious, 1800 - 2700 metres[51, 184].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to C. Nepal.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buxus+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuxusWallichiana.jpg
Malpighiaceae,Byrsonima,crassifolia,"Golden Spoon, Nance, Nancy Tree",slow,9 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open pine forests and grassy savannahs, sometimes in extensive stands[ 303 ]. Lowland moist or dry thickets and woodland[ 307 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil and Peru, north to Mexico.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Byrsonima+crassifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Byrsonima crassifolia 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Caesalpinia,sappan,Sappanwood. Rainbow wood,fast,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Secondary forest; near roadsides; at the forest-edges; limestone hills[598 ]. Grows mostly at low and medium altitudes in hilly areas with clayey soil and calcareous rocks[299 ].,"E. Asia - China, southern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+sappan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caesalpinia_sappan1_Plants.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Campsis,radicans,"Trumpet Vine, Trumpet creeper",fast,4 to 10,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,June to October,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low woods and thickets. An aggressive weed of arable fields.,Southeast N. America - Florida to Texas and north to New Jersey and Michigan..,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campsis+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampsisRadicans.jpg
Solanaceae,Capsicum,pubescens,"Tree Pepper, Rocoto",,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Andes.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsicum+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsicumPubescens.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Carum,carvi,Caraway,,3 to 9,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist meadows, arable land and waste places from lowland to mountain elevations[9, 165, 244].",Europe. Rarely naturalized in Britain. Perhaps native in S.E. England[17].,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carum+carvi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarumCarvi.jpg
Fabaceae,Cassia,fistula,"Golden Shower, Purging Cassia, Golden Chain Tree, Indian Laburnum",slow,9 to 11,18.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Dry deciduous forest at lower altitudes[ 303 ].,"E. Asia - Indian subcontinent. Naturalized in other areas of the tropics, including east Africa.",1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassia+fistula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cassia fistula 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Cassia,grandis,"Coral shower, Horse Cassia",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, brushy or forested hillsides or on thinly forested plains, often about dwellings or along roadsides and in pastures, at elevations below 900 metres[331 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassia+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cassia_grandis1_Plants.JPEG
Malvaceae,Ceiba,aesculifolia,Pochote,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Chiefly on dry plains or hillsides, mainly at elevations up to 1,500 metres[ 331 ]. A rare species found in low, dry deciduous forests from Mexico to Costa Rica .",Central America - Costa Rica north to Mexico.,2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceiba+aesculifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ceiba aesculifolia 1.JPG
Malvaceae,Ceiba,pentandra,"Kapok Tree, Cotton Tree, Suma'ma",fast,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Moths', 'Bees']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An emergent tree in various types of moist evergreen and deciduous forests, including those subject to seasonal inundation, as well as in dry forests and gallery forests[ 303 ]. As a pioneer species, it mostly occurs in secondary forests[ 303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; north through C. America to Mexico; Caribbean; West tropical Africa.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceiba+pentandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ceiba pentandra 1.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,capitatum,"Strawberry Blite, 	Blite goosefoot",,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rubbish tips etc in Britain.,Europe. A rare casual in Britain[17].,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+capitatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumCapitatum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,overi,Over's goosefoot,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Aspen groves, ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper, Douglas fir-aspen, big sagebrush, meadows, and riparian habitats at elevations of 1400 - 3000 metres.","Western N. America - California to Montana, Arizona and New Mexico.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+overi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysothamnus,viscidiflorus,"Green Rabbitbrush, Yellow rabbitbrush",,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry open places in lowlands and up to moderate elevations.,Western N. America - southern British Columbia to California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysothamnus+viscidiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysothamnusViscidiflorus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,setosum,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Edges of fields and streams. Mountain slopes, by rivers, water lands and farmlands at elevations of 100 - 2700 metres throughout China.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+setosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumSetosum.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Coccinia,grandis,Ivy Gourd,,8 to 11,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous bush, savannah, dry evergreen forest and thickets. Moist neglected places, especially on hedges, to elevations of 1400 metres in Nepal.",Tropical Asia To Africa.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coccinia+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CocciniaGrandis.gif
Burseraceae,Commiphora,myrrha,"Myrrh, Myrrh Gum",medium,10 to 12,5.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets in desert scrubland[ 238 , 254 ]. Open Acacia, Commiphora bushland on shallow soil, chiefly over limestone at elevations from 250 - 1,300 metres[ 303 ].","Eastern and northeastern Tropical Africa - Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya; Arabian Peninsula - Saudi Arabia, Oman..",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commiphora+myrrha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Commiphora myrrha 1.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Conringia,orientalis,Hare's Ear Mustard,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Flies']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable and waste land, also on cliffs by the sea, especially on clay and calcareous soils in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. A frequent and occasionally established casual in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conringia+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConringiaOrientalis.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Coriandrum,sativum,"Coriander - Dhania - Cilantro, Coriander",,2 to 11,0.5,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places and arable land, often by the sides of rivers[4, 9].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriandrum+sativum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoriandrumSativum.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,capitata,Bentham's Cornel,medium,7 to 10,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Forests and shrubberies to 3400 metres in the Himalayas. Moist hillsides at elevations of 1700 - 2600 metres in Nepal. Evergreen and mixed forests, 1000 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,florida,Flowering Dogwood,medium,5 to 9,6.0,8.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Rich well-drained soils in acidic woods to 1500 metres[43, 82]. An understorey tree in dry deciduous woods[82, 222].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, east to Kansas and Texas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+florida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusFlorida.gif
Arecaceae,Corypha,utan,"Gebang Palm. Corypha palm, Sugar palm",slow,11 to 12,18.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Flat, low-lying land in woodlands and forests in monsoonal areas[297 ]. Open grasslands, and along rivers and wetlands[314 ].","E. Asia - India, Malaysia and Indo-China to Australia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corypha+utan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corypha_utan1.jpg
Rubiaceae,Coutarea,hexandra,Coutarea,medium,10 to 12,4.5,4.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils in alluvial river valleys and near rivers, in both dense, primary forests and the more open, secondary formations, generally preferring more open, sunny positions[ 420 ]. Thickets in Panama[ 469 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean- Trinidad",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coutarea+hexandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Coutarea hexandra 1.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,giganteus,"Giant Bamboo, Bhalu bans, Dhungre bans",fast,9 to 12,30.0,15.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests in humid tropical highlands, at elevations up to 1,200 metres[ 303 ].","E. Asia - Myanmar, Thailand.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus-giganteus.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,hamiltonii,Tama Bamboo. Tufted bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mixed forests[310 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+hamiltonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_hamiltonii1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,hookeri,"Bhalu bans, Bhutan Green Bamboo",fast,10 to 12,20.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in the foothills of the Himalayas at elevations of 700 - 1,500 metres[361 ].","E. Asia - northeast India, Bhutan, Nepal and Myanmar.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_hookeri1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,latiflorus,"Sweet Bamboo, Sweet bamboo shoot, Taiwan giant bamboo",fast,10 to 12,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - southern China, Myanmar, Vietnam.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+latiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_latiflorus_small2.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,membranaceus,White bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An undergrowth plant in dry/moist tropical and subtropical broadleaf forests, montane rain forest and semi-evergreen rain forest at elevations up to 3,000 metres[338 ].","E. Asia - China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+membranaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_membranaceus1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Dicentra,eximia,"Dwarf bleeding heart, turkey-corn",medium,3 to 9,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,"['Birds', 'Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Forest and mountain areas from New York to Georgia and Tennessee growing on forest floors, rocky woods and ledges on rocky soils in the Appalachian Mountains. Shade-loving.",Native to the Eastern North America - Appalachian Mountains.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dicentra+eximia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dicentra_eximia1.JPEG
Alliaceae,Dichelostemma,volubile,"Snake Lily, Twining snakelily",,8 to 11,3.6,,Corm,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Clay or granite, bushy or open slopes below 750 metres in California, where it clambers over shrubs.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichelostemma+volubile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DichelostemmaVolubile.gif
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,texanum,Black Persimmon,,None to None,12.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky hills, ravine sides and canyons, often on limestone.",Southern N. America - Texas and New Mexico.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+texanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiospyrosTexanum.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Diplotaxis,erucoides,White Wall Rocket,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A weed of arable and waste ground in S. England and frequent as a casual.,S. Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in S. Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotaxis+erucoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiplotaxisErucoides.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Diplotaxis,muralis,"Wall Rocket, Annual wallrocket",,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Limestone rocks, walls and as a weed of arable ground in England.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in S. Britain[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotaxis+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiplotaxisMuralis.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Diplotaxis,tenuifolia,Perennial Wall Rocket,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Old walls and waste places in S. England, a casual further north. This plant is doubtfully native in Britain.","Southern and central Europe, possibly including Britain.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotaxis+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DiplotaxisTenuifolia.gif
Fabaceae,Diplotropis,purpurea,"Sucupira, Tatabu",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Upland areas in rainforests and seasonal forests[ 378 ]. Found mainly in primary forests in areas not subject to seasonal inundation, growing on slopes and well-drained soils of medium texture[ 420 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplotropis+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diplotropis-purpurea-1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinacea,angustifolia,"Echinacea, Blacksamson echinacea, Strigose blacksamson",,3 to 8,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravelly, sandy, and rocky dry limestone prairies and barrens[43, 274].","N. America - Manitoba, Saskatchewan and North Dakota south to Texas.",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinacea+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinaceaAngustifolia4.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinacea,pallida,"Cone Flower, Pale purple coneflower",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry soils on prairies and barrens. Sandy open woods and prairies in Texas.,N. America - Michigan to Nebraska and south to Texas.,0,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinacea+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinaceaPallida.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinacea,purpurea,"Echinacea, Eastern purple coneflower, Hedge Coneflower, Black Sampson , Purple Coneflower",medium,3 to 10,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry open woods, prairies and barrens.","N. America - Virginia to Ohio and Michigan, south to Georgia and Louisiana.",1,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinacea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinaceaPurpurea.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Eremophila,fraseri,"Burra, Turpentine bush",medium,9 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Grows in a wide range of habitats and different soil types. Subspecies parva occurs in scattered locations in the Meekatharra and Gascoyne regions in Western Australia  where it grows in stony or sandy clay loam.,Native to Western Australia,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremophila+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eremophila_fraseri1.JPEG
Asteraceae,Ericameria,nauseosa,Rubber Rabbitbrush,medium,7 to 9,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a temperate plant. Dry sandy, gravelly, or heavy clayey and alkali soils in open places in sagebrush, juniper-pinyon and ponderosa-pine zones at low elevations and occasionally found at higher elevations[60, 269].",Western N. America - Canada to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ericameria+nauseosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ericameria_nauseosa1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Euodia,ruticarpa,Wu Zhu Yu,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Inner valleys of Sikkim, 2000 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+ruticarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuodiaRuticarpa.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Euphrasia,officinalis,Eyebright,,5 to 9,0.2,0.1,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist grassland and chalky pastures, semi-parasitic on grass[4, 7].","W. Europe, including Britain, to E. Asia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphrasia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphrasiaOfficinalis.gif
Poaceae,Festuca,pratensis,Meadow fescue,medium,4 to 10,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, roadsides, old pastures, and riversides on moist, rich soils, especially on loamy and heavy soils. ","Native to northern Europe east to Central Asia and south to Caucasus and Asia Minor. Introduced to North America from England (Reed, 1976).",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Festuca+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Festuca_pratensis1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,apus,Watho. Tabashir Bamboo,fast,9 to 11,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in open areas, disturbed forest and on river sides on sandy or clayey soils[303 ]","E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+apus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_apus1.JPEG
Verbenaceae,Glandularia,canadensis,Rose Verbena,medium,5 to 9,0.3,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mesic to dry black soil prairies, sand prairies, hill prairies, pioneer cemeteries, thinly wooded slopes, openings in rocky upland woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, limestone and sandstone glades, pastures, abandoned fields, and roadside embankments [1-6].",Native to the eastern and south-central areas of the United States.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glandularia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Glandularia_canadensis1.JPEG
Rhamnaceae,Gouania,lupuloides,Chew Stick,medium,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, moist, or wet thickets or forest, most often in second-growth thickets, ascending from sea level to elevations of around 1,500 metres[331 ].","Central America - Panama to Mexico, and the Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gouania+lupuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gouania-lupuloides_Jacquin.jpg
Fabaceae,Griffonia,simplicifolia,Griffonia,medium,10 to 12,3.0,0.4,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grass savannah; coastal plains on termite mounds; scrub thickets; climber in secondary and gallery forests[328 ].,"West tropical Africa - Liberia to Nigeria, Gabon, Congo.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Griffonia+simplicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Griffonia_simplicifolia_Adansonia.JPEG
Asteraceae,Gymnanthemum,amygdalinum,Bitterleaf,medium,10 to 12,8.0,7.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Along rivers and lakes, in forest margins, woodland and grassland, at elevations up to 2,000 metres. Often found in disturbed localities such as abandoned farmland and in secondary woodland[299 ].","Tropical Africa - widespread, in most countries from Guinea to Mali and south to Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnanthemum+amygdalinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guiera senegalensis 1.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Handroanthus,serratifolius,Yellow Trumpet Tree,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree of climax evergreen forest, forming pure stands in some areas but preferring the sides and tops of ridges to swampy ground[303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas, north to Trinidad and Tobago.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Handroanthus+serratifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Handroanthus serratifolius 1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Hirschfeldia,incana,"Greek Mustard, Shortpod mustard",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Naturalized in sandy places in the Channel Islands, it is also a casual in southern England.",S. Europe - Greece to Turkey. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hirschfeldia+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HirschfeldiaIncana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Layia,platyglossa,Coastal Tidytips,fast,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy flats by the coast, below 100 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Layia+platyglossa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LayiaPlatyglossa.jpg
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,corrugata,"Mahot rouge, Guacharaco",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common plant of rain forests and marsh forests, especially along the sides of water courses[422 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+corrugata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_corrugata1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Lindera,benzoin,"Spice Bush, Northern spicebush, Bush Northern Spice",slow,4 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet woods and by streams on sandy or peaty soils. Stream banks, low woods, margins of wetlands; uplands, especially with exposed limestone, from sea level to 1200 metres.","Eastern N. America - Maine and Ontario to Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+benzoin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaBenzoin2.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,glauca,Grayblue Spicebush,,5 to 9,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed deciduous forest. Forests, roadsides on mountain slopes; at elevations below 900 metres in China[266].",E. Asia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lindera_glauca1240.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,megaphylla,,,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,E. Asia - S. and S.W. China.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+megaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaMegaphylla.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,obtusiloba,,,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Thickets and copses.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+obtusiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaObtusiloba.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,praecox,,,8 to 11,7.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Thickets on hillsides and on the borders of streams and lakes.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaPraecox.jpg
Poaceae,Lingnania,chungii,"Clumping Bamboo, white bamboo, tropical blue bamboo",fast,9 to 11,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland hilly areas; at elevations from 100 - 500 metres[266 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, Vietnam.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lingnania+chungii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lingnania_chungii1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Macleaya,cordata,Plume Poppy,fast,4 to 10,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places, open meadows and the grassy floors of Cryptomeria plantations.","E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macleaya+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MacleayaCordata.jpg
Moraceae,Maclura,tinctoria,Fustic Tree,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or usually dry thickets or forest in the tierra caliente, common in the plains and lowlands of Guatemala[331 ]. Found in a wide range of forest formations in Brazil, especially in secondary growth[419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maclura+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maclura_tinctoria_Descourtilz.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Madhuca,longifolia,"Butter Tree. Mahua, Illipe",medium,10 to 12,16.0,14.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Margins of tropical and subtropical forests at elevations up to 200 metres in Nepal[272 ]. Deciduous forests and dry sal plain forests. The tree is usually found scattered in pastures and cultivated fields in central India[303 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madhuca+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Madhuca_longifolia1.JPEG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,aquifolium,"Oregon Grape, Hollyleaved barberry, Oregon Holly Grape, Oregon Holly",fast,4 to 8,2.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,January to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed coniferous woods to 2000 metres. It is found in woods and hedgerows in Britain.,Western N. America. Naturalized in Britain.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+aquifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaAquifolium.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,fortunei,Fortune's Mahonia,slow,7 to 9,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,October to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaFortunei.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,haematocarpa,"Mexican Barberry, Red barberry",,7 to 10,3.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes and flats in desert shrubland, desert grassland, and dry oak woodland; 900-2300 m; Arizona., California., Colorado., Nevada., New Mexico, Tex.; Mexico.","South-western N. America - Texas, Colorado, New Mexico and Mexico.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+haematocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaHaematocarpa.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,nevinii,Nevin's barberry,,7 to 10,2.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy and gravelly places in sage bush scrub or chaparral[71, 184].",South-western N. America - S. California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+nevinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaNevinii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,pumila,Dwarf Barberry,slow,6 to 9,0.3,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Mountains. Open woods and rocky areas at elevations of 300 - 1200 metres.,South-western N. America - California and southern Oregon.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaPumila.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,trifoliolata,"Mexican Barberry, Algerita",,6 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry calcareous soils. Slopes and flats in grassland, shrubland, and sometimes open woodland at elevations of 0 - 2000 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas, Arizona, Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+trifoliolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaTrifoliolata.jpg
Malpighiaceae,Malpighia,glabra,"Escobillo, Acerola",medium,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Rocky limestone, from sea level to 1,000 metres[307 ]. Thrives at elevations between sea level and 800 metres, but it can be found at elevations up to 1,700 metres[418 ].",C. America - Mexico to northern S. America and the Caribbean.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malpighia+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Malpighia_glabra_small.JPEG
Poaceae,Melocanna,baccifera,Berry Bamboo. Mali bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Occurs in vast stands, usually on hilly ground[418 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melocanna+baccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Melocanna_baccifera1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Microberlinia,bisulcata,Zingana,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Occurs in lowland rainforest areas, usually on sandy soils in flat areas[338 ].",Western tropical Africa - Cameroon.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microberlinia+bisulcata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Microberlinia bisulcata 1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Murraya,koenigii,"Curry tree, Curry leaf tree",medium,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry lowland woodland . Moist forests at elevations of 500 - 1,600 metres in southern China.","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Murraya+koenigii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Murraya_koenigii1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Neobalanocarpus,heimii,Chengal,medium,10 to 12,40.0,28.0,Tree,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Widespread in mixed dipterocarp forest below 1,000 metres, especially on well-drained friable soils on undulating land[310 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neobalanocarpus+heimii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Neobalanocarpus heimii 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Ochroma,pyramidale,Balsa Wood,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bats', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist, lowland, limestone forest[307 ]. Common along the margins of lakes or in disturbed areas, rare in the older forest where it is a large tree[315 ]. It is found mainly on fertile, bottom-land soils along the sides of streams[378 ]","S. America - Bolivia, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Guatemala.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ochroma+pyramidale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ochroma pyramidale 1.JPEG
Orobanchaceae,Orobanche,tuberosa,Ground Cone,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Parasitic on Gaultheria shallon, on or near the coast.",Western N. America - British Columbia to N. California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orobanche+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Annonaceae,Oxandra,lanceolata,"Black lancewood, lancewood, haya prieta",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Woods and thickets, often on limestone soils at elevations up to 450 metres[426 , 448 ].","Caribbean - Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Cuba.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxandra+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxandra lanceolata 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Oxytenanthera,abyssynica,Savanah Bamboo,fast,10 to 12,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry forest and soudanian woodland[332 ]. Along banks of perennial watercourses, in damp places at the bases of hills, in moorland, on slopes of wooded hills, often on termite mounds from sea level to 2,000 metres[308 , 610 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Eritrea and Ethiopia, south to Angola, Mozambique and northern S. Africa.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxytenanthera+abyssynica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxytenanthera_abyssynica1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Pachira,glabra,"Saba Nut, American Chestnut",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Alluvial plains and lowland rainforest[307 ]. Not very common in the wild, it is found mainly in secondary formations in alluvial lowlands and near the base of hillsides, being rare in dense, primary forest[419 ].","S. America - southern, central and eastern Brazil.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachira_glabra1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Pachira,insignis,Malabar Chestnut,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humid upland rainforests, mainly in dense primary forest or late-stage secondary formations in Brazil[625 ]. Wet, lowland, tropical rainforests at elevations up to 500 metres[362 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Caribbean - West Indies.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachira insignis 1.JPEG
Pandanaceae,Pandanus,conoideus,"Marita, Red fruit, Pandan",medium,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A tropical plant.  It grows throughout PNG from sea level up to 1650 m altitude.  It becomes common above 500m.  It can be up to 2,500m above sea level.  ","Origin: New Guinea, Moluccas. Limited to New Guinea and some of the islands to the west (Ceram, Buru and Ternate) in Indonesia to West Pacific. A rare plant outside its native range.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pandanus+conoideus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pandanus_conoideus1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,obtusum,Vine Mesquite,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp flats, shores and waste places. Usually found in dry soils according to another report. Sandy or gravelly soils, mainly along the banks of rivers and irrigation ditches.",Central and southern N. America - Missouri to Arizona and Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+obtusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumObtusum.jpg
Fabaceae,Peltophorum,dasyrhachis,"Peltophorum, Soga",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary, deciduous or evergreen forest, usually occupying the upper storey of secondary forest, and large openings in the forest or at forest margins. Usually found mixed with other broad-leaved species in evergreen broad-leaved forest[303 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltophorum+dasyrhachis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltophorum dasyrhachis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltophorum,pterocarpum,"Copperpod, Yellow Poinciana",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Preferring open or disturbed forest conditions, it is frequently found along beaches and in mangrove forests, especially the inner margins of mangroves[303 ]. It is also found growing wild in Imperata grassland fields and teak forests[303 ].","E. Asia - Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltophorum+pterocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltophorum pterocarpum 1.JPEG
Monimiaceae,Peumus,boldus,"Boldu, Boldo",slow,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry sunny slopes in lightly wooded country.,S. America - Chile.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peumus+boldus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeumusBoldus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,flexuosa,"Zig-Zag Bamboo, Drooping timber bamboo",,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+flexuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysFlexuosa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,nigra,"Black Bamboo, Kuro-Chiku",fast,7 to 10,7.5,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile and moist places, also by streams. In open forests, on slopes or in valleys at elevations of 1100 - 1200 metres.",E. Asia - E. and C. China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysNigra.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,bistortoides,American Bistort,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist or wet meadows and swamps, seldom below 2500 metres[43, 85].",Western N. America - Canada to California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+bistortoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumBistortoides.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,viviparum,Alpine Bistort,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountain grassland and wet rocks.,"Arctic and northern regions of Europe, including Britain, Asia and America. On mountains in south.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+viviparum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumViviparum.jpg
Fabaceae,Pueraria,montana,Kudzu Vine,fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Deciduous Perennial Climber,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and thin woods all over Japan[58 ].,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines. New Guinea,th the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.",4,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pueraria montana 1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rhynchosinapis,monensis,Isle Of Man Cabbage,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,West coast of Britain from N. Devon to Kintyre.,Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhynchosinapis+monensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhynchosinapisMonensis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rhynchosinapis,wrightii,Lundy Cabbage,,6 to 9,1.0,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Endemic to the cliffs and slopes on the eastern side of Lundy Island.,Britain.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhynchosinapis+wrightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Ricinodendron,heudelotii,"Manketti nut, Zambezi almond, African oil-nut-tree",fast,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Fringing, deciduous and secondary forests, common throughout the semi-dry wooded-savannah zone[332 ]. Rain forests, but is typical of the more open, secondary formations and is common on abandoned farmland[299 , 316 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Kenya, south to Angola and Mozambique.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ricinodendron+heudelotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ricinodendron heudelotii1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Saponaria,officinalis,"Soapwort, Bouncingbet",medium,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, roadsides and along the banks of streams.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and temperate Asia.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saponaria+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaponariaOfficinalis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,nipponica,Miyako-Zasa,,6 to 9,0.8,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows, C. and S. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SasaNipponica.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,caldwellii,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found along the cast, growing near permanent water.",Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+caldwellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,nemorensis,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp places, 800 - 1800 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+nemorensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioNemorensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Senna,tora,"Stinking Cassia, Sickle senna",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wasteland and cultivated areas in the Himalayas. To elevations of 1400 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea to the Phillipines, Vietnam and Indonesia.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+tora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SennaTora.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Serenoa,repens,Saw Palmetto,slow,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Low pine woods, savannahs and thickets, where it often forms substantial thickets. Also found on coastal sand dunes.","South-eastern N. America - South Carolina to Florida, west to Arkansas.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Serenoa+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SerenoaRepens.jpg
Malvaceae,Sidalcea,malviflora,"Checkerbloom, Dwarf checkerbloom, California checkerbloom, Siskiyou checkerbloom",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes and open forest glades.,South-western N. America - Oregon to Baja California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sidalcea+malviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SidalceaMalviflora.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,firma,Catchfly,,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pebbly river banks, sandy and pebbly shores and shrub thickets. Mountain grassland and scrub throughout China.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+firma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Simmondsiaceae,Simmondsia,chinensis,Jojoba,slow,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Well drained desert soils - sandy alluviums, coarse gravel and clay mixes and loams[200 ].","Southwestern N. America - California, Arizona, northwest Mexico..",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Simmondsia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Simmondsia_chinensis1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sinapis,alba,White Mustard,fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Wind']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of arable and waste land, especially on calcareous soils.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinapis+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SinapisAlba.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sinapis,arvensis,"Charlock, Charlock mustard, Wild mustard",,5 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,May to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated ground, usually on heavy calcareous soils[13, 17]. A serious weed of agriculture, especially in spring sown crops[1, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to N. Africa, Siberia and S.W. Asia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinapis+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SinapisArvensis.jpg
Lythraceae,Sonneratia,caseolaris,"Firefly mangrove, mangrove apple",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal mangrove communities, tidal creeks, in muddy soil[266 ]. Less salt parts of mangrove-forests on a deeply muddy soil, never on coral-banks, often along tidal creeks with slow-moving water and ascending these as far as the flood mounts[451 ].","E. Asia - S. China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia, Pacific Islands.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonneratia+caseolaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sonneratia caseolaris 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,secundiflora,"Mescal Bean, Texas Mountain Laurel",slow,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of streams, forming thickets or small groves in low rather moist limestone soils.","Southern N. America - Texas, New Mexico and Northern Mexico.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+secundiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraSecundiflora.jpg
Staphyleaceae,Staphylea,bumalda,,,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and by streams in lowland and hilly areas to 1300 metres, all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Staphylea+bumalda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StaphyleaBumalda.jpg
Sapotaceae,Synsepalum,dulciferum,Miracle Berry,fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Fringing forest, preferring damp localities[332 ].",Western and Central Tropical Africa.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synsepalum+dulciferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Synsepalum dulciferum 1.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Tabebuia,rosea,"Apamate, Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, Rosy Trumpet Tree",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in moist or rather dry forest, often in open fields or along roadsides, most abundant on the Pacific plains, but often on steep hillsides, at elevations up to 1,200 metres in Guatemala[331 ]. Coastal thickets in Dominica[362 ].","Northern S. America - Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela; north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tabebuia+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tabebuia rosea 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,balsamita,"Alecost, Costmary",,5 to 9,0.9,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An introduced weed of roadsides in eastern N. America.,Europe to W. Asia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+balsamita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumBalsamita.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Thelesperma,gracile,Hopi tea greenthread,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry plains, prairies and roadsides.","Central and western N. America - Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Mexico and Arizona.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelesperma+gracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelespermaGracile.jpg
Malvaceae,Theobroma,grandiflorum,"Cupuassu, Cupuacu",medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rainforests, usually in areas that do not become inundated[416 ]. The lower tree storey of evergreen rainforests[636 ].",S. America - Amazonian Brazil.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Theobroma+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Theobroma grandiflorum_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Leguminosae,Thermopsis,villosa,"Aaron's rod, Carolina lupine",slow,5 to 8,1.5,0.7,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodland clearings, open meadows, prairies, road banks and disturbed fields.","Native only to forest openings in the Appalachians, but it is adaptable to rich garden soils throughout the eastern United States.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thermopsis+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thermopsis_villosa1.JPEG
Poaceae,Thyrsostachys,siamensis,Monastery Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"River valleys to hilly forested areas; at elevations from 500 - 1,000 metres in southern China[266 ]. Dry or semi-evergreen forest on poor soils[310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Myanmar, Thailand.",4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thyrsostachys+siamensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thyrsostachys siamensis 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Tieghemella,africana,Douka,fast,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An emergent tree of primary rain forest, most common in coastal lowland and diminishing towards the eastern parts of its range. It occurs scattered in the forest, but may locally be more abundant[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cote D'Ivoire, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tieghemella+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tieghemella africana 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Tieghemella,heckelii,Baku,medium,10 to 12,50.0,40.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Often an emergent tree of the high forest, it is found in moist evergreen and semi-deciduous forests[299 ]. There is a strong preference for undisturbed forest[299 ].",Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Ghana.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tieghemella+heckelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tieghemella heckelii 1.JPEG
Acanthaceae,Trichanthera,gigantea,"Giant trichanthera, Nacadero",fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Birds', 'Ants', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Streams and swampy areas and wet forests at low elevations[418 ]. Along roadsides, in clearings, swampy areas, forests and thickets[428 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichanthera+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trichanthera_gigantea1.JPEG
Alliaceae,Triteleia,grandiflora,"Wild Hyacinth, Largeflower triteleia, Howell's triteleia",,4 to 8,0.7,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist soils, often in rocky areas, meadows, or open woods of valleys, hills and in mountains to about 2700 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia and south to Oregon and Utah.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaGrandiflora.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,hyacinthina,"Hyacinth Brodiaea, White brodiaea",,4 to 8,0.7,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy, often rocky open flats to mid-montane meadows, also found in wet places, meadows and slopes to 1800 metres.",South-western N. America - British Columbia and south to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+hyacinthina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaHyacinthina.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,ixioides,"Pretty Face, Cook's triteleia, Golden brodiaea",,6 to 9,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to August,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils near the coast, in oak and pine forests to 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+ixioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaIxioides.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,laxa,"Grassnut, Ithuriel's spear",,6 to 9,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Heavy soils in many habitats below 1400 metres. Open forests, mixed conifer or foothill woodlands, grasslands on clay soils from sea level to 1500 metres.",South-western N. America- California to Oregon.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+laxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaLaxa.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,peduncularis,"Longray Tripletlily, Long-ray brodiaea",,5 to 9,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low fields, wet grasslands, vernal streams and pools, closed cone pine forests, mixed evergreens, foothill woodlands, often on serpentine soils, from sea level to 800 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+peduncularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaPeduncularis.jpg
Meliaceae,Turraeanthus,africanus,Avodire,medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey to canopy tree in lowland evergreen forest and moist semideciduous forest, often in humid localities along streams and on the margins of poorly drained meadows and swamps; occasionally to 1,500 metres[299 ].","Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Turraeanthus+africanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Turraeanthus africanus 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Tylosema,esculentum,Marama Bean,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Localized in patches in grassland and wooded grassland vegetation in sandy and limestone (including dolomite) soils, but not on soils developed over granite or basalt[299 ].",Southern Africa - Kalahari desert and neighbouring sandy regions.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tylosema+esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tylosema esculentum 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Urochloa,mosambicensis,"Sabi grass, Gonya grass, Bushveld signal grass",fast,10 to 12,1.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Savannah woodland and open grassland, often in disturbed or overgrazed locations such as fallow land and roadsides, especially where the soil is fertile, at elevations up to 1,600 metres[299 , 415 ].","Eastern and southern Africa - DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, S. Africa, Swaziland, Madagascar.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urochloa+mosambicensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Urochloa_mosambicensis1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,arboreum,Farkleberry,,6 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Moist sandy soils by ponds and streams. Usually found in most shady slightly alkaline soils along stream banks, bluffs, hammocks and in open woods.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+arboreum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumArboreum.jpg
Sapotaceae,Vitellaria,paradoxa,Shea Butter Tree,slow,11 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open sites and parkland savannah[303 ]. A characteristic of the West African savannah, though it is also present in the southern Sahel[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, and to western Ethiopia and Uganda.",4,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitellaria+paradoxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitellaria paradoxa 1.JPEG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Washingtonia,filifera,"Desert Fan Palm, California fan palm,  California Washingtonia Palm, Petticoat Palm,  Desert Fan Pal",medium,9 to 11,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,July to August,November to January,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Often forming extensive groves or small isolated clumps in moist alkaline spots in rocky canyons about seeps, springs and streams below 1500 metres[71, 82, 166].","South-western N. America - S. California, S.W. Arizona, N.W. Mexico.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Washingtonia+filifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WashingtoniaFilifera.jpg
Blechnaceae,Woodwardia,radicans,"Chain Fern, Rooting chainfern",,8 to 11,1.8,0.6,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woodland margins, often by streams.",South-western Europe and the Atlantic Islands.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodwardia+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WoodwardiaRadicans.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chasmanthium,latifolium,"Indian Woodoats, Wild Oats Grass, North American Wild Oats, Northern Sea Oats, Spanglegrass River Oa",medium,4 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist fertile woodlands. Along stream and river banks and in rich deciduous woods.,South-eastern N. America to northern Mexico.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chasmanthium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChasmanthiumLatifolium.jpg
Colchicaceae,Disporum,sessile,Japanese Fairy Bells,fast,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in hilly country and foothills all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+sessile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumSessile.gif
Colchicaceae,Disporum,viridescens,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. Japan. Forests and grassy slopes from near sea level to 600 metres in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Provinces in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disporum+viridescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DisporumViridescens.gif
Poaceae,Distichlis,palmeri,"Nipa. Palmer saltgrass, NyPa Wild Wheat",fast,10 to 12,0.4,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Along coastlines and on salt flats and disturbed soils, as well as forest, woodland, montane, and desert scrub habitats. Grows easily in salty and alkaline soils, excreting salts from its tissues via salt glands.",Mesoamerica.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Distichlis+palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Distichlis_palmeri1.JPEG
Urticaceae,Laportea,canadensis,Canadian Wood Nettle,,None to None,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich, moist, deciduous forests, often along seepages and streams from sea level to 2000 metres.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario and North Dakota, south to Florida and Kansas.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laportea+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaporteaCanadensis.jpg
Urticaceae,Oreocnide,integrifolia,Wild Rhea,slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rain forests, valleys, at elevations of 200 - 1,400 metres in southern China[266 ]. Understorey trees in disturbed wet evergreen forests at elevations between 300 - 1,400 metres in India.","E. Asia - southern China, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oreocnide+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oreocnide integrifolia 1.JPEG
Annonaceae,Oxandra,laurifolia,"Yaya, lancewood",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Forests at elevations from 150 - 600 metres in Puerto Rico[448 ]. Forests on limestone in wet areas at elevations around 600 metres in Jamaica[426 ].,Caribbean - Martinique to Cuba.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxandra+laurifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oxandra laurifolia 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Panicum,maximum,Guinea grass. Green panic grass,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grasslands, open woodlands and shady places[418 ].","Tropical and subtropical Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to S. Africa, the Arab Peninsula and islands in the west Indian Ocean",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panicum_maximum1.JPEG
Phyllanthaceae,Uapaca,kirkiana,Wild Loquat,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland forest, secondary miombo woodland such as clearing and gaps, and open woodland. Grows in well-drained escarpments, with infertile sand or gravel soils of acidic reaction[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Angola, Burundi, Tanzania and the Congo.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uapaca+kirkiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Uapaca kirkiana 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Ugni,molinae,"Uñi, Chilean guava",medium,7 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woodland edges and scrub[11, 184].",S. America - Chile.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ugni+molinae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UgniMolinae.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Ulex,europaeus,"Gorse, Common gorse",fast,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moors, commons and heaths, preferring dry soils[4, 11].","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain.",1,1,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulex+europaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlexEuropaeus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Ulex,parviflorus,,fast,6 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S.W. Europe - Portugal to southern France.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulex+parviflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Basellaceae,Ullucus,tuberosus,Olluco,,8 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Bolivia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ullucus+tuberosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UllucusTuberosus.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,alata,Winged Elm,fast,6 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry gravelly uplands, less often in alluvial soils on the borders of swamps and banks of streams, occasionally in inundated swamps.","Eastern and Central N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusAlata.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,americana,"American Elm, Gray Elm, Water Elm",medium,3 to 9,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils, especially by streams and in lowlands[43, 82]. Found on a range of soil types, from acidic to mildly alkaline.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, Florida and Texas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusAmericana.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,davidiana,Japanese Elm,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, wetlands near streams and valleys at elevations of 2000 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+davidiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusDavidiana.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,glabra,"Wych Elm,  Table-top Scotch Elm, Scotch  Elm",fast,5 to 7,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woods, hedges and by streams, commoner in the west and north.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, north and west Asia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusGlabra.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,japonica,Japanese Elm,,4 to 8,35.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to May,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, waterlands near stream and in valleys below 2000 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusJaponica.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,laciniata,,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Temperate forests all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusLaciniata.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,macrocarpa,,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny dry rocky mountain slopes in W. China. Mixed forests, slopes, valleys at elevations of 700 - 800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusMacrocarpa.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,parvifolia,"Chinese Elm, Lacebark Elm",medium,5 to 10,18.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],March to January,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Rich soil and near water courses in W. China at elevations below 800 metres..,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusParvifolia.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,procera,English Elm,fast,5 to 9,35.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Hedgerows, by woods and roads, less frequent in the north.","Western and southern Europe, including Britain.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusProcera.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,pumila,"Siberian Elm, Hybrid elm",fast,4 to 9,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry sandy or stony soils, pebbles of river valleys, slopes and occasionally on rocks. Slopes, valleys and plains at elevations of 1000 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, E. Siberia, Turkestan.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusPumila.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,rubra,Slippery Elm,medium,3 to 7,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich deep soils, often calcareous, on the banks of streams and low rocky hillsides[43, 82].","Central and Southern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Texas and North Dakota.",2,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusRubra.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,thomasii,Rock Elm,slow,None to None,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rich woods and calcareous uplands. Dry gravelly uplands, low heavy clay soils, rocky slopes and river cliffs.","Central and Northeastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Kentucky, Missouri and Nebraska.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+thomasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusThomasii.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,villosa,Cherry Bark Elm,,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at altitudes up to 3500 metres in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusVillosa.jpg
Ulmaceae,Ulmus,wallichiana,,,5 to 9,35.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broad-leaved forests and moist ravines, 1800 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to W. Nepal.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ulmus+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UlmusWallichiana.jpg
Lauraceae,Umbellularia,californica,"California Laurel, California Bay",medium,7 to 10,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lower mountain slopes, flatlands, hillsides etc, on various soils and often in shade[62, 94]. The best specimens are found in deep rich soils of valley bottoms.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Umbellularia+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UmbellulariaCalifornica.jpg
Crassulaceae,Umbilicus,rupestris,Pennywort,,6 to 9,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects? self'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Crevices of rocks and walls, especially in acid and damp conditions[17, 53]. Avoids alkaline soils.","Europe, from Britain and France south and east to N. Africa and the Mediterraean.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Umbilicus+rupestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UmbilicusRupestris.jpg
Rubiaceae,Uncaria,guianensis,Cat's Claw,fast,10 to 12,30.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Found mainly in secondary forest[646 ].,"S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; north to Tr",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uncaria+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Uncaria guianensis 1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Uncaria,rhynchophylla,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland in central and southern Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uncaria+rhynchophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UncariaRhynchophylla.jpg
Rubiaceae,Uncaria,tomentosa,Cat's Claw,fast,10 to 12,25.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Typical of primary forest, but also found in disturbed forest and rarely in secondary forest[646 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Caribbean - Trinidad;",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uncaria+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Uncaria tomentosa 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Uniola,paniculata,"Sea Oats, Sea Oats Grass",medium,7 to 11,2.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Sandhills and drifting sands on the coast. Also found on salt flats.,Eastern N. America - Virginia to Texas and Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uniola+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UniolaPaniculata.jpg
Apocynaceae,Urceola,micrantha,,,None to None,50.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,April to June,August to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Valleys, stream edges and shrub thickets. Mixed forests, brushwoods at elevations from 300 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urceola+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urera,baccifera,"Nettle Tree, Chichaste, Ortiga",fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common or abundant in wet or dry thickets, often in secondary growth, mostly in the lowlands at elevations up to 850 metres, but occurring also at higher elevations in Guatemala possibly because it was planted[331 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama t",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urera+baccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Urera_baccifera_Jacquin.JPEG
Hyacinthaceae,Urginea,maritima,"Sea Squill, Red squill",,8 to 11,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],October to July,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy places, especially near the coast[4, 45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urginea+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrgineaMaritima.jpg
Poaceae,Urochloa,mosambicensis,"Sabi grass, Gonya grass, Bushveld signal grass",fast,10 to 12,1.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Savannah woodland and open grassland, often in disturbed or overgrazed locations such as fallow land and roadsides, especially where the soil is fertile, at elevations up to 1,600 metres[299 , 415 ].","Eastern and southern Africa - DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, S. Africa, Swaziland, Madagascar.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urochloa+mosambicensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Urochloa_mosambicensis1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Urospermum,dalechampii,,,5 to 9,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated ground.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urospermum+dalechampii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrospermumDalechampii.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,angustifolia,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains all over Japan. Riversides and mixed montane woods, springs, rocky screes and occasionally by dwellings and in waste places.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,breweri,Stinging nettle,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places, mainly between 1500 - 3000 metres, in coniferous forests in California.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+breweri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,californica,"Stinging Nettle, California nettle",,3 to 10,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Wet brushy thickets along the immediate coast.,South-western N. America - California.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Urtica californica240.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,cannabina,,medium,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Slopes, roadsides and weed infested places. Thickets, grasslands, sand dunes, sandy beaches, river banks, roadsides, near villages, weed-infested places, 800 - 2800 m in N. China.",Europe - Russia through western and central Asia to China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+cannabina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaCannabina.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,dioica,"Stinging Nettle, California nettle",fast,3 to 10,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],March to November,May to October,June to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground, hedgerows, woods etc, preferring a rich soil and avoiding acid soils[4, 9].","Temperate regions throughout the world, including Britain. The plant has become naturalized at higher elevations in the Tropics.",5,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaDioica.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,gracilis,Stinging Nettle,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and damp rich soils. Dry soils. Alluvial woods, margins of deciduous woodlands, fencerows and waste places from sea level to 3100 metres.","N. Europe. N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to North Carolina and Louisiana.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaGracilis.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,holosericea,Stinging Nettle,,None to None,2.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low damp places below 2700 metres in California, it is occasionally also found on desert edges. Alluvial woods, margins of deciduous or mixed woodlands, fencerows, waste places; 0-3100 m.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+holosericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaHolosericea.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,hyperborea,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stony high altitude steppes, 4100 - 5100 metres. Alpine meadows, thickets and crevices at elevations of 3000 - 5200 metres in western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Bhutan, Mongolia and Tibet.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+hyperborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,incisa,Scrub Nettle,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually in damp gullies in Australia. Lowland to montane forests, forest margins and shaded open places throughout New Zealand.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. Also found in New Zealand.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaIncisa.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,laetevirens,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains, C. and N. Japan. Moist places in forests, thickets, along streams and river banks at elevations of 100 - 3500 metres in western and northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+laetevirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,lyallii,Stinging Nettle,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist places near the coast in California.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+lyallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,parviflora,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and amongst taller herbaceous vegetation, 1700 - 2800 metres. Partly shady, moist places of evergreen forests, along streams, roadsides, 1500 - 2400 metres in W. China.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,pilulifera,Roman Nettle,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September,July to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of cultivated land and waste places, preferring light soils.",Europe.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+pilulifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaPilulifera.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,platyphylla,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woods and river banks in lowland and foothills of C. and N. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+platyphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,procera,"Stinging Nettle, California nettle",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich porous soils near lakes and ponds, wood and roadsides.",Eastern N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,serra,California nettle,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places, mainly between 1500 - 3000 metres, in coniferous forests in California.",Western N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+serra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Urtica,thunbergiana,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Shady, moist places in forests, along streams and in valleys at elevations of 1200 - 2500 metres in Taiwan and western Yunnan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+thunbergiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaThunbergiana.jpg
Urticaceae,Urtica,urens,Annual Nettle,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September,July to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of cultivated land and waste places, preferring light soils.","Northern temperate regions, including Britain.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urtica+urens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrticaUrens.jpg
Lentibulariaceae,Utricularia,vulgaris,Bladderwort,,4 to 8,,,,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Ponds, lakes and ditches, usually in relatively deep water.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Utricularia+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UtriculariaVulgaris.jpg
Uvulariaceae,Uvularia,grandiflora,"Fairybells, Merry Bells, Bellwort, Largeflower bellwort",medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist woods on calcareous to neutral soils from sea level to 1100 metres[222, 270].","Southeastern N. America - South Quebec to Georgia, west to Arkansas to North Dakota.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uvularia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UvulariaGrandiflora.jpg
Uvulariaceae,Uvularia,perfoliata,"Bellwort, Perfoliate bellwort",,4 to 8,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woodland and scrub in acid to circumneutral soils from sea level to 1000 metres[43, 187, 270].","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario, south to Florida and Mississippi.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uvularia+perfoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UvulariaPerfoliata.jpg
Uvulariaceae,Uvularia,sessilifolia,"Bellwort, Sessileleaf bellwort",fast,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist hardwood coves, alluvial bottomlands, thickets and xeric woods northwards from sea level to 1000 metres[43, 187, 270].","Eastern and southeastern N. America - New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Georgia and Arkansas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uvularia+sessilifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UvulariaSessilifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,altissima,"White Snakeroot, Richweed",,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low woods in river valleys in Texas.,Eastern N. America.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaAltissima.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,aromatica,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods, thickets and clearings",Eastern N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+aromatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaAromatica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,herbacea,Fragrant Snakeroot,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pinyon-Juniper Woodland at elevations of 1500 - 2200 metres in California.,South-western to South Central N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaHerbacea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,ligustrina,,,9 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico to Costa Rica.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+ligustrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaLigustrina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,occidentalis,Western Snakeroot,,5 to 9,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Yellow Pine Forest, Red Fir Forest, Lodgepole Forest, Redwood Forest and Douglas-Fir Forest at elevations of 1900 - 3300 metres in California.",Western N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaOccidentalis.jpg
Ericaceae,Calluna,vulgaris,"Heather, Scotch Heather",,4 to 7,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Wind']",,July to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,Maritime exposure,"Acid soils in open woodlands, moors and marshy ground. Often the dominant plant on well-drained acid moors and heaths.","Much of Europe, including Britain, to N. W. Morocco. Less abundant in the east of its range..",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calluna+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallunaVulgaris.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Conyza,canadensis,"Canada Fleabane, Canadian horseweed",,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to October,July to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Light soils on waste and cultivated land, also on walls, avoiding acid soils in Britain.",N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conyza+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConyzaCanadensis.gif
Empetraceae,Corema,album,Portuguese Crowberry,,7 to 10,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Maritime sands and dunes on the Atlantic littoral.,S. W. Europe - Portugal and Spain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corema+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoremaAlbum.gif
Empetraceae,Corema,conradii,"Poverty Grass, Broom crowberry",,3 to 7,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry sandy places, pine barrens and siliceous rocks.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Massachusetts and New Jersey, usually near the coast.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corema+conradii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoremaConradii.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Dactyloctenium,radulans,"Button Grass, Buttongrass",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows near the coast.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactyloctenium+radulans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Daphne,involucrata,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found at elevations up to 1800 metres in Sikkim.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daphne+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapindaceae,Dimocarpus,longan,"Longan, Lungan, Dragon's Eye, Cat's Eye",fast,8 to 10,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humid mountain woodlands[ 307 ]. Usually found in the understorey of primary forests, sometimes in secondary formations[ 404 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dimocarpus+longan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dimocarpus_longan_small1.jpg
Solanaceae,Duboisia,myoporoides,Corkwood,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High-rainfall areas on the margins of rainforests at elevations up to 1,000 metres[365 ]. Also found in rainforest regrowth[365 ]. Sandy soils in open forest, rainforest margins and coastal dunes[238 ].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, north to New Caledonia.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Duboisia+myoporoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Duboisia_myoporoides1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Ecballium,elaterium,Squirting Cucumber,,8 to 11,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hot dry places on waste ground and roadsides[45, 86], usually close to the coast.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain at a few locations along the south coast[17].,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ecballium+elaterium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EcballiumElaterium.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinacea,angustifolia,"Echinacea, Blacksamson echinacea, Strigose blacksamson",,3 to 8,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravelly, sandy, and rocky dry limestone prairies and barrens[43, 274].","N. America - Manitoba, Saskatchewan and North Dakota south to Texas.",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinacea+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinaceaAngustifolia4.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinacea,pallida,"Cone Flower, Pale purple coneflower",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry soils on prairies and barrens. Sandy open woods and prairies in Texas.,N. America - Michigan to Nebraska and south to Texas.,0,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinacea+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinaceaPallida.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinacea,purpurea,"Echinacea, Eastern purple coneflower, Hedge Coneflower, Black Sampson , Purple Coneflower",medium,3 to 10,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry open woods, prairies and barrens.","N. America - Virginia to Ohio and Michigan, south to Georgia and Louisiana.",1,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinacea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinaceaPurpurea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Echinochloa,colona,Jungle Rice,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, cultivated fields and ditches in southern N. America where it is naturalized. A weed of damp places and irrigated fields in China.",Temperate sub-tropical and tropical zones.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+colona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinochloaColona.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Echinochloa,crus-galli,"Barnyard Millet, Barnyardgrass,",,5 to 9,1.2,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Ditches roadsides and waste places in S. Europe. Wet places and rich soils in India.,Native habitat is unknown but it is widespread in warmer regions occasionally introduced in Britain.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+crus-galli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinochloaCrus-galli.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Echinochloa,frumentacea,"Japanese Millet, Billion-dollar grass",,None to None,1.8,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Native habitat unknown, possibly derived in cultivation from E. crus-galli.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+frumentacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinochloaFrumentacea.gif
Poaceae,Echinochloa,polystachya,Aleman Grass. German grass,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Aleman grass is an aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial grass. It forms dense stands in swampy areas and along banks of watercourses.,"Native to North America, Mesoamerica, South America. Naturalized in Tropical and southern Africa, tropical Asia, southern South America and Hawaii.  Introduced to northern Australia but not widespread.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+polystachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Echinochloa_polystachya1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Echinocystis,lobata,Wild Cucumber,fast,None to None,8.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich soils by streams. Thickets.,Eastern N. America - Saskatchewan and southwards.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinocystis+lobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinocystisLobata2.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Echinophora,spinosa,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Maritime sands.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinophora+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinophoraSpinosa.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinops,latifolius,,,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grassland and open forests at elevations of 100 - 2200 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Siberia, Mongolia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinops+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinops,ritro,"Globe Thistle,  Southern globethistle, Small Globe Thistle",fast,3 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Gravely places on mountain slopes at elevations of 200 - 2400 metres in Tibet.,Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinops+ritro,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinopsRitro.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinops,setifer,Globe Thistle,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Mountain slopes in China. Open grassy areas in Korea.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinops+setifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinopsSetifer.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Echinops,spinosissimus,,,6 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Fields and rocky places.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinops+spinosissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinopsSpinosissimus.gif
Boraginaceae,Echium,vulgare,"Viper's Bugloss, Common viper's bugloss",,None to None,0.9,0.6,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Calcareous and light dry soils, especially on cliffs near the sea[4, 7, 17]. It is also found on walls, old quarries and gravel pits.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Urals and W. Asia.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchiumVulgare.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eclipta,prostrata,"Han Lian Cao, False daisy",,10 to 12,0.6,0.6,Annual,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in the lowlands of Japan, especially by paddy fields.","Widely spread through the tropics and warm temperate zones, possibly originally native the temperate and tropical America.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eclipta+prostrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EcliptaProstrata2.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Edgeworthia,chrysantha,Oriental paperbush,,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,February to April,May to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and streamsides, at elevations of 300 - 1600 metres in Ichang Province[109, 200].",E. Asia - China.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Edgeworthia+chrysantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EdgeworthiaChrysantha.gif
Thymelaeaceae,Edgeworthia,gardneri,Nepalese Paper Bush,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres.,E. Asia - S. China to the E. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Edgeworthia+gardneri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Edgeworthia,papyrifera,"Paperbush, Oriental Paperbush",,7 to 10,2.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and streamsides, at elevations of 300 - 1600 metres in Ichang Province[109, 200].",E. Asia - China.,1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Edgeworthia+papyrifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Edgeworthia tomentosa1_plant.JPEG
Ehretiaceae,Ehretia,acuminata,Koda Tree,,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands in valleys to 1500 metres in W. China[109, 146].",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ehretia+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EhretiaAcuminata.gif
Ehretiaceae,Ehretia,anacua,"Anaqua, Knockaway",,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,October to March,October to March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Develops into a tree when growing in river valleys in fertile soils, it is also found as a shrub on dry barren ridges.",South-western N. America - S.E. Texas to Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ehretia+anacua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EhretiaAnacua.gif
Ehretiaceae,Ehretia,dicksonii,,,6 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Warm rocky valleys in the warmer areas of C. and S. Japan. In evergreen forests near the sea.,E. Asia - Japan and southern China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ehretia+dicksonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EhretiaDicksonii.gif
Ehretiaceae,Ehretia,ovalifolia,,,6 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,In forests from lowlands to 500 metres.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ehretia+ovalifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pontederiaceae,Eichhornia,crassipes,"Water Hyacinth, Common water hyacinth",fast,10 to 11,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Water courses. Moist and boggy areas at elevations of 200 - 1500 metres in Nepal.,Tropics. Naturalized in central and southern Portugal[50].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eichhornia+crassipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EichhorniaCrassipes.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,angustifolia,"Oleaster, Russian olive",medium,2 to 7,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,By streams and along river banks to 3000 metres in Turkey.,"Europe to W. Asia, extending as far north as latitude 55° in Russia.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusAngustifolia.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,commutata,Silverberry,medium,2 to 6,3.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry calcareous slopes[43, 184].","N. America - Quebec to Alaska and south to Utah, S. Dakota and Minnesota..",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+commutata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusCommutata.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,cordifolia,,medium,None to None,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to November,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,formosana,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,September to December,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"In thickets below elevations of 2,000 metres throughout Taiwan.",E. Asia - Taiwan.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+formosana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,fragrans,,medium,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Abundant near seashores.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,glabra,Goat nipple,medium,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to November,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets in hills[58, 275].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusGlabra.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,gonyanthes,,medium,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,September to December,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountain forests at elevations below 1000 metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+gonyanthes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,latifolia,Bastard Oleaster,medium,8 to 11,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Swamps, to elevations of 1500 metres in the Himalayas[146, 158]. Forest openings at elevations of 1500 - 2600 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - India.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Elaeagnus latifolia 240.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,macrophylla,Broad-leaved Oleaster,medium,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets in lowland, especially near the sea[58, 184].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusMacrophylla.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,maritima,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,October to December,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Found mainly in the coastal regions of central and southern Japan.,"E. Asia - central and southern Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,montana,,medium,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,In deciduous broad-leaved forests at high elevations in the mountains.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,multiflora,"Goumi, Cherry silverberry",medium,5 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets and thin woods in hills and on lowland, at elevations of 600 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusMultiflora.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,multiflora ovata,Goumi,medium,5 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets and thin woods in hills and on lowland, at elevations of 600 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+multiflora ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,oldhamii,,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to December,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"In open area at elevations below 500 m metres in Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan Provinces.",E. Asia - S. China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+oldhamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,orientalis,Trebizond Date,medium,4 to 8,12.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"By streams and on river banks, to elevations of 3000 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,parvifolia,Autumn olive,medium,3 to 7,4.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Shrubberies, 1500 - 3000 metres, from Afghanistan to S.W. China. Forest openings at elevations of 1300 - 3000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusParvifolia.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,pungens,"Elaeagnus, Thorny olive, Thorny Elaeagnus, Oleaster, Silverberry,  Silverthorn, Pungent  Elaeagnus",medium,6 to 10,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,November to February,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sunny slopes, road sides and thickets in lowlands, usually below 1000 metres and especially by the sea[184, 266].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusPungens.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,pyriformis,,medium,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas in Upper Assam.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+pyriformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,thunbergii,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to December,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found throughout Taiwan at elevations below 3,000 metres.",E. Asia - S. China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,umbellata,Autumn Olive,medium,3 to 9,4.5,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Thickets and thin woods in the lowland and hills.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusUmbellata.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,x ebbingei,"Elaeagnus, Ebbing's Silverberry",medium,5 to 9,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to January,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, E. macrophylla x E. pungens or E. x. reflexa.",5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+x ebbingei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeagnusXEbbingei.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,x reflexa,Turned-leaf Elaeagnus,medium,6 to 9,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to December,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, E. pungens x E. glabra.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+x reflexa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Elaeagnus,yoshinoi,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeagnus+yoshinoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae,Elaeis,guineensis,African Oil Palm,slow,10 to 12,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"More or less open forest in moist, sandy soils that are often poorly drained[ 297 ]. Often found along the edges of rivers[ 303 ].","Tropical west and central Africa - Sierra Leone to Uganda and Kenya, south to Angola and Mozambique.",5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeis+guineensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Elaeis-guineensis2.jpg
Arecaceae,Elaeis,oleifera,American Oil Palm,slow,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"More or less open forest in moist, sandy soils that are often poorly drained[ 297 ]. Low-lying wet areas along the sides of rivers and streams, often persisting in cleared areas[ 768 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Honduras.",3,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeis+oleifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Elaeis-oleifera_Martius_1.jpg
Elaeocarpaceae,Elaeocarpus,cyaneus,Blueberry Ash,,8 to 11,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forest gullies and wooded ranges, usually near the coast.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeocarpus+cyaneus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeocarpaceae,Elaeocarpus,dentatus,,,8 to 11,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland forests on North and South Islands, south to latitude 44° 18' south.",New Zealand.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeocarpus+dentatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElaeocarpusDentatus.gif
Elaeocarpaceae,Elaeocarpus,hookerianus,,,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane forest in North, South and Stewart Islands, southwards from latitude 35°south.",New Zealand.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeocarpus+hookerianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeocarpaceae,Elaeocarpus,lanceaefolius,,,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found at elevations up to 2400 metres in the Himalayas. Open places at elevations of 1000 - 1800 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeocarpus+lanceaefolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Elatostema,cuneatum,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shaded places in lowland, northern and central Japan. Valley forests and precipices at elevations of 1200 - 1400 metres in S. Yunnan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and the Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elatostema+cuneatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Elatostema,dissectum,,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,,,January to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Montane forests, evergreen riverine forests, or valley forests at elevations of 500 - 2100 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Sikkim to China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elatostema+dissectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Elatostema,laetevirens,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elatostema+laetevirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Eleocharis,dulcis,Chinese Water Chestnut,,9 to 12,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Marshy land and shallow water. The edges of seasonal swamps in Australia.,"Tropical Africa; E. Asia - China, Japan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, western Pacific..",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleocharis+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleocharisDulcis2.gif
Cyperaceae,Eleocharis,palustris,"Common Spike-Rush, Common spikerush",,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Marshes, ditches and the margins of ponds throughout Britain.","An almost cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world including Britain.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleocharis+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleocharisPalustris.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eleusine,coracana,"Finger Millet, African finger millet",,8 to 11,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Savannah and upland grassland.,S.E. Asia. It probably arose through cultivation from E. indica.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleusine+coracana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleusineCoracana.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eleusine,indica,"Wire Grass, Indian goosegrass, Yard Grass, Goose Grass",fast,8 to 11,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides and waste places[50, 74].",Tropics. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleusine+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleusineIndica.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eleusine,tocussa,,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Disturbed ground and roadsides in Southern Europe.,N. Africa - Ethiopia. Naturalised in southern Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleusine+tocussa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,chiisanensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+chiisanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,divaricatus,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"A rather rare plant, growing in the mountains all over Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+divaricatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,gracylistylus,Wu Jia Pi,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Wasted slopes or shrub thickets.,E. Asia - China.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+gracylistylus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleutherococcusGracylistylus.gif
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,innovans,Taka-No-Tsume,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Common in hills and mountains all over Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+innovans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,japonicus,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Rather common in the hills and mountains of Honshu and Kyushu.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,senticosus,Siberian Ginseng,slow,3 to 7,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming small undergrowth or groups in thickets and edges. Sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, very rarely in high forest riparian woodland.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",2,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+senticosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleutherococcusSenticosus.jpg
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,seoulensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+seoulensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,sessiliflorus,,,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Moist woods, wooded riverbanks, forest edges and clearings[51, 174].","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+sessiliflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleutherococcusSessiliflorus.jpg
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,sieboldianus,"Ukogi, Five Leafed Aralia",slow,4 to 8,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Escaped from cultivation in Japan, where it grows wild in calcareous soils.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+sieboldianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eleutherococcusieboldianus.gif
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,spinosus,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Not known,"E. Asia - China, C. Japan.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+spinosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,trifoliatus,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Thickets. Mountainous areas in Vietnam, occasionally on the edges of forests.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+trifoliatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrocharitaceae,Elodea,canadensis,"Canadian Pondweed, Canadian waterweed",,None to None,,,,,['Water'],,May to October,July to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waters, mostly calcareous, of lakes and rivers from sea level to 2000 metres in America. Slow-moving fresh water throughout most of Britain.",N. America - Alaska to California east to Quebec and Virginia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elodea+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnacharisCanadensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Elsholtzia,ciliata,Crested latesummer mint,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, old fields etc in Eastern N. America. Grassy areas in mountains in Korea.",N. Europe. N. America. N. Asia.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elsholtzia+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElsholtziaCiliata.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Elsholtzia,fruticosa,Ji Gu Chai,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grasslands, open hills, valleys; 1200-3200 m. Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.","E. Asia - China, Nepal.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elsholtzia+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Elsholtzia,splendens,Shiny Elsholtzia,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy areas in mountains in Korea. Hills and grassy areas at elevations up to 300 metres in China.,"E. Asia - northern China, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elsholtzia+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Elymus,canadensis,Canadian Wild Rye,,3 to 7,0.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy gravelly or rocky soil. Thickets and open woods in limestone and sandy clay soils in Texas.,"N. America - in most areas except the far south. Recorded, but not yet naturalized in N. Europe[50]",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elymus+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElymusCanadensis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Elymus,glauca,Blue Wild Rye,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Moist or dry open thickets and shores.,"N. America - Ontario and Michigan to British Columbia, south to Colorado and California.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elymus+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElymusGlauca.gif
Poaceae,Elymus,hispidus,"Wild triga, Pubescent wheatgrass,",fast,6 to 9,0.8,0.4,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, on open stony and small-grained hillsides, among shrubs, up to the lower mountain belt; at elevations up to 2,300 metres.","Eurasia - Germany, south to Portugal and Spain, east through Turkey and the Caucasus to central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Western United States and Western Canada.",4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elymus+hispidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Elymus_hispidus1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Elytrigia,juncea,Sand Couch,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy soils.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elytrigia+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElytrigiaJuncea2.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Elytrigia,repens,"Couch Grass, Quackgrass",,3 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A common weed of gardens, fields, hedgerows and meadows.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. Africa, Siberia and N. America.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elytrigia+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgropyronRepens.jpg
Primulaceae,Embelia,ribes,"False black pepper, White-flowered Embelia",fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest or at forest borders at elevations from sea level to 1,500 metres[ 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Malaysia, Indo-China and Indonesia.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Embelia+ribes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Embelia-ribes_Burman.jpg
Polygonaceae,Emex,australis,"Doublegee, Southern threecornerjack",,None to None,0.1,0.5,Annual,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in many habitats, especially grass plains. A weed of waste ground and pastures.",S. Africa. Introduced and naturalized in all mainland states of Australia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Emex+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmexAustralis.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Emilia,coccinea,"Tassel Flower, Scarlet tasselflower",,8 to 11,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,Tropical Asia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Emilia+coccinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmiliaCoccinea.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Emilia,sonchifolia,"Cupid's Shaving Brush, Lilac tasselflower",,8 to 11,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste ground in C. and S. Japan. Moist areas and uncultivated ground at elevations up to 1700 metres in Nepal.,Tropical Asia.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Emilia+sonchifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmiliaSonchifolia.jpg
Araceae,Eminium,spiculatum,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry rocky places.,S. Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eminium+spiculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Empetraceae,Empetrum,atropurpureum,Purple Crowberry,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Granitic or acidic gravel and sands on mountains.,"Eastern N. America - Labrador to Quebec, south to Michigan.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Empetrum+atropurpureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Empetraceae,Empetrum,eamesii,"Rockberry, Purple crowberry",,3 to 8,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Exposed sands and siliceous gravels and rocks.,North-eastern N. America - S.E. Labrador to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Empetrum+eamesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmpetrumEamesii.gif
Empetraceae,Empetrum,eamesii hermaphroditum,"Mountain Crowberry, Rockberry",,3 to 8,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"On mountain tops and moors, mostly at high altitudes but down to sea level in the far north of its range.","Northern Europe, including Britain, mountains in southern Europe, Greenland, Canada and Siberia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Empetrum+eamesii hermaphroditum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Empetraceae,Empetrum,nigrum,"Crowberry,  Black crowberry,  Black Crowberry",,3 to 8,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to June,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moors and mountain tops, and in the drier parts of blanket bogs.","Europe, including Britain, Iceland to the Pyrenees, east to Siberia and Bulgaria and also N. America",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Empetrum+nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmpetrumNigrum.gif
Empetraceae,Empetrum,rubrum,,slow,None to None,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Dwarf shrub heath, feldmark communities, bogs and swamps, in open Nothofagus forest and occasionally frequent in the understorey.",S. America - Chile and Tierra Del Fuego.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Empetrum+rubrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmpetrumRubrum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Encelia,farinosa,"Brittle Bush, Brittlebush, Incienso",medium,8 to 11,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry stony slopes to 1000 metres.,South-western N. America - California to Utah and Arizona.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Encelia+farinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EnceliaFarinosa.gif
Cycadaceae,Encephalartos,spp.,"Bread trees, Bread palms, Kaffir bread",slow,9 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A tropical plant. Coastal evergreen bushland, lowland forest and dry montane rainforest on red loams and sandy soil, at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres. Sandy plains and rocky hill tops.","Africa - south, east and central. ",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Encephalartos+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Encephalartos_spp1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Enchylaena,tomentosa,Ruby Saltbush,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Loamy and slightly saline soils by the coast in semi-arid areas[154, 157]. Found in salt marshes and rocky headlands as well as in arid zones inland.",Australia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Enchylaena+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EnchylaenaTomentosa.gif
Musaceae,Ensete,ventricosum,"Ethiopian Banana, Abyssinian banana",,9 to 11,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open mountain forests.,N. Africa - Ethiopia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ensete+ventricosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EnseteVentricosum.gif
Fabaceae,Entada,phaseoloides,St. Thomas Bean,fast,10 to 12,30.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from freshwater swamp and inland from the mangrove up to montane forest, at elevations up to 900 metres, occasionally to 1,700 metres[ 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines to the Pacific Islands.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entada+phaseoloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Entada-phaseoloides.jpg
Meliaceae,Entandrophragma,angolense,Tiama Mahogany,slow,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Most commonly found in moist semi-deciduous forest, though it can also be found in evergreen forest. It occurs in lowland and mid-altitude rainforest, but sometimes also in gallery forest and thickets, at elevations up to 1,800 metres[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea and Sierra Leone, east to Sudan, south to Angola and Kenya.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entandrophragma+angolense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Entandrophragma-angolense1.jpg
Meliaceae,Entandrophragma,candollei,West African Cedar,slow,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Most commonly found in moist semi-deciduous forest, particularly in regions with an annual rainfall of about 1,800 mm[ 299 ]. It can also be found in evergreen forest[ 299 ].",Western tropical Africa - Liberia to Zaire and Angola.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entandrophragma+candollei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Entandrophragma-candollei_1.jpg
Meliaceae,Entandrophragma,cylindricum,Sapele Mahogany,slow,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Most common in semi-deciduous forest, although it can also be found in evergreen forest[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - moister areas from Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entandrophragma+cylindricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Entandrophragma-cylindricum.jpg
Meliaceae,Entandrophragma,utile,Sipo Mahogany,slow,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy and emergent tree, most commonly found in moist semi-deciduous forest, though it can also be found in evergreen forest[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entandrophragma+utile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Entandrophragma-utile.jpg
Tiliaceae,Entelea,arborescens,Corkwood Tree,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal to lowland forest, south to latitude 41°south.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entelea+arborescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EnteleaArborescens.gif
Fabaceae,Enterolobium,cyclocarpum,Devil's Ear. Earpod tree,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A climax, dominant species in subtropical, dry forest zones, restricted to disturbed areas in wetter forest types[303 ]. Dry lowland forests and savannahs[307 ]. Dry hillsides and by streams, usually below elevations of 300 metres in Guatemala[331 ]. A tropical plant. It is native to tropical America. It grows in dry, lowland forest and savannah. It can tolerate drought. It has some salt tolerance. In Costa Rica it grows from sea level to 1,300 m altitude. It can grow in arid places.","S. America - northwest Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia, north through Central America to Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Enterolobium+cyclocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Enterolobium_cyclocarpum1.JPEG
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,altissima,High-climbing jointfir,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraAltissima.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,americana andina,,,5 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Stony slopes and gravel terraces.,S. America - Andes from Ecuador to S. Chile and Argentina.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+americana andina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraAmericanaAndina.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,ciliata,,,None to None,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,W. Asia to E. Asia in the Himalayas.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraCiliata.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,distachya,"Sea Grape, Jointfir",,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Semi-desert and desert regions and on gritty slopes on the Russian steppes. Grasslands, sandy places and rocky mountain slopes below 900 metres in China.",S. Europe to N. Asia.,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+distachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraDistachya.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,equisetina,"Muzei Ma Huang, Ma huang",,None to None,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mountains in central and middle Asia. Dry and rocky places, 800 - 3000 metres in China.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+equisetina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraEquisetina.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,fragilis,,,7 to 10,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Rocky hills and stone walls.,Europe - E. Mediterranean.,2,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+fragilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraFragilis.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,gerardiana,"Ma Huang, Gerard jointfir",,6 to 9,0.6,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Stony slopes and gravel terraces in drier areas of the Himalayas at 2400 - 5000 metres from Afghanistan to Bhutan.,E. Asia - S.W. China to the Himalayas.,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+gerardiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraGerardiana.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,intermedia,Zhong Ma Huang,,5 to 9,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Gritty mountain slopes at low elevations. Grasslands, deserts, river valleys, floodlands, sandy beaches, cliffs, other dry, sandy or rocky places, 100 - 4600 metres.","W. Asia - Iran, Turkestan, to the Himalayas and China.",1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraIntermedia.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,major,Ma Huang,,5 to 9,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Stony slopes and gravel terraces, often on limestone, in arid regions.",Europe to E. Asia - the Mediterranean to the Himalayas.,1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraMajor.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,nevadensis,"Mormon Tea, Nevada jointfir",,5 to 9,1.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, rocky slopes and hills, rarely in sandy flat areas, at elevtions of 700 - 1900 metres.","South-western N. America - Arizna, California, Nevada, Oregon and Utah.",3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+nevadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraNevadensis.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,pachyclada,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Found at elevations above 1800 metres in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+pachyclada,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,sinica,"Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra",,None to None,0.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Deserty areas. Waste and sandy places, plains and mountain slopes at elevations of 700 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+sinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraSinica.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,torreyana,"Mexican Tea, Torrey's jointfir",,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry gravelly or sandy plains, hills and canyons, 900 - 1800 metres in New Mexico. Dry rocky to sandy areas; 500--2000 m.","South-western N. America - Arizona and Colorado south to New Mexico, Texas and Mexico.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+torreyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraTorreyana.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,triandra,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,"S. America - Argentina, Brazil.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+triandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,trifurca,Longleaf Jointfir,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry sandy and rocky places below 600 metres in Creosote bush scrub, deserts etc. Dry rocky slopes to flat sandy areas at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.",South-western N. America - southern California to Texas and Mexico.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+trifurca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraTrifurca.gif
Ephedraceae,Ephedra,viridis,"Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, Long Leaf Ephedra, Mountain Joint Fir, Mormon Tea, Ephedra",,6 to 11,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry rocky slopes, gravel terraces and canyon walls, often on limestone, at elevations of 800 - 2500 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Colorado and Arizona.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ephedra+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EphedraViridis.gif
Orobanchaceae,Epifagus,virginiana,Beechdrops,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Eastern N. America,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epifagus+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpifagusVirginiana.gif
Ericaceae,Epigaea,asiatica,,,4 to 8,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Open woods in the mountains. In forest margins at elevations of 100 - 1700 metres.,E. Asia - C. and N. Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epigaea+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Epigaea,repens,"Mayflower, Trailing arbutus, Ground Laurel",,3 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Damp mossy banks in sandy and peaty woods and clearings[43, 268], usually under pine trees.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida and west to Tennessee, Ohio and Michigan.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epigaea+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Epigaea_repens1.JPEG
Onagraceae,Epilobium,angustifolium,Willow Herb,fast,3 to 7,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky ground, waste areas, woodland edges and gardens[7, 13].","Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia and N. America.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+angustifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumAngustifolium.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,coloratum,Purpleleaf willowherb,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low ground, springy slopes etc.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, Wisconsin, Nebraska, South Carolina, Tennessee and Kansas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+coloratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumColoratum.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,glabellum,,,7 to 10,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Loamy soils, flats and hillsides in eastern Australia.","Australia, New Zealand.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+glabellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Onagraceae,Epilobium,hirsutum,Codlins And Cream,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Hoverflies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stream banks, marshes, drier parts of fens etc, to 360 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. E. and S. Africa, temperate Asia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+hirsutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumHirsutum.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,latifolium,River Beauty,,4 to 8,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River gravels, margins of streams and damp slopes.",N. Europe to Northern N. America.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumLatifolium.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,macranthum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+macranthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Onagraceae,Epilobium,palustre,Marsh Willow Herb,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Marshes, acid fens, ditches etc.","Europe, including Britain, north to Lapland and Iceland, temperate Asia, N. America and Greenland.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+palustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumPalustre.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,parviflorum,"Codlins And Cream, Smallflower hairy willowherb",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Hoverflies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stream banks, marshes, fens etc, to 360 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia to India.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+parviflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumParviflorum.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,pyrricholophum,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+pyrricholophum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Onagraceae,Epilobium,tetragonum,Square-Stemmed Willow Herb,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp woodland clearings, hedgebanks, ditches and cultivated soil.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+tetragonum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumTetragonum.gif
Berberidaceae,Epimedium,grandiflorum,"Barrenwort, Bishop's Hat, Longspur Epimedium",medium,4 to 8,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist deciduous woodlands in the hills[187, 280]. Calcareous rocks in moist woodland. (This entry refers to sub-species E. grandiflorum higoense. Shimau.)","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epimedium+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpimediumGrandiflorum.gif
Berberidaceae,Epimedium,koreanum,Korean Epimedium,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet areas in forests and mountain valleys.,E. Asia - Korea.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epimedium+koreanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpimediumKoreanum.gif
Berberidaceae,Epimedium,sagittatum,Yin Yang Huo,,5 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hillsides in damp shady bamboo groves or in cliff crevices. Moist woodlands.,E. Asia - China.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epimedium+sagittatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpimediumSagittatum.jpg
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,arvense,Field Horsetail,,3 to 11,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,April,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open fields, arable land, waste places, hedgerows and roadsides, usually on moist soils.","Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+arvense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumArvense.gif
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,fluviatile,"Swamp Horsetail, Water horsetail",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,,,,June to July,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Shallow water in lakes, ponds and ditches.","Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+fluviatile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumFluviatile.gif
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,hyemale,"Dutch Rush,  Scouringrush horsetail, Horsetail, Scouring Rush, Rough Horsetail",,3 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady streambanks etc, to 500 metres.","Temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+hyemale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumHyemale.gif
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,palustre,Marsh Horsetail,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,May to July,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bogs, fens, marshes and wet heaths, woods and meadows throughout Britain, ascending to 900 metres.","Temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+palustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumPalustre.gif
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,pratense,Meadow Horsetail,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,April,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy stream banks, up to 900 metres","Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America, central and northern Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+pratense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumPratense.jpeg
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,scirpoides,Dwarf scouring rush,slow,1 to 9,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tundra, mossy places, and woods. Stems often partly buried in humus. Part shade, shade; moist woods, peat bogs, shady, mossy wetlands.",Native to northern Eurasia and America.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+scirpoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Equisetum_scirpoides1.JPEG
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,sylvaticum,"Wood Horsetail, Woodland horsetail",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,April to May,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods on acid soils, moors etc.","Temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+sylvaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumSylvaticum.jpg
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,telmateia,Giant Horsetail,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,,,March,April,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp shady banks etc, to 350 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia, N.W. N. America.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+telmateia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumTelmateia.jpeg
Equisetaceae,Equisetum,variegatum,"Variegated Horsetail, Variegated scouringrush, Alaskan scouringrush",,None to None,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dunes, river banks, wet ground on mountains etc, to 480 metres.","Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America, central and northern Asia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+variegatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EquisetumVariegatum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eragrostis,caroliniana,Tufted lovegrass,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy shores, ditches and disturbed habitats, mainly on sandy soils.",Europe to Eastern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eragrostis+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EragrostisCaroliniana.tif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eragrostis,curvula,Weeping Love Grass,,6 to 9,1.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Wind']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa - north to Zimbabwe and the Transvaal.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eragrostis+curvula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EragrostisCurvula.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eragrostis,pilosa,"Soft Love Grass, Indian lovegrass",,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, waste places and old fields.",Warm Temperate regions.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eragrostis+pilosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EragrostisPilosa.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Eragrostis,tef,Tef,,8 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A casual on waste ground in Britain.,N. Africa - Ethiopia. A casual in Britain.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eragrostis+tef,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EragrostisTef.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erechtites,hieraciifolia,"American Fireweed, American burnweed",,None to None,2.0,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet areas in Texas-274]. Thickets, burns and waste places",Eastern N. America,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erechtites+hieraciifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErechtitesHieraciifolia.tif
Scrophulariaceae,Eremophila,fraseri,"Burra, Turpentine bush",medium,9 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Grows in a wide range of habitats and different soil types. Subspecies parva occurs in scattered locations in the Meekatharra and Gascoyne regions in Western Australia  where it grows in stony or sandy clay loam.,Native to Western Australia,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremophila+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eremophila_fraseri1.JPEG
Myoporaceae,Eremophila,longifolia,,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Often found on limestone, usually in inland areas.",Australia - in all mainland areas except the extreme north.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremophila+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EremophilaLongifolia.gif
Myoporaceae,Eremophila,maculata,Spotted Emubush,,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Clayey soils in the more arid regions.,Australia - in all mainland areas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremophila+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EremophilaMaculata.gif
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,anisopterus,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Wet sands. Dry sands according to another report. Sandy hills in northern Tibet.,W. Asia - Turkestan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+anisopterus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,aucherianus,,,5 to 9,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry stony heavily grazed hillsides.,C. Asia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+aucherianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,olgae,,,5 to 9,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Loess slopes of foothills and mountains.,W. Asia - Turkestan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+olgae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,regelii,,,4 to 8,1.8,,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Earthy hillsides and rocky places around 1000 metres in W. Tien Shan and W. Pamir Alai.,W. Asia - Turkestan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+regelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,robustus,,,5 to 9,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mountain meadows on dry stony heavily graved hillsides[74, 90].",W. Asia - Turkestan.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+robustus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EremurusRobustus.gif
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,spectabilis,,,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Stony slopes and steppes.,E. Asia - Siberia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Eremurus,stenophyllus aurantiacus,Foxtail Lily,medium,5 to 10,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry stony heavily grazed hillsides.,W. Asia - Turkestan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremurus+stenophyllus aurantiacus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Erica,cerinthoides,Fire Heath,,9 to 11,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Dry flats and in the mountains.,S. Africa from the Cape to northern Transvaal and Swaziland.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erica+cerinthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EricaCerinthoides.gif
Ericaceae,Erica,tetralix,"Bog Heather, Crossleaf heath",,3 to 7,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Bogs, wet heaths and moors, rarely on drier soils.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain east to N. Germany and Poland.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erica+tetralix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EricaTetralix.gif
Ericaceae,Erica,vagans,"Cornish Heath, Cornish heath",,4 to 8,0.8,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Heaths in S. Cornwall, rare in Britain but locally common and abundant in Cornwall.","Western Europe in Britain, France and N. Spain.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erica+vagans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EricaVagans.gif
Ericaceae,Erica,x darleyensis,"Darley Dale Heath, Cape Heath, Molten Silver Heath, Heather",slow,6 to 9,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,November to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, E. herbacea x E, erigena.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erica+x darleyensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EricaDarleysensis.gif
Ericaceae,Erica,x veitchii,,,7 to 10,1.8,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, E. arborea x E. lusutanica.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erica+x veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae,Ericameria,nauseosa,Rubber Rabbitbrush,medium,7 to 9,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a temperate plant. Dry sandy, gravelly, or heavy clayey and alkali soils in open places in sagebrush, juniper-pinyon and ponderosa-pine zones at low elevations and occasionally found at higher elevations[60, 269].",Western N. America - Canada to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ericameria+nauseosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ericameria_nauseosa1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ericameria,parishii,"Heath Goldenrod, Parish's rabbitbrush",,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Outwash fans and exposed hillsides, 450 - 2100 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ericameria+parishii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Erigenia,bulbosa,Harbinger Of Spring,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich moist woodland.,"North-eastern N. America - S. Ontario to New York, west to Minnesota and Kansas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigenia+bulbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErigeniaBulbosa.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,acer,,,None to None,0.5,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Grassy slopes on the high mountains of C. and N. Japan.,Northern Europe to eastern Asia - China and Japan. Also found in northern America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+acer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErigeronAcer.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,affinis,,,None to None,,,,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,annuus,"Annual Fleabane, Eastern daisy fleabane",medium,3 to 8,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and waste places. Prairies and open ground in various soil types in Texas.,N. America. Naturalized in C. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+annuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErigeronAnnuus.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,bulbosa,,,None to None,,,,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Eastern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+bulbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,glaucus,"Beach Aster, Seaside fleabane",,3 to 7,0.3,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,May to August,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sea bluffs and sandy beaches under the influence of water.,South-western N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+glaucus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErigeronGlaucus.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,philadelphicus,Philadelphia Fleabane,,None to None,0.7,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Thickets. Fields and woods. Low prairies and streambanks, often on calcareous clays.","N. America - Labrador to British Columbia, south to Florida and California.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+philadelphicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErigeronPhiladelphicus.gif
Compositae,Erigeron,pulchellus,"Robin’s plantain, blue spring daisy, hairy fleabane",fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open rocky woodlands, wooded sand dunes, slopes of wooded bluffs, savannas and sandy savannas, banks of streams, and clearings in wooded areas. Robin's Plantain is found in less disturbed areas than other species in this genus.",Widespread across much of the United States and Canada from Québec and Ontario south as far as eastern Texas and the Florida Panhandle.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+pulchellus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erigeron_pulchellus1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Eriobotrya,japonica,"Loquat, Japanese Loquat",medium,8 to 11,9.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,November to March,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriobotrya+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriobotryaJaponica.gif
Eriocaulaceae,Eriocaulon,cinereum,Ashy pipewort,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rice fields at elevations of 1700 - 2000 metres. Damp shady places. Rice fields, valleys, and damp soils from near sea level to 1200 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriocaulon+cinereum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrophyllaceae,Eriodictyon,californicum,"Yerba Santa, California yerba santa",,7 to 10,2.3,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry mountain slopes at altitudes up to 1,200 metres.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriodictyon+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriodictyonCalifornicum.gif
Hydrophyllaceae,Eriodictyon,trichocalyx,Hairy Yerba Santa,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills.,South-western N. America - California to Mexico.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriodictyon+trichocalyx,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriodictyonTrichocalyx.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,alatum,Winged Buckwheat,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy to gravelly flats and slopes, mixed grassland, saltbush, and sagebrush communities, oak, pinyon and/or juniper, and montane conifer woodlands at elevations of 300 - 3100 metres.","South-western N. America - Nebraska to Texas, west to Colorado and California.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+alatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumAlatum.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,atrorubens,"Red Wild Buckwheat, Red buckwheat",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy to loamy flats and slopes, mixed grassland communities, oak and montane conifer woodlands at elevations of 1800 - 2000 metres.",Southern N. America - New Mexico to Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+atrorubens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,corymbosum,"Crispleaf Buckwheat, Las Vegas wild buckwheat",slow,3 to 7,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy to gravelly or clayey flats, washes, slopes, outcrops, and cliffs, saltbush, blackbrush, and sagebrush communities, pinyon-juniper and montane conifer woodlands; 1200-2700 metres.","Western N. America - Nebraska and Kansas to New Mexico, Utah and Arizona.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+corymbosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumCorymbosum.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,inflatum,"American Pipeweed, Desert trumpet",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy to gravelly washes, flats, and slopes, mixed grassland, saltbush, creosote bush, mesquite, and sagebrush communities, pinyon and/or juniper woodlands at elevations of-30 - 1800 metres.","Southwestern N. America - Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, N.Mexico, Utah and Mexico.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+inflatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumInflatum.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,jamesii,"Antelope Sage,  James' buckwheat",,4 to 8,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy to gravelly or infrequently rocky flats and slopes, mixed grassland, saltbush, blackbrush, creosote bush, mesquite, and sagebrush communities and montane woodlands, 1300 - 2900 metres.","South-western N. America - Colorado, Utah and New Mexico.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+jamesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumJamesii.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,latifolium,Seaside Buckwheat,,7 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy coastal flats, slopes, bluffs, and mesas, coastal scrub and grassland communities, from sea level to 80 metres, occasionally to 200 metres.",South-western N. America - California and Oregon.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumLatifolium.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,longifolium,Longleaf Buckwheat,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky or sandy open woods and glades. Sandy soils and calcareous clays in Texas.,Southern N. America - southern Missouri to Texas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+longifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumLongifolium.gif
Polygonaceae,Eriogonum,microthecum,"Slender Buckwheat, Alpine slender buckwheat, San Bernardino buckwheat, Johnston's buckwheat, Panamin",,5 to 9,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy deserts to lower montane slopes, especially with sagebrush.","South-western N. America - Nebraska to Washington, south to New Mexico and California.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriogonum+microthecum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriogonumMicrothecum.gif
Cyperaceae,Eriophorum,angustifolium,"Cotton Grass, Tall cottongrass",,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Wet soil,,"Peat bogs, acid meadows and marshes.","Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, to Siberia and N. America.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriophorum+angustifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriophorumAngustifolium.gif
Cyperaceae,Eriophorum,gracile,"Cotton Grass, Slender cottongrass",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Wet soil,,Rare and local in wet acid bogs.,"Central and northern Europe, including Britain.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriophorum+gracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriophorumGracile.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Eriophyton,wallichii,Mian Shen,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine, stony alluvial fans at elevations of 2700 - 4700 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas in Tibet, Nepal, India and W. China.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriophyton+wallichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Erodium,cicutarium,"Stork's Bill, Redstem stork's bill",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,"Sandy dunes, grassland, arable land, waste areas, roadsides, railway embankments etc, usually near the sea.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, the Himalayas and Japan.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+cicutarium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErodiumCicutarium.gif
Geraniaceae,Erodium,cicutarium bipinnatum,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,Maritime sands.,W. Europe to N. Africa.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+cicutarium bipinnatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Erodium,crinitum,Crowfoot,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Grasslands and woodlands. Dry often sandy places in all mainland states.,Australia - all mainland states.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+crinitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Erodium,hirtum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Sandy hillsides.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+hirtum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Erodium,jacquinianum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Sandy places.,S. Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+jacquinianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Erodium,malacoides,Oval Heron's Bill,,None to None,,,,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Roadsides and waste places in dry open habitats[50, 89].",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+malacoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErodiumMalacoides.gif
Geraniaceae,Erodium,moschatum,Musk Storksbill,,5 to 9,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,"Waste places and rocky ground, mainly near the sea in Britain, mainly near the southern coast.","Mediterranean areas and southwestern Europe, including Britain.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+moschatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErodiumMoschatum.gif
Geraniaceae,Erodium,stephanianum,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry slopes, sandy river banks and as a weed of cultivation. Open placs at elevations of 2500 - 4000 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Mongolia, Siberia and the Himalayas.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erodium+stephanianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erophila,verna,Whitlow Grass,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,March to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, walls and dry places.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa and east to temperate Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erophila+verna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErophilaVerna.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Eruca,vesicaria sativa,Rocket,fast,6 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Waste ground, fields, olive groves, stony hills, tracksides etc.","Europe - Mediterranean. A frequent casual in Britain, occasionally becoming established for a while.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eruca+vesicaria sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErucaVesicariaSativa.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erucaria,hispanica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated land and waste places.,Europe to the Middle East - Greece and Turkey to Arabia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erucaria+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,aquaticum,"Button Snakeroot, Rattlesnakemaster",,5 to 9,1.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Wet soils or uplands.,Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+aquaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumAquaticum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,campestre,Field Eryngo,,5 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Dry grassy areas near the coast. A rare plant in Britain.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain, from N. Germany to N. Africa and Afghanistan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+campestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumCampestre.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,caucasicum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry places in S. Europe.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+caucasicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumCaucasicum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,creticum,Eryngo,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Fields and rocky places, usually in dry soils[50, 148].",S.E. Europe - Balkans and the Aegean.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+creticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumCreticum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,graecum,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. E. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+graecum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,maritimum,"Sea Holly, Seaside eryngo",,4 to 8,0.5,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sea shores, preferring sand and shingle whilst avoiding acid soils.","European coasts, including Britain, from Scandanavia to the Mediterraneanand Baltic, and Black Sea",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+maritimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumMaritimum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,pandanifolium,,,7 to 10,2.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Banks of ditches in Portugal.,S. America - Brazil to Argentina. Naturalized in S.W. Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+pandanifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumPandanifolium.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,planum,"Plains eryngo, Blue Cap, Eringoe, Eryngo, Flat Sea Holly",medium,5 to 9,0.7,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry soils in E. Europe. Locally common in orchards and cultivated areas in Kashmir at 1700 metres. A weed of disturbed habitats at 500 - 1500 metres in Tibet.,E. Europe through Russia to central and southwestern Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+planum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumPlanum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,ternatum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry places.,S. Europe - Crete.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+ternatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,viride,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+viride,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Eryngium,yuccifolium,Button Eryngo,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry to moist open woods, thickets and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eryngium+yuccifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EryngiumYuccifolium.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,capitatum,"Coastal Wallflower, Sanddune wallflower, Contra Costa wallflower, San Luis Obispo wallflower, Pursh'",,5 to 9,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in many habitats from southern British Columbia to California at 750 - 3600 metres. Open dry flats and hillsides, from the lowest valleys to about 3,000 metres in the mountains.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Indiana, south to Texas and California.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+capitatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,cheiranthoides,Wormseed Mustard,,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found in many habitats from southern British Columbia to California at elevations of 750 - 3600 metres.,"N. America - Newfoundland to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Missouri, west to the Pacific coast.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+cheiranthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumCheiranthoides.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,cheiri,"Wallflower, Aegean wallflower",,6 to 9,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Walls, cliffs and rocks, often near the sea in Britain[4, 17].",S. Europe. Naturalized in lowland Britain[17].,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+cheiri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumCheiri.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,diffusum,Diffuse wallflower,,None to None,1.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry places.,Europe. A casual in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+diffusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,hieraciifolium,"European wallflower,",,6 to 9,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Open damp grasslands at elevations of 1600 - 3500 metres in Nepal.,"Central and northern Europe to eastern Asia in Siberia, the Himalayas, China and Mongolia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+hieraciifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumHieraciifolium.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,repandum,"Bushy Wallflower, Spreading wallflower",,5 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A weed of cultivated ground. Railrads and roadsides, in various soils.",Central and Southern Europe. A casual in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+repandum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumRepandum.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,x allionii,Siberian Wallflower,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A hybrid species of garden origin.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+x allionii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumXAllionii.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Erythrina,acanthocarpa,,,8 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Africa - E. Cape province.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+acanthocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythrinaAcanthocarpa.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Erythrina,crista-galli,"Coral Tree, Crybabytree",,7 to 10,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+crista-galli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythrinaCrista-galli.gif
Fabaceae,Erythrina,edulis,Balu. Andean tree bean,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Wasps', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A pioneer species, it is usually found in open areas with disturbed soil.","Western S. America - Bolivia and Peru, north to Panama.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina_edulis1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Erythrina,fusca,"Coral Bean, Swamp Immortelle",medium,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"A pioneer species, most commonly found on the outer margins of swamps on sites that are not permanently flooded[ 303 ]. Coastal freshwater swamps[ 426 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north through Central America to Guatemala and the Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina-fusca1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Erythrina,herbacea,"Cardinal Spear, Redcardinal",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy soils in hummocks, the coastal plain and pinelands.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Texas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythrinaHerbacea.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Erythrina,humeana,"Dwarf Kaffirboom, Dwarf erythrina",,8 to 11,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Bushland and thickets.,S. Africa.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+humeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythrinaHumeana.gif
Fabaceae,Erythrina,poeppigiana,Mountain Immortelle. Madre de Cacao,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Humid and subhumid tropical lowlands, such as the riverine and upland forests of the Amazon and Orinoco Basins[303 ]. Found in secondary formations, in areas not subject to inundation, favouring deep, fertile, humus-rich, clayey soils[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north to Panama.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+poeppigiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina_poeppigiana1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Erythrina,sandwicensis,"Wiliwili, Hawaiian coral tree",fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Lowland areas on the leeward side of the Islands, thriving in the hot, dry foothills and lowland dry forest[303 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+sandwicensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina_sandwicensis1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Erythrina,subumbrans,Dadap. December tree,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist valleys, near streams, in open locations and secondary forest at low and medium elevations[303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+subumbrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina_subumbrans1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Erythrina,verna,Mulungu,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Humming birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rainforest and broadleaved, semideciduous forests where it is most commonly found in open areas and secondary growth; favouring drier areas[ 419 ].","S. America - eastern and southern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+verna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina-verna-1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Erythrina,x bidwillii,,,7 to 10,4.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, E. crista-galli x E. herbacea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+x bidwillii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythrinaXBidwillii.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Erythrina,zeyheri,Prickly Cardinal,,8 to 11,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland and lightly wooded grassland.,S. Africa.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+zeyheri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythrinaZeyheri.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,albidum,"White Trout-Lily, White fawnlily",,4 to 8,0.1,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woods, thickets and meadows[43, 90, 235]. Mesic bottomlands, upland forests, woodlands, clay and silt bottomlands, floodplain forests from sea level to 300 metres.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Texas.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+albidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumAlbidum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,albidum mesochoreum,Prairie Trout Lily,,4 to 8,0.1,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, thickets and meadows[43, 90]. Prairies and dry woods in Texas.","N. America - Iowa and Nebraska to Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+albidum mesochoreum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Erythronium,americanum,"Trout Lily, Dogtooth violet",,3 to 7,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,,,March to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and rich damp open woodland[4, 43].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Ontario and Arkansas.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumAmericanum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,californicum,"Fawn Lily, California fawnlily",,None to None,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Openings on brushy slopes and in woods, to 1000 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumCalifornicum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,citrinum,"Pale Fawn Lily, Cream fawnlily, Roderick's fawnlily",,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods and brushy slopes, common on serpentine substrates at elevations of 100 - 1300 metres.","Western N. America - N.W. California, S.W. Oregon.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+citrinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumCitrinum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,dens-canis,Dog's-Tooth Violet,,3 to 7,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, scrub and mountain grassland, to 1700 metres.",Europe.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+dens-canis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumDens-canis.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,grandiflorum,"Avalanche Lily, Yellow avalanche-lily",,4 to 8,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sagebrush, open woodland and grassy mountain slopes, sometimes to the tree line[42, 90]. Rich moist soil along the banks of streams, shaded woods and sub-alpine meadows, often in large patches.","Western N. America - British Columbia to California, east to Alberta, Wyoming and Colorado.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumGrandiflorum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,helenae,"Mt. St. Helena Fawm Lily, Pacific fawnlily",,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Well-watered volcanic soils and leaf mold, in brush and woods, 450- 700 metres.",Western N. America - N.W. California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+helenae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumHelenae.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,hendersonii,Henderson's Fawn Lily,,None to None,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wooded slopes, 400 - 1500 metres. Dry woods and forest openings at elevations of 300 - 1600 metres.",Western N. America -California and Oregon.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+hendersonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumHendersonii.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,howellii,Howell's Fawn Lily,,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in serpentine substrates in yellow pine forest plant communities.,Western N. America - northern California and Oregon to British Columbia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+howellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Erythronium,japonicum,Katakuri,,None to None,0.2,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,March to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in lowland and low mountains of C. and N. Japan. Moist places in forests, S Jilin and Liaoning provinces in hina.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumJaponicum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,montanum,"Avelanche Lily, White avalanche-lily",,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane and subalpine meadows, open coniferous forests at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres.",Western N. America - Oregon to British Columbia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+montanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumMontanum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,multiscapideum,Adderstongue,,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows on slopes in yellow pine forest and woodlands in the foothills from sea level to elevations of 550 metres.,Western N. America - Sierra Nevada,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+multiscapideum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Erythronium,oregonum,Giant White Fawnlily,,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open coniferous forests, rocky outcrops, oak woodlands and meadows from sea level to 500 metres.",Western N. America - Oregon to British Columbia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+oregonum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumOregonum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,purpurascens,"Avelanche Lily, Purple fawnlily",,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in moist situations in yellow pine and red fir forests at elevations of 1200 - 2400 metres. Open coniferous forests, meadows and rocky places, 1500 - 2700 metres.",Western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+purpurascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumPurpurascens.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,revolutum,"Pink Fawn Lily, Mahogany fawnlily",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Redwood forest and mixed evergreen forest, edges of bogs and along wooded streams, from the coast to 1000 metres.","South-western N. America - Vancouver Island, south to N. California.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+revolutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumRevolutum.gif
Liliaceae,Erythronium,tuolumnense,"Tuolumne Fawn Lily, Dog's Tooth Violet, Pagoda Lily",medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,,,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A very rare plant in the wild, growing in chaparral, yellow pine forests and woodlands in the foothills at elevations of 300 - 600 metres",Western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythronium+tuolumnense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErythroniumTuolumnense.gif
Fabaceae,Erythrophleum,ivorense,"Ordealtree, sasswoodtree",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Essentially a scattered, canopy tree of old secondary forests, it can also be found in evergreen primary and secondary forests, as well as in moist semi-deciduous forest[ 299 ].","West tropical Africa - Gambia to Cameroon, Central African Republic and Gabon.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrophleum+ivorense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrophleum-ivorense-2.jpg
Fabaceae,Erythrophleum,suaveolens,"Erun, ordealtree, Sasswood Tree",slow,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist semi-deciduous forests, gallery forest and wooded grasslands, from sea-level up to elevations of 1,100 metres[ 299 ]. It is absent from the evergreen forest[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Sudan, south to DR Congo, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrophleum+suaveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrophleum-suaveolens.jpg
Erythroxylaceae,Erythroxylum,coca,"Coca, Little Coca",medium,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Amazon rainforest.,"S. America - northern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru.",1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythroxylum+coca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythroxylum-coca.jpg
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,laevis,Escallonia,fast,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Ravines in the Organ mountains.,S. America - Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+laevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaLaevis.gif
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,pulverulenta,Escallonia,fast,8 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America - Chile.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+pulverulenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaPulverulenta.gif
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,rosea,Escallonia,fast,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America - S. Chile.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,rubra,"Escallonia, Redclaws, Red Escallonia",fast,8 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,"S. America. - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaRubra.gif
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,rubra macrantha,Escallonia,fast,7 to 10,3.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America. - Chile. Plants occasionally self-sow in Ireland[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+rubra macrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaRubraMacrantha.gif
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,species,Escallonia,fast,7 to 10,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,A group of garden cultivars of uncertain parentage.,S. America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaSpecies.gif
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,x exoniensis,"Escallonia, Pink Princess Escallonia",fast,8 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, E. rosea x E. rubra.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+x exoniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaXeoniensis.gif
Papaveraceae,Eschscholzia,californica,Californian Poppy,fast,6 to 11,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Grassy open places to 2000 metres in California.,Western N. America - Washington to California and Nevada. A frequent garden escape in Britain.,1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eschscholzia+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EschscholziaCalifornica.gif
Cactaceae,Escontria,chiotilla,"Chiotilla, Jiotilla",medium,9 to 11,7.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a tropical plant growing in deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub tropical.  It grows in arid places.  It occurs in areas with a temperature of 25°C and a rainfall of 1,340 mm. ","Mesoamerica. Mexico (Puebla, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Guerrero).",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escontria+chiotilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Escontria_chiotilla1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Esenbeckia,leiocarpa,"Brazilian Boxwood, Guaranta",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broadleaved, semideciduous forests, found only in dense, primary formations[ 419 ].",S. America - eastern and central Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Esenbeckia+leiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Esenbeckia-leiocarpa-1.jpg
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,brassiana,Cape York red gum,fast,9 to 11,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The natural habitat of the species is tropical and humid to subhumid. The tree can withstand temperatures of at least 32 degrees centigrade, and grows up to 650 m above sea level. It can tolerate a dry season of 3 to 5 months; minimum annual rainfall is 1,000 mm. Infertile soils are not considered a problem for the species. It grows on rocky slopes, inundated flats and depressions.","Australia, New Guinea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+brassiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_brassiana1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,caesia,Gungurru,fast,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Granite outcrops, succeeding in sands, sandy loams and some clays as well as in areas of low rainfall.",W. Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+caesia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusCaesia.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,camaldulensis,"Red River Gum, Murray Red Gum, River Red  Eucalyptus",fast,8 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy to heavy soils, usually along the banks of streams.",Australia - in all mainland states.,1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+camaldulensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusCamaldulensis.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,citriodora,"Lemon-Scented Gum, Lemon Scented  Eucalyptus",fast,9 to 11,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually found in heavy soils, but also succeeding on deep sandy loams in coastal regions.",Australia - Queensland.,1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+citriodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusCitriodora.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,coccifera,Mt. Wellington Peppermint,fast,7 to 10,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mountains to 1200 metres.,Australia - Tasmania.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+coccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusCoccifera.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,delegatensis,Alpine ash,fast,7 to 11,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Often a shelf species in hilly areas, growing on southern and eastern aspects where there is air drainage to lower frost hollows, frequently dominant in areas suited to it; at elevations usually from 300 - 1,500 metres, but to sea level in Tasmania.","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria, southern New South Wales",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+delegatensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_delegatensis1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,dumosa,Water Mallee,fast,9 to 11,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Desert areas.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+dumosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusDumosa.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,globulus,"Tasmanian Blue Gum, Eurabbie, Blue Gum, Blue Eucalyptus",fast,9 to 11,55.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Damp marshy areas on moist loams and clays. Found in hilly country or moist valleys in deep rich soils.,"Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+globulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusGlobulus.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,gomphocephala,Tuart. Tuart Gum,fast,9 to 11,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,It grows naturally on the coastal plains of Western Australia. Coastal plains from Jurien Bay north of Perth to Ludlow in the south; on coastal sands that are not highly calcareous but may have limestone at depth.,Native to the southwest of Western Australia,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+gomphocephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_gomphocephala1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,grandis,"Flooded Gum, Gum, Rose Eucalyptus",fast,9 to 11,50.0,40.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Tall, open forest in sheltered valleys and on hill slopes, often in pure or almost pure stands, sometimes in mixed forests. In the south of its range, it is found on flats and lower slopes of deep, fertile valleys and at the edge of rainforests[ 303 ].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus-grandis_1.jpg
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,gummifera,Red Bloodwood,fast,9 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy gravelly to loamy sandy soils by the coast and up to 1000 metres. Dry sclerophyll forests, mainly on sandstone soils but also sometimes on shales.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+gummifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusGummifera.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,gunnii,Cider Gum,fast,7 to 10,30.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Alpine areas on rocky well-drained soils, sometimes also found on marshy soils.","Australia - South Australia, Tasmania.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+gunnii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusGunnii.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,johnstonii,"Yellow Gum, Johnston's gum",fast,7 to 10,60.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Usually found on badly drained sandstones from 600 - 2600 metres.,Australia - Tasmania.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+johnstonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,largiflorens,Black Box,slow,9 to 11,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"River flats that are dry in summer and inundated in the winter[154, 167]. Usually on clay or clay loams with poor drainage in areas with low rainfall and high summer temperatures.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+largiflorens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,leucoxylon,"Yellow Gum, White ironbark, White Eucalyptus",fast,10 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open woodland in areas with cool often frosty winters and hot summers.,"Australia - South Australia, Victoria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+leucoxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusLeucoxylon.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,macrorhyncha,Red Stringybark,fast,9 to 11,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Many sites in granite and poorer white acid soils to 900m[152, 154] Dry forests on rocky hills at middle elevations in areas of high summer temperatures, heavy winter frosts and occasional snow.","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+macrorhyncha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusMacrorhyncha.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,melliodora,Yellow Box,fast,9 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Gentle slopes of open woodland in areas with cool wet winters and dry summers.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+melliodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusMelliodora.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,microcorys,"Tallow Wood, Australian tallowwood",fast,9 to 11,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Forests, usually in hilly or mountainous country. Part of this range experiences snow and frost in the winter. Trees occasionally form the over-storey in rainforests.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+microcorys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusMicrocorys.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,microtheca,"Coolabah, Coolibah, Flooded Box, Coolibah",fast,9 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Usually found on seasonally inundated country around the edges of swamps or lagoons, or along watercourses[418 ].","Australia - South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+microtheca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_microtheca1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,obliqua,Messmate,fast,8 to 12,60.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Forests in mountains in areas with winter frosts, often forming pure stands.","Indonesia - Lesser Sunda Islands; Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+obliqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusObliqua.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,pauciflora,"Cabbage Gum, Snow gum",fast,7 to 10,12.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Edges of frosty treeless valleys in mountains to 1500 metres and down to sea level in W. Victoria[77, 154].","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+pauciflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusPauciflora.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,pauciflora niphophila,Snow Gum,fast,6 to 9,6.0,3.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Forms extensive forests in mountainous areas to 2000 metres[77, 154].","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+pauciflora niphophila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusPaucifloraNiphophila.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,perriniana,Spinning Gum,fast,7 to 10,6.0,4.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Wet hollows on poor mudstone soils to 1800 metres.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+perriniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusPerriniana.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,piperita,Sydney Peppermint,fast,9 to 11,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in most soils, especially if they are on the poor side, it prefers sandstone soils on the cool sides of valleys and ridges.",Australia - New South Wales.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+piperita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusPiperita.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,polybractea,Blue Mallee,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Poor clayey and sandy soils in the semi-arid interior,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+polybractea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusPolybractea.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,punctata,Grey Gum,fast,8 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A widespread plant, it is found in most soils and sites, but mainly on sandy soils and shales in wetter areas..","Australia - Queensland, Western Australia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusPunctata.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,racemosa,Snappy Gum,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy soils near the coast between Sydney and Newcastle. Found in poor soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusRacemosa.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,regnans,Mountain Ash,fast,8 to 11,75.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountains and valleys, especially in deep rich soils, experiencing snow in parts of its range[167, 200]. Often forms pure stands.","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+regnans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusRegnans.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,robusta,"Swamp Mahogany, Eucalyptus Gum",fast,8 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found mainly in swamps and on the edges of coastal lagoons and rivers where it is subject to periodic flooding[ 303 ].,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus-robusta.jpg
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,sideroxylon,"Red Ironbark, Eucalyptus, Gum, Pink Ironbark",fast,10 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Poor shallow soils in undulating woodland.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+sideroxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusSideroxylon.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,tereticornis,Forest Red Gum,fast,9 to 12,35.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Found principally in open-forest formation with a number of other eucalypts and on river flats or hill slopes with alluvial or sandy to gravelly soils[303 ].,"Australia - Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, north to Papua New Guinea.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+tereticornis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_tereticornis1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,urnigera,Urn tree,fast,7 to 9,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"The dominant eucalypt species at altitudes from 600 to 1,000 metres (1,969 to 3,281 ft) on moist but well drained dolerite slopes and talus. Typically, it is found below the range of E. coccifera (snow gum) and above the mixed and wet sclerophyll forests of the lower slopes although it will grow within both vegetation types. ",An endemic Tasmanian alpine eucalypt of the sub genus Symphomyrtus.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+urnigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_urnigera1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,urophylla,Timor White Gum,fast,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Frequently occurs as the dominant species in open, often secondary montane forests, where it grows on mountain slopes and in valleys[303 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+urophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eucalyptus_urophylla1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,viminalis,Manna Gum,fast,7 to 10,30.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Cool moist sites, usually on better soils, to 1400 metres[77, 152].",Australia - Tasmania.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+viminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucalyptusViminalis.gif
Myrtaceae,Eucalyptus,youmanii,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"White acid soils, damp spots and occasionally on red basaltic soils. Found on podsolic soils and sands over clay to gritty clays, 850 - 1500 metres.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucalyptus+youmanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Euchresta,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in the mountains of central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - China and Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euchresta+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ebenaceae,Euclea,divinorum,Magic Guarri,fast,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland with scattered trees and open bushland, often on termite mounds, but also in secondary forest, margins of evergreen forest and on stony slopes, from sea-level up to elevations of 2,700 metres[ 299 ].","Eastern and southern Africa - Ethiopia and Kenya, south to Angola, Mozambique and S. Africa.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euclea+divinorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euclea-divinorum.jpg
Eucommiaceae,Eucommia,ulmoides,Gutta-Percha,fast,4 to 8,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous regions. Lower mountains, valleys or sparsely forests at elevations of 300 - 500 metres in Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces.",E. Asia - China.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucommia+ulmoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucommiaUlmoides.gif
Eucryphiaceae,Eucryphia,cordifolia,Ulmo,medium,8 to 11,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cool rainforests at low altitudes in Arauco and Chiloe provinces, especially in the hills of La Costa.",S. America - C. Chile.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucryphia+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucryphiaCordifolia.gif
Eucryphiaceae,Eucryphia,lucida,Leatherwood,medium,7 to 10,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, often along river banks, at low altitudes[11, 184].",Australia - Tasmania.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucryphia+lucida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucryphiaLucida.gif
Eucryphiaceae,Eucryphia,moorei,Stinkwood,medium,8 to 11,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist soils in forests at low altitudes[11, 154, 184].",Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucryphia+moorei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucryphiaMoorei.gif
Eucryphiaceae,Eucryphia,x nymansensis,,fast,6 to 9,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, E. cordifolia x E. glutinosa.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eucryphia+x nymansensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EucryphiaXNymansensis.gif
Arecaceae,Eugeissona,utilis,Stilt-root Palm. Wild Borneo sago palm,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests.,"Southeast Asia - Indonesia in Borneo,",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eugeissona+utilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eugeissona_utilis1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Eugenia,brasiliensis,"Grumichama, Brazilian Plum",slow,9 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A rare plant in the Atlantic rainforest, growing on alluvial plains and gentle slopes[ 416 , 419 ].",S. America - coastal southern Brazil.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eugenia+brasiliensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eugenia-brasiliensis1_Low_Res.jpg
Myrtaceae,Eugenia,uniflora,Brazil Cherry,slow,10 to 12,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Light sandy stream banks . Limestone thickets in lowland areas . Semi-deciduous forests and also on coastal levees .,"S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern central and eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eugenia+uniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eugenia_uniflora240.jpg
Poaceae,Eulaliopsis,binata,"Babui, Sabaigrass",fast,10 to 12,0.6,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry mountain slopes[266 ].,"Eastern Asia - Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent, China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eulaliopsis+binata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eulaliopsis_binata1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Euodia,daniellii,,,9 to 11,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows near dwellings.,"E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+daniellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuodiaDaniellii.gif
Rutaceae,Euodia,fraxinifolia,,,9 to 11,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Second-growth forests, 1200 - 2100 metres in the eastern Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Sikkim.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+fraxinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Euodia,lepta,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forest edges on hillsides and by streams.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+lepta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Euodia,officinalis,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets and wood margins.,E. Asia - China in W. Hubeh and E. Sichuan.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Euodia,ruticarpa,Wu Zhu Yu,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Inner valleys of Sikkim, 2000 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+ruticarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuodiaRuticarpa.jpg
Celastraceae,Euonymus,alatus,"Winged Spindle Tree, Burningbush, Corky spindletree",medium,4 to 8,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets and woods in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+alatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusAlatus.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,alatus apterus,Winged Spindle Tree,,3 to 7,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woods in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+alatus apterus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,americanus,"Strawberry Bush, Bursting-heart",,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and ravines.,"Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+americanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusAmericanus.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,atropurpureus,"Wahoo- Indian Arrow Wood - Burning Bush, Eastern wahoo",medium,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods and thickets, the best specimens are found in deep rich humus soils. Limstone soils, stream bottoms and woods in Texas.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Florida, Montana, Oklahoma and Nebraska.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+atropurpureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusAtropurpureus.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,crenulatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+crenulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,europaeus,"Spindle Tree, European spindletree",,3 to 7,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, scrub and hedges, usually on calcareous soils[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden suth and east to Spain, the Caucasus and W. Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+europaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusEuropaeus.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,fimbriatus,,,7 to 10,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady aspects on scrubby slopes, occasionally in forests, 1700 - 2100 metres[145, 158]. Found at heights up to 3300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+fimbriatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,fortunei,"Winter Creeper, Wintercreeper Euonymus",medium,5 to 9,4.5,10.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and thickets in low mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusFortunei.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,hamiltonianus,Hamilton's spindletree,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Scrub and woods to 2700 metres. Open places around villages at elevations of 500 - 2500 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Afghanistan to China.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+hamiltonianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusHamiltonianus2.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,hamiltonianus maackii,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubby formations in river valleys, coastal plains etc, usually on alluvial sands, occasionally on dry ridges with open forest.","E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+hamiltonianus maackii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,hamiltonianus sieboldianus,,,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains and hills throughout Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+hamiltonianus sieboldianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,japonicus,"Japanese Spindle Tree, Box-leaf Euonymus, Evergreen Euonymus, Japanese Euonymus",medium,6 to 9,4.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Slopes in thickets and woods, especially near the sea.",E. Asia - Japan. Locally naturalized in S. Europe.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusJaponicus.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,latifolius,,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady mountain forests, shrubby thickets, slopes, valleys and ravines.",Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusLatifolius.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,lucidus,,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady localities in forests and valleys, 2400 - 2700 metres[146, 158].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+lucidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,macropterus,,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed and coniferous forests and thickets in the mountains of C. and N. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+macropterus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,miyakei,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Taiwan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+miyakei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,oxyphyllus,,slow,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets and woods in low mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+oxyphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusOxyphyllus.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,sachalinensis,Euonymus,medium,5 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and thickets in Korea.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Sakhalin.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+sachalinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusSachalinensis.gif
Celastraceae,Euonymus,tanakae,,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows near the sea shore in S. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Taiwan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+tanakae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,thunbergianus,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sides of streams and thickets etc, 300 - 1000 metres in W. Hupeh. Thickets and woods in lowland and mountains all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+thunbergianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,tingens,,,8 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, 2100 - 3300 metres from Himachel Pradesh to China and Burma.",E. Asia - Himalayas from the Sutlej to Nepal.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+tingens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Euonymus,verrucosus,,,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Broad-leaved and coniferous forests, occasionally in swampy ground, usually by rivers and ravines.",E. Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+verrucosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuonymusVerrucosus.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,cannabinum,Hemp Agrimony,,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By streams, in low damp sites and in woods, avoiding acid soils[7, 13].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, western and central Asia.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+cannabinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumCannabinum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,capillifolium,Dogfennel,,3 to 10,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of woods, clearings, fields and roadsides. Disturbed areas, mainly in sandy soils in Texas.","Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Vancouver, south to Florida.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+capillifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumCapillifolium.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,chinense,,,6 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains all over Japan. Open and deforested areas at elevations of 2000 - 2600 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumChinense.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,compositifolium,Yankeeweed,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Eastern N. America.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+compositifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,hyssopifolium,Hyssopleaf thoroughwort,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry fields.,Central and Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida and Texas.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+hyssopifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumHyssopifolium.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,japonicum,Pei Lan,,6 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist grassland along river banks.,"E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumJaponicum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,lindleyanum,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet grassy places in lowland and low mountains all over Japan. Swamps or borders of water courses.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+lindleyanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,maculatum,"Joe Pye Weed, Spotted joe pye weed",medium,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp thickets, meadows, shores etc, usually on rich or calcareous soils from Quebec and southwards.",South-eastern and Central N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia to Washington and New York.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+maculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumMaculatum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,perfoliatum,"Thoroughwort, Boneset,  Common boneset",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet woods, scrub, fens and damp grassland. Sandy soils in Texas.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumPerfoliatum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,purpureum,Gravel Root,fast,3 to 9,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swampy and rich low ground and in woods, especially on calcareous soils[4, 21, 43].","Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to Florida and Oklahoma[187]..",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+purpureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumPurpureum.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,abyssinica,Candelabra Spurge,medium,10 to 12,7.5,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Steep rocky hillsides; sometimes forming pure stands, often around churches; locally abundant or common at elevations from 840 - 2,400 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+abyssinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia_abyssinica1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,antisyphilitica,Candelilla,,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Deserts.,Southern N. America - Texas to Mexico.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+antisyphilitica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaAntisyphilitica.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,corollata,"Wild Spurge, Flowering spurge",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry soils in fields and along roadsides. Clay soils in Texas.,"Central N. America - Ontario to Massachusetts, Minnesota, Florida and Texas",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+corollata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaCorollata.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,drummondii,Caustic Weed,,None to None,0.2,1.0,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of disturbed ground and bare soils, especially clay soils, in all mainland states of Australia[152, 154].",Australia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+drummondii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,esula,Leafy Spurge. Green spurge,fast,3 to 9,1.0,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found on prairies, savannas, mountain meadows, and near woodlands. It grows in fields and waste places.","Eurasia. Native to central and southern Europe, and eastward through most of Asia north of the Himalaya to Korea and eastern Siberia. Currently found worldwide with the exception of Australia and New Zealand.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+esula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia_esula1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,helioscopia,Madwoman's Milk,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Flies'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Common in cultivated ground throughout Britain to an altitude of 450 metres.,"Europe, including Britain, south to the Mediterranean and east to central Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+helioscopia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaHelioscopia.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,hirta,"Asthma Weed, Pill-Bearing Spurge",,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste places and cultivated fields in lowland Japan. Moist open places at elevations up to 1800 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaHirta.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,humifusa,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stony or disturbed ground.,E. Asia. Naturalized in S. and C. Europe.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+humifusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,intisy,"Intisy, Pencil Plant",fast,10 to 12,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry bushland[338 ].,Africa - Madagascar.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+intisy,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia_intisy1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,ipecacuanhae,American Ipec,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+ipecacuanhae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaIpecacuanhae.png
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,lactea,Mottled Spurge,medium,10 to 11,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Adapted to dry regions. Many tropical and sub-tropical areas world wide. Widely escaped from cultivation and in many places forming dense thickets.,"Grows wild, in tropical Asia. Widely cultivated in west Indies, Florida and in many tropical areas world wide. ",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+lactea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia_lactea1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,lathyris,"Caper Spurge, Moleplant",,5 to 9,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,May to June,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, avoiding acid soils.",Europe. Possibly native to Britain but more common as a garden escape.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+lathyris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaLathyris.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,marginata,"Mountain Snow, Ghost Spurge, Ghost Weed",fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Infrequent to locally abundant, the plant has a liking for calcareous soils of prairies, roadsides, pastures and waste places.",Central N. America. A garden escape in S.E. Europe.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+marginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaMarginata.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,neriifolia,"Fleshy spurge, Hedge Euphorbia, Oleander spurge",fast,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,The plant is only known in cultivation[582 ].,"E. Asia - S. China, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, New Guinea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+neriifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia_neriifolia1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,pekinensis,Da Ji,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places in lowland and mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+pekinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaPekinensis.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,serpyllifolia,Thymeleaf Sandmat,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy or alluvial soils[43, 235].","N. America - British Columbia to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to California, Texas and Mexico.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+serpyllifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaSerpyllifolia.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,sieboldiana,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places and thickets in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Forest floors or forest margins, or marshes on lowland, hills or mountains.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+sieboldiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaSieboldiana.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,tetragona,Naboom,,6 to 9,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Africa - Cape Province,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaTetragona.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,thomsoniana,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,The lower subalpine to the upper alpine levels.,"E. Asia - Himalayas in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Pakistan and Tibet.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+thomsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,tirucalli,"African Milkbush, Pencil Cactus, Milk Bush",slow,9 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Normally found in dry bushland thickets and naturalizes easily in brushwood, open woodland and grassland at elevations up to 2,000 metres[ 303 ].","Dry regions of tropical Africa, though widely grown and naturalised in many areas of the tropics.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+tirucalli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia-tirucalli.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Euphrasia,officinalis,Eyebright,,5 to 9,0.2,0.1,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist grassland and chalky pastures, semi-parasitic on grass[4, 7].","W. Europe, including Britain, to E. Asia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphrasia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphrasiaOfficinalis.gif
Proteaceae,Euplassa,cantareirae,Louro Faja,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in the Atlantic rainforest, both in the mountain slopes and on the coastal plain, mainly in dense, primary forest, favouring moist, fertile soils[ 420 ].",S. America - southern and eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euplassa+cantareirae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Eupomatiaceae,Eupomatia,laurina,Bolwarra,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In or near rainforests by the coast and neighbouring plateaux.,Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupomatia+laurina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupomatiaLaurina.gif
Eupteleaceae,Euptelea,pleiosperma,,,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and open wood margins, especially near streams in Sichuan. Forests in valleys at elevations of 900 - 3600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euptelea+pleiosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Eupteleaceae,Euptelea,polyandra,Euptelea,medium,6 to 7,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests in mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euptelea+polyandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupteleaPolyandra.gif
Theaceae,Eurya,acuminata,,,None to None,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill forests, especially those of pine, 1500 - 2400 metres. Open places at elevations of 1000 - 2800 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eurya+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Eurya,chinensis,,,8 to 11,2.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets in hilly land or by streams at elevations under 800 metres.,E. Asia - southern China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eurya+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuryaChinensis.gif
Theaceae,Eurya,japonica,,,8 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill forests in the E. Himalayas, 900 - 1800 metres. Thickets in mountain slopes or valleys at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres in southern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eurya+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuryaJaponica.gif
Theaceae,Eurya,symplocina,,,None to None,,,,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,1500 - 2100 metres.,E. Asia - E. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eurya+symplocina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Nymphaeaceae,Euryale,ferox,"Foxnut, Euryale",,7 to 10,1.0,3.0,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds and lakes in lowland, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - China to N. India.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euryale+ferox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuryaleFerox.gif
Asteraceae,Eurybia,divaricata,White wood aster,fast,4 to 8,0.9,0.9,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Found in dry open woods as well as along wood-edges and clearings.,"Native to eastern North America. It occurs in the eastern United States, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains, also present in southeastern Canada.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eurybia+divaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eurybia_divaricata1.JPEG
Staphyleaceae,Euscaphis,japonica,,,None to None,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Common in thickets and in thin secondary forests in lowlands and low mountains of central and southern Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euscaphis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Philesiaceae,Eustrephus,latifolius,Wombat Berry,,None to None,5.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forests, extending into dry woodlands and rainforests.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eustrephus+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EustrephusLatifolius.gif
Arecaceae,Euterpe,edulis,"Jucara Palm, Assai Palm",medium,9 to 12,30.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"An understorey tree of swampy ground in high rainfall forests[ 200 ], at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres[ 418 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, southern and eastern Brazil.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euterpe+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euterpe-edulis_Barbosa.jpg
Arecaceae,Euterpe,oleracea,"Acai, Assai Palm, Acai Palm",fast,10 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Swampy ground, often in sandy soils[ 297 ]. Most commonly found along river edges and seasonally flooded habitats in Brazil[ 314 ].","S. America - Tropical Brazil extending north to Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euterpe+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euterpe-oleracea3_Low_Res.jpg
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,aphyllus,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils in inland areas in all mainland states.,Australia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+aphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,bidwillii,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open areas, mainly in rocky places in the montane to alpine zones[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+bidwillii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,cupressiformis,Native Cherry,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils on dry hillsides. In eucalyptus forests to the montane zone.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+cupressiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,latifolius,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,nanus,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine and sub-alpine tracts, occasionally above the tree line.",Australia - Tasmania.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+nanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,odoratus,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+odoratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,sparteus,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+sparteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,strictus,Pale Ballart,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks or poor clay soils. Heaths and dry sclerophyll forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+strictus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Exocarpus,syrticola,Coast Ballart,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Exocarpus+syrticola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,longifolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Calcareous and clayey slopes, pebbly and clayey steppes in S. E. Europe.",Europe - S. Russia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Colchicaceae,Gloriosa,superba,"Gloriosa Lily, Climbing Lily, Flame Lily",medium,8 to 12,2.5,0.3,Deciduous Perennial Climber,,"['Sugar birds', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Locally common in brushwood, hedges and open forest, usually at elevations up to 300 metres, occasionally to 600 metres[310 ].","Tropical and southern Africa, through the Indian Ocean and tropical Asia to Malaysia and Indonesia.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gloriosa+superba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gloriosa-superba.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Haplopappus,nuttallii,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open places, often on alkaline soils.","Western N. America - Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico and Montana.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haplopappus+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HaplopappusNuttallii.gif
Elaeagnaceae,Hippophae,rhamnoides,"Sea Buckthorn, Seaberry",medium,3 to 8,6.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Usually found near the coast, often forming thickets on fixed dunes and sea cliffs[9, 17, 244].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain and Asia to Japan and the Himalayas.",5,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hippophae+rhamnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HippophaeRhamnoides.jpg
Liliaceae,Hyacinthoides,nonscripta,Bluebell,,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deciduous woodland, usually on slightly acid soils.",Western Europe from the Netherlands and Britain o Belgium and France.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyacinthoides+nonscripta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyacinthoidesNonscripta.jpg
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,ollaria,"Monkey Pot. Sapucaia nut, Pot nut",slow,11 to 12,35.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found growing in forests in Brazil and Venezuela. Tropical,S. America - Venezuela.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+ollaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_ollaria1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Leymus,racemosus,"Volga Wild Rye, Mammoth wildrye",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy soils.,"Europe, in Russia, to central Asia and Tibet.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leymus+racemosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeymusRacemosus.jpg
Myrtaceae,Luma,apiculata,Arrayan,medium,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Temperate forests.,S. America - Chile.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Luma+apiculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LumaApiculata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,virginicus,"Bugleweed, Virginia water horehound",,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low damp shady ground in rich moist soils.,Eastern N. America - New York and Wisconsin south to Georgia and Texas.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+virginicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusVirginicus.jpg
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,discolor,"Red milkwood, Silvery milkwood",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and upland dry evergreen forest and well-drained sites in upland rainforest, at elevations from sea level to 2,100 metres[398 ].","East tropical Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, S. Africa.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara discolor 1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Marah,fabaceus,"Bigroot, 	California manroot",,7 to 10,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Banks and slopes below 750 metres in coastal strand and mixed evergreen forests.,South-western N. America - California.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marah+fabaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarahFabaceus.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Marah,macrocarpus,"Chilicothe,  Cucamonga manroot",fast,7 to 10,5.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry places below 900 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marah+macrocarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarahMacrocarpus.jpg
Olacaceae,Minquartia,guianensis,"Wanania, Arataweri",medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, in both primary and secondary formations, most commonly in sites not liable to seasonal inundation, growing in both sandy and clayey soils at elevations from sea level to 1,000 metres[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Minquartia+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Minquartia guianensis 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Olearia,ilicifolia,,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Lowland to sub-alpine forest and scrub, southwards from latitude 38°s on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Olearia+ilicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Oplopanax,horridus,Devil's Club,,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist woods, especially by streams[11, 60] and usually in rich soils.",Western N. America.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oplopanax+horridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OplopanaxHorridus.jpg
Arecaceae,Phoenix,dactylifera,Date Palm,slow,8 to 12,25.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,The tree has been cultivated for so long that it is not known in a truly wild situation.,Original range is unknown.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoenix+dactylifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phoenix dactylifera5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Arecaceae,Phytelephas,macrocarpa,"Vegetable Ivory, Tagua, Nut Palm, Ivory nut palm",slow,10 to 12,3.5,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforest[314 ]. Lowland rainforests on alluvial soil[412 , 768 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytelephas+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phytelephas_macrocarpa_Houtte.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Plinia,cauliflora,Jaboticaba,slow,10 to 12,13.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,"S. America - eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plinia+cauliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plinia cauliflora 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Plinia,edulis,"Cambuca, ambucazeiro, Cambuca-verdadeiro",slow,10 to 12,7.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland on alluvial plains and at the base of moist slopes, usually in dense, primary rainforests[416 , 419 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, southern Brazil.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plinia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plinia edulis 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,spicatum,West Australian Sandalwood,slow,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Occurs in a wide range of forest types from woodland to low open-woodlands[303 ]. Loamy soils and among rocks in woodland and tall shrubland[310 ]. Red sandy soils, among rocks[285 ].",Australia - Western Australia.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum spicatum 1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Sapium,japonicum,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thin woods in the lowlands and mountains of C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SapiumJaponicum.jpg
Cyperaceae,Schoenoplectiella,mucronata,"Ricefield bulrush, Bog bulrush",fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Found in wetlands and waterlogged areas. It is a tropical plant.,"Origin: Eurasia, Australia. Distributed in the tropics, subtropics and warm-temperate regions of the Old World, from southern Europe and Africa through South and South-East Asia to Japan and Australia. It is introduced and naturalized in the southern United States and South America.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schoenoplectiella+mucronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schoenoplectiella_mucronata1.JPEG
Gentianaceae,Sebaea,ovata,Yellow Centaury,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils in pastures etc from the coastal lowlands to the montane zone. Damp places in open forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. New Zealand.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sebaea+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,officinale,Hedge Mustard,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks, uncultivated ground, waste ground, the sites of ruined buildings etc. It is a fairly common weed of cultivated land[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa and the Near East.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisymbriumOfficinale.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,graminifolia,Flat-Topped Goldenrod,,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp to dryish shores, thickets and meadows.","N. America - British Columbia to Alberta, south to Florida and New Mexico.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+graminifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoGraminifolia.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,mollis,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks in dry valleys, 1200 - 2000 metres. Often gregarious on hillsides.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,tetraptera,Kowhai,slow,7 to 10,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streamsides, forest margins and lowland on North Island in New Zealand, from East Cape to latitude 40° 30's.",New Zealand and S. America - Chile.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+tetraptera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraTetraptera.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Stevia,rebaudiana,"Stevia, Candyleaf",,8 to 11,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Infertile, sandy acid soils with shallow water tables. This is normally in areas like the edge of mashes and grassland communities.","S. America - Brazil, Paraguay.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stevia+rebaudiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SteviaRebaudiana.jpg
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,cumini,"Jambolan, Java Plum, Malabar Plum, Jambu",fast,8 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Most tropical and subtropical forest habitats in India, ranging from evergreen broadleaved to deciduous and coniferous, from wet to fairly dry areas, near the coast and even in swamps[303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Malaysia.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+cumini,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syzygium cumini_Hoola_Van_Nooten.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Trigonotis,peduncularis,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A very common plant in grassy places and cultivated fields in lowland areas all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonotis+peduncularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonotisPeduncularis.jpg
Myrtaceae,Ugni,molinae,"Uñi, Chilean guava",medium,7 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woodland edges and scrub[11, 184].",S. America - Chile.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ugni+molinae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UgniMolinae.jpg
Orchidaceae,Vanilla,planifolia,Vanilla,medium,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Moths'],,,,,,"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An epiphytic plant, it grows wild in trees, producing aerial roots that penetrate fissures and cracks in the bark[296 ]. Usually found climbing on trees in warm, wet tropical low land forests at elevations from sea-level to 600 metres[418 ].","S. America - Bolivia, Colombia; Central America - Costa Rica to Mexico; naturalized in many other ar",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vanilla+planifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vanilla_planifolia_Descourtilz_1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,ervilia,Bitter Vetch,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Disturbed ground.,S. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+ervilia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaErvilia.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,pisiformis,"Pea Vetch, Pale-flower vetch",,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, mainly broad-leaved, in Scandinavia and eastwards to Asia.",C. and E. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+pisiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaPisiformis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,unijuga,Two-Leaf Vetch,,6 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and grassy places in lowland and low mountains all over Japan. Hills, forests, grasslands or bush-woods to elevations of 4000 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Russia.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+unijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaUnijuga.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Wasabia,japonica,"Japanese Horseradish, Wasabi",,7 to 10,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet places and by streams, in lowland and mountain areas. Usually found near the coast.",E. Asia - Japan.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wasabia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WasabiaJaponica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,amplexicaulis,"Mulesears Wyethia, Mule-ears",,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, not too dry hillsides and dry meadows in the foothills.",Central and Western N. America.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+amplexicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WyethiaAmplexicaulis.jpg
Myrtaceae,Xanthostemon,verus,Iron Wood,medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests.,Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthostemon+verus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Xanthostemon_verus_Fortsetzung.JPEG
Blechnaceae,Blechnum,spicant,"Hard Fern, Deer fern",slow,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,June to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, heaths, moors, mountain grassland and on rocks, to 1200 metres.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. Africa, Japan, Western N. America.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blechnum+spicant,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BlechnumSpicant.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardaria,draba,"Hoary Cress, Whitetop",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of arable fields, it is spreading rapidly in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardaria+draba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardariaDraba.jpg
Liliaceae,Cardiocrinum,cordatum,,,6 to 9,1.8,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Conifer, oak and bamboo woods in mountains in cool moist situations, especially in N. Japan[47, 90].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardiocrinum+cordatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardiocrinumCordatum.jpg
Liliaceae,Cardiocrinum,giganteum,,,6 to 9,1.8,0.3,Bulb,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland clearings at an altitude of 1,500 - 2,400 metres and as high as 3,600 metres around Simla.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Assam and Sikkim.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardiocrinum+giganteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardiocrinumGiganteum.jpg
Berberidaceae,Caulophyllum,thalictroides,"Papoose Root,  Blue cohosh",,6 to 9,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist soils in swamps, by streams[4, 21] and in woods.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to South Carolina, Arkansas, North Dakota and Manitoba.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caulophyllum+thalictroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaulophyllumThalictroides.JPG
Hyacinthaceae,Chlorogalum,pomeridianum,"Soap Lily, Wavyleaf soap plant",,7 to 10,2.0,0.3,Bulb,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open hills and plains, occasionally in woods, below 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chlorogalum+pomeridianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChlorogalumPomeridianum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cicerbita,alpina,Blue Sow Thistle,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A very rare native of Scotland, growing on alpine rock in moist places.","Mountainous regions of C. Europe, including Britain, from Norway to the Pyrenees.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cicerbita+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,calliopsidea,Leafstem tickseed,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Bees'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry open gravelly ground, 150 - 1000 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+calliopsidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoreopsisCalliopsidea.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,gigantea,"Giant coreopsis, Sea Dahlia",medium,10 to 11,2.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,By the coast on rocky sea cliffs and exposed dunes to 50 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoreopsisGigantea.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Coronopus,didymus,"Swine Wartcress, Lesser swinecress",,None to None,0.3,0.2,Annual/Biennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places, roadsides and cultivated fields[17, 43]. Found chiefly in sandy soils in Texas.",Europe. Asia. N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coronopus+didymus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoronopusDidymus.gif
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,colensoi,,slow,7 to 10,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Montane to lower sub-alpine open grassland to rocky places and fellfield on North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+colensoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,fraseri,,slow,7 to 10,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Coastal dunes, lowland to sub-alpine open grassland and rocky places on North, South and Stewart Islands in New Zealand.",Australia and New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Cymbalaria,muralis,Kenilworth Ivy,,3 to 7,0.1,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Walls and other well-drained sites, shady rocks and woods, usually on calcareous soils[17, 50].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymbalaria+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cymbalaria_muralis6.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Elymus,glauca,Blue Wild Rye,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Moist or dry open thickets and shores.,"N. America - Ontario and Michigan to British Columbia, south to Colorado and California.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elymus+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ElymusGlauca.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Farfugium,japonicum,Leopard Plant,medium,6 to 10,0.8,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,November to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky cliffs near sea shores[58, 275]. In the long grass of streamside meadows. Lower elevational forests, grassy slopes and valleys in China.",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Farfugium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FarfugiumJaponicum.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,camschatcensis,"Kamchatka Lily,  	Kamchatka fritillary",,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist areas from sea level to 600 metres in open woods and sub-alpine meadows.,Northern N. America - Washington to Alaska and eastwards to Siberia and Japan.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+camschatcensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaCamschatcensis.gif
Liliaceae,Fritillaria,pudica,Yellow Fritillary,,3 to 7,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland and sagebrush deserts to mixed coniferous forests, also on stony mountain slopes[60, 163], 400 - 2000 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Wyoming, south to New Mexico.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fritillaria+pudica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FritillariaPudica.gif
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,dumosa,Dwarf Huckleberry,,5 to 9,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry barrens and pinelands near the coast.,Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida and Louisiana.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+dumosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaylussaciaDumosa.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,dentata,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny places in lowland and low valleys all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,japonica,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated fields and waste ground in lowlands all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IxerisJaponica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ixeris,polycephala,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places by paddy fields, central and southern Japan. Moist shady places at elevations of 700 - 2100 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - Himalayas to China, Japan and Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ixeris+polycephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Kickxia,elatine,"Fluellen, Sharpleaf cancerwort",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, usually cornfields in light soils.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kickxia+elatine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KickxiaElatine.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Kummerowia,stipulacea,"Korean Lespedeza, Korean clover",fast,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and roadsides in C. and S. Japan. Roadsides, grasslands, mountain slopes, stable or semi-stable sand dunes at elevations of 100--1200 metres in China.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kummerowia+stipulacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KummerowiaStipulacea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lablab,purpureus,"Hyacinth Bean, Bonavist-bean",fast,9 to 11,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Probably originated in the Tropics but has been cultivated for so long that its origins are obscure.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lablab+purpureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LablabPurpureus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Laburnum,alpinum,"Scotch Laburnum, Alpine Bea Tree, Alpine Golden Chain Tree",fast,4 to 7,5.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Stony hillsides of mountain woodlands.,C. and S. Europe. Naturalized in Northern Britain.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laburnum+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaburnumAlpinum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Laburnum,anagyroides,"Laburnum, Golden chain tree",fast,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Woods and scrub on limestone[50, 200].",C. and S. Europe.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laburnum+anagyroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaburnumAnagyroides.jpg
Haemodoraceae,Lachnanthes,carolina,Red Root,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy and peaty shores and swamps.,Eastern N. America - New Jersey and Rhode Island to Florida.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lachnanthes+carolina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,biennis,Tall Blue Lettuce,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp thickets,Eastern N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+biennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaBiennis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,canadensis,Canada Lettuce,,None to None,3.0,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, woodland borders and clearings. Moist open places. Usually found in sandy soils.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Colorado.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaCanadensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,capensis,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lower mountain slopes, Lion's Head to Constantia.",S. Africa.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+capensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,debilis,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated fields and waste ground in lowlands all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+debilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IxerisJaponica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,formosana,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+formosana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,indica,Indian Lettuce,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy places in lowland all over Japan. This report refers to the sub-species L. indica laciniata. (O.Kuntze.)Hard.,E. Asia.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaIndica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,indica dracoglossa,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+indica dracoglossa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,indica laciniata,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy places in lowland all over Japan.,E. Asia.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+indica laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaIndicaLaciniata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,ludoviciana,"Western Wild Lettuce, Biannual lettuce",,None to None,1.2,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies, low ground and roadsides. Usually found in calcareous soils.",Eastern N. America - Manitoba to Wisconsin and southwards.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+ludoviciana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaLudoviciana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,perennis,Perennial Lettuce,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky or other dry places, especially on calcareous soils[27, 50].",S. Europe.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+perennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaPerennis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,pulchella,Blue Lettuce,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Medium-dry to moist soils in fields, thickets of prairies, valleys and in mountains to 2,100 metres.","N. America - Alaska to Minnesota, south to Missouri, New Mexico and California.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+pulchella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaPulchella.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,quercina,Wild Lettuce,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and scrub.,Europe.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+quercina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaQuercina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,raddeana,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+raddeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sativa,"Lettuce, Garden lettuce",,5 to 9,0.9,0.3,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in the wild.,"Of garden origin, probably derived from L. serriola.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaSativa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sativa angustana,Celtuce,,5 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in the wild.,"Of garden origin, it is probably derived from L. serriola.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sativa angustana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sativa capitata,Cabbage Lettuce,,5 to 9,0.9,0.3,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in the wild.,"Of garden origin, probably derived from L. serriola.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sativa capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sativa crispa,Cutting Lettuce,,5 to 9,0.9,0.3,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in the wild.,"Of garden origin, probably derived from L. serriola.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sativa crispa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaSativaCrispa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sativa longifolia,Cos Lettuce,,5 to 9,0.9,0.3,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in the wild.,"Of garden origin, probably derived from L. serriola.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sativa longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaSativaLongifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,serriola,Prickly Lettuce,,6 to 9,1.5,0.3,Biennial,,,,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, walls, occasionally on more or less stable dunes.","S. and C. Europe, incl Britain, from the Netherlands south and east to N. Africa and the Himalayas.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+serriola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaSerriola.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sibirica,Prickly lettuce,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and scrub, also on river sands and gravels.",N. Europe to E. Asia.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,triangulata,,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and N. Japan. Grassland on mountain slopes, forest margins and roadsides at elevations od 700 - -1900 metres in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Shanxi Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+triangulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,virosa,"Wild Lettuce, Bitter lettuce",,5 to 9,1.8,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places by roads, canals etc and on banks near the sea, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and west to N. Africa, Central Russia and W. Asia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+virosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LactucaVirosa.jpg
Ochnaceae,Lacunaria,jenmanii,Moela de mutum,slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humid upland rainforests in primary and secondary formations[625 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lacunaria+jenmanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lacunaria jenmanii 1.JPEG
Podocarpaceae,Lagarostrobus,colensoi,,,7 to 10,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane forests between latitudes 35 and 45°s, on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagarostrobus+colensoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podocarpaceae,Lagarostrobus,franklinii,Huon Pine,slow,7 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of rivers and swampy flats to 750 metres[11, 167].",Australia - S. and W. Tasmania.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagarostrobus+franklinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LagarostrobusFranklinii.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Lagenaria,siceraria,Bottle Gourd,fast,10 to 12,9.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A widely cultivated plant, its original habitat is obscure, though it is probably Asia or Africa.",3,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagenaria+siceraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LagenariaSiceraria.jpg
Lythraceae,Lagerstroemia,indica,"Crepe Myrtle, Crepeflower",medium,7 to 9,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open grassy places and on cliffs at low altitudes, also on forest edges.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagerstroemia+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LagerstroemiaIndica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lagochilus,inebrians,Intoxicating Mint,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Steppes.,Europe to C. Asia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagochilus+inebrians,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lagoecia,cuminoides,Wild Cumin,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In Israel, it grows in herbaceous plant communities and bathas of the Mediterranean territory",Europe - South-eastern Portugal and Bulgaria to the Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lagoecia+cuminoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lallemantia,iberica,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, slopes and fallow fields, also as a weed of cultivation, to 2150 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia. Naturalized in C. and E. Europe.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lallemantia+iberica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LallemantiaIberica2.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lamium,album,White Dead Nettle,medium,5 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to December,July to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Fields, hedgerows, woodland edges and clearings and moist waste ground[7, 9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Himalayas and Japan.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lamium+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LamiumAlbum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lamium,amplexicaule,"Henbit, Henbit deadnettle",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Bees'],,April to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Cultivated soil, usually on light dry soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, W. Mediterranean and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lamium+amplexicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LamiumAmplexicaule.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lamium,galeobdolon,Yellow Archangel,fast,3 to 9,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods and shady hedgerows[5, 31], usually on heavier soils. Sometimes becoming locally dominant, especially after coppicing.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain and Iran.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lamium+galeobdolon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LamiumGaleobdolon.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lamium,purpureum,"Red Dead Nettle, Purple deadnettle",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,March to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Roadsides, waste places and as a common weed of cultivated land.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to the Mediterranean and Israel.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lamium+purpureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LamiumPurpureum.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Lancea,tibetica,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland, sparse forests, along streams at elevations of 2000 - 4500 metres in western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from India, Bhutan and Sikkim to China and Mongolia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lancea+tibetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LanceaTibetica.jpg
Apocynaceae,Landolphia,heudelotii,"Guinea gumvine, Landolphia rubber",fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Mainly a savannah and understory shrub, it is often found in open forests and on laterite and sandy soils near rivers[323 ].",Western tropical Africa - Senegal to N. Ghana.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Landolphia+heudelotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Landolphia_heudelotii1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Landolphia,kirkii,"Sand apricot-vine, Coast rubber vine, Wildpeach",fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A strong climber in forest, at forest edges and in Brachystegia bushland, miombo woodlands on plateaux and wet valleys[398 ].","Eastern Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, S. Africa.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Landolphia+kirkii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Landolphia_kirkii1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Lansium,domesticum,"Langsat, Lansa, Lanzon",slow,11 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests and humid river valleys[307 ].,"E. Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lansium+domesticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lansium domesticum2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Verbenaceae,Lantana,camara,"Wild Sage, Lantana Verbena",fast,8 to 12,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Butterflies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mainly a weed of plantation crops and pastures, it is found in relatively open and disturbed, not too moist habitats from sea-level to elevations of 1,700 metres[310 ].","Northern S. America - Venezuela and Colombia, through Central America to Mexico and the Caribbean.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lantana+camara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lantana_camara_small.JPEG
Philesiaceae,Lapageria,rosea,Chilean Bellflower,medium,8 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to December,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Shady woodlands, usually near the coast because it likes a humid atmosphere, between latitude 34 and 41°south.","S. America - Argentina, Chile.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lapageria+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LapageriaRosea.jpg
Urticaceae,Laportea,bulbifera,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to December,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains all over Japan. Forest margins, thickets, roadsides, often partly shady, moist places at elevations of 700 - 3500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laportea+bulbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Laportea,canadensis,Canadian Wood Nettle,,None to None,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich, moist, deciduous forests, often along seepages and streams from sea level to 2000 metres.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario and North Dakota, south to Florida and Kansas.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laportea+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaporteaCanadensis.jpg
Urticaceae,Laportea,macrostachya,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,June to July,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains, N. Japan. Forest margins, thickets, partly shady, moist places, roadsides at elevations of 800 - 2700 metres in China.","E. Asia -China, Japan.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laportea+macrostachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaporteaMacrostachya.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lapsana,apogonoides,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"River banks, cultivated fields and thickets in lowland of central and southern Japan.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lapsana+apogonoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LapsanaApogonoides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lapsana,communis,"Nipplewort, Common nipplewort",,4 to 8,0.9,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground, roadsides and walls, avoiding acid soils, in full sun or semi-shade[5, 9].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, western and central Asia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lapsana+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LapsanaCommunis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lapsana,humilis,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"River banks, rice paddies and cultivated fields and thickets in lowland all over Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lapsana+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lardizabalaceae,Lardizabala,biternata,Zabala Fruit,,8 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,December to February.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows into trees in woodland[139, 184].","S. America - Chile, Peru.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lardizabala+biternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LardizabalaBiternata.jpg,Laretia,acaulis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chilean Andes.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laretia+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Larix,decidua,"Larch,  European Larch, Common  Larch",fast,3 to 6,45.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Forms extensive open forests at high altitudes.,C. Europe - Alps to N. Russia and Siberia. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+decidua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixDecidua.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,gmelinii,"Dahurian Larch, 	Kurile larch",slow,None to None,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forms dense forests at high altitudes. Hills, mountains, rocky slopes, peatlands, swamps, lowland sub-arctic plains, river basins and valleys 300 - 2800 metres.",Europe - Russia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+gmelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixGmelinii.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,kaempferi,Japanese Larch,fast,4 to 6,45.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,March,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+kaempferi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixKaempferi2.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,laricina,"Tamarack, Hackmatack, American Larch",medium,2 to 5,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Often forming pure forests in the south of its range in swamps and wet soils[43, 82, 222], sometimes also on dry plateau or slopes in the north of its range[82, 226].","Northern N. America - Alaska to Labrador, south to West Virginia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+laricina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixLaricina.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,lyallii,Sub-Alpine Larch,,3 to 7,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine to alpine zones, often on north-facing slopes where snow lies until late in the season.",Western N. America - Washington to British Columbia.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+lyallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixLyallii.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,occidentalis,Western Larch,fast,2 to 6,45.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain valleys and lower slopes, often in swampy areas, usually in mixed stands.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Montana, south to Washington and Oregon.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixOccidentalis.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,potaninii,Larch,medium,4 to 8,35.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grows sparingly in moist forests at low elevations, especially by streams. It forms pure stands at higher elevations, especially on moist soils, growing best above 2500m and up to the tree line.",E. Asia - S.W. China to E. Tibet.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+potaninii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixPotaninii.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,sibirica,Siberian Larch,,None to None,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains and lowland taiga at elevations of 500 - 3500 metres in Xinjiang province of China.,Northern Europe to northern Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixSibirica.jpg
Pinaceae,Larix,x marschlinsii,Dunkeld Hybrid Larch,fast,2 to 6,50.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, L. decidua x L. kaempferi.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larix+x marschlinsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarixXMarschlinsii.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Larrea,tridentata,Creosote Bush - Chaparral,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Desert areas.,South-western N. America.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Larrea+tridentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LarreaTridentata.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Laser,trilobum,Gladich,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Light forest margins, especially on calcareous soils.",C. and E. Europe.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laser+trilobum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaserTrilobum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Laserpitium,latifolium,Laserwort,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and rocky places in mountains.,Europe.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laserpitium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaserpitiumLatifolium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Laserpitium,prutenicum,,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laserpitium+prutenicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaserpitiumPrutenicum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Laserpitium,siler,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and rocky places in mountains[50, 100].",C. and S. Europe.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laserpitium+siler,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaserpitiumSiler.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lasthenia,glabrata,"Yellowray Goldfields, Coulter's goldfields",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Heavy soils, vernal pools, low alkaline fields, hillsides etc, especially in grassland and alkaline marshes, to 1300 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lasthenia+glabrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LastheniaGlabrata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,alatus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed and mainly broad-leaved forests and moist soils. Grasslands and forests in northern China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+alatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,aphaca,Yellow-Flowered Pea,,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places on sand, gravel and chalk.","Europe, including Britain, from Germany south and east to the Mediterranean, Iran and Afghanistan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+aphaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusAphaca.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,cicera,"Chickling Vetch, Red pea",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fields and cultivated places.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+cicera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusCicera.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,davidii,,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and thickets all over Japan. Hill slopes, forest sides and bush-woods, usually at altitudes lower than 1800 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+davidii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,japonicus,"Beach Pea,  Smallflower beach pea",,3 to 7,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sandy coasts from Alaska to N. California.,"W. and N. Europe, E. Asia - China. N. America.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusJaponicus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,japonicus maritimus,Beach Pea,,3 to 7,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Shingle beaches and sand dunes[17, 187].","Circumpolar, south to Britain, France, Mongolia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+japonicus maritimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusJaponicusMaritimus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,latifolius,"Perennial Sweet Pea, Perennial pea",fast,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Hedges, vineyards, fields and uncultivated places.",S. Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+latifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusLatifolius.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,linifolius montanus,Bitter Vetch,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, hedges and thickets in hilly country avoiding chalk.","Most of Europe, including Britain, but absent in far north and rare in southeast.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+linifolius montanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lathyrus_linifolius_montanus1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,nervosus,Lord Anson's Pea,,8 to 11,0.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal sands, gravel and open grassland[69, 133].","S. America - Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+nervosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusNervosus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,ochroleucas,Cream Peavine,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry or moist woods, slopes and rocky banks.","N. America - Quebec to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Illinois, South Dakota and Wyoming.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+ochroleucas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusOchroleucas.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,ochrus,Cyprus Vetch,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,March to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cornfields and dry places.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+ochrus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusOchrus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,odoratus,"Sweet Pea, Wild Pea,Vetchling",fast,2 to 11,2.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. Europe - Italy, Sicily and Crete.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+odoratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusOdoratus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,ornatus,Bush Vetchling,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Prairies and plains. Dry open pinewoods, 1500 - 2100 metres in Arizona.","Western N. America - Oklahoma to Kansas and South Dakota, west to Colorado and Utah.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+ornatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusOrnatus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,palustris,"Slenderstem Peavine, Marsh pea",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fens and damp places in grass or bushes,","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Spain, Siberia and Japan. E. N. America",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusPalustris.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,polymorphus,"Manystem Peavine, Hoary pea",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hillsides and open places in western S. Dakota.,Western N. America - Idaho and Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+polymorphus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,pratensis,Meadow Vetchling,,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland, scrub and hedgerows, avoiding acid soils[17, 50].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Siberia and the Himalayas.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusPratensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,quinquenervius,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet grassy places and thickets by rivers in lowland C. and S. Japan. Hill slopes, forest and road sides to elevations of 2500 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+quinquenervius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,sativus,"Chickling Pea, White pea",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found as a weed of cultivated land though this is as a relict of cultivation, the plant is not known in a truly wild state.","The original habitat is obscure, possibly S. Europe.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusSativus.jpg
Leguminosae,Lathyrus,sylvestris,"Flat pea, Wood pea",fast,6 to 9,1.5,0.2,Deciduous Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woods.,"Eurasia - Norway through Britain to Spain, east to Western Siberia, the Caucasus and Greece",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lathyrus_sylvestris1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lathyrus,tuberosus,"Earthnut Pea, Tuberous sweetpea",,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cornfields and hedgerows, avoiding acid soils.",Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain in a very few sites in E. England.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lathyrus+tuberosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LathyrusTuberosus2.jpg
Atherospermataceae,Laurelia,novae-zealandiae,Pukatea,,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland semi-swamp and gully forests in North and South Islands, south to latitude 46°s.",New Zealand.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laurelia+novae-zealandiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaureliaNovae-zelandiae.jpg
Atherospermataceae,Laurelia,sempervirens,Chilean Laurel,,8 to 11,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist and wet soils in forests, deep gullies and creek beds.",S. America - Chile.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laurelia+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaureliaSempervirens.jpg
Lauraceae,Laurus,nobilis,"Bay Tree, Sweet bay, Grecian Laurel, True Laurel,",slow,8 to 10,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp rocks and ravines, thickets and old walls.",S. Europe.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laurus+nobilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaurusNobilis2.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,angustifolia,"English Lavender, True Lavender",slow,5 to 8,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry grassy slopes amongst rocks, in exposed, usually parched, hot rocky situations often on calcareous soils.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaAngustifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,dentata,,,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Arid regions, thickets, open woods, rocks on clay and siliceous soils.",Europe - W. Mediterranean to W. Asia.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaDentata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,latifolia,"Spike Lavender, Broadleaved lavender",,6 to 9,0.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Arid hillsides, especially on limestone.",Europe - W. Mediterranean.,2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaLatifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,stoechas,French Lavender,,7 to 10,0.8,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry hills, garigue and open woods on limestone and granite soils.",S.W. Europe.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+stoechas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaStoechas.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,x intermedia,"Lavender, Lavandin",slow,5 to 9,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Not known in the wild,","A hybrid species of garden origin, L. angustifolia x L. latifolia.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+x intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaXIntermedia.jpg
Malvaceae,Lavatera,arborea,Tree Mallow,fast,None to None,3.0,0.5,Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Maritime rocks or waste ground by the sea, to 150 metres.","Coastal regions of Europe, including Britain, from Franceto the Mediterranean and N. Africa.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavatera+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavateraArborea.jpg
Malvaceae,Lavatera,cachemiriana,Lavatera,fast,7 to 10,2.4,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Humus rich soils in meadows and forest clearings, 1800 - 3600 metres. Wet meadows or sunny slopesat elevations of 540 - 2200 metresin Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavatera+cachemiriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavateraCachemiriana.jpg
Malvaceae,Lavatera,plebeia,Lavatera,,None to None,1.5,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Clayey soils and areas subject to flooding.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavatera+plebeia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavateraPlebeia.jpg
Malvaceae,Lavatera,species,Tree Lavatera,fast,7 to 10,2.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. Europe - Greece.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavatera+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavateraSpecies.jpg
Malvaceae,Lavatera,thuringiaca,"Lavatera, Tree lavatera",fast,7 to 10,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Hills, thickets and waysides, by streams to 2800 metres.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia - Armenia to Caucasia.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavatera+thuringiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavateraThuringiaca.jpg
Malvaceae,Lavatera,trimestris,Annual mallow,fast,None to None,0.8,0.5,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Sandy areas, mainly by the sea.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavatera+trimestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavateraTrimestris.jpg
Lythraceae,Lawsonia,inermis,"Henna, Mignonette Tree",fast,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, coastal secondary scrub wasteland[307 ]. Naturalized plants are often found in temporarily flooded river beds and riverine thickets, but also on hillsides and in rock crevices, at elevations up to 1,350 metres[299 ].",E. Asia - India.,0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lawsonia+inermis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lawsonia_inermis1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Layia,glandulosa,Whitedaisy Tidytips,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open places in deserts and foothills, especially in sandy soils.",Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Layia+glandulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LayiaGlandulosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Layia,platyglossa,Coastal Tidytips,fast,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy flats by the coast, below 100 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Layia+platyglossa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LayiaPlatyglossa.jpg
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,corrugata,"Mahot rouge, Guacharaco",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common plant of rain forests and marsh forests, especially along the sides of water courses[422 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+corrugata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_corrugata1.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,minor,Coco de mono,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Northwestern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_minor_Jacquin.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,ollaria,"Monkey Pot. Sapucaia nut, Pot nut",slow,11 to 12,35.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found growing in forests in Brazil and Venezuela. Tropical,S. America - Venezuela.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+ollaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_ollaria1.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,pisonis,Paradise Nut. Brazilian Monkey Pot,medium,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile flood plains in the rainforest[324 ]. Often found in groups, particularly in sunny positions on tops of hills[63 ]. Found in all sorts of soil conditions[63 ]. Usually found in dense primary forest, occasionally in more open situations[419 ].","S. America - northern and eastern Brazil, Peru.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+pisonis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_pisonis1.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,zabucajo,"Sapucaia. Sapucaia nut, Paradise nut, Monkey nut",medium,11 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humid fertile lowlands and river valleys[307 ].,Western S. America - northern Brazil.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+zabucajo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_zabucajo1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ledebouriella,seseloides,Fang Feng,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Desert slopes and dry steppes.,E. Asia - China and Japan to Siberia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ledebouriella+seseloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Ledum,columbianum,Labrador tea,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Near the coast in wet peaty places and open pine and redwood forests below 1000 metres.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ledum+columbianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Ledum,glandulosum,"Labrador Tea, Western Labrador tea",,None to None,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Wet montane meadows and open woods.,Western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ledum+glandulosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LedumGlandulosum.jpg
Ericaceae,Ledum,groenlandicum,"Labrador Tea, Bog Labrador tea",,None to None,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Cold bogs and montane coniferous woods[4, 50].",Eastern and Northern N. America to Greenland. A rare garden escape in Britain.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ledum+groenlandicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LedumGroenlandicum.jpg
Ericaceae,Ledum,palustre,"Wild Rosemary,  Marsh Labrador tea",,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Possibly native to Britain in acid bogs near Bridge of Allan in Sterling and Perth. A rare escape elsewhere in Britain.,"Northern Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Germany amd Japan.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ledum+palustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LedumPalustre.jpg
Campanulaceae,Legousia,pentagonia,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cornfields and waste places.,Europe - E. Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Legousia+pentagonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Legousia,speculum-veneris,Venus' Looking Glass,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pinus sylvestris forests, fields and open places to 1900 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Legousia+speculum-veneris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LegousiaSpeculum-veneris.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leibnitzia,anandria,,,3 to 7,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy hills and low mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leibnitzia+anandria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeibnitziaAnandria.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Leichhardtia,leptophylla,Milk Vine,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open forest and scrub.,"Australia - Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territories.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leichhardtia+leptophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Leitneriaceae,Leitneria,floridana,Corkwood,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March,May to July,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Borders of swamps and wet ground[11, 43], also on muddy saline shores. Open or forested swamps, wet thickets, roadside ditches, saw-grass-palmetto marshes, estuarine tidal shores.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and Mississippi.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leitneria+floridana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeitneriaFloridana.jpg
Lemnaceae,Lemna,gibba,"Gibbous Duckweed, Swollen duckweed, Windbags, Duckweed",,4 to 11,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Monoecious,,Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Still waters in Britain. Eutrophic, quiet waters in temperate regions with mild winters.","Temperate areas in Europe, including Britain, to the Himalayas, Africa, S. and N. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lemna+gibba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LemnaGibba.jpg
Lemnaceae,Lemna,minor,"Duckweed,  Common duckweed",,4 to 8,,,,,,,June to July.,,Monoecious,,Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Still water. Mesotrophic to eutrophic, quiet waters, in suboceanic, cool-temperate regions with relatively mild winters.","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world, including Britain, absent from Tropics.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lemna+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lemnaminor.jpg
Lemnaceae,Lemna,trisulca,Star Duckweed,,4 to 8,,,,,,,May to July.,,Monoecious,,Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds and ditches in all parts of Britain except north Devon and east Cornwall. Mesotrophic, quiet waters rich in calcium, in cool-temperate regions.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Asia, N. America, Australia",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lemna+trisulca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LemnaTrisulca.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lens,culinaris,Lentil,,7 to 12,0.5,,Annual,,['Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"Original habitat is obscure, possibly the Mediterranean.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lens+culinaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LensCulinaris.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lens,ervoides,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Fields and rocky places.,Europe - Mediterranean to West Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lens+ervoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Leontice,leontopetalum,Rakaf,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sunny rocky places on cultivated ground, 400 - 2200 metres[89, 90]. Plants are sometimes found on limestone, they also grow in steppes and semi-desert.",Europe - Mediterranean to N. Africa.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leontice+leontopetalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeonticeLeontopetalum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leontodon,hispidus,"Rough Hawkbit, Bristly hawkbit",,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, roadside verges etc, usually on calcareous soils and avoiding shade[12, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Caucasus and Iran.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leontodon+hispidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeontodonHispidus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leontopodium,alpinum,Edelweiss,medium,5 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Alpine meadows and screes.,SE and SC Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leontopodium+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeontopodiumAlpinum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leontopodium,discolor,,,5 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Moist rocks, taluses, denudations and stony slopes.","E. Asia - S.E. China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leontopodium+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leonurus,cardiaca,"Motherwort, Common motherwort",,3 to 7,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks, waste places etc[9, 17], usually on gravelly or calcareous soils.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leonurus+cardiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeonurusCardiaca.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leonurus,japonicus,,,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places, hillsides, roadsides and gardens. Sunny areas to elevations of 3,400 metres all over China.",E. Asia - China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leonurus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeonurusJaponicus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leonurus,macranthus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places and thickets in hills all over Japan. Grows in shady places in Kiangnan, China. Grassy slopes and thickets to 400 metres in Hebei, Jilin and Liaoning.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leonurus+macranthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leonurus,sibiricus,"Chinese Motherwort, Honeyweed",,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stony and steppe slopes, pine forests and occasionally as a weed of cultivated land. By the sea shore and along the margins of marshes and pools.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leonurus+sibiricus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeonurusSibiricus.jpg
Arecaceae,Leopoldinia,piassaba,Piassaba,fast,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Sandy soils near blackwater rivers and streams, rarely on white-water rivers[768 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leopoldinia+piassaba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leopoldinia piassaba 1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,apetalum,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,,,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Steppes, solonetzic soils, roadsides and weed-infested places. Roadsides, slopes, waste places, ravines, plains and fields at elevations of 400 - 4800 metres in China.",Europe to E. Asia - China and Korea.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+apetalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumApetalum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,campestre,"Pepperwort, Field pepperweed",,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Occasionally flies'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry pastures, walls, banks, waysides, arable and waste land.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia and the Caucasus.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+campestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumCampestre.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,chilense,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+chilense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,densiflorum,Common Pepperweed,,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry soils. Meadows, pastures, arable land, waste places, walls etc. Sandy soils in disturbed areas in Texas.","N. America - Maine to British Columbia, south to Virginia, Texas and Nevada. Casual in Britain[17].",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+densiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumDensiflorum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,diffusum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America - Louisiana.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+diffusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,fremontii,Desert Pepperweed,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky or sandy places in scrub or woods below 1500 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+fremontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumFremontii.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,graminifolium,Grassleaf pepperweed,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Mediterranean region to the Near East. An occasionally established casual in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+graminifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumGraminifolium.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,hyssopifolium,Hyssopleaf pepperweed,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Basalt, silurian and red sand areas.",Australia - Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+hyssopifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,iberis,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Europe to the Himalayas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+iberis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,incisum,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - Kumaon to Sikkim at elevations of 3,000 - 4,200 metres.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+incisum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,intermedium,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open soil, roadsides and waste places.",Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+intermedium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,latifolium,"Dittander, Broadleaved pepperweed",,5 to 9,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Salt marshes and wet sands on the south and east coasts.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lepidium_latifolium_small.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,meyenii,Maca,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Barren steppes, tundra and alpine plains, usually in limestone and clay soils, 3800 - 4800 metres.",S. America - Andes.,5,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+meyenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lepidium_meyenii1.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,nitidum,"Shining Pepperweed, Howell's pepperweed",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places below 900 metres in California.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+nitidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumNitidum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,oleraceum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By the coast on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+oleraceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,perfoliatum,Clasping pepperweed,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places and dry sandy slopes from near sea level to 1000 metres in western China.,E. Europe to E. Asia. An introduced casual in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumPerfoliatum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,rotundum,Veined Peppercress,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sand on limestone in coastal areas and salt lake margins.,Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+rotundum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,ruderale,"Narrow Leaved Peppergrass, Rroadside pepperweed",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places and by waysides, generally by the sea and especially in E. Anglia.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Mediterranean and southwest Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+ruderale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumRuderale.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,sativum,"Cress, Gardencress pepperweed",,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Of uncertain origin, possibly Iran. Naturalized in Britain.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+sativum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumSativum.jpg
Brassicaceae,Lepidium,spp.,Perennial Lepidium,fast,3 to 10,1.2,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Various depending on the species.,"Origin: N. Temperate. Widely distributed in the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia.",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lepidium_spp1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lepidium,virginicum,"Wild Pepper Grass, Virginia pepperweed, Intermediate pepperweed, Menzies' pepperweed, Hairy pepperwe",,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry sandy soils in waste places and by roads. Avoids dense woods and wet places.,"N. America - Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Colorado. A casual in many parts of Britain.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+virginicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidiumVirginicum.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Lepidogrammitis,drymoglossoides,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady and damp rock cliffs.,E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidogrammitis+drymoglossoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Lepidosperma,gladiatum,Coast Sword-Sedge,,None to None,1.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dunes and creeklines in white, grey or calcareous sand, limestone and loams.",Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidosperma+gladiatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LepidospermaGladiatum.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Lepidothamnus,intermedius,Yellow Silver Pine,slow,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland, montane and sub-alpine forests, often in bog forests, southwards from latitude 35°s on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidothamnus+intermedius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Lepironia,articulata,"Grey sedge, Cicao",fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Open swamps[365 ]. Open wet places, mostly in lowlands[334 ].","Tropical and subtropical areas from Madagascar, through south Asia to Australia and the west Pacific",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepironia+articulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lepironia_articulata1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Leplaea,cedrata,Scented Guarea,slow,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland rain-forest to semi-deciduous forest[332 ]. A canopy and sub-canopy tree of evergreen and semi-deciduous forests, occurring at elevations ranging from sea-level to 1,300 metres[886 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea Bissau to Uganda, south to Angola and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leplaea+cedrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leplaea cedrata 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Leplaea,thompsonii,Black Guarea,slow,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"A sub-canopy tree in lowland evergreen rainforest, usually primary forest. It is most common in moist evergreen forest, especially in undisturbed forest, but it occurs also in moister types of semi-deciduous forest[299 , 886 ].","Western tropical Africa - Liberia to Cameroon, south to Gabon, Congo and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leplaea+thompsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leplaea thompsonii 1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Leptadenia,hastata,"Akamongot, Anvara",medium,10 to 12,1.5,0.2,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry savannah in semi-arid areas[332 ].,"Tropical Africa - Senegal to Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptadenia+hastata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leptadenia hastata 1.JPEG
Restoniaceae,Leptocarpus,similis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A plant of coastal areas, growing amongst dunes and in salt marshes, occasionally it is also found inland on marshy lake shores on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptocarpus+similis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Leptomeria,acida,Native Currant,,None to None,3.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry sclerophyll forests and in more sheltered situations.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptomeria+acida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Leptomeria,aphylla,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptomeria+aphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Leptomeria,drupacea,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptomeria+drupacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeptomeriaDrupacea.jpg
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,ericoides,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane shrubland, especially on margins, North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+ericoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,laevigatum,"Coast Tea Tree, Australian teatree",,8 to 11,9.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Found mainly on sand dunes and the coastlines of south and south-east Australia, occasionally inland on sandy soils, often in harsh windswept places where it only grows about 1 metre tall.","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+laevigatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeptospermumLaevigatum.jpg
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,lanigerum,woolly tea-tree,medium,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountainous areas and down to the coast. Wet heathland, open eucalyptus forest and by streams.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+lanigerum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeptospermumLanigerum.jpg
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,liversidgei,Lemon-Scented Tea Tree,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Swamps by the coast in New South Wales[156, 265].",Australia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+liversidgei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,petersonii,"Lemon Tea Tree, Common teatree",,8 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Australia.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+petersonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeptospermumPetersonii.jpg
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,polygalifolium,,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Montane areas, especially on fairly poor soils[154, 156]. Heaths and dry sclerophyll forests, usually on sandstones and deep sandy soils.","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+polygalifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeptospermumPolygalifolium.jpg
Myrtaceae,Leptospermum,scoparium,"Tea Tree, Broom teatree, Manuka, New Zealand  Tea Tree",medium,8 to 11,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Many habitats in lowland to alpine areas, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands. Rocky and sandy heathland, often by streams.",Australia and New Zealand,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptospermum+scoparium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeptospermumScoparium.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,bicolor,"Lespedeza, Shrub lespedeza",medium,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places and thickets in lowland all over Japan. Mountain slopes, forest margins, roadsides, thickets and forests at elevations of 150 - 1000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+bicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LespedezaBicolor.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,buergeri,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places by rivers in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Mountain slopes, forests, roadsides and ditches below 1500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+buergeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LespedezaBuergeri.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,capitata,Roundhead Lespedeza,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry fields. Sandy open woods or open ground in Texas.,"N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LespedezaCapitata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,cuneata,"Chinese Lespedeza, Sericea lespedeza",,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground and grassy places all over lowland Japan. Moist shady places near water, 1700 - 2300 metres in Kashmir.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+cuneata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LespedezaCuneata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,cyrtobotrya,Leafy lespedeza,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and grassy places in hills and low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Mountain slopes, thickets and forests below 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+cyrtobotrya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LespedezaCyrtobotrya.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,floribunda,,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky mountain slopes below 1300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, SW Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,formosa,Oriental lespedeza,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes, forest margins, roadsides and thickets below 2800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+formosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,juncea,"Chinese Lespedeza, Juncea lespedeza",,4 to 8,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks in Manchuria. Open places at elevations of 1000 - 2000 metres in Nepal. Mountain slopes and thickets below 1500 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Himalayas.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LespedezaJuncea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,maximowiczii,,,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places along rivers. Mountain slopes and forests below 1000 metres in Anhui, Henan and Zhejiang Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,pilosa,,,None to None,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, waste slopes and grasslands below 1000 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang and Zhejiang Provinces.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+pilosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lespedeza,tomentosa,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes in hills, C. and S. Japan. Arid mountain slopes, grasslands and thickets below 1000 metres in most of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lespedeza+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lesquerella,fendleri,"Bladder Pod, Fendler's bladderpod",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides in open, sandy or rocky often calcareous soils.",South-western N. America - east to Kansas and south to N. Mexico.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lesquerella+fendleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LesquerellaFendleri.jpg
Brassicaceae,Lesquerella,hybrids,Perennial Lesquerella,fast,7 to 11,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Warm temperate to subtropical,Origin: SW N. America.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lesquerella+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lesquerella_hybrids1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lesquerella,intermedia,"Bladder Pod, Mid bladderpod",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,South-western N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lesquerella+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LesquerellaIntermedia.jpg
Sapotaceae,Letestua,durissima,"Kong-Afane, Congotali",fast,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Primary rainforest[299 ].,"West tropical Africa - Gabon, Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Letestua+durissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Letestua durissima 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Leucaena,diversifiolia,Ipil-ipil,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Brushy, rocky hillsides, at elevations of 200 - 400 metres[331 ].",Central America - Guatemala to Mexico.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucaena+diversifiolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leucaena_diversifiolia1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Leucaena,leucocephala,"Leucaena, Lead Tree, White Tamarind",fast,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry coastal regions, waste ground[307 ].","Central America, north to Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucaena+leucocephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leucaena _leucocephala_Blanco.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leucanthemum,maximum,"Shasta Daisy, Max chrysanthemum",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly no more than a form of L. vulgare.",Europe - Pyrenees. A garden escape in Britain.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucanthemumMaximum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leucanthemum,vulgare,"Ox-Eye Daisy, Marguerite",medium,3 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"A common weed of grassy fields on all the better types of soil, avoiding acid soils and shade.","Europe, including Britain, from Lapland south and east to the Mediterranean and Siberia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucanthemumVulgare.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leucas,cephalotes,Spiderwort,,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open areas at elevations around 1700 metres in western China.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to western China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucas+cephalotes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leucas,lanata,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stony slopes and cultivated areas, 700 - 3000 metres from Kashmir to central Nepal and China.",E. Asia - India.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucas+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Funkiaceae,Leucocrinum,montanum,"Sand Lily, Common starlily",,5 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Basic,['Basic'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: basic (mildly alkaline) soils,,Sagebrush desert to open montane forest in sandy to rocky areas in fairly heavy soils that are not swampy.,South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucocrinum+montanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucocrinumMontanum.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Leucojum,aestivum,Summer Snowflake,medium,4 to 9,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, wet meadows and willow thickets, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from France south and east to Spain, Greece, the Crimea and Iran.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucojum+aestivum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucojumAestivum.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Leucojum,vernum,Spring Snowflake,,4 to 8,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,March to April,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods, thickets, hedgebanks and meadows, usually in hilly areas and in calcareous soils.",C. Europe. Possibly native to Britain where it appears to be wild in 2 sites[17].,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucojum+vernum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucojumVernum.jpg
Epacridaceae,Leucopogon,lanceolatus,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests on most soil types from the coastal strip to the montane zone[154, 265].","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucopogon+lanceolatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucopogonLanceolatus.jpg
Epacridaceae,Leucopogon,leptospermoides,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal dunes.,Australia - Queensland and New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucopogon+leptospermoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Leucopogon,montanus,,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine zone, usually over 1500 metres.","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucopogon+montanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Leucopogon,suaveolens,Mingmingi,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucopogon+suaveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Leucothoe,axillaris,Coastal Doghobble,,5 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Moist woods near the coast.,South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida and Alabama.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucothoe+axillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucothoeAxillaris.jpg
Ericaceae,Leucothoe,grayana,,,5 to 9,1.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Moist ground,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucothoe+grayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Levisticum,officinale,"Lovage, Garden lovage",medium,5 to 9,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],March to November,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land and waste places in damp soils[7, 14]. Mountain pastures and hedgerows near streams.",Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Levisticum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LevisticumOfficinale.jpg
Portulacaceae,Lewisia,brachycalyx,Shortsepal lewisia,slow,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],September to July,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet meadows, 1300 - 2200 metres in California. Montane meadows in sandy soil at elevations of 1300 - 2400 metres.","Southwestern N. America - California, Utah, Arizona and Baja California.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lewisia+brachycalyx,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LewisiaBrachycalyx.jpg
Portulacaceae,Lewisia,columbiana,"Columbian Bitterroot, Columbian lewisia, Wallowa lewisia",slow,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Exposed gravel banks and rocky slopes. Rocky slopes and crevices at elevations of 500 - 2300 metres.,Western N. America - South British Columbia to Oregon..,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lewisia+columbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LewisiaColumbiana.jpg
Portulacaceae,Lewisia,pygmaea,"Pigmy Bitterroot, Alpine lewisia",,3 to 7,0.1,,Perennial,,,September to July.,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open, often gravelly, moist to dryish areas in mountains to above the tree line. Open places in short turf or gravelly or rocky substrates at elevations of 2300 - 4200 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to California, Arizona and New Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lewisia+pygmaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LewisiaPygmaea.jpg
Portulacaceae,Lewisia,rediviva,Bitter-Root,,4 to 8,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,,September to July,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravelly to heavy, usually dry soils. Rocky dry soils of valleys, or on foothills, stony slopes, ridges and mountain summits to about 2,500 metres.","Western N. America - Montana to British Columbia, south to California and Colorado.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lewisia+rediviva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LewisiaRediviva.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Leycesteria,formosa,Himalayan Honeysuckle,medium,10 to 11,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Scrub and shady forests, often by streams, to 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas. An occasional garden escape in Britain.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leycesteria+formosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeycesteriaFormosa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Leymus,arenarius,"Lyme Grass, 	Sand ryegrass",fast,5 to 9,1.2,2.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dunes by the coast, often in association with Ammophila arenaria.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and Siberia. N. America.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leymus+arenarius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeymusArenarius.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Leymus,condensatus,Giant Wild Rye,,6 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dunes by the coast, dry plains and slopes. Also found in damp alkaline soils near streams.","Western N. America - Alberta to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arizona and California.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leymus+condensatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeymusCondensatus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Leymus,racemosus,"Volga Wild Rye, Mammoth wildrye",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy soils.,"Europe, in Russia, to central Asia and Tibet.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leymus+racemosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeymusRacemosus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Leymus,triticoides,"Squaw Grass, Beardless wildrye",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry to moist river flats, saline meadows and sand dunes.",Western N. America - Washington to California and east to Montana.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leymus+triticoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeymusTriticoides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Liatris,chapmanii,Chapman's Blazing Star,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liatris+chapmanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Liatris,punctata,"Snakeroot, Dotted blazing star, Mexican blazing star, Nebraska blazing star",,3 to 7,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry prairies and plains.,"Eastern N. America - Alberta to New Mexico and Texas, east to Minnesota and Nebraska..",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liatris+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiatrisPunctata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Liatris,scariosa,Devil's Bite,,3 to 7,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry stony soils on prairies and open forest glades.,South-eastern N. America.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liatris+scariosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiatrisScariosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Liatris,spicata,"Gayfeather, Dense blazing star, Spiked Blazing Star, Button Snakewot, Gayfeather, Spiked Gayfeather,",medium,3 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Meadows, borders of marshes, savannahs, damp slopes etc. Poor dry ridges.","Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Louisiana.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liatris+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiatrisSpicata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Liatris,squarrosa,"Scaly blazing star,  Alabama blazing star",,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open woods, clearings and fields, chiefly argillaceous. Usually found on sandy soils.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Pennsylvania, Virginia, Florida, South Dakota and Texas.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liatris+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiatrisSquarrosa.jpg
Cupressaceae,Libocedrus,bidwillii,,slow,7 to 10,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Montane to sub-alpine forests in North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Libocedrus+bidwillii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LibocedrusBidwillii.jpg
Cupressaceae,Libocedrus,plumosa,Kawaka,slow,7 to 10,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Lowland forests between latitudes 35 and 38°south.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Libocedrus+plumosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LibocedrusPlumosa.jpg
Cupressaceae,Libocedrus,uvifera,,slow,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist and boggy areas, especially near the sea, growing with Drimys and Nothofagus betuloides and not forming pure stands, from Tierra Del Fuego north to latitude 40°south[69, 139].","S. America - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Libocedrus+uvifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chrysobalanaceae,Licania,rigida,Oiticica,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Dry, open forests, often in secondary formations, on low, alluvial floodplains, often near rivers[625 ].",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Licania+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Licania_rigida1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,amplexicaulis,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations from 2,700 - 4,800 metres in the Himalayas. Moist rocky slopes, generally besides streams, at elevations of 2700 - 3600 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Garwhal and also in Sikkim.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+amplexicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,hiberniflorum,,,None to None,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods in low mountains, S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+hiberniflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,hodgsonii,,,4 to 8,0.7,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains in C. and N. Japan. Stream banks, grassy slopes and forest margins at elevations of 900 - 2800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan and Russia",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+hodgsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,intermedia,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stream banks, grassy slopes, forest understories and alpine meadows at elevations of 100 - 3400 metres.","E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,japonica,,,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains in C. and S. Japan. Stream banks, grassland slopes and forest understories at elevations of 600 - 2300 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigulariaJaponica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,sibirica,,,3 to 7,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet woods, meadows and scrub by streams. Swamps, moist grasslands, stream banks, grassy slopes and forest margins at elevations of 400 - 2200 metres in China.","Europe to E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigulariaSibirica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,brachylobum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes, alpine meadows and shrubs, banks of streams or in forests and forest edges at elevations of 1600 - 4100 metres in NE Guizhou, Shaanxi, W & SE Sichuan, E Xizang, Yunnan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+brachylobum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,canadense,Canadian Licorice Root,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigusticumCanadense.jpg
Apiaceae,Ligusticum,canbyi,Osha,medium,3 to 6,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist streambanks, slopes and meadows in the montane grasslands and shrublands zone.",Western North America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+canbyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ligusticum_canbyi1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,filicinum,Fernleaf Licorice Root,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+filicinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,hultenii,Hulten's Licorice Root,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Near seashores, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan to N. America - Alaska.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+hultenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,jeholense,,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, stream sides, meadows or damp places at elevations of 1200 - 2500 metres in Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi Provinces.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+jeholense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,mutellina,"Mountain Lovage, Alpine lovage",,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Europe.",Europe.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+mutellina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AethusaMutellina.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,porteri,Porter's Licorice Root,,5 to 9,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist fertile ground, almost to the timberline, 2000 - 3500 metres in Texas. Upland meadows and ravines.",South-western N. America.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+porteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigusticumPorteri.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,scoticum,"Scottish Lovage, Scottish licorice-root, Hulten's licorice-root",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Rocky coasts in northern Britain.,"Northwestern Europe, including Britain, from Denmark to Norway.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+scoticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigusticumScoticum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,sinense,Chuang Xiong,,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, grassy slopes or stream sides at elevations of 500 - 2700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+sinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,wallichii,Chuan Xiong,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shady slopes in forests at elevations of 1500--3700 metres in western China.,"E. Asia - Himalayas, from India to China.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+wallichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,delavayanum,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,August to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and streamsides, 1000 - 2600 metres in W. China. Thickets or woods on slopes at elevations of 500 - 3700 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+delavayanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,indicum,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp gullies, wet oak forests, 1200 - 2700 metres from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,japonicum,"Japanese Privet, Japanese Ligustrum, Waxleaf Ligustrum, Texas Privet, Waxleaf  Privet",medium,7 to 10,5.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and thickets in lowland and hills, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigustrumJaponicum.jpg
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,lucidum,"Chinese Privet, Glossy privet, White Wax Tree, Tree  Ligustrum",medium,8 to 11,10.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Roadsides and in river valleys. Woods below 2900 metres.,E. Asia - China.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+lucidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigustrumLucidum.jpg
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,obtusifolium,Border privet,medium,4 to 7,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thin woods and thickets in lowland and hills all over Japan. Hills, gullies and woods at elevations of 100 - 600 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+obtusifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigustrumObtusifolium.jpg
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,ovalifolium,"Privet, California privet",medium,4 to 8,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Thickets near the sea in C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+ovalifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigustrumOvalifolium.jpg
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,sinense,Chinese Privet,medium,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thin woods and thickets in lowland and hills all over Japan. Mixed forests, valleys, along streams, thickets, woods, ravines at elevations of 200 - 2600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+sinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigustrumSinense.jpg
Oleaceae,Ligustrum,vulgare,"Privet, European privet , Common Privet",medium,4 to 7,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Open woodland, hedges and scrub, often by the sea and usually on calcareous soils[10, 17, 50].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligustrum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigustrumVulgare.jpg
Juncaginaceae,Lilaea,scilloides,Awl-leaf lilaea,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shallow water and coastal tide flats, or in mud at the edges of the water.","Western N. America - British Columbia to California, extending south to S. America.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilaea+scilloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LilaeaScilloides.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,amabile,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Limestone formations.,E. Asia - Korea,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+amabile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumAmabile.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,auratum,Golden-Rayed Lily,,5 to 9,1.8,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Hills and mountains in scrub or grassy places, in volcanic ash or poor gravelly soils, always on steep well-drained slopes.",E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+auratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumAuratum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,brownii,Hong Kong Lily,,4 to 8,1.2,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Loose fertile soil along woodland edges or in grass and thickets. Rock crevices, amongst coarse grass and scrub below 1,500 metres.","E. Asia - Southern China from Hong Kong, to Burma",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+brownii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumBrownii.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,bulbiferum,"Fire Lily, Orange lily",,6 to 9,1.2,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub, amongst bracken and on rocky slopes.",Eastern Central Europe.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+bulbiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumBulbiferum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,callosum,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Riverside meadows and meadow slopes. Grassy slopes in limestone areas at elevations of 100 - 900 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+callosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumCallosum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,canadense,"Meadow Lily, Canada lily",,4 to 8,1.5,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet meadows, moist rich woods especially edges, streamsides and river alluvia, bogs, marshes, swamps, along wet roadsides and railroads from sea level to 1000 metres.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Nova Scotia, south to Georgia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumCanadense.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,canadense editorum,Meadow Lily,,4 to 8,1.5,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, low thickets and wet woods.",Eastern N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+canadense editorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Lilium,canadense flavum,Meadow Lily,,4 to 8,1.5,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Meadows, low thickets and wet woods.",Eastern N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+canadense flavum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Lilium,candidum,Madonna Lily,,5 to 9,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],October to July,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky slopes and in scrub to 600 metres[50, 90].",S.W. Asia. Naturalized in Europe around the Mediterranean.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+candidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumCandidum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,cernuum,,,3 to 7,0.6,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Exposed positions amongst grass and shrubs on alluvial soils and amongst slate rocks.,"E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+cernuum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumCernuum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,columbianum,"Columbia Tiger Lily, Columbia lily, Oregon Lily,  Tiger Lily",medium,5 to 10,1.5,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist soils in woodlands, meadows, amongst ferns and amongst shrubs in sun or shade from sea level to 1500 metres[47, 90].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+columbianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumColumbianum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,concolor,Morning Star Lily,,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub in pockets of humus on carboniferous limestone and in heavy limey soil, 1500 - 2200 metres. Moist places in forests, thickets, moist meadows, grassy slopes and sunny grassland.",E. Asia - China,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+concolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumConcolor.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,dauricum,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp meadows and forest edges in mixed herbaceous vegetation in sandy soils. Open forests, bushy slopes, hillsides and moist meadows, 400 - 1500 metres.","N.E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+dauricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumDauricum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,davidii,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places in forests, forest margins and grassy slopes at elevations of 800 - 3200 metres.","E. Asia - China in Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+davidii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumDavidii.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,distichum,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist and shady broad-leaved woodlands[74, 143]. Forested slopes, forest margins, hillsides along streams; 200 - 1800 metres in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces.","E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+distichum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumDistichum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,formosanum,Formosa lily,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Seashores and open grassland in sandy or volcanic soils[245, 260] from sea level to 3500 metres[143, 266].",E. Asia - Formosa and Taiwan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+formosanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumFormosanum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,formosanum pricei,,,4 to 8,0.1,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Open grassland in sandy or volcanic soils in the alpine zone.,E. Asia - Formosa and Taiwan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+formosanum pricei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Lilium,hansonii,,,4 to 8,1.2,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and open forests in very humus-rich soils.,"E. Asia - N. Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+hansonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumHansonii.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,henryi,Henry's lily,medium,5 to 8,1.8,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Amongst scrub on limestone cliffs, often in shade on humus-rich soils, up to 1100 metres.",E. Asia - C. China in W. Hubeh and Guizhou.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumHenryi.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,japonicum,Bamboo Lily,,4 to 8,1.0,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets on hills and low mountains in rich loose woodland soil, often amongst dwarf bamboo, 300 - 900 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumJaponicum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,japonicum platyfolium,Bamboo Lily,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets on hills and low mountains in rich loose woodland soil, often amongst dwarf bamboo, 300 - 900 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+japonicum platyfolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Lilium,kelleyanum,Kelley's Lily,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet banks and boggy places, 1200 - 3100 metres in California. Hillside seeps, wet thickets, along streams in coniferous forests at elevations of 2200 - 2900 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+kelleyanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumKelleyanum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,lancifolium,"Tiger Lily, Devil Lily",medium,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Long cultivated and not known in a truly wild situation, though it can naturalise in woodlands.. Possibly of hybrid origin involving L. leichtlinii and L. maculatum.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+lancifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumLancifolium.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,leichtlinii,,,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Humus-rich soils in river valleys and amongst grass on hills.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+leichtlinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumLeichtlinii.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,leichtlinii maximowiczii,,,4 to 8,1.2,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Humus-rich soils in river valleys and amongst grass on hills. Sandy places along valleys, mountain grasslands, limestone or serpentine areas, from near sea level to 1300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, S. Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+leichtlinii maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumLeichtliniiMaximowiczii.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,longiflorum,"White Trumpet Lily, Easter lily, Trumpet Lily",medium,7 to 9,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By the coast, often in pockets of coral rock.","E. Asia - Southern Japan, in the Ryukyu Islands.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+longiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumLongiflorum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,maculatum,,,4 to 8,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rocks along sea-shores.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+maculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumMaculatum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,martagon,"Turk's Cap Lily, Martagon lily",medium,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Bulb,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous woods, scrub and mountain pasture, especially on limestone.",Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+martagon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumMartagon.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,medeoloides,,,4 to 8,0.8,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Damp woods and meadows, occasionally to the sub-alpine zone, in N. and C. Japan. Forests, subalpine grasslands, limestone and serpentine areas in Zhejiang province, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+medeoloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumMedeoloides.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,monanthum,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+monanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Lilium,nanum,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open grassy, rocky hillsides, amongst dwarf rhododendron shrubs, 3300 - 4500 metres. Forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes and alpine grasslands, 3500 - 4500 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas to W. China,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+nanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumNanum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,nepalense,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Exposed positions amongst rocks and on open slopes, 2300 - 3500 metres[51, 90]. Plants are often found on limestone rocks and in bamboo thickets.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Assam and N.E. India.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+nepalense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumNepalense.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,nobilissimum,,,5 to 9,1.7,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan on Ryukyu Island.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+nobilissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumNobilissimum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,pardalinum,"Panther Lily, Leopard lily, Pitkin Marsh lily, Vollmer's lilyShasta lily, Wiggins' lily",medium,5 to 9,2.0,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stream banks and springy places to 2000 metres, forming large colonies near the coastal range[47, 71].",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+pardalinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumPardalinum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,philadelphicum,Wood Lily,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Heavy, often somewhat alkaline, meadows to montane forest. Usually found in drier woodlands on acid sandy loams[43, 47].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, south to North Carolina and West Virginia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+philadelphicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumPhiladelphicum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,pomponium,,,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky hillsides on steep limestone screes.,Europe - S. France to N. Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+pomponium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumPomponium.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,pumilum,Coral Lily,,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry open stony southern slopes in mountainous areas and on foothills. Grassland and low scrub in shallow humus-rich soils, 400 - 900 metres.",E. Asia - E. China to Siberia.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+pumilum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumPumilum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,rubellum,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Low mountains, occasionally on alpine slopes, among dwarf shrubs and grass, 750 - 1800 metres in C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+rubellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumRubellum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,sargentiae,,,5 to 9,1.5,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grows amongst rank grasses and scrub on granite, slate and mud shales in Szechwan.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+sargentiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumSargentiae.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,species,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Bulb,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A group of garden hybrids of uncertain parentage.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumSpecies.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,speciosum,Oriental Lily,medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Shaded and moist places in forests, grassy slopes at elevations of 600 - 900 metres.",E. Asia - S. China and S. Japan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+speciosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumSpeciosum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,superbum,"Swamp Lily, 	Turk's-cap lily, American Turk's Cap Lily",,4 to 9,2.4,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Peaty meadows, swales, wet sands and swampy woods.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, North Carolina, Tennessee and Missouri.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+superbum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumSuperbum.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,tsingtauense,,,5 to 9,1.2,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist shady positions in thin woods, margins of thickets and amongst tall grasses. Sunny forested slopes, bushy and grassy places at elevations of 100 - 400 metres.","E. Asia - N.E. China, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+tsingtauense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumTsingtauense.jpg
Liliaceae,Lilium,wallichianum,,,7 to 10,1.8,0.3,Bulb,,['Bees'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open slopes and grassland, 1200 - 2000 metres. Moist shady places at elevations of 1100 - 2000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - E. Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh to Arunachel Pradesh.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lilium+wallichianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiliumWallichianum.jpg
Limnanthaceae,Limnanthes,alba,"Meadowfoam, White meadowfoam",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Vernal pools or low moist open places from sea level to 1200 metres. The sub-species L. alba versicolor(Greene.)C.T.Mason. grows at elevations up to 1600 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limnanthes+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LimnanthesAlba.jpg
Limnanthaceae,Limnanthes,douglasii,"Poached Egg Plant, Douglas' meadowfoam, Ornduff's meadowfoam",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist places below 1000 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limnanthes+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LimnanthesDouglasii.jpg
Alismataceae,Limnocharis,flava,"Sawah Lettuce, Sawah Flowering Rush",fast,10 to 12,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"In or at the edge of water[331 ]. Shallow swamps, ditches, pools and wet rice fields, occurring usually in stagnant fresh water[413 ].","Southern S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, north through Central America to Mexico.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limnocharis+flava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Limnocharis_flava_small.JPEG
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,carolinianum,"Sea Lavender, Lavender thrift",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Coastal salt flats.,Eastern N. America - Labrador to Florida and Texas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+carolinianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LimoniumCarolinianum.jpg
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,ornatum,,,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe - Mediterranean to Morocco.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+ornatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,tetragonum,,,5 to 9,0.5,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy places by the sea, central and southern Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+tetragonum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,thouinii,,,8 to 11,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry places near the sea.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+thouinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,vulgare,"Sea Lavender, Mediterranean sea lavender, Common Privet",,4 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Wind']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Muddy salt marshes, avoiding shade.","Western and southern Europe, including Britain, N. Africa, N. America.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LimoniumVulgare.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Linaria,canadensis,Blue Toadflax,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sterile or sandy soils, often a weed in sandy loams.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota, Oregon, Texas and California",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linaria+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinariaCanadensis.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Linaria,vulgaris,"Yellow Toadflax, Butter and eggs",,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Hedgerows, by ditches, on dry banks and roadside verges. It is especially abundant in sandy and gravelly soils, and in chalk and limestone districts, and avoids acid soils[4, 7].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to the Pyrenees, Greece and W. Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linaria+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinariaVulgaris.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,assamica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,1800 - 2400 metres in Sikkim and Bhutan.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+assamica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Lindera,benzoin,"Spice Bush, Northern spicebush, Bush Northern Spice",slow,4 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet woods and by streams on sandy or peaty soils. Stream banks, low woods, margins of wetlands; uplands, especially with exposed limestone, from sea level to 1200 metres.","Eastern N. America - Maine and Ontario to Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+benzoin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaBenzoin2.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,glauca,Grayblue Spicebush,,5 to 9,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed deciduous forest. Forests, roadsides on mountain slopes; at elevations below 900 metres in China[266].",E. Asia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lindera_glauca1240.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,megaphylla,,,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,E. Asia - S. and S.W. China.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+megaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaMegaphylla.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,obtusiloba,,,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Thickets and copses.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+obtusiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaObtusiloba.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,praecox,,,8 to 11,7.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Thickets on hillsides and on the borders of streams and lakes.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaPraecox.jpg
Lauraceae,Lindera,pulcherrima,,,None to None,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Oak forests, where it is often common in the understorey, to 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China and Burma.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+pulcherrima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Lindera,strychnifolia,,,None to None,9.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Shrub thickets along mountainsides.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+strychnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Lindera,umbellata,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Scrub at up to 3000 metres in W. China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lindera+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinderaUmbellata.jpg
Poaceae,Lingnania,chungii,"Clumping Bamboo, white bamboo, tropical blue bamboo",fast,9 to 11,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland hilly areas; at elevations from 100 - 500 metres[266 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, Vietnam.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lingnania+chungii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lingnania_chungii1.JPEG
Caprifoliaceae,Linnaea,borealis,"Twinflower,  	Longtube twinflower",,2 to 6,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Woods, especially pine, and in the shade of rocks to elevations of 725 metres in N. Britain.","Northern Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Germany, the Alps and N. Asia.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linnaea+borealis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinnaeaBorealis.jpg
Linaceae,Linum,bienne,Pale Flax,,6 to 9,0.6,0.2,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassland, especially near the coast, and especially on calcareous soils.","Southwestern Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean, Madeira and Canaries.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+bienne,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinumBienne.jpg
Linaceae,Linum,catharticum,"Purging Flax, Fairy flax",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Flies'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland, dunes and moors, most commonly on calcareous grassland.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain the Caucasus and Iran.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+catharticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinumCatharticum.jpg
Linaceae,Linum,crepitans,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+crepitans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Linaceae,Linum,humile,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The plant has been cultivated for many centuries for its fibre and oil, it is not known in a genuinely wild state.",N. Africa - Mediterranean.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+humile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Linaceae,Linum,hybrids,Perennial Flax,fast,7 to 11,0.8,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Native to temperate and subtropical regions of the world.,Origin: Hypothetical.,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Linum_hyrbids1.JPEG
Linaceae,Linum,marginale,Native Flax,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy loams in the sub-alpine and montane zones, in grassland and open forest[154, 157].",Australia - Victoria.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+marginale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinumMarginale.jpg
Linaceae,Linum,monogynum,,,7 to 10,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places and dunes from the coast to inland lower montane zones, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+monogynum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Linaceae,Linum,perenne,"Perennial Flax, Blue flax,  Alpine flax",medium,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Calcareous grassland. Prairies to alpine ridges, usually on dry well-drained soils in Western N. America.",Europe. Western N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+perenne,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinumPerenne.jpg
Linaceae,Linum,strictum,,,5 to 9,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry hills, sandy and rocky places, vineyards.",Central Europe to the Mediterranean and east to Afghanistan and Iran.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+strictum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinumStrictum.jpg
Linaceae,Linum,usitatissimum,"Flax, Common flax",,4 to 8,0.7,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Possibly native to Europe. A rare casual in Britain, the original habitat is obscure.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+usitatissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LinumUsitatissimum.jpg
Orchidaceae,Liparis,japonica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liparis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Verbenaceae,Lippia,graveolens,Mexican Oregano,fast,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry areas[238 ]. Rocky slopes or damp thickets on plains at elevations of 350 metres or less[331 ].,"Central America from Costa Rica, north to Mexico and southern N. America.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lippia+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lippia graveolens_1.JPEG
Hamamelidaceae,Liquidambar,formosana,"Formosan Gum, Chinese Sweet Gum, Formosa Sweet Gum",medium,6 to 9,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A very wide range, especially in the warm temperate zones, growing in woodland and in open country. Moist forests at elevations to 2500 metres in the south of its range.",E. Asia - Central and southern China from Taiwan to south-west Sichuan.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liquidambar+formosana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiquidambarFormosana.jpg
Hamamelidaceae,Liquidambar,orientalis,Oriental Sweet Gum,slow,7 to 10,10.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Flood plains, marshy places and valley sides near streams to elevations of 1800 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liquidambar+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiquidambarOrientalis.jpg
Hamamelidaceae,Liquidambar,styraciflua,"Sweet Gum, Red Gum, American Sweet Gum, Red Sweet Gum,",fast,5 to 9,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Swampy woods which are often inundated annually and on rich bottom lands.,"Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liquidambar+styraciflua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiquidambarStyraciflua.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Liriodendron,tulipifera,"Tulip Tree, Tulip Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Canary Whitewood",medium,4 to 9,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep rich rather moist soils on mountain slopes and by streams. Rich woodlands, bluffs, low mountains, and hills from sea level to 1500 metres.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liriodendron+tulipifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiriodendronTulipifera.jpg
Convallariaceae,Liriope,graminifolia,Lilyturf,,7 to 10,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Lowland and foothills all over Japan. Forests, thickets, shady places along ravines, grassy and rocky places from near sea level to 2300 metres..","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liriope+graminifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Liriope,minor,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Lowland and foothills all over Japan. Forests, shady hillsides and grassy slopes at elevations of 600 - 2600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liriope+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiriopeMinor.jpg
Convallariaceae,Liriope,muscari,"Lilyturf, Big blue lilyturf, Border Grass, Blue Lilyturf, Liriope",slow,5 to 10,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Forests, bamboo forests, scrub, shady and moist places in ravines and on slopes at elevations of 100 - 1400 (occasionally to 2000) metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liriope+muscari,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiriopeMuscari.jpg
Convallariaceae,Liriope,spicata,"Lily Turf, Creeping liriope, Creeping Lilyturf",fast,4 to 10,0.3,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Forests, grassy slopes, hillsides and moist places from near sea level to 1800 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liriope+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiriopeSpicata.jpg
Epacridaceae,Lissanthe,sapida,,,None to None,1.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forests, especially in gravelly ground.",Australia - Victoria and New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lissanthe+sapida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Lissanthe,strigosa,,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Heath and dry sclerophyll forests, usually on sandy soils.","Australia - Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, Tasmania and New South Wales.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lissanthe+strigosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LissantheStrigosa.jpg
Sapindaceae,Litchi,chinensis,"Lychee, Litchi",slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Ants', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,The tree has been in cultivation for so long that wild forms are no longer believed to exist[200 ].,"E. Asia - southern China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litchi+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Litchi chinensis2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,corneus,,,None to None,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Broad-leaved evergreen forests, frequent on sunny slopes and in dry places, coastal regions usually below 1000 metres.",E. Asia - southern China to Vietnam.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+corneus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,densiflorus,Tanbark Oak,slow,6 to 9,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woody slopes below 1500 metres on fertile mountain slopes. It is found on a variety of soil types, but requires a humid atmosphere if it is to thrive[82, 229].",South-western N. America - Oregon and California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+densiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithocarpusDensiflorus.jpg
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,edulis,,,6 to 9,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithocarpusEdulis.jpg
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,glaber,Japanese Oak,,6 to 9,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed mesophytic forests, frequent on sunny slopes; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang","E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+glaber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,pachyphylla,,,None to None,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"1800 - 3000 metres. Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed forests, mixed mesophytic forests at elevations of 800 - 3,200 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Sikkim and Manipur to China.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+pachyphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,canescens,"Paint Indian, Hoary puccoon",,3 to 7,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry or sandy open woods, prairies etc.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Georgia, west to Saskatchewan and Texas.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumCanescens.jpg
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,caroliniense,"Hairy Puccoon, Carolina puccoon",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sandhills, pine barrens and dry sandy woods.","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, Minnesota, Montana and New Mexico.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+caroliniense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumCaroliniense.jpg
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,erythrorhizon,Lithospermum,,5 to 9,0.7,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes in mountains and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Eastern China, Japan and Korea.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+erythrorhizon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumErythrorhizon.jpg
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,incisum,"Narrow-Leaf Gromwell, Narrowleaf stoneseed",,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry soils of plains, foothills and ridges in mountains to 2100 metres.","Central N. America - British Columbia to Manitoba, south to Illinois, Texas and Arizona.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+incisum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumIncisum.jpg
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,multiflorum,"Manyflowered Gromwell, Manyflowered stoneseed",,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Gravelly soils in Texas, 1800 - 3600 metres, mainly in the juniper and pine belts.",Western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+multiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumMultiflorum.jpg
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,officinale,"Gromwell, European stoneseed",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedges, bushy places and woodland borders, usually on basic soil.","Europe, including Britain, except the extreme southwest and north, east to Iran and the Caucasus.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumOfficinale.jpg
Boraginaceae,Lithospermum,ruderale,"Western Gromwell, Western Stoneseed",,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, fairly dry places from the foothills to moderate elevations.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithospermum+ruderale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithospermumRuderale.jpg
Lauraceae,Litsea,calophylla,Tagutugan,medium,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,It is a tropical plant. Not known in a truly wild situation,Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litsea+calophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Litsea_calophylla1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Litsea,citrata,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Old cultivated land to elevations of 2700 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litsea+citrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Litsea,cubeba,"Mountain Pepper, Litsea",,10 to 12,7.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny slopes, thickets, sparse forests, roadsides, watersides, 500 - 3200 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litsea+cubeba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LitseaCubeba.jpg
Lauraceae,Litsea,glutinosa,"Indian Laurel. Brown bollygum, Maida lakri",fast,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest margins, streamsides, sparse forests or thickets at elevations of 500 - 1,900 metres[266 ]. Mixed primary and secondary forest and thickets[303 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines to Australia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litsea+glutinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Litsea_glutinosa1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Litsea,umbrosa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In ravines and along the sides of streams to elevations of 2700 metres[51, 146]. Also found in shady forests.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Litsea+umbrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Livistona,australis,"Cabbage Palm, Australian Palm, Gippsland Palm",slow,9 to 11,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist sheltered localities, usually near the coast, especially in eucalyptus forests.",Australia - Victoria.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Livistona+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LivistonaAustralis.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,cardinalis,Cardinal Flower,medium,3 to 9,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Damp shores, meadows and swamps.","N. America - New Brunswick to Quebec, south to Florida and Texas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+cardinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaCardinalis.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,dortmanna,"Water Lobelia, Dortmann's cardinalflower",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stony lakes and tarns with acid water.,"Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Brittany",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+dortmanna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaDortmanna.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,inflata,Indian Tobacco,,None to None,0.6,0.3,Annual,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, fields, roadsides, waste places and open woods[19, 43]. Usually in dry soils.","Northern N. America - Labrador to Saskatchewan, Georgia, Kansas and Arkansas.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+inflata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaInflata.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,radicans,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places, especially around paddy fields and in lowland all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, India.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,sessilifolia,,,4 to 8,0.7,0.3,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+sessilifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaSessilifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,siphilitica,"Great Blue Lobelia, Blue Cardinal Flower, Big Blue Lobelia,  Great Lobelia",medium,5 to 9,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woods and marshes.,"Eastern N. America - Maine to S. Dakota, south to Texas and Missouri.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+siphilitica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaSiphilitica.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,spicata,"Pale Spike, Palespike lobelia",,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry mostly sandy soils in fields, meadows, glades and thickets.",Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Minnesota.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaSpicata.jpg
Campanulaceae,Lobelia,tupa,Devil's Tobacco,,7 to 10,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wooded slopes, in the open and amongst shrubs.",S. America - Chile.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobelia+tupa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LobeliaTupa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lobularia,maritima,Sweet Alyssum,fast,6 to 9,0.2,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],April to October,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Dry sunny places in the Mediterranean. Grows by the coast in Britain.,Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobularia+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlyssumMaritimum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Lolium,multiflorum,Italian Ryegrass,,4 to 8,0.3,,Biennial,,['Wind'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, field margins and roadsides, avoiding acid soils.","Original habitat is obscure, it is naturalized in Britain.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lolium+multiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoliumMultiflorum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Lolium,perenne,"Perennial Ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, Darnel, Lyme Grass, Terrell Grass, English Ryegrass, Strand Wh",fast,5 to 7,1.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Meadows and weedy places.,Europe to E. Asia.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lolium+perenne,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoliumPerenne.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Lolium,temulentum,Darnel,,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated fields and waste ground in Britain.,Europe - Mediterranean. An introduced casual in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lolium+temulentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoliumTemulentum.jpg
Lomandraceae,Lomandra,longifolia,Longleaf Mat-Rush,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Beetles'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Banks of creeks, rocky hillsides, cliffs and open forests, in sandy soils in swamps and wet places to the montane zone[154, 156].","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomandra+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomandraLongifolia.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,ambiguum,"Biscuitroot, Wyeth biscuitroot",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open slopes and flat land up to moderate elevations. Usually on dry soils.,Western N. America - British Columbia and Washington to Montana..,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+ambiguum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,canbyi,"Biscuitroot, Canby's biscuitroot",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open rocky places at low elevations, often with sagebrush.",Western N. America - Washington to N. California.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+canbyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumCanbyi.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,cous,"Biscuitroot, Cous biscuitroot",,5 to 12,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry often open rocky slopes and flats, often with sagebrush, especially in foothills and lowland, occasionally above the treeline.",Western N. America.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+cous,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumCous.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,dissectum,"Fernleaf Biscuitroot, Carrotleaf biscuitroot",,6 to 10,1.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, often rocky slopes and dry meadows, often on talus.",Western N. America - southwards from Alberta and British Columbia.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+dissectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumDissectum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,eurycarpum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+eurycarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,farinosum,"Northern Biscuitroot, Hamblen's biscuitroot",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky slopes, scablands, valleys and foothills.","Western N. America - Idaho, Washington and Montana.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+farinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,foeniculaceum,"Desert Biscuitroot, Inyo biscuitroot, Macdougal's biscuitroot",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open slopes, valleys, plains and at moderate elevations. Prairies in calcareous clay soils in Texas.",Western N. America - Manitoba and Texas to Montana.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+foeniculaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumFoeniculaceum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,gayeri,Biscuitroot,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes and flats, foothills and lowlands to moderate elevations.",Western N. America - Washington and British Columbia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+gayeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,gormanii,Gorman's biscuitroot,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes and scablands in foothills, valleys and plains, often with sagebrush.",Western N. America - Washington to N. California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+gormanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumGormanii.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,grayi,"Biscuitroot,  Gray's biscuitroot",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, open, often rocky places from the foothills and lowlands to moderate elevations in the mountains.",Western N. America - Washington to N. Idaho.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+grayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumGrayi.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,macrocarpum,Bigseed Biscuitroot,,5 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open rocky hills and plains, not extending much into the mountains.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+macrocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumMacrocarpum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,nudicaule,"Pestle Parsnip, Barestem biscuitroot",,6 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open or lightly wooded areas at low to moderate elevations,Western N. America - South British Columbia to California.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+nudicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumNudicaule.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,triternatum,"Nineleaf Biscuitroot,  Broadnineleaf biscuitroot",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open slopes and meadows in dry to fairly moist soil at low to moderate elevations.,Western N. America - Alberta to California.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+triternatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumTriternatum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,utriculatum,Common Lomatium,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and other open often rocky places west of the Cascades,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+utriculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LomatiumUtriculatum.jpg
Fabaceae,Lonchocarpus,nicou,"Barbasco, timbo, cube",medium,10 to 12,10.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"Northern S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonchocarpus+nicou,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lonchocarpus nicou 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Lonchocarpus,urucu,"Barbasco, timbo urucu",medium,10 to 12,12.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"Northern S. America - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonchocarpus+urucu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,affinis,,,5 to 9,7.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In thickets or edges of forests, mainly in warm coastal areas at elevations of 10 - 800 metres.","E. Asia - China, C. and S. Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,angustifolia,Narrow-leafed honeysuckle,medium,4 to 8,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, under oak, fir and deodar, to elevations of 3600 metres[51, 146].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraAngustifolia2.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,caerulea,"Sweetberry honeysuckle, Bluefly honeysuckle, Haskap berry",fast,3 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low ground.,N.E. Europe. Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska and southwards.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraCaerulea.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,canadensis,"Fly Honeysuckle, American fly honeysuckle",,3 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool moist woods[43, 235].","N. America - Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Minnesota.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraCanadensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,caprifolium,"Italian Honeysuckle, Italian woodbine",medium,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, scrub and woods.",Europe - Austria and Czechoslovakia to Romania and Turkey. Introduced in Britain.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+caprifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraCaprifolium.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,chrysantha,Honeysuckle,,3 to 7,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In deciduous coastal and montane forests and meadows..,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+chrysantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,ciliosa,Orange Honeysuckle,medium,4 to 8,10.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and thickets from sea level to moderate elevations.,Western N. America - British Columbia to N. Carolina.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+ciliosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraCiliosa.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,gracilipes,,,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests and clearings all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+gracilipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraGracilipes.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,gracilipes glabra,,,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests and clearings all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+gracilipes glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraGracilipesGlabra.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,henryi,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub, 1200 - 2300 metres.",E. Asia - China from W. Hubei to W. Sichuan.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraHenryi.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,involucrata,"Twinberry, Twinberry honeysuckle",medium,4 to 8,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Calcareous woods, banks of streams and swamps and in open coniferous forests, usually on limestone.",Western N. America - Alaska to Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraInvolucrata.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,japonica,Japanese Honeysuckle,fast,4 to 10,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Moths'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets in hills and mountains all over Japan. Woods in the mountains and lowlands of Korea.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. Locally naturalized in Britain[50].",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraJaponica.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,morrowii,Morrow's honeysuckle,,3 to 7,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open places in meadows, river sides, sandy coasts, and open deciduous forests of lowlands and montane regions.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+morrowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraMorrowii.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,nitida,Boxleaf Honeysuckle,fast,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"In scrub and along streams, 1300 - 2100 metres in Yunnan and W. Sichuan.",E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraNitida.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,periclymenum,"Honeysuckle, European honeysuckle",medium,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Woods, hedgerows, scrub and shady places, avoiding calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and Greece.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+periclymenum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraPericlymenum.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,pileata,Privet honeysuckle,,4 to 8,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Scrub and by streams, 300 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - China in W. Hubei and W. Sichuan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+pileata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraPileata.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,quinquelocularis,,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest, scrub and hedges, especially on rather dry aspects and open hills, 1800 - 3000 metres[146, 184].",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+quinquelocularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraQuinquelocularis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,sempervirens,"Trumpet Honeysuckle, Coral Honeysuckle",fast,4 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Borders of woods and thickets.,Eastern and Southern N. America - Connecticut to Florida and Texas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraSempervirens.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,utahensis,Utah Honeysuckle,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist wooded or open slopes at moderate to rather high elevations in the mountains.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to Oregon, Utah, Wyoming and Montana.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+utahensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraUtahensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,venulosa,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In alpine regions at elevations of 800 - 2800 metres.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+venulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,villosa,"Mountain fly honeysuckle, Fuller's honeysuckle",slow,3 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Peaty or rocky barrens, bogs and bushy places, especially on limestone.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and California.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraVillosa.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,villosa solonis,,,None to None,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Peaty or rocky barrens, bogs and bushy places, especially on limestone.",N. America - Minnesota to Newfoundland.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+villosa solonis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ochnaceae,Lophira,alata,Niam Tree,slow,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Evergreen moist rain-forest at elevations of 550 - 1,300 metres[328 ]. Evergreen and moist deciduous forests, in freshwater swamp forests, and close to riverbanks[316 ].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lophira+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lophira alata 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Lophomyrtus,bullata,,,8 to 11,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal to montane forest, especially marginally, in North Island and occasionally in the north of South Island[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lophomyrtus+bullata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Lophomyrtus,x ralphii,,,8 to 11,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal to montane forest, especially marginally, in North Island and occasionally in the north of South Island[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lophomyrtus+x ralphii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Lophostemon,confertus,"Vinegar Tree, Brisbane Box",fast,9 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,An emergent tree on the edges of rainforest and in most types of eucalypt forests[305 ].,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lophostemon+confertus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lophostemon confertus 1.JPEG
Hamamelidaceae,Loropetalum,chinense,"Fringe Flower, Chinese Fringe Bush",slow,7 to 10,2.0,1.2,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,February to April,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rocky hills and dry open woods, often on limestone[184, 260]. Stream banks, hilly slopes and roadsides.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China and Japan.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Loropetalum+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoropetalumChinense.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lotus,corniculatus,Bird's Foot Trefoil,medium,3 to 8,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Pastures and sunny banks of streams, especially on calcareous soils[7, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lotus+corniculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LotusCorniculatus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lotus,edulis,,,None to None,0.0,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy, stony and rocky places.",Europe - Mediterranean.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lotus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lotus,halophilus,Greater Bird's Foot Trefoil,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Maritime sands.,S.E. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lotus+halophilus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lotus,tetragonolobus,"Asparagus Pea, Winged pea",,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and vineyards.,Europe - Mediterranean.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lotus+tetragonolobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LotusTetragonolobus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lotus,uliginosus,Greater Bird's Foot Trefoil,,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, ditches, freshwater margins and wet grassland[50, 200].","S.W. Europe - Portugal, Spain.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lotus+uliginosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LotusUliginosus.jpg
Onagraceae,Ludwigia,palustris,"Water Purslane, Marsh seedbox",,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Shallow water or wet soils.,"Europe. Asia. N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida and California.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ludwigia+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LudwigiaPalustris.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Luffa,aegyptiaca,Loofah,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.5,Evergreen Annual Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, the plant was probably originally native to India but has been cultivated for so long that its origins are uncertain[521 ].","Pantropical, it probably originated in Asia, or perhaps Africa.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Luffa+aegyptiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Luffa aegyptiaca 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Luma,apiculata,Arrayan,medium,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Temperate forests.,S. America - Chile.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Luma+apiculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LumaApiculata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lunaria,annua,"Honesty, Annual honesty, Silver Dollar, Moneywort, Moonwort, Penny Flower, Money Plant",fast,8 to 10,0.6,0.3,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Moist soils in full sun or light shade, avoiding acid soils.",Europe - Sweden. More or less naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lunaria+annua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LunariaAnnua.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,albus,White Lupin,,None to None,1.2,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Disturbed ground on acid soils[45, 50].",S. Europe to Asia.,4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusAlbus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,albus graecus,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed ground on acid soils[45, 50].",S. Europe - Greece.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+albus graecus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,angustifolius,"Blue Lupin,  Narrowleaf lupine",,7 to 9,1.0,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],April to October,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cultivated and rocky ground on light acid soils [45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+angustifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusAngustifolius.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,arboreus,"Tree Lupin,  Yellow bush lupine",fast,7 to 10,1.5,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Stable sand dunes, coastal scrub and pine forest close to the coast. Naturalized by the sea in S. England.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon. Naturalized in S. England.,0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+arboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusArboreus-.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,hirsutus,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated ground and field margins.,S. Europe.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+hirsutus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusHirsutus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,littoralis,Seashore Lupine,,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy seashores.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusLittoralis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,luteus,"Yellow Lupin, European yellow lupine",,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Light acid soils.,Europe - Italy and the Mediterranean.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+luteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusLuteus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,mutabilis,"Pearl Lupin, Tarwi",,8 to 11,1.5,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],May to October,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Found in the Andes.,S. America - Colombia.,5,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+mutabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusMutabilis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,nootkatensis,"Blue Lupine, Nootka lupine",,4 to 8,0.7,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and open banks. Shingle banks in rivers in Scotland.,North-western N. America to N. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+nootkatensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusNootkatensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,perennis,Sundial Lupine,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Grassy places in dry sandy soils.,"Eastern N. America - Maine and Ontario, west to Minnesota and south to Florida.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+perennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusPerennis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,polyphyllus,"Big-Leaf Lupin, Lupine",medium,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Usually found in wetlands from sea level to 3000 metres.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California. A garden escape in Britain[17].,1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+polyphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LupinusPolyphyllus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,tauris,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Found at elevations of 3000 - 3500 metres in the Andes of Ecuador.,S. America - Andes.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+tauris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lupinus,termis,White Lupin,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Disturbed ground on acid soils[45, 50].",N. Africa - Mediterranean.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lupinus+termis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juncaceae,Luzula,capitata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Luzula+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LuzulaCapitata.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Lychnis,flos-cuculi,Ragged Robin,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp meadows, marshes, fens and wet woods, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east Spain, Siberia and the Caucasus.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lychnis+flos-cuculi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LychnisFlos-cuculi.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Lychnis,fulgens,Brilliant campion,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows and shrub thickets. Woodlands on low hills, wet shady scrub meadows.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Siberia.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lychnis+fulgens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycium,afrum,,,8 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Karroid scrub, Clanwilliam to Port Elizabeth. Dry soils near the sea.",S. Africa.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+afrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumAfrum.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,andersonii,"Wolfberry, Water jacket",,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Dry stony hills and mesas below 1800 metres in desert and creosote bush scrub.,South-western N. America.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+andersonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumAndersonii.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,arabicum,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,N. Africa.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+arabicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycium,australe,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Loamy soils in dry country[144, 154].",Australia - Victoria.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycium,barbarum,"Goji, Box Thorn, Matrimony vine",medium,6 to 9,2.5,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Hedges, on walls and waste ground.",Original habitat is obscure but probably S.E. Europe to S.W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+barbarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumBarbarum.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,berlandieri,Berlandier's wolfberry,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Washes and dry slopes to 900 metres in Arizona.,South-western N. America.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+berlandieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycium,carolinianum,"Christmas Berry, 	Carolina desert-thorn",,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,South-eastern N. America - S. Carolina to Florida and Texas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+carolinianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumCarolinianum.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,chinense,"Chinese Boxthorn, Chinese desert-thorn",medium,5 to 9,2.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Thickets and river banks in lowland C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan. Naturalized in Britain, especially by the sea.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumChinense.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,europaeum,"European tea-tree, Box thorn,",,8 to 11,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"In Israel it grows in Mediterranean maquis, batha communities, and loessial wadis in the steppes areas.",S.W. Europe to the Mediterranean.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+europaeum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumEuropaeum.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,fremontii,"Desert Thorn, Fremont's desert-thorn",,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Rather alkaline places below 450 metres in deserts and creosote bush scrub.,South-western N. America.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+fremontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumFremontii.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,pallidum,"Pale Wolfberry, Pale desert-thorn, Rabbit thorn",,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Dry plains and hills.,Central and Southern N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+pallidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumPallidum.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,ruthenicum,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Higher inner Himalayas, 1800 - 3900 metres. Saline deserts and sands, roadsides at elevations of 400 - 3,000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+ruthenicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycium,schweinfurthii,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Sandy soils of the coastal plain and the Negev Desert in Israel.,Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+schweinfurthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LyciumSchweinfurthii.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycium,torreyi,"Squawthorn, Torrey wolfberry",,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Along washes and bench lands below 600 metres, especially in creosote bush scrub.",South-western N. America - California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycium+torreyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycopersicon,esculentum,Tomato,,8 to 11,2.0,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Western S. America, a cultivated form of L. cerasiforme[132].",4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopersicon+esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopersiconEsculentum.jpg
Solanaceae,Lycopersicon,peruvianum,,,8 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Western slopes of the Andes below 2900 metres.,Western S. America,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopersicon+peruvianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Lycopersicon,pimpinellifolium,Currant Tomato,,8 to 11,1.0,0.5,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Western S. America as a cultivated form of L. cerasiforme.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopersicon+pimpinellifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopersiconPimpinellifolium.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,annotinum,Stiff Club Moss,,None to None,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,June to September,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moors on mountains from 50 - 800 metres in northern Britain.,"Arctic and N. temperate zone, including Britain, south to Spain, the Himalayas and Oregon.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+annotinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumAnnotinum.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,campanulatum,,,3 to 7,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist coniferous woods, lowland to moderate elevations in mountains.",Western N. America.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+campanulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,clavatum,"Common Club Moss, Running clubmoss",,10 to 12,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moorland, fields and pastures, it is rare in lowland areas.","Arctic and temperate zones of N. America, Europe and Asia; C. America; S. America; Caribbean; scattered through tropical Africa and tropical Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+clavatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumClavatum.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,complanatum,"Ground Pine, Groundcedar",,3 to 7,0.1,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist coniferous woods, from lowlands to moderate elevations in the mountains of Western N. America.",Europe to E. Asia and northern N. America.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+complanatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumComplanatum.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,lucidulum,Shining Club Moss,,4 to 8,0.2,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cool woods from Newfoundland to Ontario and southwards.,"N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to South Carolina, Iowa and Tennessee.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+lucidulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumLucidulum.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,obscurum,"Ground Pine, Rare clubmoss",,3 to 7,0.5,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist woodlands. Rich hardwood forests and successional shrubby areas from sea level to 1600 metres.,"Northern N. America and E. Asia - China, Japan and Siberia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+obscurum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumObscurum.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,selago,Fir Clubmoss,,None to None,0.3,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Usually in open habitats on heaths, moors, mountain grasslands, rock ledges and mountain tops to 1300 metres.","Arctic and N. temperate zone, including Britain, south to Spain, the Himalayas and Oregon.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+selago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumSelago.jpg
Lycopodiaceae,Lycopodium,serratum,Club Moss,,None to None,0.1,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+serratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopodiumSerratum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,americanus,"Water Horehound,  American water horehound",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low moist or wet places[222, 274].","N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, Utah and California.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+americanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusAmericanus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,amplectens,Clasping water horehound,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp sands and peaty soils north to N. Carolina. Usually near the coast.,N. America - Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+amplectens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusAmplectens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,asper,Rough Bugleweed,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes and wet shores, tolerating alkaline conditions.","N. America - Michigan to Kansas, west to Manitoba, British Columbia, California and Arizona.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+asper,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusAsper.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,europaeus,Gypsywort,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"By rivers, streams and ditches, also in marshes and fens[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean, north and central Asia.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+europaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusEuropaeus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,lucidus,"Bugleweed, Rough bugleweed",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places by the edges of streams or in other damp areas[58, 147].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+lucidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusLucidus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,maackianus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places all over Japan. Boggy shores, marsh margins, bogged down and inundated meadows, sometimes on sea shores, open scrub and occasionally on wasteland.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+maackianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,uniflorus,"Bugleweed, Northern bugleweed",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low, wet or boggy ground in the north of its range, wet woodland in the south.","N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, North Carolina, Nebraska and Oregon",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+uniflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusUniflorus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lycopus,virginicus,"Bugleweed, Virginia water horehound",,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low damp shady ground in rich moist soils.,Eastern N. America - New York and Wisconsin south to Georgia and Texas.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopus+virginicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycopusVirginicus.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Lycoris,aurea,Golden Spider Lily,,6 to 9,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"oblanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.5 cm, margin strongly undulate. Stamens Shady and moist places on slopes and in rock crevices at elevations from 100 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycoris+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycorisAurea.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Lycoris,radiata,"Spider Lily, Red spider lily, Nerine Lily, Short tube Lycoris",medium,8 to 10,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,,September to July,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,By cultivated fields and in meadows in the lowland and hills of C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - South-eastern China and southern Japan.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycoris+radiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycorisRadiata.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Lycoris,sanguinea,Spider Lily,,5 to 9,0.5,,Bulb,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sparsely wooded hills and low mountains all over Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycoris+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycorisSanguinea.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Lycoris,squamigera,"Resurrection Lily, Hardy Amaryllis, Magic Lily, Autumn Lycoris, Naked Lady",slow,6 to 10,0.7,0.2,Bulb,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Edges of cultivated fields.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycoris+squamigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LycorisSquamigera.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Lygeum,spartum,"Albardine, Lygeum",,None to None,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Rocky sea shores, on dry sandy or clayey, often gypsaceous soil.",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lygeum+spartum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LygeumSpartum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lygodesmia,grandiflora,"Skeleton Plant, Largeflower skeletonplant",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open dry places in valleys and foothills.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lygodesmia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LygodesmiaGrandiflora.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lygodesmia,juncea,"Skeleton Weed, Rush skeletonplant",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies and plains, especially in sandy soils.",N. America - Wisconsin and Alberta to Texas.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lygodesmia+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LygodesmiaJuncea.jpg
Ericaceae,Lyonia,ovalifolia,,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Common in sunny places on hills, in scrub and on the edges of oak, pine and rhododendron woods.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lyonia+ovalifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaOvalifolia.jpg
Apocynaceae,Lyonsia,straminea,,,None to None,9.0,,Climber,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Gullies and along the sides of streams in wooded areas.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lyonsia+straminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araceae,Lysichiton,americanus,"Yellow Skunk Cabbage, American skunkcabbage",slow,5 to 9,1.0,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Open swamps and wet woods near the coast, rarely flowering if in the shade.",Western N. America. Sometimes naturalized in Britain.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysichiton+americanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysichitonAmericanus.jpg
Araceae,Lysichiton,camtschatcense,,,5 to 9,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Bogs and wet places, also by ponds and lakes.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysichiton+camtschatcense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysichitonCamtschatcense.jpg
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,barystachys,Manchurian yellow loosestrife,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny hills and low elevations in mountains, central Japan. Mountain meadows, grassy mountain slopes, among shrubs at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+barystachys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysimachiaBarystachys.jpg
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,christiniae,Jin Qian Cao,,None to None,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy thickets along roadsides. Damp areas along streamsides, open forests and forest margins at elevations of 500 - 2300 metres.",E. Asia - China,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+christiniae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,clethroides,"Gooseneck Loosestrife, Gooseneck yellow loosestrife, Japanese Loosestrife, Shepherd's Crook",fast,3 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny grassy hills and at low altitudes in mountains all over Japan[58, 187]. Damp woodland margins, wet ravines and grassy mountain slopes at elevations of 300 - 2100 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan. Naturalized in Holland.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+clethroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysimachiaClethroides.jpg
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,eleutheroides,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist ground in Szechwan.,E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+eleutheroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,foenum-graecum,Ling Xiang Cao,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet mixed forests, streams in mountain valleys, humus-rich soils; 800--1700 m. N Guangdong, Guangxi, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan.",E. Asia - China,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+foenum-graecum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,fortunei,,,6 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet margins of rivers and ponds in the lowland of C. and S. Japan. Wet areas, ditches, banks of rice paddies and roadsides from sea level to 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,nemorum,Yellow Pimpernel,,5 to 9,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and shady hedgebanks.,"Western and central Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain, east to the Carpathians.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+nemorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysimachiaNemorum.jpg
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,nummularia,"Creeping Jenny, Moneywort, Creeping Charlie",fast,4 to 8,0.2,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Damp situations in pastures and by the sides of streams, avoiding acid soils[4, 9].","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, N. Greece and the Caucasus.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+nummularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysimachiaNummularia.jpg
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,paridiformis,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Hillsides, stream edges, damp and wet places beneath forest trees. Damp areas in forests, mountain valleys and wet ravines at elevations of 500 - 1400 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+paridiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,quadrifolia,Whorled Yellow Loosestrife,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or moist open woods, thickets and shores.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Virginia, west to Wisconsin and Illinois.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+quadrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysimachiaQuadrifolia.jpg
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,sikokiana,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods at low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+sikokiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Lysimachia,vulgaris,"Yellow Loosestrife, Garden yellow loosestrife",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Marshes, streams and in shallow water in reed swamps. Shady places near water, avoiding acid soils[4, 17].","Most areas of Europe and Asia, including Britain, but excluding the extreme north and south.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LysimachiaVulgaris.jpg
Lythraceae,Lythrum,portula,"Water Purslane, Spatulaleaf loosestrife",,None to None,0.2,0.3,Annual,,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Muddy margins of pools and puddles, but not in calcareous soils.","Europe, incl Britain, mainly central and northern areas but not the Arctic, east to the Caucasus.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lythrum+portula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LythrumPortula.jpg
Lythraceae,Lythrum,salicaria,Purple Loosestrife,fast,3 to 10,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Reed swamps at the margins of lakes and slow-flowing rivers, fens and marshes, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa east to western and northern Asia. N. America..",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lythrum+salicaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LythrumSalicaria.jpg
Fabaceae,Millettia,stuhlmannii,"Panga-panga, Partridge wood",medium,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous woodland, where it can be locally dominant, favouring areas of higher rainfall and the moister soils of riverine forests; at elevations up to 900 metres[328 ].","East tropical Africa - southern Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, northern S. Africa.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Millettia+stuhlmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Millettia stuhlmannii 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Mycelis,muralis,Wall Lettuce,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Walls, rocks etc, and sometimes in beech woods, usually on base-rich soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus and W. Asia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mycelis+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MycelisMuralis.jpg
Fabaceae,Myrocarpus,frondosus,"Balsamo, incienso",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Atlantic rainforest and semideciduous forests, mature trees found most commonly as canopy or emergent trees in the dense forest, but seedlings and young trees only found in more open situations[419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, southern and eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrocarpus+frondosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrocarpus frondosus 1.JPEG
Menyanthaceae,Nymphoides,peltata,"Water Fringe, Yellow floatingheart",,5 to 9,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Water margins of ponds and slow moving water.,"Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, N. and W. Asia to Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nymphoides+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NymphoidesPeltata.jpg
Lauraceae,Persea,americana,"Avocado, Alligator Pear",fast,9 to 12,15.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Humid lowland forests on limestone formations[307 ].,Central America - Mexico.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Persea americana1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Lauraceae,Persea,villosa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,To 2100 metres,E. Asia - E. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Verbenaceae,Phyla,nodiflora,"Frogfruit, Turkey tangle fogfruit",,8 to 12,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Near the coast in Australia. A ommon weed in the warmer areas of China, where it grows along stream banks and in grassy places at elevations of 300 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China to Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria. S. America.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyla+nodiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhylaNodiflora.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,strobus,"White Pine, Eastern white pine",,3 to 7,20.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods, especially on sandy drift soils or fertile well-drained soils, sometimes on river banks and rarely in swamps. Often forming dense forests.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+strobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusStrobus.jpg
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,lentiscus,Mastic Tree - Pistachier Lentisque,slow,8 to 9,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Open woods and scrub on dry hillsides, usually by the coast.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+lentiscus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PistaciaLentiscus.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Polypodium,lineare,,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Epiphytic on tree trunks and rocks in lowland and low mountains all over Japan. Often found on old brick walls.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polypodium+lineare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,campechiana,"Canistel, Eggfruit",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist or wet mixed forest, sometimes in pine forests, often on limestone, at elevations that are mostly below 1,400 metres[331 ].","Central America - Panama, north to Mexico.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+campechiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria caimito3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Campanulaceae,Pratia,angulata,,fast,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp places in open forests, grassland, streamsides and herbfield from the lowland up to the sub-alpine zone in North and South Islands[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pratia+angulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,caroliniana,"American Cherry Laurel, Carolina laurelcherry, Laurel Cherry,",fast,7 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deep, well-drained rich moist bottomlands, bluffs or streambanks[82, 229].","South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCaroliniana2.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cortapico,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cortapico,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,ilicifolia,Holly-Leaved Cherry,medium,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,November to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of streams and moist sandy soils, where it makes a small tree. It is also found on dry hillsides where it is only a shrub.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+ilicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusIlicifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,laurocerasus,"Cherry Laurel, English Laurel",medium,6 to 8,6.0,10.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Woods in Britain.,E. Europe to W. Asia. More or less naturalized in Britain[17].,4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+laurocerasus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusLaurocerasus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,lusitanica,Portugal Laurel,,6 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in the mountains of the Iberian peninsula.,"W. Europe - S.W. France, Spain and Portugal. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].",3,1,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+lusitanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusLusitanica.jpg
Fabaceae,Pterocarpus,dalbergioides,"Andaman padauk, East Indian-mahogany,",medium,10 to 12,35.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in deciduous and semi-moist deciduous forests, usually on or near riverbanks, at elevations up to 100 metres[316 ].",E. Asia - Andaman and Nicobar Islands.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarpus+dalbergioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterocarpus dalbergioides 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pyrrhopappus,carolinianus,"Carolina False Dandelion, Carolina desert-chicory",,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry fields and clearings. Sandy soils, wodlands and fields in Texas.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and north to Delaware and South Indiana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrrhopappus+carolinianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrrhopappusCarolinianus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,crispus,"Curled Dock, Curly dock",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Growing almost anywhere, it is found especially in grassy places, waste ground, roadsides and near sand dunes and is a serious weed of agriculture[17, 244].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+crispus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexCrispus.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,dioica,"Red Campion, Red catchfly",,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,June to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, hedgerows and ledges of cliffs, usually on limestone.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SileneDioica.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,lycopersicum,"Tomato, Garden Tomato",fast,10 to 12,2.0,1.5,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Western S. America[132 ].",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+lycopersicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum lycopersicum4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,pimpinellifolium,Currant Tomato,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Western S. America as a cultivated form of L. Cerasiforme.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+pimpinellifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum pimpinellifolium 1.JPEG
Lemnaceae,Spirodela,polyrrhiza,"Great Duckweed, Common duckmeat",fast,4 to 8,,,,,,,July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Still water in ditches and ponds. Eutrophic, quiet waters, in temperate to tropical regions.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa and Asia. America, Australia",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spirodela+polyrrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpirodelaPolyrrhiza.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Stephanomeria,spinosa,Thorn Skeletonweed,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy rocky soils under dry conditions at elevations of 1500 - 2800 metres in sagebrush scrub, pinyon-juniper woodland and yellow pine forest communities California.",Western N. America,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stephanomeria+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StephanomeriaSpinosa.jpg
Apiaceae,Thaspium,barbinode,"Meadowparsnip, Meadow-parsnip",medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mesic black soil prairies, openings in forests and woodland borders, sandy savannas, rocky bluffs, and banks of rivers and lakes. This plant occurs in prairies to a greater extent than has been realized in the past[1-6].",Native to US,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thaspium+barbinode,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thaspium_barbinode1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Tilingia,ajanensis,false snowparsley,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Alpine slopes in C. and N. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilingia+ajanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TilingiaAjanensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Tilingia,holopetala,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places in mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilingia+holopetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,macrocephalum,"Bighead Clover, Largehead clover",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry, often rocky soils, usually amongst sagebrush or under yellow pine.",Western N. America - Idaho to Washington and California.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+macrocephalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumMacrocephalum.jpg
Lauraceae,Umbellularia,californica,"California Laurel, California Bay",medium,7 to 10,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lower mountain slopes, flatlands, hillsides etc, on various soils and often in shade[62, 94]. The best specimens are found in deep rich soils of valley bottoms.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Umbellularia+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UmbellulariaCalifornica.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronicastrum,virginicum,"Beaumont's Root, Culver's root, Bowman's Root, Culver's Root, Black Root",fast,3 to 9,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, rich woods, thickets and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Alabama and Texas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronicastrum+virginicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicastrumVirginicum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,americana,"American Vetch,  Mat vetch",,4 to 7,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp or gravelly slopes, thickets and meadows.","N. America - Alaska to Ontario and New York, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Arizona.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaAmericana.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,adunca,"Western Dog Violet, Hookedspur violet, Kirk's violet",,4 to 8,0.1,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Damp banks and edges of meadows in most forest communities, 1500 - 2400 metres from Alaska to N. California.","Eastern and Western N. America - Alaska to California, also Ontario to Quebec and New Brunswick.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+adunca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaAdunca.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,canadensis,"Canada Violet, Canadian white violet,  Creepingroot violet",,3 to 8,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich soils in deciduous woods and forests in the mountains[43, 62, 187].",N. America - Saskatchewan and south to Nebraska and the Rocky mountains.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaCanadensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Lonicera,involucrata,"Twinberry, Twinberry honeysuckle",medium,4 to 8,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Calcareous woods, banks of streams and swamps and in open coniferous forests, usually on limestone.",Western N. America - Alaska to Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lonicera+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LoniceraInvolucrata.jpg
Rosaceae,x,Sorbaronia hybrid,Aronia x mountain ash,medium,3 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,A cultivated plant.,Hybrid,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=x+Sorbaronia hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/x_Sorbaronia_hybrid1.JPEG
Rosaceae,x,Sorbo­crataegus hybrid,Haw x mountain ash,medium,3 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,A cultivated plant.,Hybrid,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=x+Sorbo­crataegus hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/x_Sorbo­crataegus_hybrid1.JPEG
Rosaceae,x,Sorbopyrus hybrid,Pear x mountain ash,medium,3 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,A cultivated plant.,Hybrid,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=x+Sorbopyrus hybrid,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/x_Sorbopyrus_hybrid1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Xanthium,commune,Canada cocklebur,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low ground, stream banks, waste places, cultivated land etc.",Eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec and Saskatchewan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthium+commune,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XanthiumCommune.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Xanthium,spinosum,Spiny Cocklebur,,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Naturalized in waste ground in N. America.,S. America. A locally established casual in Britain[17].,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthium+spinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XanthiumSpinosum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Xanthium,strumarium,"Cocklebur, Rough cocklebur, Canada cocklebur",,6 to 9,0.8,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"River banks, lake shores, cultivated ground and pastures.","A cosmopolitan plant, a locally established casual in Britain[17].",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthium+strumarium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XanthiumStrumarium.jpg
Sapindaceae,Xanthoceras,sorbifolium,Yellowhorn,slow,4 to 7,6.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in drier areas, usually on shaded slopes.",E. Asia - N. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthoceras+sorbifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XanthocerasSorbifolium.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Xanthorhiza,simplicissima,Yellowroot,fast,5 to 9,1.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Shaded stream banks, moist woods, thickets, and rocky ledges from sea level to 1200 metres.",Eastern N. America - New York to West Virginia and south to Florida and Alabama.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthorhiza+simplicissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XanthorhizaSimplicissima.jpg
Xanthorrhoeaceae,Xanthorrhoea,australis,Grasstree,,None to None,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Poor sandy or heathy soils up to the montane zone.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthorrhoea+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XanthorrhoeaAustralis.jpg
Myrtaceae,Xanthostemon,verdugonianus,Mangkono,slow,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The species is naturally rare. Restricted to the islands of Homonhou, Dinagat, and the eastern tip of Leyte.",Southeast Asia - Philippines.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthostemon+verdugonianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Xanthostemon verdugonianus 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Xanthostemon,verus,Iron Wood,medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests.,Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xanthostemon+verus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Xanthostemon_verus_Fortsetzung.JPEG
Melanthiaceae,Xerophyllum,tenax,"Indian Basket Grass, Common beargrass",slow,4 to 8,1.2,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny hills and open woods. Moist places in open woods and clearings, from sea level to 2100 metres[1, 60].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xerophyllum+tenax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XerophyllumTenax.jpg
Flacourtiaceae,Xylosma,japonica,,,7 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Near seashores, C. and S. Japan. Woodlands in Korea.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xylosma+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XylosmaJaponica.jpg
Xyridaceae,Xyris,caroliniana,Carolina Yelloweyed Grass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist sands of pine savannas, bog edges, upper shores, flatwoods, sandy coastal dune swales, coastal plain from sea level to 300 metres.",Eastern N. America - Ontario to New York and south to Florida.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Xyris+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/XyrisCaroliniana.jpg
Fabaceae,Acacia,catechu,"Cutch tree, Catechu acacia",fast,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,It grows in dry open forest in the west of Thailand. They grow in the drier plains of India,S. & SE Asia.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+catechu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_catechu1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,decurrens,Green Wattle,fast,6 to 9,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sheltered forests, mainly on shales and sandstone. Usually on cool moist hills and gullies.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+decurrens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaDecurrens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,longifolia,"Sydney Golden Wattle, Acacia",medium,10 to 11,9.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,March.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Sandy soils mainly by the coast.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Southern Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaLongifolia.jpg
Sapindaceae,Aesculus,spp,Horse chestnut,fast,4 to 9,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Trees and shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with six species native to North America and seven to 13 species native to Eurasia. ",N. Temperate.,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aesculus_spp1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Agoseris,aurantiaca,"Mountain Dandelion, Orange agoseris",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Meadows and woods from moderate to high elevations.,Western N. America from Canada to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agoseris+aurantiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgoserisAurantiaca.jpg
Alangiaceae,Alangium,platanifolium,Alangium,,6 to 10,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland thickets, 1200 - 2100 metres in W. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alangium+platanifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlangiumPlatanifolium.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,obovalis,"Southern Juneberry, Coastal serviceberry",,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Pinelands and low woods.,South-eastern N. America - Georgia and Alabama north to southern New Jersey[43].,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+obovalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Amelanchier_obovalis1.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Arnebia,benthamii,,,6 to 9,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open slopes and shrubberies, 3000 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to W. Nepal.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnebia+benthamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Arnebia,euchroma,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open slopes and rocks, only in the drier areas of the Himalayas, 3300 - 4500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to C. Nepal.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnebia+euchroma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Arundinaria,spp,Running Bamboo,fast,4 to 10,10.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms dense thickets along riverbanks, in swamps and low woods[43, 235]. Found on all types of soil; at elevations from sea level to 600 metres.","Asia, North America",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundinaria+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arundinaria_spp1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Astronium,balansae,Astronium,,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"In southern Brazil it is found growing in almost pure stands on level basaltic outcrops that are almost devoid of soil[ 625 ]. Wet forests in Argentina and Paraguay, favouring well-drained, sandy soils[ 341 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astronium+balansae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astronium balansae.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Astronium,urundeuva,Urunday,medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rainforests in moist areas and open, stunted woodland in arid areas[ 419 ]. Dryland forests and savannahs[ 739 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, Paraguay, eastern, central and northeastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astronium+urundeuva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astronium urundeuva_Candole.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,peltifolia,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods, along streams and in ravines, in the mountains of C. Japan. Sandy soil in or along small streams in deciduous forests.",E. Asia - central Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+peltifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae,Calamus,spp.,Rattan Palm,medium,10 to 12,50.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,,"Native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus_spp1.JPEG
Marantaceae,Calathea,allouia,"Sweetcorn Root, Guinea Arrowroot",medium,10 to 12,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or wet, mixed forest, at elevations of 1,400 meters or less, most frequent at low elevations[ 331 ].","S. America, north to Mexico and the Caribbean.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calathea+allouia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calathea allouia 1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Camelina,sativa,Gold Of Pleasure,,6 to 9,0.6,0.1,Annual,,,,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,A weed of corn and flax fields in Britain.,E. Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camelina+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelinaSativa.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,acinaciformis,Hottentot Fig,,8 to 11,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy and rocky places near the sea. Naturalized on cliffs and banks by the sea in Cornwall and S. Devon.,S. Africa - Cape Province. Naturalized in Britain[1].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+acinaciformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpobrotusAcinaciformis.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,edulis,"Hottentot Fig,",,7 to 10,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy and rocky places by the sea. Naturalized on cliffs and banks by the sea in Cornwall and S. Devon.,S. Africa - Cape Province. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carpobrotus-edulis3.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,glaucescens,Pigface,,8 to 11,0.3,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grows near the sea.,"Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+glaucescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpobrotusGlaucescens.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,hybrids,Hybrid and neohybrid hickories,medium,4 to 11,40.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not native,Hybrid origin.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carya_hybrids1.JPEG
Amaranthaceae,Chenopodium,spp.,Perennial quinoa,fast,4 to 10,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Varied depending on species.,"Chenopodium is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world including Africa, Australasia, North America, Europe, and Oceania, (even, apparently in Antarctica).",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chenopodium_spp1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Citrullus,colocynthis,"Perennial egusi, Bitter-apple",fast,10 to 12,3.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open woodlands, grasslands, river beds and banks, flood plains, on bare areas and road verges and in disturbed and undisturbed natural vegetation.",Northern Africa through Arabia to Afghanistan and Pakistan.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrullus+colocynthis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citrullus_colocynthis1.JPEG
Betulaceae,Corylus,hybrids & neohybrids,"Hybrid & Neohybrids, Hazel, Filbert",medium,4 to 9,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. See individual species.,Hybrid,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+hybrids & neohybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corylus_hybrids1.JPEG
Chrysobalanaceae,Couepia,bracteosa,Pajura,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Tropical, dryland forests[ 416 ]. Found in secondary forests, along rivers and in upland formations[ 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Guyanas.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Couepia+bracteosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Couepia bracteosa_1.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,tanacetifolia,Tansy-Leaved Thorn,,6 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry slopes.,W. Asia.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+tanacetifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusTanacetifolia.jpg
Aizoaceae,Disphyma,australe,Pig's Face,,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Coastal rocks and gravels, cliffs and sand dunes throughout New Zealand[44, 173].","Australia, New Zealand.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Disphyma+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Dracocephalum,parviflorum,American Dragonhead,,6 to 9,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry, rocky or gravelly calcareous soils, often in recent clearings.","N. America - Quebec and Ontario to Alaska, New York, Iowa, Missouri and Arizona.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dracocephalum+parviflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DracocephalumParviflorum.gif
Musaceae,Ensete,ventricosum,"Ethiopian Banana, Abyssinian banana",,9 to 11,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open mountain forests.,N. Africa - Ethiopia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ensete+ventricosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EnseteVentricosum.gif
Rosaceae,Eriobotrya,japonica,"Loquat, Japanese Loquat",medium,8 to 11,9.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,November to March,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eriobotrya+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EriobotryaJaponica.gif
Anacardiaceae,Gluta,laccifera,Lacquer tree,medium,10 to 12,18.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southeast Asia - Vietnam.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gluta+laccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gluta-laccifera-1.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Gluta,usitata,Burmese Varnish Tree,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forests, rare in dry forests[146 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gluta+usitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gluta-usitata_Wallich_1.jpg
Malvaceae,Gossypium,hirsutum,Upland Cotton,fast,5 to 10,2.0,2.0,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Central America, north to southern N. America and the Caribbean.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gossypium+hirsutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gossypium_hirsutum1.JPEG
Asteraceae,Grindelia,hirsutula,"Gumweed, Gum Plant",fast,8 to 11,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Disturbed sites, forest openings, hillsides, prairies, roadsides, stream banks, ocean beaches and bluffs, tidal marshes, alkaline, alluvial, clay, or sand soils from sea level to 2800 metres[270 ].",Western North America. Widespread across Canada and in California and Oregon.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Grindelia+hirsutula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Grindelia_hirsutula1.JPEG
Asteraceae,Helianthus,hybrids,Perennial Sunflower,fast,4 to 11,3.6,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Cold to semi-arid regions.,Origin: hybrid. All Helianthus species are native to North America except for three species in South America.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Helianthus+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Helianthus_hybrids1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Lactuca,sibirica,Prickly lettuce,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and scrub, also on river sands and gravels.",N. Europe to E. Asia.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lactuca+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae,Lepidium,spp.,Perennial Lepidium,fast,3 to 10,1.2,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Various depending on the species.,"Origin: N. Temperate. Widely distributed in the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia.",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepidium+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lepidium_spp1.JPEG
Linaceae,Linum,hybrids,Perennial Flax,fast,7 to 11,0.8,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Native to temperate and subtropical regions of the world.,Origin: Hypothetical.,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Linum+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Linum_hyrbids1.JPEG
Orchidaceae,Liparis,japonica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liparis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Lophomyrtus,bullata,,,8 to 11,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal to montane forest, especially marginally, in North Island and occasionally in the north of South Island[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lophomyrtus+bullata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Maackia,amurensis,"Chinese Yellow Wood, Amur maackia",slow,4 to 7,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests on hill slopes at elevations of 300 - 900 metres in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mogol and Shandong Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, northern and central Japan, Korea.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maackia+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MaackiaAmurensis.jpg
Proteaceae,Macadamia,hildebrandii,Celebes nut,medium,10 to 12,14.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,In or near rainforests.,Origin: Sulawesi an island in Indonesia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macadamia+hildebrandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Macadamia_hildebrandii1.JPEG
Proteaceae,Macadamia,integrifolia,"Macadamia, Macadamia nut",slow,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rainforests of the eastern coastal scrub[167, 260]. Found mainly on alluvial situations bordering rivers and creeks where the fertile volcanic soils are rich in humus[63].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macadamia+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MacadamiaIntegrifolia.jpg
Proteaceae,Macadamia,ternifolia,"Macadamia Nut, Gympie nut",medium,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Occurs in south-facing gullies with fertile, basalt-derived krasnozem soils or the interface between sandstone and basalt krasnozems.",Origin: E. Australia. The Small-fruited Queensland Nut is endemic to Queensland.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macadamia+ternifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Macadamia_ternifolia1.JPEG
Proteaceae,Macadamia,tetraphylla,"Queensland Nut, Macadamia nut",slow,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In or near rainforests[167]. Found mainly on alluvial situations bordering rivers and creeks where the fertile volcanic soils are rich in humus[63].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macadamia+tetraphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/_MacadamiaTetraphylla.jpg
Papaveraceae,Macleaya,cordata,Plume Poppy,fast,4 to 10,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places, open meadows and the grassy floors of Cryptomeria plantations.","E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macleaya+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MacleayaCordata.jpg
Moraceae,Maclura,cochinchinensis,"Cockspur Thorn, Thorny Cockspur",slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and brushwood in lowland forest and up to elevations of 1,800 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent through Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Indo-China, to Australia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maclura+cochinchinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maclura cochinchinensis 1.JPEG
Moraceae,Maclura,pomifera,"Osage Orange, Bois D'Arc",medium,4 to 9,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May to June,September to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woods, fields and thickets in rich bottom lands[73, 83].",Southeastern N. America - Arkansas to Texas.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maclura+pomifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MacluraPomifera.jpg
Moraceae,Maclura,tinctoria,Fustic Tree,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or usually dry thickets or forest in the tierra caliente, common in the plains and lowlands of Guatemala[331 ]. Found in a wide range of forest formations in Brazil, especially in secondary growth[419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maclura+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maclura_tinctoria_Descourtilz.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Macromeria,viridiflora,"Giant Trumpets, Thurber's giant-trumpets",,6 to 9,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky slopes and in valleys in pine forest and in scrub, 1000 - 2750 metres.",South-western N. America - New Mexico to Arizona and N. Mexico.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macromeria+viridiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MacromeriaViridiflora.jpg
Boraginaceae,Macrotomia,perennis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,3000 - 4200 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macrotomia+perennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cycadaceae,Macrozamia,spp.,"Burrawang, Cycads",slow,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet to dry sclerophyll forests, in coastal areas they grow in sandy soils and in nearby coastal ranges they grow in gravelly loams.",Origin: Australia. All of which are endemic to Australia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macrozamia+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Macrozamia_spp1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Madhuca,longifolia,"Butter Tree. Mahua, Illipe",medium,10 to 12,16.0,14.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Margins of tropical and subtropical forests at elevations up to 200 metres in Nepal[272 ]. Deciduous forests and dry sal plain forests. The tree is usually found scattered in pastures and cultivated fields in central India[303 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madhuca+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Madhuca_longifolia1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Madia,densifolia,Showy Tarweed,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open places.,South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madia+densifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Madia,dissitiflora,Grassy Tarweed,,None to None,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open places.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madia+dissitiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Madia,elegans,"Common Madia, Showy tarweed, Spring madia, Wheeler's tarweed",,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open places and roadsides.,Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madia+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MadiaElegans.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Madia,glomerata,Mountain Tarweed,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open places from the foothills to moderate elevations.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to Saskatchewan, south to California.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madia+glomerata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MadiaGlomerata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Madia,sativa,"Chile Tarweed, Coast tarweed",,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sand, gravel, open grassland and disturbed soils.",S. America - Chile.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Madia+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MadiaSativa.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,acuminata,"Cucumber Tree, Cucumber Magnolia",medium,3 to 8,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Rich woods, especially in uplands. Low mountain slopes and the rocky banks of streams.","Eastern N. America - New York to Georgia, west to Alabama and Ontario.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaAcuminata.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,campbellii,,,7 to 10,20.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Atmospheric pollution,"Temperate rain forests between 2400 - 3000 metres in the Himalayas[11, 51].",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+campbellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaCampbellii.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,denudata,"Lily Tree, Yulan Magnolia",slow,5 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,March to May,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Atmospheric pollution,"Found in thickets, the trees are often cut down and sprouting from the base. Forests at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - E. and S. China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+denudata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaDenudata.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,dodecapetala,Bwapen mawon,slow,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Generally distributed in the humid, many-storied forests at elevations between 420 - 750 metres. It develops best. in deep, rich, soils in valleys and on level sites at middle elevations in hot, humid climates. It is never found on ridges or slopes[378 ].","Caribbean - Trinidad and Tobago, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+dodecapetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Magnolia_dodecapetala_Descourtilz.JPEG
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,grandiflora,"Southern Magnolia, Bull Bay, Large-flowered Magnolia, Southern  Magnolia",medium,6 to 10,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Beetles'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hammocks, sand dunes, buffs and sandy bottoms. Rich moist soils. Always found in lowland areas, never above 105 metres altitude",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida and Texas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaGrandiflora.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,hypoleuca,Whitebark Magnolia,medium,5 to 9,15.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Forests in mountains all over Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+hypoleuca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaHypoleuca.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,kobus,"Kobus magnolia, Northern Japanese Magnolia",medium,4 to 7,12.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Hills and bases of mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+kobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaKobus.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,liliiflora,"Mu-Lan, Woody Orchid, Lily Magnolia",medium,4 to 9,3.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,April to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Slopes and forests edges at elevations of 300 - 1600 metres in Fujian, Hubei, Sichuan and NW Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - C. China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+liliiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaLiliiflora.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,macrophylla,Bigleaf Magnolia,slow,5 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Atmospheric pollution,"Usually growing in isolated groups of a few individuals in sheltered deep rich woods, often in ravines and river valleys[82, 229].","South-eastern N. America - Kentucky to North Carolina, Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaMacrophylla.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,officinalis,Hou Po,,7 to 10,20.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Alpine and hilly areas. Forests at elevations of 300 - 1500 metres.,E. Asia - W. China.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaOfficinalis.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,stellata,Star Magnolia,slow,4 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Woods in mountains. Found only in the mountains to the north-east of Nagoya.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+stellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaStellata.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,virginiana,"Laurel Magnolia, Sweetbay",slow,4 to 8,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Atmospheric pollution,"Wet acid sandy barrens and swamps at low elevations[184, 229]. Swamps, bays, low wet woods, savannahs; chiefly in coastal plain and lower piedmont from sea level to 540 metres.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida, west to Missouri and Tennessee.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MagnoliaVirginiana.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahoberberis,aquisargentii,,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,January to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A bi-generic hybrid of garden origin, Mahonia aquifolia x Berberis sargentii.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahoberberis+aquisargentii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoberberisAquisargentii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,aquifolium,"Oregon Grape, Hollyleaved barberry, Oregon Holly Grape, Oregon Holly",fast,4 to 8,2.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,January to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed coniferous woods to 2000 metres. It is found in woods and hedgerows in Britain.,Western N. America. Naturalized in Britain.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+aquifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaAquifolium.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,bealei,"Beale's barberry, Leatherleaf  Mahonia",slow,5 to 8,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,January to March,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp woodlands in uplands around 2000 metres.,"E. Asia - W. China in Hupeh, Hubei, Sichuan and Taiwan.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+bealei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaBealei.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,confusa,,,6 to 9,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,October to December,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet shady ravines and woods.,"E. Asia - Western China in Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan provinces.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+confusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,flavida,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky, partially shaded crevices on limestone soils.",E. Asia - South-western China - Kunming.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+flavida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,fortunei,Fortune's Mahonia,slow,7 to 9,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,October to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaFortunei.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,fremontii,"Mahonia, Fremont's mahonia",slow,7 to 10,2.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky places, especially in piñon-juniper woods, often in gravelly soils, 900 - 1500 metres in California[67, 71].",South-western N. America.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+fremontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaFremontii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,ganpinensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp woodlands.,E. Asia - China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+ganpinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,gracilipes,,,6 to 9,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Western China western Sichuan province.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+gracilipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaGracilipes.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,gracilis,Mexican Barberry,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry ravines in open pine forests in limestone soils.,South-western N. America - Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,haematocarpa,"Mexican Barberry, Red barberry",,7 to 10,3.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes and flats in desert shrubland, desert grassland, and dry oak woodland; 900-2300 m; Arizona., California., Colorado., Nevada., New Mexico, Tex.; Mexico.","South-western N. America - Texas, Colorado, New Mexico and Mexico.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+haematocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaHaematocarpa.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,japonica,,,5 to 9,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to April,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woodlands in upland areas[147, 200]. Not found in a truly wild situation, this species is possibly only a cultigen.","E. Asia - China, Taiwan.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaJaponica.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,lomariifolia,Chinese hollygrape,medium,8 to 9,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,January to March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests around 2000 metres.,E. Asia - W. China to Burma.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+lomariifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaLomariifolia.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,napaulensis,,,5 to 9,2.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dense wet oak and rhododendron forests to 2900 metres[51, 184].","E. Asia - Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Uttar Pradesh.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+napaulensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,nervosa,"Oregon Grape, Cascade barberry",slow,5 to 9,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Light dry woods and rocky ledges[60, 67].",North-western N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+nervosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaNervosa.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,nevinii,Nevin's barberry,,7 to 10,2.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy and gravelly places in sage bush scrub or chaparral[71, 184].",South-western N. America - S. California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+nevinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaNevinii.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,pinnata,"California Barberry, Wavyleaf barberry, Island barberry, Creeping Holly Grape",fast,7 to 8,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky exposed places and woody slopes below 1200 metres.,"South-western N. America - California, Mexico.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaPinnata.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,pumila,Dwarf Barberry,slow,6 to 9,0.3,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Mountains. Open woods and rocky areas at elevations of 300 - 1200 metres.,South-western N. America - California and southern Oregon.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaPumila.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,repens,"Creeping Oregon Grape, Creeping barberry, Grape Oregon",slow,4 to 8,0.3,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills and slopes, often in partial shade, usually on dry slopes.",Western N. America.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaRepens.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,swaseyi,"Texas Mahonia, Texas barberry",,7 to 10,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Besides rocky streams in Texas. Endemic to the Edwards Plateau in Texas, where it grows on limestone ridges and canyons at elevations of 150-600 metres.",South-western N. America.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+swaseyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,trifoliolata,"Mexican Barberry, Algerita",,6 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry calcareous soils. Slopes and flats in grassland, shrubland, and sometimes open woodland at elevations of 0 - 2000 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas, Arizona, Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+trifoliolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaTrifoliolata.jpg
Berberidaceae,Mahonia,x media,,,6 to 9,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not found in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, M. lomariifolia x M. japonica.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mahonia+x media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MahoniaXMedia.jpg
Convallariaceae,Maianthemum,canadense,"Canada Beadruby, Canada mayflower",fast,3 to 7,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and recent clearings, often to the sub-alpine zone, in humus-rich slightly acid soils.","Eastern N. America - Labrador to Georgia, west to Tennessee and Iowa.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maianthemum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MaianthemumCanadense.jpg
Convallariaceae,Maianthemum,dilatatum,"Wild Lily Of The Valley, False lily of the valley",,3 to 7,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shaded or moist streambanks and open to dense coniferous and broadleaves woods if they are moist[60, 270], in humus-rich slightly acid soils to 1000 metres.",Western N. America - California to Alaska.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maianthemum+dilatatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MaianthemumDilatatum.jpg
Malpighiaceae,Malpighia,emarginata,"Acerola, Barbados Cherry",medium,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Not known,C. America - Mexico to northern S. America and the Caribbean.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malpighia+emarginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Malpighia emarginata 1.JPEG
Malpighiaceae,Malpighia,glabra,"Escobillo, Acerola",medium,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Rocky limestone, from sea level to 1,000 metres[307 ]. Thrives at elevations between sea level and 800 metres, but it can be found at elevations up to 1,700 metres[418 ].",C. America - Mexico to northern S. America and the Caribbean.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malpighia+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Malpighia_glabra_small.JPEG
Rosaceae,Malus,angustifolia,"Southern Crab, Southern crab apple",medium,3 to 8,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods and thickets, especially along river banks.","Eastern N. America - Maryland to Florida, west to Texas and Louisiana.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusAngustifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,baccata,"Chinese Crab, Siberian crab apple",medium,2 to 7,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open forested areas to elevations of 1800 - 3600 metres[51, 272].",E. Asia - N. China to the Himalayas.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusBaccata.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,baccata mandschurica,Manchurian Apple,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mixed forests on slopes, mountain summits and valleys at elevations of 100 - 2100 metres in northern China.",E. Asia - northern China to Russia.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+baccata mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusBaccataMandschurica.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,bracteata,,,5 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Bottoms, wooded slopes, thickets and clearings in most soil types and moisture levels.",Southern N. America - Missouri to Florida.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+bracteata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusBracteata.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,brevipes,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+brevipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,coronaria,"Garland Crab, Sweet crab apple",,4 to 8,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Bottoms, wooded slopes, thickets and clearings in most soil types and moisture levels.","Eastern N. America - New York to South Carolina, west to Kansas.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+coronaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusCoronaria.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,domestica,Apple,,3 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid of garden origin, mainly involving M. sylvestris and M. pumila[200]..",5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+domestica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusDomestica.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,florentina,Hawthorn-leaf crab apple,,4 to 8,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Europe - Northern Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+florentina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusFlorentina.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,floribunda,"Japanese Crab, Japanese flowering crab apple",medium,4 to 7,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,E. Asia - Japan? Probably not a truly wild species but a hybrid M. sieboldii x M. baccata or M. prun,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusFloribunda.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,fusca,"Oregon Crab, Oregon crab apple",slow,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist woods, stream banks, swamps and bogs in deep rich soils[60, 82], usually occurring in dense pure thickets.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusFusca.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,glabrata,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Valleys, 600 - 900 metres",N. America - Western N. Carolina.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+glabrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,glaucescens,,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Glades and open woods in rich soils.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario to Michigan, south to New Jersey, South Carolina, Iowa and Missouri.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+glaucescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,halliana,Hall crab apple,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - Japan?,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+halliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusHalliana.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,halliana spontanea,,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - Japan?,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+halliana spontanea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,hupehensis,"Chinese Crab, Chinese crab apple, Tea Crabapple,  Flowering Tea Crabapple",medium,4 to 8,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mixed forests, slopes and valley thickets from sea level to 2900 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+hupehensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusHupehensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,ioensis,"Prairie Crab, Prairie crab apple, Texas crab apple, Prairie Crabapple",slow,3 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woods, thickets, pastures, along streams etc, with a preference for calcareous soils.","Central N. America - Indiana to Minnesota, south to Texas and Louisiana.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+ioensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusIoensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,ioensis palmeri,Prairie Crab,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Central N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+ioensis palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,kansuensis,,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mixed forests, among shrubs at elevations of 1500--3300 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+kansuensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,lancifolia,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Thickets.,"Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Virginia, Illinois and North Carolina.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+lancifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusLancifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,praecox,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Broad-leaved and mixed forests, forest edges and amongst shrubs.",Europe - Russia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusPraecox.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,prattii,Pratt apple,,5 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mixed forests on slopes at elevations of 1400 - 3500 metres in W Sichuan and NW Yunnan.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+prattii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,prunifolia,"Chinese Apple, Plumleaf crab apple",,3 to 7,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Slopesand plains from sea level to 1300 metres.,E. Asia - northern China.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+prunifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusPrunifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,prunifolia rinkii,Chinese Apple,,3 to 7,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild state.,E. Asia - northern China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+prunifolia rinkii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,pumila,"Paradise Apple, Common Apple, Apple Tree",medium,3 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Greece and S.W. Asia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusPumila.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,pumila nervosa,Crab Apple,,3 to 7,5.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,Britain?,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila nervosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,pumila paradisiaca,Paradise Apple,,3 to 7,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,Europe.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila paradisiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,sargentii,"Sargent's apple, Sargent  Crabapple",slow,4 to 8,4.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+sargentii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusSargentii.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,sieversii,Crabapple,,4 to 10,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain forests and slopes, streamsides in mountain valleys. Mountain summits, slopes and valleys, often the dominant tree of forests, at elevations of 1200 - 1300 metres in Tibet.",C. Asia - western Tibet to Kazakhstan and Russia..,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+sieversii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusSieversii.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,sikkimensis,,,5 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open forests on slopes, mixed forests in valleys at elevations of 2500 - 3000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Sikkim and western China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+sikkimensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusSikkimensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,spectabilis,"Chinese Flowering Apple, Asiatic apple",,4 to 8,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Plains and mountain regions at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.,E. Asia - China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusSpectabilis.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,sylvestris,"Crab Apple, European crab apple",,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, scrub and hedges, especially in oak woods, on neutral to calcareous soils[9, 17, 200].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Greece and S.W. Asia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusSylvestris.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,toringo,Toringo crab,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mountains.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+toringo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusToringo.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,toringoides,Cutleaf crab apple,,4 to 8,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Thickets on slopes at elevations of 2000 - 3000 metres. Up to 3600 metres in Szechwan.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+toringoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusToringoides.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,transitoria,,,4 to 8,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Thickets on slopes or hills of the Loess Plateau at elevations of 1500 - 3900 metres.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+transitoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusTransitoria.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,trilobata,,,5 to 9,15.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Evergreen scrub.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+trilobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusTrilobata.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,tschonoskii,"Pillar apple, Crabapple",medium,3 to 8,12.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods in C. Japan[58, 109].",E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+tschonoskii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusTschonoskii.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,x adstringens,,,3 to 7,,,,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, M. baccata x M. pumila.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+x adstringens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,x astracanica,,,3 to 7,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, M. prunifolia x M. pumila[177].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+x astracanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,x micromalus,Kaido Crab Apple,,4 to 8,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, M. baccata x M. spectabilis[200].",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+x micromalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,x robusta,,,3 to 7,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, M. baccata x M. prunifolia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+x robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusXRobusta.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,x soulardii,,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, probably M. ioensis x M. pumila[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+x soulardii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Malus,yunnanensis,Crabapple,medium,3 to 8,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mixed forests on slopes or by streams in valleys at elevations of 1600 - 3800 metres in Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+yunnanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Malva,alcea,"Vervain mallow, Hollyhock Mallow",fast,4 to 8,1.2,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gardens, vineyards and waste places.",Europe. An occasional casual in Britain.,5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+alcea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaAlcea.jpg
Malvaceae,Malva,excisa,,,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gardens, vineyards and waste places.",Europe.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+excisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Malva,meluca,,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern S. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+meluca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Malva,mohileviensis,,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+mohileviensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Malva,moschata,Musk Mallow,medium,3 to 10,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places, pastures, hedgebanks etc, especially on rich soils, avoiding acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+moschata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaMoschata.jpg
Malvaceae,Malva,neglecta,"Dwarf Mallow, Common mallow",,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste and cultivated ground, usually on dry soils, frequently in coastal habitats, on dry walls or as a weed of cultivated ground.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Asia.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+neglecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaNeglecta.jpg
Malvaceae,Malva,nicaeensis,Bull Mallow,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stony and rocky ground.,"Europe to W. Asia. An introduced and not infrequent casual in Britain, occasionally established.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+nicaeensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Malva,parviflora,"Cheeseweed, Cheeseweed mallow",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and waste land.,S.W. Europe. A casual in Britain.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaParviflora.jpg
Malvaceae,Malva,pusilla,"Dwarf Mallow, Low mallow",,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, foreshores etc.",Europe. Introduced and locally naturalized in Britain.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+pusilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaPusilla.jpg
Malvaceae,Malva,sylvestris,"Mallow, High mallow, French Hollyhock, Common Mallow, Tree Mallow, Tall  Mallow",fast,4 to 8,0.5,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, field verges and roadsides, avoiding acid soils[7, 9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaSylvestris.jpg
Malvaceae,Malva,verticillata,"Chinese Mallow, Cluster mallow",,6 to 12,1.7,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"On plains and in arable fields[74, 266].",E. Asia - China.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaVerticillata.jpg
Malvaceae,Malvastrum,lateritium,,,7 to 10,0.7,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern South America - Argentina.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malvastrum+lateritium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvastrumLateritium.jpg
Clusiaceae,Mammea,americana,"Mammee Apple, Mammey",medium,10 to 12,18.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Within its natural range, mammee is most frequently found in semi-cultivation or in areas that have been disturbed[303 ].",Northern S. America to the Caribbean.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mammea+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mammea americana6_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Solanaceae,Mandragora,officinarum,Mandrake,,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],March to July,March to April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open woodland, deserted fields and stony places[21, 89].",South-eastern Europe.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mandragora+officinarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MandragoraOfficinarum.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Mangifera,indica,"Mango, Bowen Mango",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Bats', 'Flies', 'Ants']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A mid-canopy tree in humid tropical forests, usually growing in the more open, secondary formations, at elevations usually below 500 metres, but occasionally ascending to 1,700 metres[307 , 653 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mangifera+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mangifera indica_Jacquin.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Mangifera,kemanga,Kemang,medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rather rare in forests, being found more frequently in periodically inundated areas and marshes[303 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mangifera+kemanga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mangifera kemanga 1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Mangifera,rubropetala,Red petaled mango,medium,10 to 12,16.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,The tree has not been found in a truly wild situation[894 ].,"Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mangifera+rubropetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mangifera kemanga 1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Manicaria,saccifera,"Ubussu, Troolie Palm",medium,11 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Swampy areas[314 ]. Lowland forest, generally in flooded areas and usually near the sea, though occasionally extending further inland and ascending to 1,200 metres[412 , 768 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; north to Trinidad; and through Central America to Guatemala.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manicaria+saccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manicaria_saccifera_Martius_1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,caerulescens,Manicoba,medium,10 to 12,3.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Woodlands in sandstone soils[499 ].,S. America - northeast Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+caerulescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manihot_caerulescens1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,carthaginensis glaziovii,"Ceara Rubber Tree, Tree cassava",fast,10 to 12,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Often left behind as a relict of cultivation and therefore found in scrubs, secondary forest and waste places along roads and rivers, near paddies, old cultivated fields[303 ]. Also found occasionally in dense, primary forests[625 ].",S. America - northeast Brazil.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+carthaginensis glaziovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manihot_carthaginensis_glaziovii1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,dichotoma,"Jequie manicoba, Manihot rubber tree",fast,10 to 12,5.0,3.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+dichotoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manihot_dichotoma1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,esculenta,"Cassava, Tapioca Plant, Yuca",medium,9 to 12,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Widely cultivated as a food crop, it is not known in a truly wild situation.",Tropics.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manihot esculenta3.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Manihot,heptaphylla,Manicoba de Sao Francisco,medium,10 to 12,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grows with other trees amongst sandstone rocks[499 ].,S. America - northeast Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+heptaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,bidentata,"Balata, bulletwood, bully tree",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist coastal and limestone forests to lower mountain forests at elevations from near sea level up to 600 metres[379 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama; Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+bidentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara bidentata 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,discolor,"Red milkwood, Silvery milkwood",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and upland dry evergreen forest and well-drained sites in upland rainforest, at elevations from sea level to 2,100 metres[398 ].","East tropical Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, S. Africa.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara discolor 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,huberi,"Cow Tree, Massaranduba. Black balata",medium,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, in areas that do not become inundated[416 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+huberi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara_huberi1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,zapota,"Sapodilla, Nispero",slow,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Lowland and coastal forests[200 , 307 ].",C. America - Panama to Mexico.,5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+zapota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara zapota1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Mansonia,altissima,Mansonia,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dense semi-deciduous forest, extending to patches of dense forest in the savannah[299 ]. Adult trees are more common in logged or burnt forest than in undisturbed forest[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Guinea and Cote D'Ivoire to the Central African Republic and northern DR Congo.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mansonia+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mansonia_altissima_1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Marah,fabaceus,"Bigroot, 	California manroot",,7 to 10,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Banks and slopes below 750 metres in coastal strand and mixed evergreen forests.,South-western N. America - California.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marah+fabaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarahFabaceus.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Marah,macrocarpus,"Chilicothe,  Cucamonga manroot",fast,7 to 10,5.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry places below 900 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marah+macrocarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarahMacrocarpus.jpg
Marantaceae,Maranta,arundinacea,Arrowroot,medium,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist floors of evergreen or deciduous forests, often in clearings where light levels are relatively high[200 ].",Northern and western S. America.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maranta+arundinacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maranta_arundinacea_Kohler.JPEG
Rosaceae,Margyricarpus,pinnatus,Pearl Berry,medium,8 to 11,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. America - Andes.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Margyricarpus+pinnatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MargyricarpusPinnatus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Marrubium,vulgare,"White Horehound, Horehound",,3 to 7,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to November,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Downs, waste places and roadsides southwards from central Scotland, though perhaps only native near the south coast of England.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa, the Azores, central and western Asia.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marrubium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarrubiumVulgare.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Marsdenia,roylei,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Climbing on shrubs at altitudes of 900 - 2400 metres from Pakistan to Arunachal Pradesh.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsdenia+roylei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Marsdenia,tenacissima,Rajmahal Hemp,,10 to 12,10.0,,Climber,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, waste places and amongst shrubs.","E. Asia - China, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsdenia+tenacissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Marsileaceae,Marsilea,drummondii,"Common Nardoo, Nardoo",,8 to 11,0.3,,Fern,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Growing in mud and shallow water in the montane zone, spreading widely in all mainland states.",Australia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsilea+drummondii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarsileaDrummondii.jpg
Marsileaceae,Marsilea,mutica,"Nardoo, Australian Water-Clover",,8 to 11,0.9,,Fern,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Edges of ponds and lagoons, on river banks and in deep water.","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territories",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsilea+mutica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarsileaMutica.jpg
Marsileaceae,Marsilea,quadrifolia,"Water Clover, European waterclover",,4 to 8,0.2,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Ponds and paddy fields all over Japan.,C. Europe to Asia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsilea+quadrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MarsileaQuadrifolia.jpg
Juncaceae,Marsippospermum,grandiflorum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet sands, open moist peaty grassland, river margins, bogs and moorland to 350 metres and north to latitude 47°s.",Southern S. America - Chile and the Falkland Islands.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsippospermum+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Matricaria,matricarioides,Pineapple Weed,,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waysides and waste places, especially along tracks, paths and by trampled gateways.",N.E. Asia. An introduced and increasing weed in Britain.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matricaria+matricarioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatricariaMatricarioides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Matricaria,recutita,German Camomile,,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy or loamy arable soils in Britain[13, 17]. Also found on saline steppes in Europe.","Europe, including Britain, east to W. Asia and the Himalayas.",1,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matricaria+recutita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatricariaRecutita.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Matteuccia,orientalis,,,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matteuccia+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatteucciaOrientalis.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Matteuccia,pensylvanica,Ostrich Fern,,None to None,0.6,,Fern,,,,,August to October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich woods, often in alluvial or mucky swamp soils from sea level to elevations of 1500 metres",Eastern N. America - C. Alaska to Dakota.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matteuccia+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polypodiaceae,Matteuccia,struthiopteris,Ostrich Fern,medium,2 to 7,1.0,0.5,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Light shade on rocky stream banks, forming extensive colonies. Wooded ravines in Turkey, 650 - 1200 metres.",N. Temperate zone. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matteuccia+struthiopteris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatteucciaStruthiopteris.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Matthiola,incana,"Stock, Tenweeks stock, Gillyflower, Brompton Stock",fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,"Sea cliffs and as an escape from cultivation, avoiding acid soils. Rocky and sandy places by the sea.",S. Europe. Possibly native to S. England.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matthiola+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatthiolaIncana.jpg
Arecaceae,Mauritia,flexuosa,"Buriti Palm, Aguaje Palm",slow,11 to 12,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Riverine swamps[314 ]. Found in poorly drained or periodically flooded soils[335 ]. Usually in permanently swampy areas, often forming extensive, high-density stands; also in gallery forests; usually at elevations below 500 metres, occ. to 900 metres[768 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru northwards to the Guyanas and Caribbean.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mauritia+flexuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mauritia_flexuosa_Martius_1.JPEG
Celastraceae,Maytenus,boaria,"Mayten Tree, Mayten",slow,7 to 10,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pasturelands, avoiding the competition for light from other trees.",S. America - Argentina and Chile.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maytenus+boaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MaytenusBoaria.jpg
Celastraceae,Maytenus,obtusifolia,Blunt folia Maytenus,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - northern and eastern Brazil.,2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maytenus+obtusifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maytenus obtusifolia 1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Mazus,miquelii,Miquel's mazus,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to August,April to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in wet places, it is especially abundant around paddy fields, lowland C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mazus+miquelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MazusMiquelii.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Mazus,pumilus,Japanese mazus,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to October,May to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet grassland, along streams, trailsides, waste fields, wet places and the edges of forests, grassland on mountain slopes at elevations of 1200 - 3800 metres in China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to China, Japan, Korea and eastern Russia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mazus+pumilus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MazusPumilus.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Mazus,stachydifolius,Dan Dao Zi Cai,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Trail sides, grassland, wet places at edge of forests; below 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mazus+stachydifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Meconopsis,aculeata,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rocky slopes and damp rocks, 3000 - 4000 metres",E. Asia - W. Himalayas from Pakistan to Uttar Pradesh.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Meconopsis+aculeata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Meconopsis,grandis,Blue Poppy,,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Shady places amongst shrubs at elevations of 3000 - 5000 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - Himalayas to China, Nepal and Tibet.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Meconopsis+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MeconopsisGrandis.jpg
Papaveraceae,Meconopsis,napaulensis,Himalayan Poppy,,7 to 10,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open slopes and grazed ground, 3000 - 4500 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas to China, Nepal and Szechwan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Meconopsis+napaulensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MeconopsisNapaulensis.jpg
Trilliaceae,Medeola,virginiana,Indian Cucumber Root,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods, margins of swamps and bogs.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Medeola+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MedeolaVirginiana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Medicago,arborea,Moon Trefoil,,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Scrub and rocky hillsides.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Medicago+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MedicagoArborea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Medicago,lupulina,Black Medick,medium,4 to 8,0.5,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places and roadsides, often occurring as a garden weed on acid and calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa, the Atlantic Islands and W. Asia.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Medicago+lupulina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MedicagoLupulina.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Medicago,polymorpha,"Toothed Bur-Clover, Burclover",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy or gravelly soils near the sea in eastern and southern England.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Asia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Medicago+polymorpha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MedicagoPolymorpha.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Medicago,sativa,"Alfalfa, Yellow alfalfa",medium,4 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waste ground, avoiding acid soils.",Europe - Mediterranean. More or less naturalized in Britain[17].,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Medicago+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MedicagoSativa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Meehania,urticifolia,,,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich damp deciduous woods in the mountains, S. and S. Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - N.E. China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Meehania+urticifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MeehaniaUrticifolia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Megacarpaea,delavayi,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swampy meadows, steep grassy slopes and open thickets at elevations from 3400 - 4800 metres[129, 266].","E. Asia - China in Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan Provinces.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Megacarpaea+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Megacarpaea,gigantea,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy but not stony mountain slopes.,C. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Megacarpaea+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Megacarpaea,megalocarpa,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Saline semi-deserts. Deserts, dry clayey and solonetzic steppes, occasionally on rocks and stony slopes.",E. Europe to C. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Megacarpaea+megalocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Megacarpaea,polyandra,,,6 to 9,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine meadows and open forests, 3000 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to C. Nepal.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Megacarpaea+polyandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MegacarpaeaPolyandra.jpg
Gentianaceae,Megacodon,stylophorus,,,6 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Streamsides and damp pastures. Moist ground amongst shrubs at elvations of 3000 - 4000 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas tpsouthwestern China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Megacodon+stylophorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Melaleuca,alternifolia,Tea Tree,,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Swamps by the coast.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+alternifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelaleucaAlternifolia.jpg
Myrtaceae,Melaleuca,bracteata,River teatree,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Banks of rivers and streams.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+bracteata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelaleucaBracteata.jpg
Myrtaceae,Melaleuca,hypericifolia,Tea Tree,,8 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Usually on coastal headlands in wet soils, it is also found on moist ledges and cliffs on the Great Dividing range.","Australia - New South Wales, S. Queensland.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+hypericifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelaleucaHypericifolia.jpg
Myricaceae,Melaleuca,leucadendra,"Paperbark, Weeping Paperbark",fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Found mainly on flat or very gentle topography, especially river flats, coastal plains or seasonal swamps, at elevations up to 800 metres[418 ].",Australasia - northern and western Australia to New Caledonia and Malaysia,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+leucadendra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Melaleuca leucadendra6_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Melaleuca,linariifolia,Tea Tree,,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Swamps by the coast.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+linariifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelaleucaAlternifolia.jpg
Myrtaceae,Melaleuca,thymifolia,Thymeleaf melaleuca,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Damp heathy places and open scrub[157, 260].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+thymifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelaleucaThymifolia.jpg
Myrtaceae,Melaleuca,uncinata,Broom honeymyrtle,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Usually found on sandy gravelly soils of fairly arid inland areas,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+uncinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Melanthiaceae,Melanthium,virginicum,Bunchflower,,4 to 8,1.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland prairies and moist open woods. Bogs, marshes, wet woods, savannas, meadows, along railroads at elevations of 10 - 800 metres.","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, Texas and Indiana.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melanthium+virginicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelanthiumVirginicum.jpg
Melastomataceae,Melastoma,dodecandrum,,,None to None,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Virgin wilds on hillsides. Open fields, grassland, trailsides and thickets to elevations of 1300 metres in. Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - southeastern China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melastoma+dodecandrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelastomaDodecandrum.jpg
Meliaceae,Melia,azederach,"Bead Tree, Pride of India, Chinaberry",fast,7 to 12,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist sunny locations to 2700 metres in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - N. India to China. Naturalized in the Mediterranean.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melia+azederach,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MeliaAzederach.jpg
Melianthaceae,Melianthus,major,Honey Flower,medium,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Damp sandy areas.,S. Africa and India.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melianthus+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelianthusMajor.jpg
Melianthaceae,Melianthus,minor,Honey Flower,medium,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. Africa and India.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melianthus+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Melichrus,procumbens,Jam Tarts,,None to None,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coasts and lower mountains on heaths. Found mainly on sandy soils.,Australia - Queensland and New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melichrus+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Melichrus,urceolatus,,,None to None,0.9,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy soils to the montane zone. Dry sclerophyll forests.,"Australia - Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melichrus+urceolatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelichrusUrceolatus.jpg
Sapindaceae,Melicoccus,bijugatus,"Mamoncillo, Spanish Lime, Guayo",slow,9 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry coastal limestone woodland[307 ]. Along the sides of roads, secondary thickets and woodlands at elevations up to 600 metres in Jamaica[426 ].",Northern and western S. America - Colombia and Venezuela.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melicoccus+bijugatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Melicoccus bijugatus 1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Melicope,ternata,,,9 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Coastal to lowland forest, especially marginal, North and South Islands south to latitude 41° 30' south.",New Zealand.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melicope+ternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Melicytus,ramiflorus,Whitey Wood,,8 to 11,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane light forest and forest margins, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melicytus+ramiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelicytusRamiflorus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,albus,White Melilot,fast,None to None,1.2,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Fields and waste places on dry, not acid soils.",Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelilotusAlbus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,altissimus,"Tall Melilot, Tall yellow sweetclover",,None to None,1.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Waste places and woods, avoiding acid soils.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+altissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelilotusAltissimus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,elegans,Elegant sweetclover,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Grassland, especially by the sea.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,indicus,Annual Yellow Sweetclover,,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Fields and waste places in S. England and Wales.,Europe - Mediterranean to E. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+indicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelilotusIndicus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,officinalis,"Melilot, Sweetclover",,None to None,1.2,0.7,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Grassy fields and roadsides, avoiding acid soils.",Europe to E. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelilotusOfficinalis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,suaveolens,Sweetclover,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Waste ground and fields in lowlands, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+suaveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Melilotus,wolgicus,Sweetclover,,None to None,1.2,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Saline soils.,Europe - S. Russia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melilotus+wolgicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Melissa,officinalis,"Lemon Balm, Common balm, Bee Balm, Sweet Balm,  Lemon Balm",fast,4 to 8,0.7,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Waste places and derelict land near human habitations.,"C. and S. Europe, W. Asia and N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melissa+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelissaOfficinalis6.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Melittis,melissophyllum,Bastard Balm,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Moths']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, scrub and mountain woods.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melittis+melissophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MelittisMelissophyllum.jpg
Poaceae,Melocanna,baccifera,Berry Bamboo. Mali bamboo,fast,10 to 12,15.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Occurs in vast stands, usually on hilly ground[418 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melocanna+baccifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Melocanna_baccifera1.JPEG
Menispermaceae,Menispermum,canadense,"Canada Moonseed, Common moonseed",fast,4 to 8,3.6,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods and hedges near streams. Deciduous woods and thickets, along streams, bluffs and rocky hillsides, fencerows, shade tolerant from sea level to 700 metres.","Eastern N. America - Quebec and New England to Georgia, west to Arkansas and Oklahoma.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Menispermum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenispermumCanadense.jpg
Menispermaceae,Menispermum,davuricum,,fast,4 to 8,3.6,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sparse forests ad bushes at the road.,E. Asia - Siberia to N. China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Menispermum+davuricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,aquatica,Water Mint,,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Swamps, fen, marshes, near rivers, streams and ponds, in wet woods.","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and southwest Asia Also in S. Africa, Madeira",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaAquatica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,arvensis,"Corn Mint, Wild mint",,4 to 8,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, heaths, damp edges of woods[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, N. Asia and the Himalayas.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaArvensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,arvensis piperascens,Japanese Mint,,4 to 8,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet grasslands near rivers and lakes at elevations of 200 - 1100 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+arvensis piperascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,arvensis villosa,American Wild Mint,,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist places at low to moderate elevations.,"N. America - New Brunswick to Manitoba, British Columbia, Virginia, New Mexico and Nevada.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+arvensis villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,asiatica,Asian Mint,,None to None,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Riverbanks, landfills, waste areas and wet valleys from sea level to 3100 metres.",E. Asia - China to central Asia.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaAsiatica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,australis,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along streams, usually in semi-shade, in inland areas.","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaAustralis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,cervina,Hart's Pennyroyal,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp places.,S.W. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+cervina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaCervina.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,cunninghamia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to higher montane grassland and rather open places throughout North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+cunninghamia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,diemenica,,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, usually sunny situations up to the montane zone. Open forests and grasslands, usually on sandy soils.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+diemenica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,longifolia,Horsemint,,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places and damp roadsides.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain, Mediterranean region, Siberia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaLongifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,pulegium,Pennyroyal,,6 to 9,0.4,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist meadows and sandy soils by streams etc[9, 17].","Centraland southern Europe, including Britain, Mediterranean region, Macaronesia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+pulegium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaPiperita.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,requienii,"Corsican Mint, Mint",,5 to 9,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"Europe - Mediterranean in Corsica, Sardinia and Italy. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+requienii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaRequienii.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,satureioides,Native Pennyroyal,,5 to 9,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Banks of rivers and creeks, open forests and pastures, especially on shale.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+satureioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,species,Mint,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaSpecies.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,spicata,Spearmint,,3 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides and waste places, usually in damp soils and sunny positions[4, 16, 17, 37].",C. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaSpicata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,suaveolens,"Round-Leaved Mint, Apple mint, Pineapple Mint",fast,5 to 10,1.0,0.8,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp ground that often dries out in summer, from sea level to 400 metres in Turkey.","S. and W. Europe, north to the Netherlands and east into W. Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+suaveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaSuaveolens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,x gracilis,Ginger Mint,,5 to 9,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid, M. arvensis x M. spicata.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+x gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,x piperita citrata,"Eau De Cologne Mint,  Eau de Cologne Mint, Peppermint",fast,3 to 9,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A natural hybrid, M. aquatica x M. spicata found in moist soils on the sides of ditches, roadsides etc in S. England[5, 17].",Britain.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+x piperita citrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaXPiperitaCitrata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,x piperita officinalis,White Peppermint,,3 to 7,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A natural hybrid, M. aquatica x M. spicata found in moist soils.",Britain.,3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+x piperita officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaPiperita.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,x piperita vulgaris,Black Peppermint,,3 to 7,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A natural hybrid, M. aquatica x M. spicata, found in moist soils in ditches, waste places etc.",Britain.,4,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+x piperita vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenthaXPiperita.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,x smithiana,Red Raripila Mint,,5 to 9,1.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Northern and Central Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+x smithiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mentha,x villosa alopecuroides,"Apple Mint, Bowles' Mint",,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides and in ditches in the S. and W. of England[5, 17]. Probably a hybrid, M. spicata x M. suaveolens.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, Mediterranean region, Azores..",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentha+x villosa alopecuroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Loasaceae,Mentzelia,albicaulis,Whitestem Blazing Star,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, especially sandy soils, in desert valleys and foothills.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentzelia+albicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MentzeliaAlbicaulis.jpg
Loasaceae,Mentzelia,multiflora,"Manyflowered Mentzelia, 	Adonis blazingstar",,None to None,,,,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy and gravelly places below 2000 metres in creosote bush scrub and deserts in California.,Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentzelia+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MentzeliaMultiflora.jpg
Loasaceae,Mentzelia,pumila,Dwarf Mentzelia,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mentzelia+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MentzeliaPumila.jpg
Menyanthaceae,Menyanthes,trifoliata,"Bogbean, Buckbean, Marsh Trefoil,",fast,2 to 7,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water on the edges of ponds and in marshy ground, usually in acid soils[7, 17, 24].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, N. and C. Asia, Morocco.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Menyanthes+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenyanthesTrifoliata.jpg
Ericaceae,Menziesia,ferruginea,"False Huckleberry, Rusty menziesia",,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Woodland shade below 300 metres in California.,Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Menziesia+ferruginea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MenziesiaFerruginea.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Mercurialis,annua,Annual Mercury,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Wind']",,July to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places. A common weed of cultivated soils, but it avoids acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Mediterranean. Azores.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mercurialis+annua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MercurialisAnnua.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Mercurialis,leiocarpa,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in low mountains, central and southern Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mercurialis+leiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Mercurialis,perennis,Dog's Mercury,fast,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Wind', 'Flies']",,February to April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and shady places, usually in beech and oak woods, avoiding acid soils[4, 9, 13, 17, 31].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and S.W. Asia.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mercurialis+perennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MercurialisPerennis.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,bella,Beautiful bluebells,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows, moist slopes and springy banks at mid-altitudes in mountains.",Western N. America - Oregon and Idaho.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+bella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaBella.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,ciliata,"Mountain Bell, Tall fringed bluebells",,4 to 8,0.8,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Streambanks, wet meadows, damp thickets and wet cliffs from the foothills to high elevations in the mountains[60, 172].",South-western N. America - Oregon to New Mexico.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaCiliata.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,longiflora,Small bluebells,,3 to 7,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open or lightly shaded places in plains and foothills, often with sagebrush or ponderosa pine, occasionally to 1500 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+longiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaLongiflora.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,maritima,Oyster Plant,,3 to 7,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects? self'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Shingle by the sea. Uncommon and declining.,"Throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres, including Britain.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaMaritima.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,oblongifolia,Oblongleaf bluebells,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open slopes and drier meadows, often amongst sagebrush, from the plains and foothills to moderate elevations in the mountains, occasionally to the alpine zone.",Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+oblongifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaOblongifolia.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,paniculata,"Tall bluebells, Alaska tall bluebells, Northern bluebells, Eastwood's bluebells",,4 to 8,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, moist meadows, damp thickets, wet cliffs, riverbanks, dry slopes and burn areas from the foothills to high elevations in the mountains[60, 172].","Western N. America - Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Michigan, Nebraska, Idaho and Washington.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaPaniculata.jpg
Aizoaceae,Mesembryanthemum,crystallinum,"Ice Plant, Common iceplant",,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Maritime sands and salt marshes.,S. Africa. Introduced and naturalized in S. Europe.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mesembryanthemum+crystallinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MesembryanthemumCrystallinum.jpg
Rosaceae,Mespilus,germanica,Medlar,medium,5 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and hedgerows[7, 17].",S.E. Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mespilus+germanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MespilusGermanica.jpg
Clusiaceae,Mesua,ferrea,"Surli nut, Poached Egg Tree",slow,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bee', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Canopy tree in lowland evergreen forest on level or undulating land, usually along streams but also on ridges with shallow soils, sea-level up to 500 metres[303 ]. Also an understorey tree in montane evergreen or semi-evergreen forest[303 ].","E. Asia - India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mesua+ferrea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mesua_ferrea1.JPEG
Asclepiadaceae,Metaplexis,japonica,Rough potato,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny slopes and thickets in hills and low mountains.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metaplexis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MetaplexisJaponica.jpg
Taxodiaceae,Metasequoia,glyptostroboides,Dawn Redwood,fast,5 to 8,15.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,,"Ravines and banks of streams in Hupeh and Szechwan. Riparian habitats on valley floors and in moist ravine bottoms, on acidic, montane yellow-earth soils in regions with moderate climate.",E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metasequoia+glyptostroboides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MetasequoiaGlyptostroboides.jpg
Myrtaceae,Metrosideros,excelsa,Pohutukawa,,7 to 10,7.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Coastal forests in North and Three Kings Islands.,New Zealand.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metrosideros+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MetrosiderosExcelsa.jpg
Myrtaceae,Metrosideros,robusta,Northern Rata,,8 to 11,6.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal to lower montane forest, south to latitude 42° 30' south, North and South Islands. Often found as an epiphyte, sending its roots down through the moss surrounding its host.",New Zealand.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metrosideros+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MetrosiderosRobusta.jpg
Myrtaceae,Metrosideros,umbellata,Southern Rata,,8 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Lowland to montane, occasionally sub-alpine forests and shrubland, southwards from latitude 36°s, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metrosideros+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MetrosiderosUmbellata.jpg
Arecaceae,Metroxylon,amicarum,Caroline Ivory Nut Palm,fast,10 to 12,25.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist forest at elevations up to 550 metres in mountainous areas[338 ]. Freshwater wetlands, either coastal or moist upland rainforest[312 ].",West Pacific - Caroline Islands.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metroxylon+amicarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Metroxylon amicarum 1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Metroxylon,sagu,Sago Palm,medium,11 to 12,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Lowland rain forest[297 ]. Dominates mainly in permanent or seasonal lowland freshwater swamps, preferably on mineral soils with a pH higher than 4.5[303 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metroxylon+sagu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Metroxylon_sagu_Blume.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Meum,athamanticum,Spignel,,6 to 9,0.5,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places in mountainous districts, usually on limestone soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, Germany and the Balkans.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Meum+athamanticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MeumAthamanticum.jpg
Lauraceae,Mezilaurus,itauba,Itauba,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Primary forests of high terrain, with sandy or clayey-sandy soils, well-drained and of low fertility[420 ]. Humid tropical and subtropical forests in Bolivia[363 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mezilaurus+itauba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mezilaurus itauba 1.JPEG
Magnoliaceae,Michelia,figo,"Banana Shrub, Michelia",medium,8 to 10,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to July,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,"Broad-leaved evergreen forests, shady slopes and along river banks.",E. Asia - southern China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Michelia+figo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicheliaFigo.jpg
Fabaceae,Microberlinia,bisulcata,Zingana,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Occurs in lowland rainforest areas, usually on sandy soils in flat areas[338 ].",Western tropical Africa - Cameroon.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microberlinia+bisulcata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Microberlinia bisulcata 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Microberlinia,brazzavillensis,Zingana,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Coastal forest[338 ].,"Western tropical Africa - Congo, Gabon.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microberlinia+brazzavillensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Microberlinia brazzavillensis 1.JPEG
Podocarpaceae,Microcachrys,tetragona,,slow,7 to 10,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in the alpine and sub-alpine zones.,Australia - Tasmania.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microcachrys+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicrocachrysTetragona.jpg
Cycadaceae,Microcycas,calocoma,Palma corcho,slow,10 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Varied habitats ranging from montane forest at 250 meters to lowland limestone or grassland and scrub at 50 meters.,Origin: Cuba.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microcycas+calocoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Microcycas_calocoma1.JPEG
Poaceae,Microlaena,stipoides,Weeping rice grass,fast,8 to 10,0.6,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Damp grassland, heath, woodland and forest; widespread in damper lowlands of southern Australia. On the northern tablelands of NSW it is found particularly in shaded high fertility areas, whereas in Victoria, Australia it also occurs on unshaded slopes under grazing.","Distributed in South Africa, Sri Lanka, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microlaena+stipoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Microlaena_stipoides1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Micromeria,biflora,Lemon Scented Thyme,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Open places at elevations of 600 - 4000 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - from Afghanistan throuth the Himalayas to Bhutan and Myanmar.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Micromeria+biflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Micromeria,chamissonis,Yerba Buena,,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Coniferous woods.,Western N. America - southern British Columbia to southern California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Micromeria+chamissonis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Micromeria chamissonis240.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Micromeria,juliana,Savory,,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky places and other dry open habitats[45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Micromeria+juliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Microseris,nutans,"Yam Daisy, Nodding microseris",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open, rather moist places, from lowland to higher elevations.",Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microseris+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicroserisNutans.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Microseris,procera,Yam Daisy,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fairly moist meadows, occasionally on drier slopes.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microseris+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Microseris,scapigera,Yam Daisy,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland and open places on North, South and Stewart Islands in New Zealand. Loamy soils or moist clay up to the montane and sub-alpine zones in Australia. Also found on salt pans.","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. New Zealand.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microseris+scapigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicroserisScapigera.jpg
Orchidaceae,Microtis,unifolia,Onion-Leaf Orchis,,8 to 11,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,October to January.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open places such as on banks and in poor pastures in North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.","E.Asia to Australasia from China, Indonesia and the Phillipines to Australia and New Zealand.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microtis+unifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicrotisUnifolia.jpg
Moraceae,Milicia,excelsa,African Teak,medium,10 to 12,50.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous, semi-deciduous or evergreen, primary or secondary forest, with an apparent preference for drier forest types, at elevations up to 1,200 metres. Often occurs in gallery forest and in forest islands or as lone trees in savannah regions[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea Bissau east to Ethiopia and south to Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Milicia+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Milicia excelsa 1.JPEG
Moraceae,Milicia,regia,"Oroko, Iroko",fast,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests at low elevations, but also often found as a lone tree in cultivated areas[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Senegal and Gambia to Ghana.,2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Milicia+regia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Milicia regia 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Milium,effusum,"Wood Millet, American milletgrass",,5 to 9,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Damp shady woods, especially oak and beech[1, 17], on heavy humus rich lime soils.","Europe, including Britain but excluding the Mediterranean, east to Siberia and the Himalayas..",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Milium+effusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MiliumEffusum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Millettia,dielsiana,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Edges of mixed woods and thicket on slopes, 800-2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Millettia+dielsiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Millettia,laurentii,Wenge,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforest, often in well-drained localities, but also in forest subject to regular inundation; also in riverine forest and tree savannah[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Millettia+laurentii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Millettia laurentii 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Millettia,reticulata,Ji Xue Teng,,7 to 10,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp shady places. Thickets on slopes and in valleys at elevations of 100 - 950 metres.,E. Asia - S. China.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Millettia+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MillettiaReticulata.jpg
Fabaceae,Millettia,stuhlmannii,"Panga-panga, Partridge wood",medium,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous woodland, where it can be locally dominant, favouring areas of higher rainfall and the moister soils of riverine forests; at elevations up to 900 metres[328 ].","East tropical Africa - southern Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, northern S. Africa.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Millettia+stuhlmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Millettia stuhlmannii 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Mimosa,pudica,"Morivivir, Sensitive Plant",fast,10 to 12,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Croplands, orchards, pastures, mowed areas, roadsides, areas disturbed by construction, moist waste ground, open plantations, and weedy thickets at elevations from sea level to 1,300 metres[413 ]. It may grow as a single plant or in tangled thickets[413 ].","Probably arose in the Neotropics, but now Pantropical.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimosa+pudica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mimosa_pudica1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Mimosa,scabrella,"abaracaatinga, bracaatinga, bracatinga",fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Araucaria pine forests at higher elevations, where it is more common in secondary formations[419 ].",S. America - southern and eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimosa+scabrella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mimosa scabrella 1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Mimulus,geyeri,Monkey Flower,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Very wet places and shallow water, especially in calcareous areas.",Western N. America - Manitoba to Michigan and Montana.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimulus+geyeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MimulusGeyeri.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Mimulus,guttatus,"Yellow Monkey Flower, Seep monkeyflower",,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Streams and wet places below 3000 metres. Banks of streams in Britain, where it appears quite native.",Western N. America - Alaska to Mexico. Naturalized in Britain.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimulus+guttatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MimulusGuttatus.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Mimulus,lewisii,"Great Purple Monkey Flower, Purple monkeyflower",,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Moist areas, stream edges and wet slopes. In and along streams from moderate to high elevations.",Western N. America - Alaska to Mexico.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimulus+lewisii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MimulusLewisii.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Mimulus,luteus,"Monkey Musk, Yellow monkey-flower",,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places. Locally naturalized by streams in Scotland.,S. America - Chile. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimulus+luteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MimulusLuteus.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Mimulus,moschatus,"Musk Monkey Flower, Muskflower",,6 to 9,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Naturalized in wet places in England and Eastern Ireland.,Western N. America - British Columbia to Montana and California. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimulus+moschatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MimulusMoschatus.jpg
Sapotaceae,Mimusops,elengi,"Spanish Cherry, Bakul",medium,10 to 12,15.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Humid lowland forests[307 ]. Fairly common near the sea, but may also be found in rocky locations and inland forest at elevations up to 600 metres[299 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mimusops+elengi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mimusops_elengi_Rumphius_1.JPEG
Olacaceae,Minquartia,guianensis,"Wanania, Arataweri",medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, in both primary and secondary formations, most commonly in sites not liable to seasonal inundation, growing in both sandy and clayey soils at elevations from sea level to 1,000 metres[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Minquartia+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Minquartia guianensis 1.JPEG
Nyctaginaceae,Mirabilis,expansa,Mauka,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found at heights above 2700 metres in areas subject to strong winds and near constant chill.,S. America - Andes.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mirabilis+expansa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Nyctaginaceae,Mirabilis,jalapa,"Marvel Of Peru, Miracle Flower of Peru, Four O'Clock",fast,7 to 10,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Peru. Naturalized in France and possibly other places in Europe.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mirabilis+jalapa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MirabilisJalapa.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Mirabilis,multiflora,"Four O'clock Plant, Colorado four o'clock",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hillsides and mesas, often amongst rocks and shrubs. Gravelly or sandy soils, pinyon-juniper woodlands, ponderosa pine forests at elevations of 300 - 2300 metres.",Southern N. America - Texas to Colorado and Utah.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mirabilis+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MirabilisMultiflora.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Mirabilis,nyctaginea,"Wild Four O'clock Plant, Heartleaf four o'clock",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and rich soil. Often found in calcareous clay soils.,N. America - Wisconsin to Mexico.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mirabilis+nyctaginea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MirabilisNyctaginea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Miscanthus,floridulus,"Pacific Island silvergrass, Giant Eulalia Grass,  Giant Chinese Silver  Grass",fast,6 to 9,2.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils in meadows, of lowland Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Miscanthus+floridulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MiscanthusFloridulus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Miscanthus,sacchariflorus,Amur Silver Grass,fast,7 to 10,3.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Flood plains and river banks in meadows in Amur[74, 200].",E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Miscanthus+sacchariflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MiscanthusSacchariflorus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Miscanthus,sinensis,"Eulalia, Chinese silvergrass, Silver Feather, Eulalia Grass, Japanese Silver Grass, Ornamental Grass",fast,4 to 9,4.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist meadows on slopes in lowland and mountains all over Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Miscanthus+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MiscanthusSinensis.jpg
Poaceae,Miscanthus,x giganteus,Giant Miscanthus,fast,4 to 9,4.0,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Hybrid,Origin: Hybrid of Asian species.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Miscanthus+x giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Miscanthus_x_giganteus1.JPEG
Misodendraceae,Misodendrum,brachystachyum,,,None to None,0.2,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A semi-parasitic plant, growing on Nothofagus Antarctica, N. betuloides and N. pumilio to elevations of 500 metres from Tierra Del Fuego north to 37°s in Chile.",Southern South America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Misodendrum+brachystachyum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MisodendrumBrachystachyum.jpg
Misodendraceae,Misodendrum,linearifolium,,,None to None,0.3,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A semi-parasitic plant, growing on Nothofagus Antarctica and occasionally on N. betuloides, to elevations of 300 metres from Tierra Del Fuego north to 36° 30's in Argentina.",Southern South America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Misodendrum+linearifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MisodendrumLinearifolium.jpg
Misodendraceae,Misodendrum,punctulatum,,,None to None,0.3,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A semi-parasitic plant, growing on Nothofagus Antarctica, N. betuloides and N. pumilio to elevations of 300 metres from Tierra Del Fuego north to 36° 30's in Chile.",Southern South America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Misodendrum+punctulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MisodendrumPunctulatum.jpg
Misodendraceae,Misodendrum,quadriflorum,,,None to None,0.2,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A semi-parasitic plant, growing on Nothofagus Antarctica and N. pumilio to elevations of 500 metres from Tierra Del Fuego north to 37° 20's in Chile.",Southern South America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Misodendrum+quadriflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Mitchella,repens,Partridge Berry,slow,4 to 9,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry or moist knolls in woods, on sandy sub-strates.","N. America - Newfoundland to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mitchella+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MitchellaRepens.jpg
Rubiaceae,Mitchella,undulata,,,5 to 9,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Woody hillsides on sandy substrates.,"E. Asia - Japan, S. Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mitchella+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Mitella,diphylla,"Mitrewort, Twoleaf miterwort",,3 to 7,0.4,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woodlands, meadows and swamps[200, 235].","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mitella+diphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MitellaDiphylla.jpg
Molluginaceae,Mollugo,verticillata,"Indian Chickweed, Green carpetweed",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy river banks, roadsides and cultivated ground. Weedy in fields, gardens, roadsides, moist to dry soils and sand; from sea level to 3000 metres.",Eastern and western N. America - southwards from Quebec and British Columbia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mollugo+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MollugoVerticillata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,citriodora,"Lemon Bergamot, Lemon beebalm. Lemon Mint",fast,5 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Limestone barrens and slopes. Prairies, savannahs and roadsides in Texas.",Central and Southern N. America to Mexico.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+citriodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaCitriodora.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,clinopodia,"White Basil-Balm, White bergamot",,4 to 8,1.3,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - New York to Illinois, Georgia and Kentucky.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+clinopodia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaClinopodia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,didyma,"Bergamot, Scarlet beebalm, Horsemint, Oswego Tea, Bee  Balm",medium,4 to 10,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],April to October,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist soils in rich woods, thickets and bottom lands.","Eastern N. America - New York to Michigan, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+didyma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaDidyma.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,fistulosa,"Wild Bergamot, Mintleaf bergamot, Wild Bee-Balm, Lupine",medium,4 to 10,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry thickets, clearings and woodland edges.","North-eastern N. America - Quebec to Minnesota, south to Texas.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+fistulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaFistulosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,menthifolia,"Mint-Leaved Bergamot, Mintleaf bergamot",,3 to 7,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Medium-dry to moist soils in valleys, prairies and mountains to 2,100 metres.","N. America - Manitoba to Alberta, south to Arizona and Texas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+menthifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaMenthifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,pectinata,"Plains Lemon Monarda, Pony beebalm",,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry soils.,"N. America - Nebraska, Colorado and south to Texas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+pectinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaPectinata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monarda,punctata,"Horse Mint, 	Spotted beebalm",,5 to 9,0.8,0.4,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry sandy soils in fields on or near to the coastal plain[43, 235].","N. America - Louisiana and Florida, north to Long Island.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monarda+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardaPunctata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monardella,lanceolata,Mustang Mountain Balm,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places, especially in disturbed soils, below 2400 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monardella+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardellaLanceolata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monardella,odoratissima,"Mountain Pennyroyal, Mountain monardella",,7 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open wet or dry, often rocky places at low to moderate elevations.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monardella+odoratissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardellaOdoratissima.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monardella,odoratissima parvifolia,,,7 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes, 2400 - 3200 metres in California.",Western N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monardella+odoratissima parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Monardella,villosa,"Coyote Mint, Robust coyote mint, San Luis Obispo coyote mint",,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky or gravelly places below 900 metres in scrub and pine forests.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monardella+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonardellaVillosa.jpg
Apocynaceae,Mondia,whitei,"Mondia, White's Ginger",fast,10 to 12,8.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Flies'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a variety of habitats, ranging from humid forest, riverine forest, swamp forest and forest margins to humid or semi-dry savannah, sometimes along river banks, at elevations from sea-level up to 2,000 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Kenya, south to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mondia+whitei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mondia whitei 1.JPEG
Pyrolaceae,Moneses,uniflora,Single Delight,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Pine woods, the margins of moist woods in shady mossy places often in a bed of pine needles, avoiding calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, N. Asia to Japan, N. America.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moneses+uniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonesesUniflora.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Monizia,edulis,Carrot Tree,,8 to 11,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cliffs.,Madeira.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monizia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MoniziaEdulis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Monolepis,nuttalliana,"Poverty Weed, Nuttall's povertyweed",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Waste places, lawn edges, gardens etc in dry, saline and alkaline soils[43, 85, 235].","Western N. America - Manitoba to California, Texas and New Mexico.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monolepis+nuttalliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonolepisNuttalliana.jpg
Epacridaceae,Monotoca,elliptica,,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found in sandy soils near the coast to elevations of 1200 metres[154, 265].","Australia - Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monotoca+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonotocaElliptica.jpg
Epacridaceae,Monotoca,scoparia,,,None to None,0.3,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Heath and dry sclerophyll forests on sandy soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monotoca+scoparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Monotropa,uniflora,Indian Pipe,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp coniferous woods in hills and mountains all over Japan[1, 58]. Dark rich woodlands in N. America.",E. Asia - Japan. Most areas of N. America.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monotropa+uniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MonotropaUniflora.jpg
Araceae,Monstera,deliciosa,"Ceriman, Windowleaf",fast,10 to 12,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"An epiphytic vine, growing in the branches of trees in moist or wet, mountain forests at elevations of 900 - 1,500 metres[331 ].","C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Monstera+deliciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Monstera deliciosa1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Portulacaceae,Montia,fontana,"Water Blinks, Annual water minerslettuce",,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to October,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Streamsides, springs, flushes, wet places among rocks, moist pastures etc, especially on non-calcareous soils. It is also found in arable fields in S.W. England.","Temperate regions throughout the world, including Britain.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Montia+fontana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MontiaFontana.jpg
Iridaceae,Moraea,fugax,,,8 to 11,0.5,,Corm,,['Insects'],,August to September,September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Flat land and mountain slopes. Deep sandy soils, rocky sandstone and granitic soils.",S. Africa.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moraea+fugax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MoraeaFugax.jpg
Morinaceae,Morina,coulteriana,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steep grassy slopes in rather dry valleys, 2400 - 3600 metres[51, 187].",E. Asia - Himalayas - Pakistan to China..,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morina+coulteriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Morinaceae,Morina,longifolia,Whorlflower,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Moths'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes and alpine shrubberies, 3000 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Kashmir to Bhutan.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morina+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorinaLongifolia.jpg
Rubiaceae,Morinda,citrifolia,"Noni, Indian Mulberry",medium,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],Well-drained soil,Drought,"Evergreen, (semi-)deciduous to more or less xerophytic formations, often typically littoral vegetations[303 ]. Also in pioneer and secondary vegetation after cultivation and bush fires[303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea to Australia.",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morinda+citrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Morinda citrifolia6_High_Resolution.JPEG
Moringaceae,Moringa,oleifera,"Horseradish Tree, Moringa,",fast,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Sunbirds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Readily colonizes stream banks and savannah areas where the soils are well drained and the water table remains fairly high all the year round[303 ].,E. Asia - Indian subcontinent.,4,4,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moringa+oleifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Moringa oleifera_Jacquin.JPEG
Moringaceae,Moringa,peregrina,Moringa,medium,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky slopes of wadis and gullies; Acacia- Commiphora woodland, sometimes on nearly bare rock with a strongly reduced root system, at elevations up to 850 metres[299 ].","Northeast tropical Africa - southern Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moringa+peregrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Moringa_peregrina1.JPEG
Moringaceae,Moringa,stenopetala,"African horseradish tree, cabbagetree",medium,10 to 12,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Acacia tortilis woodland, riverine woodland of Hyphaene, Acacia, etc.; Acacia, Delonix, Commiphora associations, scrub and succulent steppe; usually on rocky ground by permanent water; at elevations from 390 - 1,200 metres[328 ].",East tropical Africa - Ethiopia and Kenya.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Moringa+stenopetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Moringa stenopetala_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Moraceae,Morus,alba,"White Mulberry, Common Mulberry,",medium,4 to 10,18.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - central and northern China.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusAlba.jpg
Moraceae,Morus,alba multicaulis,White Mulberry,,4 to 8,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - central and northern China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+alba multicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Morus,australis,"Korean Mulberry, Aino Mulberry",fast,6 to 9,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May to June,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods. Forest margins, mountain slopes, fallow land and scrub in valleys in limestone areas at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusAustralis.jpg
Moraceae,Morus,bombycis,Kuwa,,5 to 9,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+bombycis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusBombycis.jpg
Moraceae,Morus,cathayana,Hua Sang,,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May to June,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands and sides of streams, 600 - 1300 metres in W. Hupeh. Sunny slopes or valleys, high mountains at elevations of 900 - 1300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+cathayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Morus,macroura,Himalayan Mulberry,,7 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in the mountains of Szechwan. Open hillsides at elevations of 1000 - 2000 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - S. China to the Himalayas and Burma.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+macroura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusMacroura.jpg
Moraceae,Morus,mesozygia,African mulberry,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rain-forest, forests of drier regions; semi-deciduous forests, gallery, forests bordering savannahs; often along streams or lakes; also in secondary forests or as solitary trees after clearing; coastal evergreen forests; elevations up to 1,650 metres[328 ]","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+mesozygia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Morus mesozygia.JPEG
Moraceae,Morus,microphylla,Texas Mulberry,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,July,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In canyons on dry limestone hills and igneous slopes, usually along streams at elevations of 200 - 2200 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas to Arizona, south to Mexico.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Morus,mongolica,Mongolian Mulberry,,4 to 8,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"On cliffs and in ravines to 2000 metres in W. China. Mountain slopes, high mountains and forests at elevations of 500 - 3500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+mongolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Morus,nigra,Black Mulberry,slow,5 to 10,10.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May to June,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Original habitat is obscure.,W. Asia?,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusNigra.jpg
Moraceae,Morus,rubra,"Red Mulberry, Common Mulberry, White Mulberry",,4 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist woods[43, 227]. Sunny places along the sides of roads. Plants do not grow well on poor soils.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Texas and South Dakota.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusRubra.jpg
Moraceae,Morus,serrata,Himalayan Mulberry,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to July,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies, 1200 - 2700 metres. Mountain forests at elevations around 2300 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to C. Nepal.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Morus,species,Mulberry,medium,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, M. alba x M. rubra..",4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MorusSpecies.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mosla,chinensis,,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,,,July to September,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Virgin wilds and roadsides. Grassy slopes and forests from sea level to 1400 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mosla+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG"
Lamiaceae or Labiatae, Miniature beefsteakplant",Mosla,dianthera,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes in lowland and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mosla+dianthera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Mosla,scabra,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes in lowland and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mosla+scabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Muehlenbeckia,adpressa,,,8 to 11,2.5,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandhills by the coast and inland. Moist coastal forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muehlenbeckia+adpressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuehlenbeckiaAdpressa.jpg
Polygonaceae,Muehlenbeckia,astonii,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal to lowland on riverbeds and terraces between latitudes 41° 30' and 43°south on North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muehlenbeckia+astonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuehlenbeckiaAstonii.jpg
Polygonaceae,Muehlenbeckia,australis,,,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and forests, especially marginal, up to montane altitudes on Three Kings, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muehlenbeckia+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Muehlenbeckia,axillaris,Sprawling wirevine,medium,7 to 10,0.3,1.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gravelly and rocky places and open grassland southwards from 38° south in North and South Islands of New Zealand. Scrub and river flats to the sub-alpine zone.,Australia to New Zealand.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muehlenbeckia+axillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuehlenbeckiaAxillaris.jpg
Polygonaceae,Muehlenbeckia,chilensis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muehlenbeckia+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Muehlenbeckia,complexa,Maidenhair Vine,,7 to 10,5.0,1.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,August to September,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal, lowland and lower montane forests, especially marginal, also in open and rocky places in North South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muehlenbeckia+complexa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuehlenbeckiaComplexa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Muhlenbergia,pungens,"Praire Dropseed, Sandhill muhly",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Prairies. Loose sandy soils near sand dunes to sandy clay loam slopes and flats in desert shrub and open woodlands, at elevations of 600 - 2500 metres.","South-western N. America - Nebraska to Utah, south to Texas and Arizona.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muhlenbergia+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuhlenbergiaPungens.jpg
Muntingiaceae,Muntingia,calabura,"Calabura, Panama berry, Capulin",fast,10 to 12,9.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Well-drained limestone banks and in thickets at elevations from sea level to 600 metres in Jamaica[426 ]. A typical pioneer species, colonizing disturbed sites in tropical lowlands[303 ].","Western S. America, north to Mexico and the Caribbean.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muntingia+calabura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Muntingia_calabura_Descourtilz.JPEG
Rutaceae,Murraya,koenigii,"Curry tree, Curry leaf tree",medium,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry lowland woodland . Moist forests at elevations of 500 - 1,600 metres in southern China.","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Murraya+koenigii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Murraya_koenigii1.JPEG
Musaceae,Musa,acuminata,"Dwarf Banana, Edible banana",,10 to 12,3.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shaded and moist ravines, marshlands, semi-marshlands and slopes from near sea level to 1200 metres.","E. Asia - Southern China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musa+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MusaAcuminata.jpg
Musaceae,Musa,balbisiana,"Plantain, Plantain Banana",fast,9 to 12,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests, on forest edges, in ravines and on water sides[418 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musa+balbisiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Musa balbisiana 1.JPEG
Musaceae,Musa,basjoo,Japanese Banana,,7 to 10,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musa+basjoo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MusaBasjoo.jpg
Musaceae,Musa,textilis,Abaca,fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A species of banana native to the Philippines, grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, and Costa Rica.",Southeast Asia - Philippines.,0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musa+textilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Musa textilis.JPEG
Musaceae,Musa,x paradisiaca,Banana,fast,10 to 12,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,"Only known as a cultivated plant, it is a hybrid of M. Acuminata × M. Balbisiana.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musa+x paradisiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Musa x paradisiaca 1.JPEG
Urticaceae,Musanga,cecropioides,Corkwood,fast,10 to 12,20.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Secondary forests in recent clearings on superficially damp soils; common on old farms in closed forest; rare in rain-forest; swamp forest; along rivers; often in pure regular stands; at elevations from near sea level to about 1,200 metres[328 ].",Tropical Africa - Guinea to DR Congo and Uganda.,3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musanga+cecropioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Musanga_cecropioides_Engler.JPEG
Hyacinthaceae,Muscari,botryoides,"Italian Grape Hyacinth, Common grape hyacinth, White Grape Hyacinth",medium,3 to 8,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, thickets and roadsides in Eastern N. America, where it is a garden escape.",C. and S.E. Europe.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muscari+botryoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuscariBotryoides.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Muscari,comosum,"Tassel Hyacinth, Tassel grape hyacinth",,4 to 8,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows, edges of fields, woods and in short grass on dry soils[7, 50].","Europe. A frequent casual, rarely naturalized in Britain[17].",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muscari+comosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuscariComosum.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Muscari,neglectum,"Grape Hyacinth, Starch grape hyacinth",medium,4 to 7,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassland in sandy soils[4, 17].","Mediterranean region, north to Britain, Belgium, Germany and S. Russia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Muscari+neglectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MuscariNeglectum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Musineon,divaricatum,"Wild Parsley, Leafy wildparsley,  Hooker's wildparsley",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open flats and slopes in plains, valleys and foothills, tolerating alkaline soils.","Western N. America - Saskatchewan to Nebraska and Alberta, south to Nevada.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Musineon+divaricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MusineonDivaricatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Mycelis,muralis,Wall Lettuce,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Walls, rocks etc, and sometimes in beech woods, usually on base-rich soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus and W. Asia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mycelis+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MycelisMuralis.jpg
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,debile,Winter Apple,,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forests, grassland and dry areas in Australia[152, 265]. By the coast between Raglan and Kawhia in New Zealand.",Australia and New Zealand.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+debile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,deserti,Turkey Bush,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Loamy soils, mainly in arid regions.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+deserti,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,ellipticum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+ellipticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,insulare,Boobyalla,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Seashores and inland areas. Found on dunes, headlands, estuaries and mangrove fringes.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+insulare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyoporumInsulare.jpg
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,laetum,"Ngaio, Ngaio tree, Mousehole Tree",medium,9 to 11,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Usually found by the coast, often to the high tide mark, it is also found in lowland forests on North, South and Chatham Islands south to latitude 46°s.",New Zealand. Hawaii. California. Australia,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+laetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyoporumLaetum.jpg
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,montanum,Water Bush,,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy loams. Usually found in inland woodlands, but it is also sometimes found near the coast.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+montanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyoporumMontanum.jpg
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,platycarpum,Sugarwood,,8 to 11,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry areas on loamy and clayey soils. Usually found in poor limey soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+platycarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myoporaceae,Myoporum,tetrandrum,Boobialla,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By the coast in basalt, silurian and red sand areas.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myoporum+tetrandrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Myosotis,alpestris,"Alpine Forget-Me-Not, Scorpion Grass, Forget-Me-Not",medium,3 to 9,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Rare and local in Britain, growing in damp woodlands and meadows, usually on basic rock formations[17, 200].","Britain, Europe, W. Asia and N. America.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myosotis+alpestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyosotisAlpestris.jpg
Boraginaceae,Myosotis,scorpioides,"Water Forget-Me-Not, True forget-me-not",fast,5 to 9,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Wet places by streams and ponds.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and the Himalayas N. America",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myosotis+scorpioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyosotisScorpioides.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Myosoton,aquaticum,"Water Chickweed, Giantchickweed",,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Marshes, fens, streamsides, ditches and damp woods at low altitudes.","Europe, including Britain but excluding the Arctic, east through temperate Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myosoton+aquaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyosotonAquaticum.jpg
Myrtaceae,Myrcianthes,pungens,Guabiyu,slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Semi-deciduous forests, the humid understorey of Araucaria forests and on open rocky slopes[416 , 419 ].","Southern S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern and eastern Brazil and Bolivia.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrcianthes+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrcianthes pungens 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Myrciaria,vexator,"Blue Grape, False Jaboticaba",slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pastures along roadsides[307 ].,S. America - Venezuela; C. America - Panama and Costa Rica.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrciaria+vexator,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrciaria vexator 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Myriactis,nepalensis,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places along trails and as a weed of cultivated ground at elevations of 1400 - 3900 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myriactis+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Myrianthus,arboreus,"Giant yellow mulberry, Monkeyfruit",medium,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary vegetation; more or less open places in rain-forests; damp places in forest; forest gallery and clearings; stream or lagoon and lake sides; flooded ground; sometimes in villages[328 ]. At elevations from 700 - 1,200 metres in Tanzania[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea to Central African Republic and Uganda, south to Angola, DR Congo and Tanzania.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrianthus+arboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrianthus arboreus 1.JPEG
Myricaceae,Myrica,californica,"Californian Bayberry, California Wax Myrtle, California  Barberry",medium,7 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Ocean sand dunes and moist hill sides near the coast, usually on acid soils and tolerating poorly drained soils.",South-western N. America - Washington to California.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaCalifornica.jpg
Myricaceae,Myrica,cerifera,"Wax Myrtle - Bayberry Wild Cinnamon, Southern Bayberry, Wax Myrtle, Southern Wax Myrtle",fast,7 to 11,9.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Thickets on sandy soil near swamps and marshes, also on dry arid hills in which situation it is often only a few centimetres tall.",South-eastern N. America. Possibly naturalized in S. England[50].,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+cerifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaCerifera.jpg
Myricaceae,Myrica,gale,"Bog Myrtle, Sweetgale",,2 to 9,2.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to May,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bogs, marshes, fens and wet heathland in acid soils but plants are occasionally found in calcareous fens[5, 17, 186].","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Portugal, east to N.W. Russia. N. America.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+gale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaGale.jpg
Myricaceae,Myrica,heterophylla,Bayberry,,5 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Bogs, stream, pond and lake margins, moist regions of mixed deciduous forests, pine flatlands near pitcher-plant bogs, swamps from sea level to 250 metres.","Southeastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaHeterophylla.jpg
Myricaceae,Myrica,nagi,Box Myrtle,,None to None,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Drier aspects to 1800 metres. Open, mixed forests on mountain slopes at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+nagi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myricaceae,Myrica,pensylvanica,Northern Bayberry,,2 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry or wet sterile soil near the coast. Coastal dunes, pine barrens, pine-oak forests, old fields, bogs, edges of streams, ponds, and swamps from sea level to 325 metres.",Eastern N. America. Possibly naturalized in Britain in the New Forest.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaPensylvanica.jpg
Myricaceae,Myrica,rubra,Chinese Bayberry,,9 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forests of C. and S. Japan. Coastal districts in warm countries.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaRubra.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Myricaria,elegans,,,None to None,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes, especially in Ladakh, 2700 - 4000 metres.","E. Asia - W. Himalayas, Tibet.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myricaria+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tamaricaceae,Myricaria,germanica,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River banks, by the sides of mountain streams and other sandy occasionally inundated places.",C. and S. Europe to E. Asia.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myricaria+germanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricariaGermanica.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Myricaria,squamosa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Along the sides of rivers and streams in the lower subalpine to upper alpine zones.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to central Nepal and eastern Tibet.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myricaria+squamosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Haloragidaceae,Myriophyllum,spicatum,"Water Milfoil, Eurasian watermilfoil",,5 to 9,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lakes, ponds, ditches etc, to 450 metres. Locally common, especially in calcareous waters.","Europe, including Britain, Asia, N. Africa, N. America..",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myriophyllum+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyriophyllumSpicatum.jpg
Haloragidaceae,Myriophyllum,verticillatum,"Myriad Leaf, Whorl-leaf watermilfoil",,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, lakes and slow streams of lowland districts, especially in base-rich waters. It is not common in Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, Asia, N. and S. America..",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myriophyllum+verticillatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyriophyllumVerticillatum2.jpg
Fabaceae,Myrocarpus,frondosus,"Balsamo, incienso",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Atlantic rainforest and semideciduous forests, mature trees found most commonly as canopy or emergent trees in the dense forest, but seedlings and young trees only found in more open situations[419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, southern and eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrocarpus+frondosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrocarpus frondosus 1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Myrrhis,odorata,"Sweet Cicely, Anise",,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places, hedges and woods in hilly regions, often near human habitations[4, 9, 17].","Mountainous regions of Europe, including Britain.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrrhis+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyrrhisOdorata.jpg
Myrsinaceae,Myrsine,africana,Cape Myrtle,slow,8 to 11,0.8,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arid stony places and woodlands in W. China. Prefers shady places in the drier oak and rhododendron forests of the Himalayas to 2700 metres[146, 158].",N. Africa to E. Asia.,1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrsine+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyrsineAfricana.jpg
Myrsinaceae,Myrsine,semiserrata,,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies, especially in Nepal, to 2700 metres. Broad-leaved forests, limestone hillsides, mountain slopes, roadsides, stream banksand sunny places 500 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to south-western China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrsine+semiserrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Myrteola,nummularia,"Cranberry-myrtle,",slow,7 to 10,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,November to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Raised parts of bogs, especially with sphagnum.","S. America - S. Chile, Falklands.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrteola+nummularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyrteolaNummularia.jpg
Myrtaceae,Myrtus,communis,"Myrtle, Foxtail Myrtle",medium,9 to 11,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Scrub, avoiding calcareous soils.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrtus+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyrtusCommunis.jpg
Poaceae,Ochlandra,spp.,"Elephant grass, Clumping Bamboo",fast,10 to 12,6.0,3.0,Bamboo,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Various depending on the species.,Origin: S. Asia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ochlandra+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ochlandra_spp1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Opopanax,chironium,Opopanax,,5 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to August,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony ground, olive groves, vineyards etc.",S. Europe.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opopanax+chironium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OpopanaxChironium.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,tripartita mollissima,Banana Passionfruit,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations between 2,000 - 3,200 metres[262 ].",Western S. America - Andes.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+tripartita mollissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora tripartita mollissima 1.JPEG
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,neriifolius,"Oleander Podocarp, Brown Pine",medium,9 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A subcanopy to occasional canopy tree in evergreen broadleaved forests[266 , 404 ]. Hill and montane forests[334 ]. Hot, humid forests, coastal and lowland swamp forests, on volcanic soils[307 ].","E. Asia - India, Sikkim, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+neriifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Podocarpus_neriifolius.JPEG
Salicaceae,Populus,hybrids,Hybrid poplar,fast,2 to 10,50.0,30.0,Tree,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,,"Origin: N. Temperate. Widely distributed throughout the northern temperate regions, ranging from North America through Eurasia and northern Africa.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Populus_hybrids1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,cineraria,"Jandi, Ghaf",medium,10 to 12,6.5,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A characteristic tree of secondary dry deciduous forest, desert thorn forest, ravine thorn forest, Zizyphus scrub, and desert dune scrub[303 ].","W. Asia - Arabia, Afghanistan, Iran to India and Pakistan.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+cineraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_cineraria1.JPEG
Myristicaceae,Pycnanthus,angolensis,African Nutmeg,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Upland and wet evergreen forest and semideciduous forest, especially abundant in old fallows and secondary forest; riverine and swamp forest in the south of its range. Mostly found in small groups or solitary, at elevations up to 1,400 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Uganda, south to Angola, Zambia and Tanzania.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthus+angolensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pycnanthus angolensis 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Quararibea,cordata,"South American Sapote, Chupa Chupa, Matisia",fast,10 to 12,20.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Humming birds']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests on fertile soil from fairly high altitudes to lowland coastal regions[307 ]. Found both in areas that are seasonally inundated, and also areas that are not[416 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quararibea+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Quararibea cordata3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Arecaceae,Raphia,farinifera,Raffia Palm,fast,9 to 12,25.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, swampy ground[200 ]. Riverine and groundwater forest[364 ]. Gallery forests, freshwater swamp forest, along river banks and in the western shoreline forests of Lake Victoria, at elevations from sea level to 2,500 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Cameroon; Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Madagascar.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+farinifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia_farinifera_Jacquin.JPEG
Arecaceae,Raphia,vinifera,Wine Raffia Palm. Wine Palm,medium,10 to 12,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Borders of rivers[454 ]. Swamps and creeks[970 ].,Tropical west Africa - Ghana to DR Congo.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+vinifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia_vinifera1.JPEG
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,pensylvanica,"Swamp Saxifrage, Eastern swamp saxifrage",,None to None,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows, swamps, boggy thickets, prairies and seeping banks.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia, Iowa and Missouri.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaPensylvanica.jpg
Cyperaceae,Schoenoplectus,californicus tatora,Totora,fast,6 to 10,2.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Brackish to fresh marshes, shores, often emergent in water; at elevations from sea level to 1,400 metres in North America. Shallow water of lake shores, ranging from sea level to about 1,700 metres in Guatemala","S. America - Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador; C. America - Honduras, El Salvador to Mexico and southern N. America",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schoenoplectus+californicus tatora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schoenoplectus_californicus_tatora1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,polysperma,Dark-red Philippine-mahogany,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill forest and evergreen, mixed dipterocarp forests[338 , 451 ].",Southeast Asia - Philippines,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+polysperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea polysperma 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Sida,rhombifolia,Broom Jute. Common Sida. Arrow-leaf Sida,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Scrub, open slopes and streamsides in southern China[266 ]. Uncultivated land and open areas in Sal forests at elevations up to 1,500 metres in Nepal[272 ].",Pantropical.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sida+rhombifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sida_rhombifolia1.JPEG
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,japonica,,,None to None,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods and thickets in mountains all over Japan. Forests, moist and shaded places, cliffs at elevations of 900 - 2000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilacinaJaponica.jpg
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,stellata,Star-Flowered Lily Of The Valley,,3 to 7,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, thickets and open meadows, on gravelly and alluvial soils[43, 85]. Sand dunes, marginal woodlands, oak openings from sea level to 3200 metres.",N. America - British Columbia to California and east to Virginia and Newfoundland.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+stellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilacinaStellata.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,alnifolia,Korean Mountain Ash,fast,4 to 7,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes of shady mountain forests of stone pine and deciduous trees on stony and humus rich soils. Slopes, gullies, mixed forests and shrubby thickets at elevations of 500 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+alnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAlnifolia.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Spondias,mombin,"Yellow Mombin, Hog Plum, Caja Fruit, Taperebá",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Occurs in a great variety of humid tropical climates, often in secondary vegetation derived from evergreen lowland forest or semi-deciduous forest[303 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spondias+mombin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Spondias_mombin_Hughes.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,asperifolius,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy bottoms, damp sands etc. Dry soils. Damp or marshy often alkaline soils, along irrigation ditches and along the banks of streams.","Western and central N. America - Saskatchewan to British Columbia, south to Missouri and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+asperifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SporobolusAsperifolius.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,tenacissima,"Esparto Grass, Esparto",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy calcareous or gypsaceous soils.,Europe - Spain to N. Africa.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+tenacissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StipaTenacissima.jpg
Myrtaceae,Syncarpia,glomulifera,Turpentine Tree,,None to None,30.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal scrub forests, preferring deep fertile soils in valleys.","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syncarpia+glomulifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SyncarpiaGlomulifera.jpg
Combretaceae,Terminalia,bellirica,Beleric Myrobalan,,10 to 12,35.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scattered forests, sunny mountain slopes, one of the upper layer trees of stream valleys and lower seasonal rain forests at elevations of 500 - 1,400 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - southwest China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+bellirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia_bellirica1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,ferdinandiana,Billy Goat Plum,medium,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandplains behind beaches, dry creek beds, flood plains, cliff tops, ridges, coastal vine thickets, mangrove edges in Western Australia[285 ].","Australia - Northern Australia, Queensland, Western Australia.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+ferdinandiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia ferdinandiana 1.JPEG
Menispermaceae,Tinospora,cordifolia,Kanda Amrta,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry districts at low elevations[464 ]. Deciduous and dry forests.,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tinospora+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tinospora cordifolia 1.JPEG
Menispermaceae,Tinospora,crispa,"Patawali, Akar Patawali",fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, forest margins[334 ]. Primary rain forest and mixed deciduous forest, it can also be very common in secondary vegetation after logging and in hedges, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia,",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tinospora+crispa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tinospora crispa 1.JPEG
Myristicaceae,Virola,sebifera,"Virola Nut. Red Ucuba. Pintri, ",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found mainly in savannah and semideciduous forests at higher elevations, almost always on well-drained soils[419 ]. It is not frequent in dense, primary forests[419 ]. Grows principally in secondary forests[341 ]. Found from sea level to 1,500 metres[556 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Central America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Virola+sebifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Virola_sebifera1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,japonica,,,7 to 10,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges and in thickets in lowland, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaJaponica.jpg
Juglandaceae,Juglans,cinerea,"Butternut - White Walnut, Butternut",medium,3 to 7,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in rich moist soils of woods and river terraces[43, 82], but it also grows on dry rocky soils, especially if these are on limestone..","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Arkansas and North Dakota.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juglans+cinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuglansCinerea.jpg
Rosaceae,Waldsteinia,fragarioides,Appalachian barren strawberry,fast,4 to 7,0.2,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist or dry upland conifer forests, mixed hardwood and pine woodlands, thickets, clearings and fields.","Native to eastern North America, from Minnesota, Ontario, Quebec, and Maine south to Indiana and Pennsylvania and as far south as North Carolina in the mountains.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Waldsteinia+fragarioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Waldsteinia_fragarioides1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Waldsteinia,ternata,Barren Strawberry,fast,4 to 8,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist or dry upland conifer forests, mixed hardwood and pine woodlands, thickets, clearings and fields.","Native Range: Europe, Japan, China",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Waldsteinia+ternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Waldsteinia_ternata1.JPEG
Canellaceae,Warburgia,salutaris,Pepperbark Tree,slow,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Savannah woodland, coastal forest and Afromontane forest[338 ]. Lower rainforests, drier highland forest areas, and in secondary bushlands and grasslands at elevations from 1,000 - 2,000 metres[392 ].","Southern Africa - Zimbabwe, Mozambique, S. Africa.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Warburgia+salutaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Warburgia salutaris 1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Wasabia,japonica,"Japanese Horseradish, Wasabi",,7 to 10,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet places and by streams, in lowland and mountain areas. Usually found near the coast.",E. Asia - Japan.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wasabia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WasabiaJaponica.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Washingtonia,filifera,"Desert Fan Palm, California fan palm,  California Washingtonia Palm, Petticoat Palm,  Desert Fan Pal",medium,9 to 11,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,July to August,November to January,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Often forming extensive groves or small isolated clumps in moist alkaline spots in rocky canyons about seeps, springs and streams below 1500 metres[71, 82, 166].","South-western N. America - S. California, S.W. Arizona, N.W. Mexico.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Washingtonia+filifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WashingtoniaFilifera.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,coraeensis,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Grows near seashores all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+coraeensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WeigelaCoraeensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,decora,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,In sunny places at elevations of 100 - 2300 metres.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+decora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,floribunda,Crimson weigela,,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,In open places at elevations of 150 - 1700 metres.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WeigelaFloribunda.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,florida,"Oldfashioned weigela, Rose Weigela, Old Fashioned Weigela",medium,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Not known,"E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+florida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WeigelaFlorida.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,hortensis,,,6 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Common on sunny hills and mountains at elevations of 20 - 1800 metres.,E. Asia - C. and N. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+hortensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WeigelaHortensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Weigela,japonica,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"A rare plant, grwing on sunny hills and in mountains at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weigela+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cunoniaceae,Weinmannia,racemosa,Kamahi,,8 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland to montane forest, North, South and Stewart islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Weinmannia+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WeinmanniaRacemosa.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Wikstroemia,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes and thickets in the hills of central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wikstroemia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Wikstroemia,sikokiana,,,8 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wikstroemia+sikokiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WikstroemiaSikokiana.jpg
Apocynaceae,Willughbeia,coriacea,"Heaven fruit, Borneo rubber, Akar gerit-gerit besi",fast,10 to 12,30.0,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tropical, Sub-Tropical, Monsoonal. Terrestrial habitat (Primary Rainforest; Secondary Rainforest; Freshwater Swamp Forest)","Southeast Asia - Peninsula Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Willughbeia+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Willughbeia_coriacea1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Willughbeia,edulis,"Gedraphol, Kuy",fast,10 to 12,25.0,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland primary rain forests[334 , 555 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Assam, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Willughbeia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Willughbeia_edulis1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Wissadula,periplocifolia,White velvetleaf,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets near sea level, dry slopes, roadsides[266 ]. Moist thickets, wet forest, and brushy slopes in tropical America[382 ].",Tropical areas of the Americas and Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wissadula+periplocifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Wissadula_periplocifolia1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,floribunda,Japanese Wisteria,medium,5 to 9,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Damp habitats by streams etc in thickets and woods in hills and mountains in all areas of Japan south of Hokkaido[58, 200, 249].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaFloribunda.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,frutescens,American Wisteria,,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges in low moist ground[235, 249].","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaFrutescens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,japonica,,,7 to 10,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges and in thickets in lowland, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaJaponica.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,sinensis,Chinese Wisteria,medium,5 to 9,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges at low altitudes in W. China.,E. Asia - China. Locally naturalized in Europe in France[50].,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WisteriaSinensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,venusta,Silky Wisteria,,4 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges in mountains and hills[58, 249].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+venusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WistariaVenusta.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,villosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,April to May,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges. Thicket and roadside on slopes in Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces.",E. Asia - northern China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Withania,somnifera,"Ashwagandha - Indian Ginseng, Withania",,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places, disturbed areas etc. An undershrub in stony places.","Mediterranean Europe, most of Africa, through W. Asia to Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka.",1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Withania+somnifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WithaniaSomnifera2.jpg
Epacridaceae,Wittsteinia,vacciniacea,Baw-Baw Berry,,None to None,0.3,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in the sub-alpine zone at altitudes between 900 - 1500 metres.,Australia - Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wittsteinia+vacciniacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WittsteiniaVacciniacea.jpg
Lemnaceae,Wolffia,arrhiza,"Least Duckweed, Spotless watermeal",,6 to 9,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Floating on quiet waters. A rare native of southern Britain, growing in still waters.","Europe, including Britain, to Asia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wolffia+arrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WolffiaArrhiza.jpg
Araceae,Wolffia,globosa,Khai Nam,fast,10 to 12,,,,,,,,,,,,[],Wet soil,,"Floating on quiet waters[204 ]. A rare native of southern Britain, growing in still waters[17 ].","Tropical areas of Africa and Asia, widely naturalised in other warm regions of the world.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wolffia+globosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Wolffia globosa 1.JPEG
Lythraceae,Woodfordia,fruticosa,Fire-flame bush,medium,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Habitat Open, sunny places, often on disturbed soils and on old agricultural land. Open waste land and degraded places[338 ].","East Africa - Tanzania, Madagascar; E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indones",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodfordia+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Woodfordia_fruticosa_Hooker.JPEG
Blechnaceae,Woodwardia,areolata,Netted chain fern,medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.3,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found in acidic bogs, seeps, wet woods, meadows and fields, swamps, wetland margins; but rarely on rock of siliceous cliffs and ledges on northern edge of range.","Eastern and southern North America from Nova Scotia, Canada, south to Florida and Texas, USA. It is is most abundant on the coastal plain of the eastern United States, scattered in the Ouachita and Boston mountains, Ozark and Cumberland plateaus, and the Piedmont, but not in the high Appalachians, the heavy gumbo soils of the Mississippi Valley, or the limestone regions of the Interior Low Plateaus (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+).",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodwardia+areolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Woodwardia_areolata1.JPEG
Blechnaceae,Woodwardia,radicans,"Chain Fern, Rooting chainfern",,8 to 11,1.8,0.6,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woodland margins, often by streams.",South-western Europe and the Atlantic Islands.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodwardia+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WoodwardiaRadicans.jpg
Blechnaceae,Woodwardia,virginica,Virginia Chain Fern,medium,3 to 10,0.4,0.4,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Grows in anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), bogs, marshes, swamps, and wetland margins (New England Wild Flower Society 2011-2015). Wet soils of open wet swampy woods, acid bogs, and along streams and roadside ditches, avoiding calcareous substrates.An important constituent of the field layer of flatwoods, Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) swamp forest and bay (Magnolia virginiana) forests.",Endemic to eastern North America from Florida to Nova Scotia and west to Michigan and Illinois.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodwardia+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Woodwardia_virginica1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,amplexicaulis,"Mulesears Wyethia, Mule-ears",,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, not too dry hillsides and dry meadows in the foothills.",Central and Western N. America.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+amplexicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WyethiaAmplexicaulis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,angustifolia,California Compass Plant,,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Seasonally moist meadows, open grassy slopes to 1600 metres in California.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WyethiaAngustifolia2.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,helianthoides,"Sunflower Wyethia, Sunflower mule-ears",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist or wet meadows at moderate elevations in mountains.,Western N. America - C. and E. Oregon to Montana.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+helianthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WyethiaHelianthoides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,longicaulis,Humboldt Mulesears,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods and exposed ridges, 800 - 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+longicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WyethiaLongicaulis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,mollis,"Woolly Wyethia, Woolly mule-ears",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry wooded slopes and rocky openings, 1500 - 3000 metres in California.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WyethiaMollis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Wyethia,robusta,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Seasonally moist meadows, open grassy slopes to 1600 metres in California.",Western N. America - Washington to California[71].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wyethia+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Abelia,triflora,Indian Abelia,medium,5 to 9,3.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry scrub and rocky slopes in calcareous soils, 1200 - 4200 metres in Uttar Pradesh[146, 158].",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelia+triflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbeliaTriflora2.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,ramosus,Hairy Brome,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedges and woods.,"Most of Europe south from Scandanavia, including Britain, to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+ramosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusRamosus.jpg
Cycadaceae,Microcycas,calocoma,Palma corcho,slow,10 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Varied habitats ranging from montane forest at 250 meters to lowland limestone or grassland and scrub at 50 meters.,Origin: Cuba.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microcycas+calocoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Microcycas_calocoma1.JPEG
Cycadaceae,Zamia,spp,Zamia cycads. Pine cone cycad,slow,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A range of habitats, with some growing as understory plants in moist tropical rainforests and others from more open habitats with unreliable rainfall, considerably more sun, and less humidity, but most are best suited to tropical and subtropical regions that are free from frost.","Native to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central and South America as far south as Bolivia. The range of one species (Z. integrifolia), extends into the contiguous United States, i.e. Georgia and Florida.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zamia+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zamia_spp1.JPEG
Zannichelliaceae,Zannichellia,palustris,Horned Pondweed,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Water'],,May to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Still or slow-flowing fresh water, or in brackish water.","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most areas of the world, including Britain.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zannichellia+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZannichelliaPalustris2.jpg
Araceae,Zantedeschia,aethiopica,"Arum Lily, Calla lily, White Calla Lily",medium,8 to 10,1.0,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to November.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet marshy places[73, 90].",S. Africa. Locally naturalized in S. and W. Europe[50].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zantedeschia+aethiopica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZantedeschiaAethiopica.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,ailanthoides,,,8 to 11,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+ailanthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumAilanthoides.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,alatum,Winged Prickly Ash,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forest undergrowth and hot valleys to 1800 metres in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+alatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumAlatum.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,americanum,"Prickly Ash - Northern, Common pricklyash, Northern Prickly Ash",medium,3 to 7,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found on upland rocky hillsides and on moist low-lying sites, in open woods, on bluffs or in thickets.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota and Oklahoma.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumAmericanum.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,beecheyanum,,,None to None,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places near seashores, also in mountains.",E. Asia - southern Japan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+beecheyanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,bungeanum,,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waysides and thickets to 2000 metres in W. China.,E. Asia - China.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+bungeanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,clava-herculis,"Hercules Club. Prickly Ash - Southern, Hercules' club, Southern Prickly Ash",medium,7 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,March to January,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found as scattered trees near the coast in light sandy soils, often on bluffs of islands, river banks or dunes. Best growth is from plants in most rich soils with good drainage.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkansas.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+clava-herculis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumClava-herculis.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,coreanum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Korea,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+coreanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,nitidum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrubby thickets.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+nitidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumNitidum.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,piperitum,Japanese Pepper Tree,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and hedges in hills and mountains in Japan[58, 184].","E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+piperitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumPiperitum.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,planispinum,Winged Prickly Ash,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low mountains in Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+planispinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumPlanispinum.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,schinifolium,Peppertree,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August,October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Roadsides in Korea.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+schinifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumSchinifolium.jpg
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,simulans,"Szechuan Pepper, Chinese-pepper, Prickly Ash",medium,5 to 8,4.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Virgin wilds, hillsides and open woods.",E. Asia - China.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+simulans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumSimulans.jpg
Poaceae,Zea,hybrids,"Perennial corn, Perennial Maize",fast,8 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cold temperate to tropical, tropical highland climates. Humidity: semi-arid to humid. ",Hypothetical hybrid.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zea+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zea_hybrids1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Zea,mays,"Sweet Corn,  	Corn",fast,2 to 11,2.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in the wild.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably S. America or Mexico.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zea+mays,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZeaMays.jpg
Ulmaceae,Zelkova,schneideriana,Chinese Zelkova,fast,6 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Beside streams at elevations of 200 - 1100 metres (1800 - 2800 metres in Yunnan and Xizang Provinces).,E. Asia - southwest China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zelkova+schneideriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZelkovaSchneideriana.jpg
Ulmaceae,Zelkova,serrata,"Japanese Zelkova,  Saw Leaf Zelkova",fast,5 to 8,25.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowlands and mountains of C. and S. Japan. Valleys, beside streams at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres in China.","E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zelkova+serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbeliceaHirta2.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Zephyranthes,atamasca,Atamasco Lily,,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to July,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich, mixed forests, moist clearings, meadows, moist to wet pastures, coastal plains and piedmonts from sea level to 700 metres.",Southern N. America - Missouri and Virginia to Florida.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zephyranthes+atamasca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaryllisAtamasca.jpg
Rutaceae,Zieria,smithii,Sandfly Bush,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy forests or cleared areas near the coast, also in humid forest valleys to elevated mountain ravines.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zieria+smithii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZieriaSmithii.jpg
Zingiberaceae,Zingiber,officinale,"Ginger: Common,Cooking Stem, Canton",fast,8 to 12,1.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Widely cultivated in Tropical areas, it probably originated in Tropical Asia.",4,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zingiber+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zingiber officinale1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Zizania,aquatica,"Wild Rice, Annual wildrice",fast,5 to 9,3.5,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shallow waters of rivers and lakes, preferring a slow moving current[20, 43].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.",5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zizania+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZizaniaAquatica.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Zizania,latifolia,Manchurian Wild Rice,,None to None,3.5,,Perennial,,,,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps marshes etc in running or stagnant shallow water[1, 136]. Shallow water of lake margins and swamps, often forming large patches.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zizania+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/zizaniaLatifolia.jpg
Apiaceae,Zizia,aptera,"Meadow zizia, Golden alexanders",fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist to dry black soil prairies, hill prairies, rocky upland woodlands, limestone glades, bluffs, abandoned fields, and roadsides. Usually, this species occurs in drier locations than Zizia aurea (Golden Alexanders) [1-6].",Native Range: North America.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zizia+aptera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zizia_aptera1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Zizia,aurea,"Golden Alexanders, Golden zizia",,3 to 7,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist meadowland. Dry woods and rocky outcrops. Low woods in Texas.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Saskatchewan and south to Texas and Florida..,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zizia+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZiziaAurea.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ziziphus,jujuba,Jujube,fast,5 to 10,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry gravelly or stony slopes of hills and mountains.,"E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia to Australia.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ziziphus+jujuba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZiziphusJujuba.jpg
Zosteraceae,Zostera,marina,"Eel Grass, Seawrack",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Water'],,June to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fine gravel, sand or mud in the sea from low water spring tides down to depths of 4 metres. It is rarely found in estuaries.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to the Mediterranean.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zostera+marina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZosteraMarina.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Zoysia,japonica,Korean Lawn Grass,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June to August,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny slopes in mountains and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zoysia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZoysiaJaponica.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Zygophyllum,fabago,Syrian Bean Caper,,7 to 10,1.2,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry places.,S.E. Europe. N. Africa to W. Asia - Syria to Afghanistan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zygophyllum+fabago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZygophyllumFabago.jpg
Arecaceae,Attalea,colenda,"Palma real, Chivila",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland rain forest or deciduous forest, especially common in disturbed or cleared areas, at elevations up to 900 metres[ 768 ]. It normally grows between 400-500 m altitude in Ecuador. It can grow up to 1300 m altitude.","S. America - Ecuador, Colombia.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Attalea+colenda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Attalea colenda-1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Youngia,chelidoniifolia,,,None to None,0.4,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Humus-rich soils in deciduous forests.,"E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Youngia+chelidoniifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Youngia,denticulata,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny slopes and roadsides in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Youngia+denticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YoungiaDenticulata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Youngia,japonica,"Japanese Hawkweed, Oriental false hawksbeard",,None to None,0.6,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground, cultivated fields and roadsides all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Youngia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YoungiaJaponica.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,aloifolia,"Spanish Bayonet, Aloe yucca, Dagger Plant, Yucca, Spanish Bayonet",slow,8 to 10,7.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sand dunes of the coast, occasionally up to 60 km inland, in pine forests. Also found on the margins of brackish marshes.","Southeastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Louisiana. Naturalized in S. Europe[11]",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+aloifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaAloifolia.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,angustissima,"Narrowleaf yucca, Kanab yucca, Toft's yucca, Yucca",slow,4 to 9,0.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy places, sandstone outcrops, rocky hillsides of deserts at elevations of 900 - 2200 metres in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.",South-western N. America.,3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+angustissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaAngustissima.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,baccata,"Spanish Bayonet, Banana yucca, Blue Yucca, Spanish Yucca",slow,6 to 11,0.9,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky slopes, pinyon, oak, and juniper woodlands, grasslands at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres.","South-western N. America - Colorado to Texas, California and Mexico.",4,1,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaBaccata.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,brevifolia,"Joshua Tree, Jaeger's Joshua tree, Yucca, Joshua Tree",medium,9 to 11,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arid mesas and mountain slopes, usually at 650 - 2200 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Utah.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+brevifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaBrevifolia.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,constricta,Buckley's Yucca,,8 to 11,1.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Hand'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Limestone outcrops and rocky prairies.,Southern N. America - Texas to the Gulf of Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+constricta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaConstricta.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,elata,"Soap Tree, Soaptree yucca, Soapweed, Soapweed Yucca",slow,9 to 11,2.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mesas, desert washes, plains and desert grasslands, and in deserts, normally between 500 - 2000 metres.","Southern N. America - Texas. Arizona, northern Mexico.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaElata.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,filamentosa,"Spoonleaf Yucca, Adam's needle, Desert Candle,  Needle Palm, St. Peter's Palm, Spanish Bayonet, Comm",medium,4 to 10,1.2,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sand dunes, waste ground and pine forests along the coastal plain[11, 43].",South-eastern N. America - Southern New Jersey to Florida. Naturalized in S. Europe.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+filamentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaFilamentosa.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,filifera,,,6 to 9,10.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry or stony soils, Blue ridge and Appalachian provinces, Alabama to North Carolina.",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+filifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaFilifera.jpg
Asparagaceae,Yucca,gigantea,"Spineless yucca, Izote",fast,9 to 11,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Moth'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common in cultivation, or in hedges and thickets, throughout the lowlands and ascending commonly in the mountains to middle elevations; it is often seen at up to 2,700 metres or perhaps even higher[331 ].",Central America - Panama to southern Mexico.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Yucca_gigantea1.JPEG
Agavaceae,Yucca,glauca,"Soapweed, Soapweed yucca, Gurney's yucca, American Vetch, Yucca, Narrowleaf  Yucca, Soapweed",slow,4 to 10,1.5,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry plains and sandy hills.,Central N. America - Iowa to Texas and N. Dakota.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaGlauca.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,gloriosa,"Spanish Dagger, moundlily yucca, Palm Lily, Roman Candle, Mound Lily Yucca, Spanish Dagger",slow,6 to 11,1.8,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sand dunes and the borders of beaches of the seacoast.,South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+gloriosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaGloriosa.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,harrimaniae,"Spanish Bayonet, New Mexico Spanish bayonet",slow,6 to 9,0.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,High plains grasslands to open coniferous woods.,Central N. America - Utah to Colorado.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+harrimaniae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaHarrimaniae.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,recurvifolia,Curve-leaf yucca,,7 to 10,2.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dunes on coastal plains.,South-eastern N. America - Georgia to Missouri and Louisiana.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+recurvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaRecurvifolia.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,rupicola,"Twisted-Leaf Yucca,  Texas yucca",,8 to 11,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Limestone ledges and plains.,Southern N. America - Texas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+rupicola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaRupicola.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,schidigera,"Mojave Yucca, Yucca",,9 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in desert habitats in chaparral and creosote bush scrub from sea level to elevations of 2500 metres.,"South-western N. America - California, Arizona and Nevada.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+schidigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaSchidigera.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,smalliana,"Adam's Needle, Weak-leaf yucca",,8 to 11,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sands, old fields and bluffs.",Southern N. America - S. California to Florida.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+smalliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaSmalliana.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,whipplei,Our Lord's Candle,slow,7 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, grassy and often stony slopes to 1200 metres.","South-western N. America - S. California, Mexico.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+whipplei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaWhipplei.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Yushania,anceps,Ringal,,8 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at heights of 3000 metres.,E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yushania+anceps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Yushania,maculata,Maculata bamboo,fast,6 to 10,5.0,2.5,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,A temperate plant. Grows in pine forests at elevation 1.8-3.5 km.,"Native to Asia-temperate: Yunnan and Sichuan, China. Introduces Europe including UK, USA.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yushania+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Yushania_maculata1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Yushania,maling,,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Temperate forests and open grazing areas, 1600 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - N.E. Himalayas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yushania+maling,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Athamantha,sicula,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe - C. and S. Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athamantha+sicula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,japonica,"Camellia, Common Camellia, Japanese Camellia",slow,7 to 9,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Woods in hills and down to sea level near the coast in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaJaponica.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,sasanqua,"Camellia, Sasanqua camellia",slow,7 to 9,3.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Thickets and grassy slopes in mountains, S. Japan. Forest openings.",E. Asia - Southern Japan in Kyushu and the Islands southwards.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+sasanqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaSasanqua.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Capsella,bursa-pastoris,Shepherd's Purse,,6 to 10,0.3,0.1,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, gardens, waste places etc, it is a common weed of cultivated soil[9, 17].","A virtually cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world including Britain.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsella+bursa-pastoris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsellaBursa-pastoris.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,harringtonia,Japanese Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey shrub in woodlands[109, 200]. In temperate deciduous forests at elevations of 600 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+harringtonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusHarringtonia.jpg
Fabaceae,Chamaecytisus,proliferus,Tagasaste. Tree lucerne.,fast,8 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Native to the extremely arid volcanic slopes of the Canary Islands. It prefers sandy soils, but thrives on gravels, loams, limestone and laterites. Its rainfall range is 350 to 1600 mm annually. Soils must be free-draining to avoid infection with root-rot fungus. A pH of 5 to 7 is tolerated. It can survive cold winters down to -9°C.Grows along roadsides, in pastures, grasslands, heathlands, open woodlands, disturbed sites and waste areas, along waterways and drainage lines, and around old habitations in temperate, semi-arid and occasionally also sub-tropical regions.","Native to the Canary Islands in the Mediterranean region. Widely naturalised in southern Australia. (i.e. in south-eastern Queensland, New South Wales, ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, south-eastern South Australia, and south-western and western Western Australia). Also sparingly naturalised on Norfolk Island. Widely naturalised in New Zealand and Africa.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecytisus+proliferus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaecytisus_proliferus1.JPEG
Cornaceae,Cornus,iberica,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woody shrubby thickets in the central mountain zone.,W. Asia - Caucasus,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+iberica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Crocosmia,aurea,Montbretia,fast,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Corm,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady forest areas in moist country, 2000 - 2500 metres from East Cape province and north to Mozambique, Malawi etc. Especially common in conifer plantations.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocosmia+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrocosmiaAurea.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cynara,scolymus,Globe Artichoke,,5 to 9,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Not known in the wild, it probably arose from a form of C. cardunculus.",3,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynara+scolymus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynaraScolymus.jpg
Winteraceae,Drimys,insipida,Brush Pepperbush,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows in rainforests.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drimys+insipida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Euodia,daniellii,,,9 to 11,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows near dwellings.,"E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+daniellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuodiaDaniellii.gif
Rutaceae,Euodia,fraxinifolia,,,9 to 11,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Second-growth forests, 1200 - 2100 metres in the eastern Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Sikkim.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euodia+fraxinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,intisy,"Intisy, Pencil Plant",fast,10 to 12,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry bushland[338 ].,Africa - Madagascar.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+intisy,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia_intisy1.JPEG
Gnetaceae,Gnetum,africanum,"Eru, African Jointfir",fast,10 to 12,12.0,0.4,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Understorey layer of humid tropical rainforests, mostly at the periphery of primary forest and in secondary forest[299 , 332 ]. Thrives in a wide range of habitats, including farm fallows or abandoned farmland, secondary forests, and closed forest[401 ].","Tropical west Africa - SE Nigeria and W Cameroon, extending as far south as Angola.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+africanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gnetum-africanum-1.jpg
Gnetaceae,Gnetum,buchholzianum,Jointfir,fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.4,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The understorey layer of humid tropical rainforests[332 ]. Thrives in a wide range of habitats, including farm fallows or abandoned farmland, secondary forests, and closed forest[401 ].","Western tropical Africa - Nigeria to the Central African Republic, south to the Congo.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gnetum+buchholzianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gnetum-buchholzianum-1.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Handroanthus,guayacan,Guayacan,medium,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal rainforests[307 ]. Wet to rather dry forest, often in open places, at elevations up to 1,200 metres[331 ]. Virgin forests and on mountain slopes[341 ].",Northern S. America - Colombia; through Central America to Mexico.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Handroanthus+guayacan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Handroanthus guayacan 1.JPEG
Achariaceae,Hydnocarpus,kurzii,Chaulmugra,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Evergreen forests at elevations of 600 - 1,800 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - northeast India, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hydnocarpus+kurzii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hydnocarpus kurzii 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Hymenaea,verrucosa,East African Copal. Zanzibar copal tree,slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"On or near the coast in dry evergreen forest, woodland and evergreen bushland, usually at elevations below 100 metres, but sometimes up to 240 metres[328 ].","Tropical East Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, to Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenaea+verrucosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hymenaea_verrucosa1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Hyssopus,officinalis,Hyssop,medium,5 to 10,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Old walls and buildings, stony places[9, 17]. Dry hills and rock ledges to 2200 metres in Turkey.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyssopus+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HyssopusOfficinalis.jpg
Trilliaceae,Kinugasa,japonica,Kinugasaso,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humus-rich soils in woodlands, N. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kinugasa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Magnoliaceae,Liriodendron,tulipifera,"Tulip Tree, Tulip Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Canary Whitewood",medium,4 to 9,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep rich rather moist soils on mountain slopes and by streams. Rich woodlands, bluffs, low mountains, and hills from sea level to 1500 metres.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Liriodendron+tulipifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LiriodendronTulipifera.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Lotus,tetragonolobus,"Asparagus Pea, Winged pea",,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and vineyards.,Europe - Mediterranean.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lotus+tetragonolobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LotusTetragonolobus.jpg
Proteaceae,Macadamia,hildebrandii,Celebes nut,medium,10 to 12,14.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,In or near rainforests.,Origin: Sulawesi an island in Indonesia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Macadamia+hildebrandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Macadamia_hildebrandii1.JPEG
Datiscaceae,Octomeles,sumatrana,Ilimo Tree,fast,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rainforests, especially along the sides of rivers, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[325 , 451 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Octomeles+sumatrana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Octomeles sumatrana 1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Pachycereus,hollianus,"Baboso, Acompes",medium,9 to 11,4.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub,"Origin: Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico, endemic to the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley. ",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachycereus+hollianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachycereus_hollianus1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Pachyphragma,macrophylla,,,6 to 9,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Wet beech forests to elevations of 1900 metres in Turkey,W. Asia - N.E. Turkey to W. Caucasus. Naturalized in Britain.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyphragma+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PachyphragmaMacrophylla.jpg
Chrysobalanaceae,Parinari,curatellifolia,"Mbola, Grys Appel",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Characteristic of wooded grassland with a high water-table and poor drainage[308 ]. Deciduous woodland; scattered in upland grassland, often persisting in secondary bushland and cultivated land, sea level to 2,100 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Kenya, south to northern SW. Africa, Botswana and the Transvaal.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parinari+curatellifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Parinari curatellifolia 1.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,mollisima,Banana Passion Fruit,fast,5 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in the Andes to elevations of 3400 metres.,S. America - Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia and Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+mollisima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraMollissima.jpg
Polygonaceae,Persicaria,odorata,"Vietnamese coriander, Asian mint",fast,9 to 11,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet environments.,"Southeast Asia - Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persicaria+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Persicaria_odorata1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,albus,Butterbur,fast,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground, roadsides, plantations and woods, often in damp soils.",N. and C. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesAlbus.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,resiniferum,Petroleum nut,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not very abundant in any part of the Philippines, but it is widely distributed and usually found on high mountain ridges[345 ]. Found in mossy forests at elevations from 600 - 2,400 metres[360 , 418 ]. Found among other trees like oak and other mossy forest species. It can also grow well with pine trees.","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Philippines.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+resiniferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pittosporum_resiniferum1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,erecta,"Tormentil, Erect cinquefoil",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland, heath, bog, fens, mountain tops and open woods, especially in light acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia, Siberia.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+erecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaErecta.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,armeniaca mandschurica,Manchurian apricot,medium,3 to 9,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Temperate. Most trees growing apparently wild have escaped from cultivation but there are pure stands of the trees in Tibet on mountain slopes in sparse forests at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+armeniaca mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_armeniaca_mandschurica1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,diversiloba,"Western Poison Oak, Pacific poison oak",,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets and wooded slopes in foothills, along streams, in washes and hedgerows below 1500 metres[71, 92].",Western N. America - Vancouver to California.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+diversiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusDiversiloba.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,succedanea,Wax Tree,,4 to 9,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies to 2,400 metres in the Himalayas[51 ]. Lowland and hill forests, lowland thickets on limestone; at elevations from 100 - 1,500 metres, occasionally to 2,500 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+succedanea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusSuccedanea.jpg
Santalaceae,Santalum,austrocaledonicum,Pacific Sandalwood,slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open, dry forests and woodland communities[312 ]. Usually found in secondary forest formations[312 ].",Pacific - New Caledonia and Vanuatu.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+austrocaledonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum austrocaledonicum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,yasi,"Yasi, Fijian Sandalwood, Brown Sandalwood",slow,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open, dry forests and woodland communities[312 ]. Usually found in secondary forest formations[312 ].","Pacific - Niue, Tonga and Fiji.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+yasi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum_yasi_Seemann.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Sapium,sebiferum,"Vegetable Tallow, Chinese tallow, Popcorn Tree, Chinese Tallow Tree",fast,8 to 11,9.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Bees']",,January to February,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found wild in the foothills around Dehra Dun.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapium+sebiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SapiumSebiferum.jpg
Taxodiaceae,Sequoia,sempervirens,"Coastal Redwood, Redwood, California Redwood, Coast Redwood",fast,7 to 10,110.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep well-drained soils on flat land and slopes in the coastal fog belt below 600 metres[71, 229].",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sequoia+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SequoiaSempervirens.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,obtusa,"Taengwood Balau, teng",medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry, deciduous, dipterocarp forests, deciduous monsoon forests and open, dry degraded areas like mixed savannah forests at elevations from 200 - 1,000 metres[404 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+obtusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea obtusa 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,quadrinervis,Light Red Meranti,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Thrips'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A canopy to emergent tree in mixed dipterocarp forest, common on leached, yellow, sandy clay soils on low hills and on skeletal soils on ridges; occasionally to elevations of 700 metres[451 , 899 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia (the tree is endemic to Borneo).",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+quadrinervis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea quadrinervis 1.JPEG
Asteraceae,Silphium,integrifolium,Prairie Rosinweed,fast,4 to 8,1.8,0.9,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mesic to dry black soil prairies, gravel prairies, clay prairies, hill prairies, openings in rocky upland forests, limestone glades, and areas along railroads, particularly where prairie remnants occur. This plant can survive significant degradation, and recovers readily from occasional wildfires. It competes well against most prairie grasses and forbs in mesic to dry areas.","Native to eastern North America, including Ontario in Canada and the eastern and central United States as far west as New Mexico.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+integrifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Silphium_integrifolium1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Swartzia,grandifolia,"Big leafed Swartzia, Coracao-de-Negro",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forests[422 ].,"S. America - northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+grandifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia grandifolia 1.JPEG
Bignoniaceae,Tabebuia,rosea,"Apamate, Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, Rosy Trumpet Tree",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in moist or rather dry forest, often in open fields or along roadsides, most abundant on the Pacific plains, but often on steep hillsides, at elevations up to 1,200 metres in Guatemala[331 ]. Coastal thickets in Dominica[362 ].","Northern S. America - Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela; north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tabebuia+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tabebuia rosea 1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Tabernaemontana,hystrix,Tabernaemontana,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broadleaved, semideciduous forest, where it is found mainly in open places and secondary forest formations, though it is also sometimes found in dense primary formations[419 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tabernaemontana+hystrix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tabernaemontana hystrix 1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Tabernanthe,iboga,Iboga,fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest understorey, sometimes in riverine or swamp forest or relatively wet savannah, at elevations from sea-level to 1,500 metres[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, DR Congo, Angola.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tabernanthe+iboga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tabernanthe iboga 1.JPEG
Taccaceae,Tacca,leontopetaloides,"Polynesian Arrowroot, Pia",fast,8 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Secondary forest and thickets, and many open situations, clearings, grassland, savannah, coconut groves, and beach vegetation (Barringtonia formation), not shunning seasonally dry areas, such as teak and eucalypt woodland[451 ].","Widely spread in tropical areas, either as a native plant or naturalized, from Africa, through Asia to Australia and the Pacific..",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tacca+leontopetaloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tacca_leontopetaloides.JPEG
Gentianaceae,Tachia,guianensis,Tachia,medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests at low to middle elevations[631 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tachia+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tachia_guianensis_Aublet.JPEG
Fabaceae,Tachigali,rubiginosa,Tachigali,fast,10 to 12,7.5,7.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Savannah, wooded savannah and semideciduous forests, favouring well-drained terrains at elevations above 800 metres[420 ].",S. America - central and eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tachigali+rubiginosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tachigali rubiginosa 1.JPEG
Apiaceae,Taenidia,integerrima,Yellow pimpernel,fast,4 to 6,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry upland prairies, edges of hill prairies, upland savannas, rocky upland forests, bluffs, areas along woodland paths, eroded clay banks in semi-shaded areas, and thickets. This plant typically occurs at the edge of dry wooded areas, especially where slopes occur.",Central and eastern North America,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taenidia+integerrima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Taenidia_integerrima1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,erecta,"African Marigold, Aztec marigold, Big Marigold, American Marigold",medium,2 to 11,1.0,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grows in the pine-oak forest zone. A garden escape in the USA where it grows along the sides of roads.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+erecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TagetesErecta.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,filifolia,Irish Lace,,8 to 11,0.4,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,C. and S. America - Mexico to Costa Rica,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+filifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,lucida,"Mexican Tarragon, Sweetscented marigold",,8 to 11,0.8,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hillsides and rocky slopes.",C. and S. America - Mexico to Guatemala.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+lucida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TagetesLucida.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,micrantha,Licorice marigold,,7 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed sites, in open woodlands with scattered pines and junipers. Low areas and where puddles persist along the road.",Southern N. America - Mexico. An occasional casual in Britain[17].,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/tagetes_micrantha_plant.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,minuta,Muster-John-Henry,,8 to 11,1.2,0.6,Annual,,['Insects'],April to November,October,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Waste places and cultivated ground in S. Europe.,S. America. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+minuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TagetesMinuta.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,patula,"French Marigold, Dwarf French Marigold",medium,2 to 11,0.5,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,The pine-oak forest zone. Naturalized in California where it grows on waste ground.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+patula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TagetesPatula.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tagetes,tenuifolia,"Lemon Marigold, Striped Mexican Marigold, Signet Marigold",medium,2 to 11,0.8,0.8,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,C. and S. America - Mexico to Guatemala.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tagetes+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TagetesTenuifolia.jpg
Portulacaceae,Talinum,aurantiacum,Orange Flameflower,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Washes, ravines, flats, dunes, slopes, benches, bluffs, ledges, often in grassland, scrub, or chaparral, sometimes by roads or other disturbed sites, in sandy, gravelly, and rocky soils; 0-2100 m",South-western N. America - western Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talinum+aurantiacum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TalinumAurantiacum.jpg
Talinaceae,Talinum,fruticosum,"Tahitian Spinach, Waterleaf, Ceylon Spinach",fast,8 to 11,0.5,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Occurs naturally on roadsides, waste places, and forests edges, from sea level up to 1,000 metres.","Northern S. America - Peru, Ecuador, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talinum+fruticosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talinum_fruticosum.JPEG
Malvaceae,Talipariti,elatum,Blue Mahoe,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry woodlands[307 ].,"Caribbean - Cuba, Jamaica.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talipariti+elatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talipariti elatum 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Talipariti,tiliaceum,"Beach Hibiscus, Sea Hibiscus, Cottontree, Mahoe",fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found throughout the tropics, often on beaches, saline swamps and disturbed places[302 , 307 ]. Sometimes forms nearly impenetrable thickets, especially along the sides of streams[302 ].",Pantropical.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talipariti+tiliaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talipariti_tiliaceum_Catesby.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Talisia,esculenta,Pitomba,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, on land that does not become inundated[416 ]. Dense primary forest as well as secondary formations, always in alluvial lowlands, at the bottom of valleys[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talisia+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talisia esculenta1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae,Tamarindus,indica,Tamarind,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Low-altitude woodland, savannah and bush, often associated with termite mounds. Prefers semi-arid areas and wooded grassland, and can also be found growing along stream and riverbanks[303 ].","Probably originating in tropical Africa, it is now widespread through the tropics and subtropics.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarindus+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tamarindus indica 1.JPEG
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,africana,African tamarisk,medium,7 to 10,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grows in the littoral, damp places and the sides of streams.",S.W. Europe to N. Africa.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixAfricana.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,anglica,English Tree,medium,6 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Damp ground near the coast.,"Western Europe in Britain, W. France, N.W. Spain and Portugal.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+anglica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,aphylla,Athel Tamarisk,medium,7 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Wadis in hot desert areas in salty and non-salty habitats.,W. Asia to N.E. Africa.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+aphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixAphylla.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,canariensis,"Tamarisk, Canary Island tamarisk",medium,7 to 10,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,Europe - Mediterranean. Canary Isles.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+canariensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixCanariensis.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,chinensis,"Chinese Tamarisk, Five-stamen tamarisk",medium,6 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Roadsides and stream edges, mostly as the result of cultivation.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixChinensis.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,gallica,"Manna Plant, French tamarisk",medium,4 to 8,4.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Damp ground near the coast[17, 100].",W. Europe - France. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+gallica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixGallica.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,hispida,Kashgar Tree,medium,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,E. Asia - Caspian Sea to Manchuria.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+hispida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,juniperina,,medium,5 to 9,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+juniperina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixJuniperina.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,parviflora,Small-Flowered Tamarisk,medium,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Hedges and river banks. Not found on saline soils.,"E. Europe - Balkans, Aegean.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixParviflora.jpg
Tamaricaceae,Tamarix,ramosissima,"Tamarisk, Saltcedar",medium,2 to 9,4.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Saline soils.,E. Asia - S. Russia to China.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamarix+ramosissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamarixRamosissima.jpg
Dioscoreaceae,Tamus,communis,Black Bryony,medium,4 to 8,3.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hedgerows, scrub, woodland edges and copses, avoiding acid soils[1, 9].","Europe, south and east from Britain and Belgium to N. Africa, Hungary, E. Mediterranean, W. Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tamus+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TamusCommunis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,balsamita,"Alecost, Costmary",,5 to 9,0.9,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An introduced weed of roadsides in eastern N. America.,Europe to W. Asia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+balsamita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumBalsamita.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,cinerariifolium,"Dalmation Pellitory, Pyrethrum",,5 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Rocky ground, usually by the seashore.","Europe - Dalmatia, Yugoslavia.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+cinerariifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumCinerariifolium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,coccineum,"Pyrethrum, Pyrethum daisy, Persian Insect Flower,  Painted Daisy",medium,4 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny dry mountainous habitats. Sub-alpine meadows in the Caucasus.,W. Asia to the Caucasus.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+coccineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumCoccineum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,parthenium,"Feverfew, Matricaria",medium,5 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain scrub, rocky slopes, walls, waste places and a weed of gardens, avoiding acid soils.",S.E. Europe to Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+parthenium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumParthenium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,vulgare,"Tansy, Common tansy, Golden Buttons, Curly Leaf Tansy",fast,3 to 9,1.0,1.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,August to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common plant of waste ground, hedgerows etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to the Caucasus, Armenia and Siberia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumVulgare.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,albidum,,,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny ruderal habitats such as roadsides and cultivated fields at elevations below 500 metres.,"E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+albidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumAlbidum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,bessarabicum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S.E. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+bessarabicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,brassicifolium,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - northeastern China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+brassicifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,formosanum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Taiwan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+formosanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,heterolepis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Northeastern China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+heterolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,hondoense,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,In sunny ruderal habitats such as roadsides and edges of cultivated fields at elevations below 500 metres.,E. Asia - C. and N. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+hondoense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,hybernum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Saline soils.,"S. Europe - Italy, Balkans.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+hybernum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,japonicum,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny ruderal habitats such as roadsides and edges of paddy fields at elevations below 500 metres.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumJaponicum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,kok-saghyz,Rubber Dandelion,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High mountain regions, usually on light loamy meadow soils.",E. Europe to W. Asia - Turkistan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+kok-saghyz,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumKok-saghyz.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,laevigatum,"Red-Seed Dandelion, Rock dandelion",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry pastures on sandy or calcareous soils, heaths, waste ground, walls etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+laevigatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumLaevigatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,magellanicum,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane to sub-alpine grassland, rarely in lowland areas, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands in New Zealand.",Southern S. America. New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+magellanicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,megalorrhizon,,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Europe.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+megalorrhizon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,mongolicum,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Village outskirts, embankments and damp roadsides.",E. Asia - China..,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+mongolicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,obovatum,,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+obovatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumObovatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,officinale,"Dandelion - Kukraundha, Kanphool, Common dandelion, Dandelion",fast,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,A very common weed of grassland and cultivated ground.,"Throughout most of the northern hemisphere, including Britain.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumOfficinale.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,platycarpum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,In sunny ruderal habitats such as roadsides and edges of cultivated fields at elevations below 500 metres.,E. Asia - C. Japan..,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+platycarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaraxacumPlatycarpum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,pseudoalbidum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+pseudoalbidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,sinicum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+sinicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,tibetanum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Tibet,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+tibetanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Taraxacum,variegatum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - northeastern China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taraxacum+variegatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae,Tarchonanthus,camphoratus,"Camphor Bush, Wild Camphor Bush",medium,9 to 12,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A common plant of the savannah biome, dry forest margins or secondary deciduous bushland, woodland and wooded grassland often dominant or co-dominant and commonly associated with Acacia spp. and Adansonia digitata[303 ].","Eastern Africa - Ethiopia and Somalia, south to S. Africa. Also in Angola and Botswana.",1,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tarchonanthus+camphoratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1.JPEG
Taxodiaceae,Taxodium,distichum,"Swamp Cypress, Bald cypress, Common Bald Cypress",fast,4 to 10,30.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Wet sites that are under water for at least part of the year, and often overlying calcareous soils. Often found where the water is brackish.",South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Texas.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxodium+distichum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxodiumDistichum.jpg
Taxaceae,Taxus,baccata,"Yew, English yew,  Common Yew",slow,5 to 7,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods and scrub, usually on limestone. It sometimes forms pure stands in sheltered sites on chalk in the south-east and on limestone in the north-west.","Europe, incl Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus, Iran, Himalayas.",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxusBaccata.jpg
Taxaceae,Taxus,brevifolia,Pacific Yew,slow,5 to 9,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to May,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Growing singly or in small clumps on the banks of mountain streams, in deep gorges and ravines, open or dense forests, especially under large coniferous trees from sea level to 2200 metres[82, 270].",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+brevifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxusBrevifolia.jpg
Taxaceae,Taxus,canadensis,Canadian Yew,slow,4 to 8,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"An understory shrub in rich forests (deciduous, mixed, or coniferous), bogs, swamps, gorges, ravine slopes, and rocky banks from sea level to 1500 metres.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Western Virginia, Manitoba, Kentucky and Iowa.",3,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxusCanadensis.jpg
Taxaceae,Taxus,cuspidata,Japanese Yew,slow,4 to 7,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Mountains throughout Japan. Acid soils in cold, humid places at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres in Heilongjiang, E Jilin, Liaoning and Shaanxi provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, eastern Russia.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+cuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxusCuspidata.jpg
Taxaceae,Taxus,x media,Anglojapanese Yew,slow,4 to 7,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, T. baccata x T. cuspidata.",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+x media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxusXMedia.jpg
Lamiaceae,Tectona,grandis,Teak,fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Ants']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Occurs naturally in various types of tropical deciduous forests[303 ].,"E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tectona+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tectona grandis 1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Telfairia,occidentalis,Fluted Gourd,fast,10 to 12,15.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Lowland rainforest and riversides[200 ]. Rain-forest; secondary forest; forest edges; possibly often as a relic of former cultivation; at elevations up to 1,200 metres[299 , 328 ].",West tropical Africa - Benin to Cameroon.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Telfairia+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Telfairia occidentalis1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Telfairia,pedata,Oysternut,fast,10 to 12,20.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Coastal rain and riverine forest from sea level to 1,100 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Tanzania, northern Mozambique.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Telfairia+pedata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Telfairia_pedata_Houtte.JPEG
Saxifragaceae,Tellima,grandiflora,"Fringe Cups, Bigflower tellima",,5 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky soils under moist conditions, occasionally in boggy land, in redwood, mixed evergreen and yellow pine forests from sea level to 1500 metres.","Western N. America. A garden escape, occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tellima+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TellimaGrandiflora.jpg
Proteaceae,Telopea,speciosissima,Waratah,,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Dry sclerophyll forests and sandstone soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Telopea+speciosissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TelopeaSpeciosissima.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tephroseris,integrifolia,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Moist ground in Szechwan, W. China",Europe to E. Asia.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephroseris+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TephroserisIntegrifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tephroseris,palustris,Marsh Fleawort,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fen ditches.,"Circumboreal. Formerly native to Britain, now apparently extinct[17].",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephroseris+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TephroserisPalustris.jpg
Fabaceae,Tephrosia,candida,White Tephrosia,medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Primary and secondary forest, higher locations in sago-palm swamps and disturbed places such as roadsides, riverbanks, steep slopes and fields[303 ].","E. Asia - India, Nepal, Bhutan.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephrosia+candida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tephrosia candida 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Tephrosia,virginiana,"Catgut, Virginia tephrosia",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy woods and openings.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Florida, west to Texas and Manitoba.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephrosia+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TephrosiaVirginiana.jpg
Fabaceae,Tephrosia,vogelii,"Fish-poison-bean,",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in widely varying habitats, including savannah-like vegetation, grassland, forest margins and shrubland, wasteland and fallow fields[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Sudan, south to Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephrosia+vogelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tephrosia_vogelii1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,arjuna,"Arjuna, Terminalia",fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet, marshy areas and on riverbanks[254 ]. Banks of streams and rivers in central India[146 , 303 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+arjuna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia arjuna 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,bellirica,Beleric Myrobalan,,10 to 12,35.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scattered forests, sunny mountain slopes, one of the upper layer trees of stream valleys and lower seasonal rain forests at elevations of 500 - 1,400 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - southwest China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+bellirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia_bellirica1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,catappa,"Indian Almond, Tropical Almond Tree",fast,10 to 12,30.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A mid-canopy tree in areas just inland from ocean beaches, near river mouths, and on coastal plains. These areas are typically flat, but they may have dunes or rocky bluffs[303 , 653 ]. Sandy or rocky beaches[451 ].","Africa - Maagascar; E. Asia - China, India, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea to Australia and the Pacific.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+catappa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia catappa4.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,chebula,"Black Myrobalan, Chebulic Myroblan,",slow,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Scattered in teak forest, mixed deciduous forest, extending into forests of comparatively dry types; at elevations up to 1,500 metres, occasionally to 2,000 metres[299 , 303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh.Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",3,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+chebula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia_chebula_Roxburgh.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,ferdinandiana,Billy Goat Plum,medium,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandplains behind beaches, dry creek beds, flood plains, cliff tops, ridges, coastal vine thickets, mangrove edges in Western Australia[285 ].","Australia - Northern Australia, Queensland, Western Australia.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+ferdinandiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia ferdinandiana 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,ivorensis,Black Afara,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Butterflies', 'Flies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Predominantly a tree of seasonal forest zones, where it often forms part of the canopy. It is also sometimes found in evergreen rainforest conditions[299 , 303 ].",Western tropical Africa - Guinea Bissau to Cameroon.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+ivorensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia ivorensis 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,kaernbachii,Okari Nut,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scattered, but sometimes common, in lowland rainforest and riverine forest, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[303 ].","E. Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea to the Solomon Islands.",5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+kaernbachii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia kaernbachii 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,sambesiaca,,fast,10 to 12,32.0,32.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforest, dry evergreen forest and riverine forest, less often in savannah woodland and on rocky hills, from sea-level up to 850 metres[299 ].","East tropical Africa - southeast Kenya, Tanzania, northern Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+sambesiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia sambesiaca 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,superba,Shinglewood,fast,10 to 12,40.0,40.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A characteristic canopy tree of tropical high secondary forest areas with a dry season of about 4 months[303 ].,"West Tropical Africa - Guinea Bissau to Cameroon and DR Congo, south to Angola.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+superba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia superba 1.JPEG
Theaceae,Ternstroemia,japonica,,,8 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forests and thickets at elevations of 200 - 2800 metres in southern and western China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and the Himalayas where it grows at elevations of 1,200 - 1,500 metres.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ternstroemia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TernstroemiaJaponica.jpg
Aizoaceae,Tetragonia,implexicoma,Bower Spinach,,None to None,0.5,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal limestone & sand dunes on grey sandy soils.,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetragonia+implexicoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TetragoniaImplexicoma.jpg
Aizoaceae,Tetragonia,tetragonioides,New Zealand Spinach,fast,8 to 11,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Coastal sand dunes and stony beaches on North South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. Sheltered beaches, salt marshes and arid plains in Australia.",Australia to New Zealand.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetragonia+tetragonioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TetragoniaTetragonoides.jpg
Araliaceae,Tetrapanax,papyrifer,"Rice Paper Plant, Chinese Rice Paper Plant",fast,8 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides in mixed forests and shrub thickets at elevations of 100 - 2800 metres[147, 266]. Subtropical forests.","E. Asia - China, Taiwan.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetrapanax+papyrifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TetrapanaxPapyrifer.jpg
Vitaceae,Tetrastigma,hemsleyanum,,,None to None,,,,,,,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady and moist places in montane forests, climbing on trees or cliff walls.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetrastigma+hemsleyanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,canadense,"American Germander, Canada germander, Western germander",,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Woods and thickets. Stream bottom woods and low open ground in Texas.,Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida and Mexico.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TeucriumCanadense.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,chamaedrys,"Wall Germander, Germander",slow,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny, rather dry places on waste ground and rocky outcrops, mainly on limestone soils Naturalized on old walls in Britain.",S. Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+chamaedrys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TeucriumChamaedrys.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,marum,Cat Thyme,,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills and bushy places.,Europe - W. Mediterranean.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+marum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TeucriumMarum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,massiliense,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,Europe - W. Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+massiliense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,polium,,,6 to 9,0.2,0.2,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,A variable species with a number of sub-species growing in a variety of habitats from sandy places near the sea to mountain ranges.,Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+polium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TeucriumPolium.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,scordium,Water Germander,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Banks of rivers and ditches on calcareous soils and on dune slacks. A rare plant in Britain.,"Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to France, W. Siberia and Serbia.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+scordium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TeucriumScordium.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Teucrium,scorodonia,Wood Sage,,5 to 9,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, not strongly calcareous, soils in woodlands, grassland, heaths and dunes[4, 17]. Also found on lime-free moorland soils.","W. Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Portugal, Italy, Croatia and Germany.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Teucrium+scorodonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TeucriumScorodonia.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Thalictrum,aquilegiifolium,,,5 to 9,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp woods, hedges and rich upland meadows of the lower Alps, often in stony places near glaciers.",E. and C. Europe to Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thalictrum+aquilegiifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThalictrumAquilegiifolium.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Thalictrum,collinum,Lesser meadow-rue,,None to None,,,,,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thalictrum+collinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Thalictrum,foliolosum,,,None to None,2.5,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies at elevations of 1300 - 3400 metres from Kashmir to S.E. Tibet and Burma, especially in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thalictrum+foliolosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Thalictrum,minus,Lesser meadow-rue,,None to None,,,,,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thalictrum+minus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Thalictrum,polycarpum,Meadowrue,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed evergreen and oak forests, mainly below 750 metres in California. Streamsides and other moist places, forests, and open woodlands at elevations of 600 - 3100 metres.","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, Utah and Mexico..",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thalictrum+polycarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThalictrumPolycarpum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Thalictrum,simplex galioides,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S.E. and C. Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thalictrum+simplex galioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,aristatus,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp sites in woodland and high savannah. Open, rocky ground at elevations of 2200 - 3100 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - N.E. Himalayas.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+aristatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,spathaceus,Umbrella Bamboo,,5 to 9,4.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp positions in woodlands up to 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - C. China in W. Sichuan, S. Guizhou and Shaanxi..",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+spathaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,spathiflorus,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forming thickets in damp sites in cedar, oak and fir forests up to 3600 metres[51, 200]. Prefers growing on steeply sloping sites.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+spathiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,tessellatus,Bergbamboes,,None to None,3.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stream lines, damp rocky slopes and forest margins, 1500 - 2500 metres.",S. Africa.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+tessellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Thapsia,garganica,Drias Plant,,8 to 11,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places, fields and sunny slopes.",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thapsia+garganica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThapsiaGarganica.jpg
Apiaceae,Thaspium,barbinode,"Meadowparsnip, Meadow-parsnip",medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mesic black soil prairies, openings in forests and woodland borders, sandy savannas, rocky bluffs, and banks of rivers and lakes. This plant occurs in prairies to a greater extent than has been realized in the past[1-6].",Native to US,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thaspium+barbinode,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thaspium_barbinode1.JPEG
Apiaceae,Thaspium,trifoliatum,"Woodland parsnip, Thaspium",fast,4 to 9,1.2,1.2,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky upland woodlands, rocky bluffs, upland oak savannas, woodland borders and openings, prairies, streambanks, and roadsides.",Native to eastern North America from Minnesota to New York south to Texas and Florida with concentrations found in the Mississippi River valley.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thaspium+trifoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thaspium_trifoliatum1.JPEG
Marantaceae,Thaumatococcus,daniellii,"Sweet Prayer Plant, Katemfe",fast,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Tropical lowland rainforest[310 ]. Forest clearings[418 ].,Western and central Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Zaire.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thaumatococcus+daniellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thaumatococcus daniellii 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Thelesperma,gracile,Hopi tea greenthread,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry plains, prairies and roadsides.","Central and western N. America - Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Mexico and Arizona.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelesperma+gracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelespermaGracile.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Thelesperma,megapotamicum,Navajo Tea,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy or rocky prairies and roadsides in Texas. Dry sandy soils in south-western S. Dakota.,Western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelesperma+megapotamicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelespermaMegapotamicum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Thelesperma,trifidum,Stiff greenthread,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Calcareous barrens and plains. Dry soils.,"Central and Southern N. America - South Dakota, Missouri and Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Mexico.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelesperma+trifidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelespermaTrifidum.jpg
Rubiaceae,Theligonum,cynocrambe,Dog's Cabbage,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Annual,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp or shady rocks and walls[45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Theligonum+cynocrambe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Thelymitra,longifolia,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocks, banks and open ground from the maritime to the sub-alpine zones on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelymitra+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelymitraLongifolia.jpg
Orchidaceae,Thelymitra,pulchella,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Clay banks, gumland, pakihi and other boggy places in North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelymitra+pulchella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thelypteridaceae,Thelypteris,noveboracensis,New York fern,medium,2 to 8,0.5,0.5,Fern,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist woodlands, moist sandy woodlands, upland rocky woodlands, shaded sandstone cliffs, low areas along streams in wooded areas, shaded seeps and springs along hillsides and ravines, and swamps.","Eastern United States and Canada, from Louisiana to Newfoundland, but most concentrated within Appalachia and the Atlantic Northeast.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelypteris+noveboracensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thelypteris_noveboracensis1.JPEG
Thelypteridaceae,Thelypteris,palustris,"Marsh Fern, Eastern marsh fern",fast,4 to 8,0.8,0.6,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Marshes and fens, often abundant in carr or alder wood.","Europe, incl Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, temperate Asia to China, E. N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thelypteris+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThelypterisPalustris.jpg
Malvaceae,Theobroma,cacao,"Cacao, Cocoa Tree",medium,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Thrips', 'Midges', 'Ants', 'Aphids']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"An understorey plant of evergreen rainforest in the wet humid tropics, growing in places that are not usually seasonally inundated[303 , 636 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Colombia, the Guyanas; C. America - Belize, Guatemala, southern Mexico.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Theobroma+cacao,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Theobroma cacao 9_chocolate_Low Resolution.JPEG
Malvaceae,Theobroma,glaucum,,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,The lower tree storey of evergreen rainforests[636 ]. Found from the lower level of the great rivers up to elevations of 450 metres in forested hills[636 ].,"Northern S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Theobroma+glaucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Theobroma glaucum 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Theobroma,grandiflorum,"Cupuassu, Cupuacu",medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rainforests, usually in areas that do not become inundated[416 ]. The lower tree storey of evergreen rainforests[636 ].",S. America - Amazonian Brazil.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Theobroma+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Theobroma grandiflorum_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Thermopsis,lupinoides,,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sand dunes near the sea all over Japan. Sandy beaches and the flood land of ravines or by the sea in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces of China.,E. Asia - Siberia to Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thermopsis+lupinoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThermopsisLupinoides.jpg
Leguminosae,Thermopsis,villosa,"Aaron's rod, Carolina lupine",slow,5 to 8,1.5,0.7,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodland clearings, open meadows, prairies, road banks and disturbed fields.","Native only to forest openings in the Appalachians, but it is adaptable to rich garden soils throughout the eastern United States.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thermopsis+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thermopsis_villosa1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Thespesia,populnea,"Portia Tree, Aden Apple, Indian Tulip Tree",fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sea coasts, often where sandy beaches covered by Casuarina equestifolia give way to coral outcrops[307 ]. Also on rocky coasts and occasionally on the inland edge of mangrove swamp[303 ].","Probably originating in the Asiatic tropics, the plant is now pantropical in range.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thespesia+populnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thespesia_populnea_Blanco.JPEG
Malvaceae,Thespesia,populneoides,Tulip Tree;  Portia Tree; Pacific Rosewood,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky coasts and occasionally on the inland edge of mangrove swamp[303 ].,Coastal regions of the Indian Ocean from Africa to India and Sri Lanka.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thespesia+populneoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thespesia Populneoides 1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Thladiantha,dubia,"Red Hailstone, Manchu tubergourd",fast,6 to 9,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Riparian meadows and sandy coasts. Forest sides and valleys at elevations of 300 - 1800 metres.,"E. Asia - N.E. China, Korea. Naturalized in C. and S.E. Europe[50].",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thladiantha+dubia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThladianthaDubia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Thlaspi,arvense,"Pennycress, Field pennycress",,5 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places and a weed of cultivated ground where it can be a serious pest[1, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia, Siberia and Japan.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thlaspi+arvense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThlaspiArvense.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Thlaspi,perfoliatum,Pennycress,,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Limestone spoil in Oxford, Gloucester, Wilts and Worcester, casual elsewhere.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thlaspi+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThlaspiPerfoliatum.jpg
Cupressaceae,Thuja,occidentalis,"American Arbor-Vitae, Arborvitae,  Eastern Arborvitae, Siberian Arborvitae, Northern White Cedar, Wh",slow,3 to 7,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and cool rocky banks of streams, forming dense almost impenetrable forests[82, 165]. Also found on rocky soils. Plants are usually found on neutral to alkaline limestone soils.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Illinois and Minnesota.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thuja+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thuja-occidentalis.jpg
Cupressaceae,Thuja,orientalis,Biota,slow,5 to 9,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Steep dry rocky valley slopes[11, 200].","E. Asia - W. China, N. Korea. A small wild population is also found in N.E. Iran.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thuja+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThujaOrientalis.jpg
Cupressaceae,Thuja,plicata,"Western Red Cedar,  Giant Arborvitae, Giant Cedar, Incense Cedar,  Western Red Cedar",fast,5 to 8,60.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Grows singly and in small groves in moist to swampy soils, usually in shady forests, from sea-level to 1350 metres[60, 82, 99].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thuja+plicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThujaPlicata.jpg
Cupressaceae,Thujopsis,dolabrata,Hiba,slow,None to None,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In sunny rocky places at elevations of 300 - 1700 metres in the mountains of C. and S. Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thujopsis+dolabrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThujopsisDolabrata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymbra,spicata,,,7 to 10,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sunny hillsides. High dry meadows in Greece.,S. Europe - Greece to W. Asia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymbra+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymbraSpicata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,caespititius,Cretan Thyme,,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Dry stony slopes and gullies.,"S.W. Europe - Portugal, N.W. Spain.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+caespititius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusCaespititius.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,camphoratus,Camphor Thyme,,6 to 9,0.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy places and bushy places.,Europe - Portugal.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+camphoratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusCamphoratus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,capitatus,"Headed Savory, Thymus",,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry, usually calcareous soils[45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+capitatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusCapitatus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,cilicicus,Cilician Thyme,,6 to 9,0.2,0.4,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,W. Asia.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+cilicicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,herba-barona,Caraway Thyme,slow,8 to 10,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S. Europe - Mediterranean in Sardinia and Corsica.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+herba-barona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusHerba-barona.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,hirtus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S.W. Europe - Spain to N. Africa.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+hirtus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,mastichina,Mastic Thyme,,6 to 9,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry hills, rocky ground and roadsides.","S.W. Europe - Spain, Portugal.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+mastichina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusMastichina.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,pannonicus,Eurasian thyme,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S.W. and C. Europe.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+pannonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,praecox,"Mother of thyme, Creeping thyme, Woolly Thyme",medium,5 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Stony and rocky mountain slopes, 1000 - 3600 metres in Turkey.",S. W. and C. Europe.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusPraecox.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,praecox arcticus,Wild Thyme,,4 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Chalk downs, dry grassland, heaths, dunes, screes and amongst rocks.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Iceland and Norway to France and Spain.",3,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+praecox arcticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusPraecoxArcticus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,pseudolanuginosus,Woolly Thyme,medium,3 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in a wild situation,The original habitat of this plant is obscure.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+pseudolanuginosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusPseudolanuginosus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,pulegioides,"Broad-Leaved Thyme, lemon thyme",,4 to 8,0.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry grassland, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Serbia and Bulgaria.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+pulegioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusPulegioides.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,quinquecostatus,,,4 to 8,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry rocky slopes, less common in scrubby areas, 1700 - 3100 metres in Srinagar.","E. Asia - Japan, Himalayas, Mongolia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+quinquecostatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusQuinquecostatus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,serpyllum,Wild Thyme,medium,5 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony ground, open sandy heaths and grassland in East Anglia[7, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to France, Hungary and Roumania.",4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+serpyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusSerpyllum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,vulgaris,"Common Thyme, Garden thyme, Wild Thyme",medium,5 to 11,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry slopes, rocks and maquis. Always found on clay or limestone soils.",S. Europe.,4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusVulgaris.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,x citriodorus,"Lemon Thyme, Creeping Lemon Thyme, Lemon-Scented  Thyme",medium,5 to 10,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in the wild.,A hybrid of garden origin between T. pulegioides and T. vulgaris.,4,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+x citriodorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusXCitriodorus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,zygis,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sunny hills.,"S.W. Europe - Spain, Portugal.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+zygis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusZygis.jpg
Poaceae,Thyrsostachys,siamensis,Monastery Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"River valleys to hilly forested areas; at elevations from 500 - 1,000 metres in southern China[266 ]. Dry or semi-evergreen forest on poor soils[310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Myanmar, Thailand.",4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thyrsostachys+siamensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thyrsostachys siamensis 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Thysanolaena,latifolia,"Asian Broom Grass, Tiger Grass",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Valleys and lightly shaded slopes; ravines; river banks; forest margins; open grasslands. Usually in association with trees (often bamboo forests), solitarily or in small groups, not in full sunlight; at elevations from 150 - 2,000 metres[266 , 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Japan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thysanolaena+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thysanolaena latifolia 1.JPEG
Asphodelaceae,Thysanotus,baueri,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Calcareous loams, sandy and clay soils.",Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thysanotus+baueri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThysanotusBaueri.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Thysanotus,exiliflorus,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dune slopes inland in deep red sandy soils.,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thysanotus+exiliflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Thysanotus,patersonii,Twining Fringed Lily,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy heaths and mallees[154, 193].","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thysanotus+patersonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThysanotusPatersonii.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Thysanotus,tuberosus,Fringed Lily,,9 to 11,0.2,,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils in heaths and grassland in the montane zone.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thysanotus+tuberosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThysanotusTuberosus.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Tiarella,cordifolia,"Foamflower, Heartleaf foamflower, Clumping Foamflower",fast,3 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist woodlands in the mountains[43, 187].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Michigan, Georgia and Virginia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tiarella+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiarellaCordifolia.jpg
Sapotaceae,Tieghemella,africana,Douka,fast,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An emergent tree of primary rain forest, most common in coastal lowland and diminishing towards the eastern parts of its range. It occurs scattered in the forest, but may locally be more abundant[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cote D'Ivoire, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tieghemella+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tieghemella africana 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Tieghemella,heckelii,Baku,medium,10 to 12,50.0,40.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Often an emergent tree of the high forest, it is found in moist evergreen and semi-deciduous forests[299 ]. There is a strong preference for undisturbed forest[299 ].",Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Ghana.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tieghemella+heckelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tieghemella heckelii 1.JPEG
Iridaceae,Tigridia,pavonia,Tiger Flower,,7 to 10,0.6,0.1,Corm,,['Insects'],,June to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Oak and pine forests, it is also frequent on roadsides and in semi-wild habitats.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tigridia+pavonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TigridiaPavonia.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,americana,"American Basswood, Carolina basswood, Basswood,  AmericanBasswood, American Linden",medium,3 to 9,25.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich, often moist, soils of woods and bottomlands, often forming pure stands[82, 227].","Central and Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Texas and Manitoba.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaAmericana.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,amurensis,,medium,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows in woods in N. Korea.,"E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria, S.E. Siberia.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaAmurensis.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,caroliniana,Carolina Basswood,medium,6 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows best in rich moist woods, or in dense hummocks by streams in the south of its range.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaCaroliniana.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,chinensis,,medium,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in W. Szechwan, 2300 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaChinensis.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,cordata,"Small Leaved Lime, Littleleaf linden",medium,3 to 7,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods on most fertile soils, especially limestone, it is commonly found on wooded limestone cliffs.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, Siberia, Crimea and Caucasus.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaCordata.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,heterophylla,"White Basswood, American basswood",medium,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Buffs and slopes of ravines and by streams. Found in rich woods in the Appalachians.,Eastern N. America - New York to Florida.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaHeterophylla.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,japonica,Japanese Lime,medium,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaJaponica.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,mongolica,Mongolian Lime,medium,3 to 6,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes, 1300 - 2300 metres in China.",E. Asia - N. China to Mongolia.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+mongolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaMongolica.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,oliveri,,medium,5 to 9,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist woods in N.W. Hupeh. In evergreen or mixed evergreen and deciduous forests at elevations of 1300 - 2250 metres.,E. Asia - China.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+oliveri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaOliveri.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,platyphyllos,"Large Leaved Lime, Largeleaf linden, Bigleaf Linden",medium,4 to 6,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods on good calcareous or base rich soils.,"Europe, from Britain and Belgium south and east to Spain, Crimea, Caucasus and W. Asia.",5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+platyphyllos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaPlatyphyllos.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,tomentosa,Silver Lime,medium,4 to 7,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Oak and mixed woods.,S.E. Europe.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaTomentosa.jpg
Tiliaceae,Tilia,tuan,,medium,5 to 9,16.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and woods, 1300 - 2600 metres in W. Hupeh.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+tuan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tiliaceae,Tilia,x europaea,"Linden, Common Lime",medium,3 to 9,35.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid, probably T. cordata. x T. platyphyllos.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilia+x europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TiliaXEuropaea.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Tilingia,ajanensis,false snowparsley,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Alpine slopes in C. and N. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilingia+ajanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TilingiaAjanensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Tilingia,holopetala,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places in mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tilingia+holopetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Menispermaceae,Tinospora,cordifolia,Kanda Amrta,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry districts at low elevations[464 ]. Deciduous and dry forests.,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tinospora+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tinospora cordifolia 1.JPEG
Menispermaceae,Tinospora,crispa,"Patawali, Akar Patawali",fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, forest margins[334 ]. Primary rain forest and mixed deciduous forest, it can also be very common in secondary vegetation after logging and in hedges, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia,",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tinospora+crispa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tinospora crispa 1.JPEG
Menispermaceae,Tinospora,sagittata,,,None to None,20.0,,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,May,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady and damp places between rock crevices on hillsides. Forests and grasslandin south and western China.,E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tinospora+sagittata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae,Tithonia,diversifolia,Mexican Sunflower,fast,10 to 12,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Damp thickets or dry, brushy slopes, at elevations from 200 - 2,300 metres in Guatemala[331 ].","C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tithonia+diversifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tithonia_diversifolia1.JPEG
Saxifragaceae,Tolmiea,menziesii,"Youth On Age, Mother-of-Thousands Plant, Youth on Age Plant, Pickaback Plant",medium,7 to 9,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist coniferous woods below 1800 metres, especially by streams.",Western N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tolmiea+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tolmiea_menziesii_-_Youth-on-Age.jpg
Meliaceae,Toona,ciliata,"Mountain Cedar, Australian Red Cedar, Toona",fast,9 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Moths']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common to abundant in shade or open habitats: valleys, ravines, woods, thickets, forests, hillsides, mountaintops, slopes, near rivers and streams, especially throughout Yunnan, at elevations of 400 - 2,800 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesi",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toona+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Toona ciliata 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Toona,sinensis,Chinese Cedar,fast,6 to 11,20.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woodland.,"E. Asia - China, northern India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toona+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AilanthusFlavescens.jpg
Meliaceae,Toona,sureni,Suren,fast,9 to 12,35.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy tree in primary forest, but is more common in secondary forest, often on riparian hillsides and slopes, at elevations from 700 - 1,700 metres[266 , 303 , 388 ]. Open hillsides, occasional in ravines, forests, and woods[266 ].","E. Asia- China, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toona+sureni,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Toona_sureni_1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Tordylium,apulum,"Roman Pimpernel, Mediterranean hartwort",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated and waste ground, also along the sides of tracks in the Mediterranean[50, 89].",Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tordylium+apulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TordyliumApulum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Torilis,japonica,"Upright Hedge Parsley, Erect hedgeparsley",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedges and grassy places in dry soils.,"Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, north and east Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torilis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TorilisJaponica.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Torreya,californica,California Nutmeg,slow,6 to 9,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rare and local along mountain streams, protected slopes, creek bottoms, and moist canyons of the Coastal Range and Sierra Nevada from sea level to 2000 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torreya+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TorreyaCalifornica.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Torreya,fargesii,,slow,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands, 1000 - 1600 metres. Coniferous, mixed, and broad-leaved forests at an elevation of 1000 - 3400 metres.",E. Asia - E. China.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torreya+fargesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cephalotaxaceae,Torreya,grandis,Chinese Nutmeg Tree,slow,7 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands, 1000 - 1600 metres. Mountains, open valleys, often by streams, on yellow, red, and dark soils at elevations of 200 - 1400 metres.",E. Asia - C. and E. China.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torreya+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TorreyaGrandis.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Torreya,jackii,,slow,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods at elevations of 400 - 1000 metres in N Fujian, NE Jiangxi S Zhejiang provinces.",E. Asia - E. China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torreya+jackii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cephalotaxaceae,Torreya,nucifera,"Kaya, Japanese torreya",slow,6 to 8,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist valley bottoms.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,5,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torreya+nucifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TorreyaNucifera4.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Torreya,yunnanensis,Yunnan Nutmeg Yew,slow,7 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous and mixed forests in warm temperate zones, locally a common forest tree, at levations of 1500 - 3400 metres in NW Yunnan.",E. Asia - China in Yunnan province.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Torreya+yunnanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Urticaceae,Touchardia,latifolia,Olona,slow,10 to 12,2.0,,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mesic valleys and wet forest at elevations from 70 - 1,200 metres[417 ]. Deep ravines[454 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Touchardia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Touchardia latifolia 1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Toxicodendron,sylvestre,Yame-haze,medium,9 to 12,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan [58 ]. Lowland, hill and mountain forests; at elevations from 100 - 800 metres, occasionally to 2,300 metres [266 ]. ","E. Asia - southern China, central and southern Japan, Korea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toxicodendron+sylvestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Toxicodendron_sylvestre1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Toxicodendron,vernicifluum,Lacquer Tree,,None to None,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets on mountain slopes, usually around 1200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toxicodendron+vernicifluum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusVerniciflua2.jpg
Apocynaceae,Trachelospermum,asiaticum,"Japanese Star Jasmine, Small Leaf Confederate Jasmine, Asiatic Jasmine",slow,7 to 10,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in hills and low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Growing in scrub and climbing up trees in the forest.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachelospermum+asiaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachelospermumAsiaticum.jpg
Apocynaceae,Trachelospermum,jasminoides,"Star Jasmine, Confederate jasmine",slow,8 to 10,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found as a weed in Chinese gardens where it grows on walls and trees.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachelospermum+jasminoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachelospermumJasminoides.jpg
Apocynaceae,Trachomitum,lancifolium,"Lance leaved Dogbane, Lance leaved Kendry",fast,4 to 9,3.0,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Boreal to warm temperate climates. Semi-arid areas.,"Siberia, Central Asia, Mongolia, N. China",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachomitum+lancifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trachomitum_lancifolium1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Trachomitum,sarmatiense,"Sarmatian Dogbane, Sarmatian Kendry",fast,4 to 9,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Boreal to warm temperate. Humidity: Semi-arid to humid.,Origin: C. Asia.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachomitum+sarmatiense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trachomitum_sarmatiense1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Trachomitum,scabrum,"Kendry, Rough Kendry",fast,4 to 9,2.0,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Kendyr thickets are found throughout Central Asia in the tugay, along the banks of reservoirs, canals and ditches, on deposits, wet meadow soils.",Origin: Eurasia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachomitum+scabrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trachomitum_scabrum1.JPEG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Trachycarpus,fortunei,"Chusan Palm, Chinese windmill palm, Windmill Palm",slow,8 to 11,12.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Montane oak forests to 2400 metres.,E. Asia - C. and E. China.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachycarpus+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachycarpusFortunei.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Trachycarpus,martianus,,slow,7 to 10,12.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations to 2,400 metres, often on limestone soils.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to S.W. China.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachycarpus+martianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachycarpusMartianus.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Trachymene,glaucifolia,Wild Carrot,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sand dunes and flat buckshot plains in red sandy soils.,Australia - temperate areas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachymene+glaucifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Trachymene,incisa,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open forests and cleared areas on sandy soils.,Australia - Queensland and New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachymene+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Trachyspermum,ammi,Ajowan caraway,,None to None,0.6,0.4,Annual,,,,July to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp ground.,Europe to eastern Asia in the Himalayas.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachyspermum+ammi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachyspermumAmmi.jpg
Boraginaceae,Trachystemon,orientalis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachystemon+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachystemonOrientalis.jpg
Commelinaceae,Tradescantia,virginiana,"Spiderwort, Virginia spiderwort",medium,4 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,,,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, scrub, meadows and roadsides[43, 187].","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tradescantia+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TradescantiaVirginiana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,coloratus,,,None to None,0.5,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Stony places from 350 - 2500 metres in Turkey.,W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+coloratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,crocifolius,,,4 to 8,0.8,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Cultivated land and stony ground in the mountains.,S. Europe - Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+crocifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TragopogonCrocifolius.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,cupani,,,None to None,0.8,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. Europe - Sicily.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+cupani,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,dubius,Yellow Salsify,,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Fields in Turkey, 400 - 1840 metres.",Europe to W. Asia - Austria and N. France eastwards.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+dubius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TragopogonDubius.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,gracilis,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open slopes and grassland, 1500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to E. Nepal.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,hispanica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,porrifolius,Salsify,,4 to 8,0.6,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found near the sea and estuaries in S.E. England.,Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+porrifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TragopogonPorrifolius.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tragopogon,pratensis,Goat's Beard,,3 to 7,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, pastures, dunes, waysides and waste places.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Caucasus, Siberia, Iran.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tragopogon+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TragopogonPratensis.jpg
Trapaceae,Trapa,bicornis,"Ling, Horn nut",,4 to 8,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trapa+bicornis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrapaBicornis.jpg
Trapaceae,Trapa,incisa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Lakes and ponds in central and southern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trapa+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrapaIncisa.jpg
Trapaceae,Trapa,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Lakes and ponds all over Japan.,Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trapa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrapaJaponica.jpg
Trapaceae,Trapa,natans,Water Chestnut,,6 to 12,,,,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Water up to 60cm deep.,"Europe to E. Asia, Indo-China and N. Africa.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trapa+natans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrapaNatans.jpg
Moraceae,Treculia,africana,African Breadfruit or Breadnut,medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found near streams or in swampy areas in forests at an altitude up to 1,500 metres[303 ]. Riverine, mixed evergreen and swamp forests, woodlands, sea level to 1,300 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to southern Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, south to northern Angola, Zambia, Mal",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Treculia+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Treculia africana3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Cannabaceae,Trema,orientalis,Charcoal Tree,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist forests, dry scrub of open slopes at elevations of 400 - 1,900 metres in southern China[266 ]. Open places on hillsides at elevations of 200 - 1,200 metres in Nepal[272 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, southern China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesi",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trema+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trema orientalis 1.JPEG
Zygophyllaceae,Tribulus,terrestris,"Caltrop, Puncturevine",fast,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,April to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Dry open habitats, often as a weed in Europe. Sandy seashores in Japan.",Europe - N. France and eastwards to E. Asia.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tribulus+terrestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TribulusTerrestris.jpg
Acanthaceae,Trichanthera,gigantea,"Giant trichanthera, Nacadero",fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Birds', 'Ants', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Streams and swampy areas and wet forests at low elevations[418 ]. Along roadsides, in clearings, swampy areas, forests and thickets[428 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichanthera+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trichanthera_gigantea1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Trichilia,dregeana,Cape Mahogany,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The transition zone between forest-savannah mosaic and moist evergreen forest, mostly at elevations of 500 - 1,600 metres in the north of its range, but gradually descending to sea level in S. Africa[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Cote D'Ivoire to Ethiopia, south to Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe a",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichilia+dregeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trichilia dregeana 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Trichilia,emetica,"Banket mahogany, Natal mahogany, ",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Sunbirds']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Locally frequent in riparian forest and in some types of munga woodland; it can be found occasionally in swamp forest, montane forest, savannah or alluvial lowland rainforest and escarpment miombo[303 ].","Sub-Saharan Africa - Senegal to Sudan and into Yemen; all of East Africa to S. Africa and also Angola, Namibia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichilia+emetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trichilia_emetica1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Trichosanthes,cucumerina anguina,Snake Gourd,fast,10 to 12,5.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Not known in the wild.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichosanthes+cucumerina anguina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrichosanthesCucumerinaAnguina.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Trichosanthes,kirilowii,Chinese Cucumber,fast,8 to 11,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest edges and a weed of thickets in China. Open forests, bushlands, grasslands and fields beside villages at elevations of 200 - 1800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Mongolia, Vietnam.",2,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichosanthes+kirilowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrichosanthesKirilowii.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Trichosanthes,kirilowii japonica,,fast,8 to 11,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,See Trichosanthes kirilowii for possible related hazards.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichosanthes+kirilowii japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrichosanthesKirilowiiJaponica.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Trichosanthes,multiloba,,fast,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations between 600 and 1,800 metres in the Himalayas","E. Asia - China, central and southern Japan and the eastern Himalayas.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichosanthes+multiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Trichosanthes,ovigera,Japanese Snake Gourd,fast,9 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],May to October,July to September,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fertile and damp places in mountain wilds in China. Brushwoods along valleys, open forests on mountain slopes at elevations of 700 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trichosanthes+ovigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrichosanthesOvigera.jpg
Tricyrtidaceae,Tricyrtis,hirta,"Toad Lily, Japanese Toad Lily",slow,5 to 9,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Shady rocks.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tricyrtis+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TricyrtisHirta.jpg
Tricyrtidaceae,Tricyrtis,latifolia,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods in mountains all over Japan. Forests and forest margins in Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tricyrtis+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TricyrtisLatifolia.jpg
Tricyrtidaceae,Tricyrtis,macropoda,,,4 to 8,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, grassy slopes and rock crevices at elevations of 800 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tricyrtis+macropoda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Trientalis,europaea,"Chickweed Wintergreen, Arctic starflower",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"In pine woods, amongst moss in grassy places, usually rooting in humus.","Northern Europe, including Britain, to northern Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trientalis+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrientalisEuropaea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,bifidum,"Piñole Clover, Notchleaf clover",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Open ground. Grassy fields and open woodland.,South-western N. America.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+bifidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,ciliatum,Foothill Clover,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Slopes and grassy valleys or open forests.,Western N. America.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+ciliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,cyathiferum,Cup Clover,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Wet meadows to fairly dry sandy soils.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+cyathiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumCyathiferum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,dichotomum,Branched Indian Clover,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Low meadows from sea level to 1300 metres.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+dichotomum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,dubium,Suckling Clover,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grassy places throughout Britain.,"Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain and the Caucasus.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+dubium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumDubium.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,fimbriatum,"Springbank Clover, Cows clover",,None to None,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Meadows, stream banks and the edges of coastal sand dunes.",Western N. America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+fimbriatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumFimbriatum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,fucatum,"Sour Clover, Bull clover",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grassy places. Moist places below 1000 metres.,Western N. America - California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+fucatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumFucatum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,fucatum virescens,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Moist valleys and dry hills.,South-western N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+fucatum virescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,gracilentum,"Pin-Point Clover, Palmer's clover",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Open and grassy places.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+gracilentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumGracilentum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,hybridum,Alsike Clover,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Roadsides in Britain.,Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumHybridum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,incarnatum,Crimson Clover,medium,3 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grassy places near the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall.,"Western and southern Europe, including Britain, to the Balkans and the Mediterranean.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+incarnatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumIncarnatum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,lupinaster,Lupine clover,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests to steppe regions in eastern Europe. Moist lowland, by forests and on hillsides in northern China.",E. Europe to N.E. Asia.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+lupinaster,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumLupinaster.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,macrocephalum,"Bighead Clover, Largehead clover",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry, often rocky soils, usually amongst sagebrush or under yellow pine.",Western N. America - Idaho to Washington and California.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+macrocephalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumMacrocephalum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,microcephalum,Smallhead Clover,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist meadows, sandy river banks and drier hillsides.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+microcephalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumMicrocephalum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,obtusiflorum,Clammy Clover,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Moist places below 1600 metres.,South-western N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+obtusiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumObtusiflorum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,ornithopodioides,"Birdsfoot Fenugreek, Bird clover",,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Dry sandy places in southern England, mainly near the coast[5, 17].","Southern and western Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south to N. Africa.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+ornithopodioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumOrnithopodioides.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,pratense,Red Clover,medium,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, pastures and other grassy places, especially on calcareous soils. Usually found on circumneutral soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain and W. Asia.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+pratense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumPratense.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,repens,"White Clover, Dutch Clover, Purple Dutch Clover, Shamrock,  White Clover",medium,4 to 8,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grassland and lawns, preferring a calcareous clay soil[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norwat south and east to N. Africa, north and western Asia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumRepens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,subterraneum,Subterranean Clover,,7 to 10,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sandy and gravelly pastures, also on cliff tops, avoiding acid soils and shady positions.","Southern and western Europe, including Britain.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+subterraneum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumSubterraneum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,tridentatum,Tomcat Clover,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grassy hills and meadowlands.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+tridentatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumTridentatum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trifolium,variegatum,Whitetip Clover,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry sandy soils to moist meadows.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trifolium+variegatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrifoliumVariegatum.jpg
Juncaginaceae,Triglochin,maritima,Sea Arrow Grass,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Salt marshes and grassy places near the sea[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from the Arctic south and east to N. Africa, W. and N. Asia. N. America.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triglochin+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriglochinMaritima.jpg
Juncaginaceae,Triglochin,palustris,Marsh Arrow Grass,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Marshes, usually amongst tall grass.","Europe, including Britain, from the Arctic south and east to N. Africa, northern Asia. N. America.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triglochin+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriglochinPalustris.jpg
Juncaginaceae,Triglochin,procera,Water Ribbons,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Lakes, swamps and streams, sometimes in deeper waters[154, 265].","Australia - all areas, including Tasmania.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triglochin+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriglochinProcera.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trigonella,caerulea,"Sweet Trefoil, Blue fenugreek",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Naturalized on waste and arable land.,Europe - Mediterranean? The origin of this plant is obscure[50],1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonellaCaerulea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trigonella,corniculata,cultivated fenugreek,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated ground, dry banks and grassy places.",Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+corniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonellaCorniculata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trigonella,foenum-graecum,"Fenugreek, Sicklefruit fenugreek",fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Field verges, uncultivated ground, dry grasslands and hillsides.",Europe - S. France.,4,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+foenum-graecum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonellaFoenum-graecum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Trigonella,suavissima,Sweet Fenugreek,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Temperate upland areas. Floodplains, seepage areas and clay depressions in red loamy soils.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+suavissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Trigonotis,icumae,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - C. and N. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonotis+icumae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonotisIcumae.jpg
Boraginaceae,Trigonotis,peduncularis,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A very common plant in grassy places and cultivated fields in lowland areas all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonotis+peduncularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonotisPeduncularis.jpg
Boraginaceae,Trigonotis,radicans,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A rare plant in the mountains of S. Japan. Found on damp rocks in Siberia. Forest margins, thickets, brookside meadows in N. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonotis+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrigonotisRadicans.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Trilisa,odoratissima,"Vanilla Plant, Vanillaleaf",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low pinelands. Pine barrens.,"South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Missouri.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trilisa+odoratissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilisaOdoratissima.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,erectum,"Beth Root - Indian Balm, Red trillium, Wakerobin, Purple Trillium",slow,4 to 9,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cool, rich, moist, neutral to acidic soils of upland deciduous forests, mixed deciduous-coniferous forests, coniferous swamp borders at elevations of 200 - 700 metres.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario and Michigan, south to Tennessee.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+erectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumErectum.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,grandiflorum,"White Trillium, Large Flower Trillium, White Trillium, Large Flower Wakerobin,  Large Flowered  Tril",slow,4 to 9,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woods and thickets, usually on limestone. Rich deciduous or mixed coniferous-deciduous upland woods, floodplains, roadsides at elevations of 20 - 700 metres.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, south to Georgia and Arkansas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumGrandiflorum.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,kamtschaticum,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humus-rich soils in woodlands, N. Japan[58, 200]. Forests, forest margins and moist places at elevations of 500 - 1400 metres in Jilin province in China.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+kamtschaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumKamtschaticum.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,ovatum,"Wakerobin,  Pacific trillium, Oettinger's trillium, Hibberson's trillium",,4 to 8,0.4,0.2,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woodlands. Damp woods or boggy areas in partial shade, from low valleys to elevations of 2,000 metres.","Western N. America - Montana to British Columbia, south to California and Colorado.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+ovatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumOvatum.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,pendulum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich woodlands.,Central and Western N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+pendulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Trilliaceae,Trillium,sessile,Toadshade,,4 to 8,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woodlands, limestone districts, calcareous soils, floodplains, riverbanks, clayey alluvium, less fertile soils, high, dry limestone woods, persists under light pasturing, 100 - 300 metres.",Eastern N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+sessile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumSessile.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,smallii,,,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in foothills all over Japan. Also found in grassy places in mountains and occasionally in stony places by the sea.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+smallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumSmallii.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,tschonoskii,,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains in C. and S. Japan. Shady places in rocky wooded ravines in humus-rich soils[42, 90, 200].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+tschonoskii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumTschonoskii.jpg
Trilliaceae,Trillium,undulatum,Painted Trillium,,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Deep acid humus of pine, spruce, hemlock, oak, mixed deciduous-coniferous woods, rhododendron or mountain laurel thickets in south range, almost any acidic forested situation north, 10 - 1800 m.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trillium+undulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilliumUndulatum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triodia,irritans,Porcupine Grass,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry inland areas. Sandplains and rocky hillsides in red/grey sandy soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triodia+irritans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Triosteum,perfoliatum,"Wild Coffee, Feverwort",,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich soils. Shady positions in forests on limestone soils.,"Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Alabama, Kentucky and Kansas, west to Nebraska.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triosteum+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriosteumPerfoliatum.jpg
Rutaceae,Triphasia,trifolia,Lime Berry,,9 to 12,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Arid ground.,"E. Asia - probably originally native to Java, or perhaps from China to the Philippines, long cultivated it is not known in a truly wild situation.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triphasia+trifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriphasiaTrifolia.jpg
Malvaceae,Triplochiton,scleroxylon,"Arere, Obeche, Samba",fast,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland half-deciduous forest; abandoned cultivated ground in transition zone between rain- and half-deciduous forest; old secondary forests[328 ].,"West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Gabon, Central African Republic and DR Congo.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triplochiton+scleroxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Triplochiton scleroxylon 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Tripsacum,dactyloides,"Sesame Grass, Eastern gamagrass, Fakahatchee Grass",medium,7 to 11,2.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swales, moist fields, woodland edges and shores. Water courses and limestone outcrops.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Michigan and Nebraska, south to Florida, Oklahoma and Texas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tripsacum+dactyloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TripsacumDactyloides.jpg
Celastraceae,Tripterygium,wilfordii,,,8 to 11,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Field and ditch edges and on the banks of streams.,E. Asia - S. China to Burma.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tripterygium+wilfordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Trisetum,spicatum,Spike Trisetum,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places, tundra meadows, stony slopes and mountain rocks in the Arctic and sub-arctic regions[43, 50].","N. Europe, N. Asia, Northern N. America as far south as the mountains of California.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trisetum+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AiraSpicata.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,grandiflora,"Wild Hyacinth, Largeflower triteleia, Howell's triteleia",,4 to 8,0.7,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist soils, often in rocky areas, meadows, or open woods of valleys, hills and in mountains to about 2700 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia and south to Oregon and Utah.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaGrandiflora.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,hyacinthina,"Hyacinth Brodiaea, White brodiaea",,4 to 8,0.7,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy, often rocky open flats to mid-montane meadows, also found in wet places, meadows and slopes to 1800 metres.",South-western N. America - British Columbia and south to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+hyacinthina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaHyacinthina.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,ixioides,"Pretty Face, Cook's triteleia, Golden brodiaea",,6 to 9,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to August,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils near the coast, in oak and pine forests to 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+ixioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaIxioides.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,laxa,"Grassnut, Ithuriel's spear",,6 to 9,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Heavy soils in many habitats below 1400 metres. Open forests, mixed conifer or foothill woodlands, grasslands on clay soils from sea level to 1500 metres.",South-western N. America- California to Oregon.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+laxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaLaxa.jpg
Alliaceae,Triteleia,peduncularis,"Longray Tripletlily, Long-ray brodiaea",,5 to 9,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low fields, wet grasslands, vernal streams and pools, closed cone pine forests, mixed evergreens, foothill woodlands, often on serpentine soils, from sea level to 800 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triteleia+peduncularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriteleiaPeduncularis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticosecale,spp,Triticale,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,A bi-generic hybrid of garden origin between Triticum sp. and Secale cereale.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticosecale+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticosecaleSpp.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,aestivum,"Bread Wheat, Common wheat",,10 to 12,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Of uncertain origin, perhaps the Middle East or Armenia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+aestivum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumAestivum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,aestivum compactum,Club Wheat,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The origin is uncertain.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+aestivum compactum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumAestivumCompactum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,aestivum macha,Makha Wheat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Europe - S. Russia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+aestivum macha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,aestivum spelta,Spelt Wheat,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Original habitat is obscure.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+aestivum spelta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumAestivumSpelta.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,aestivum sphaerococcum,Shot Wheat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, this species is not known in a truly wild situation.",W. Asia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+aestivum sphaerococcum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,bicorne,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",N. Africa - Syria to Egypt.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+bicorne,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,georgicum,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Europe - S. Russia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+georgicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumGeorgicum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,monococcum,Einkorn,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Original habitat is obscure.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+monococcum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumMonococcum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,monococcum aegilopoides,Wild Einkorn,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland in the Balkan Peninsular and Krym.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+monococcum aegilopoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,sovieticum,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Europe - Russia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+sovieticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,timopheevii,"Sanduri, Timopheev's wheat",,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",W. Asia - Transcaucasia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+timopheevii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumTimopheevii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum,Rivet Wheat,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Middle East? Original habitat is obscure.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumTurgidum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum carthlicum,Persian Wheat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",W. Asia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum carthlicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum dicoccoides,Wild Emmer,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S.W. Asia?,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum dicoccoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum dicoccon,Emmer,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Original habitat is obscure.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum dicoccon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumTurgidumDicoccon.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum durum,Durum Wheat,,10 to 12,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Original habitat is obscure.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum durum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumTurgidumDurum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum polonicum,Polish Wheat,,None to None,1.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",The origin of this species is uncertain.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum polonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TriticumTurgidumPolonicum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,turgidum turanicum,Khurasan Wheat,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia - Iran.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+turgidum turanicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Triticum,vavilovi,Vavilov's Wheat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Developed through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.",W. Asia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triticum+vavilovi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Tritonia,crocata,,,8 to 11,0.5,0.1,Corm,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry clay flats and slopes in the southern Cape.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tritonia+crocata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TritoniaCrocata.jpg
Epacridaceae,Trochocarpa,clarkei,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Alpine regions at elevations of 1200 - 1500 metres.,Australia - north-eastern Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trochocarpa+clarkei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Trochocarpa,cunninghamii,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cooler montane forests.,Australia - Tasmania.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trochocarpa+cunninghamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Trollius,europaeus,"Globeflower, Common Globeflower, European Globeflower",medium,3 to 7,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet pastures, scrub and woods in mountain districts, especially near streams and avoiding acid soils[7, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, the Caucasus, Arctic America.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trollius+europaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrolliusEuropaeus.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,brachyceras,,,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,October to August,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+brachyceras,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumBrachyceras.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,leptophyllum,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"S. America - Chile, Bolivia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+leptophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,majus,"Nasturtium, Indian Cress",fast,8 to 11,3.5,1.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Coastal and disturbed areas from sea level to 3000 metres.,"S. America - Peru. A garden escape, locally naturalized in parts Europe[50].",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+majus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumMajus.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,minus,Dwarf Nasturtium,,8 to 11,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist places at higher elevations.,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+minus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumMinus.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,patagonicum,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Mud or open wet grassland, especially in seasonally dry shallow lakes, between latitudes 42 and 54°south.",Southern S. America - Chile. Argentina.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+patagonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,sessilifolium,,,8 to 11,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rather arid mountain slopes. Open stony slopes and in sand gullies near snow patches at heights around 2,200 metres in the Andes.",S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+sessilifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumSessilifolium.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,tricolorum,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,"S. America - Chile, Bolivia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+tricolorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumTricolorum.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,tuberosum,"Mashua, Anu",medium,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to October,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Mountain slopes and valleys. Moist wooded scrubby areas around 3000 metres in Peru and Ecuador.,"S. America - Peru, Bolivia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumTuberosum.jpg
Pinaceae,Tsuga,canadensis,"Canadian Hemlock, Eastern hemlock",medium,4 to 7,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,November to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and swampy areas on cool moist sites, also in upland forests, often covering the north side of ridges.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Alberta and Minnesota.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesAmericana2.jpg
Pinaceae,Tsuga,caroliniana,Carolina Hemlock,slow,4 to 7,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Usually found growing singly or in small scattered groves of a few individuals on the rocky banks of streams at elevations of 750 - 1200 metres.,South-eastern N. America - W. Virginia to Georgia.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TsugaCaroliniana.jpg
Pinaceae,Tsuga,chinensis,Chinese Hemlock,slow,5 to 9,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, especially on steep cliffs, 2300 - 3000 metres. Mountains, mixed forests, valleys and river basins at elevations of 1000 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TsugaChinensis.jpg
Pinaceae,Tsuga,heterophylla,Western Hemlock,fast,6 to 7,70.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, especially where moist and especially in deep forests from sea level to 1500 metres[60, 270].",Western N. America - Alaska to N. California.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TsugaHeterophylla.jpg
Pinaceae,Tsuga,mertensiana,Mountain Hemlock,medium,5 to 7,45.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Exposed ridges and slopes at high altitudes, often to 3000 metres. The best stands are found in sheltered areas with deep moist well-drained soils, high precipitation and long cold winters.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+mertensiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TsugaMertensiana.jpg
Alliaceae,Tulbaghia,alliacea,Society Garlic,,7 to 10,0.3,,Corm,,['Flies'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy flats. Clay or gravelly flats.,S. Africa - Cape province.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulbaghia+alliacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Tulbaghia,violacea,Society Garlic,fast,7 to 11,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forest margins and stream banks.,"S. Africa - Eastern Cape, Transvaal.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulbaghia+violacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TulbaghiaViolacea.jpg
Liliaceae,Tulipa,clusiana stellata,,,None to None,0.2,,Bulb,,,,April,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of cornfields and rocky slopes, 1500 - 3300 metres. Found in forest openings and dry savannah slopes.",E. Asia - Afghanistan to the Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulipa+clusiana stellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TulipaClusianaStellata.jpg
Liliaceae,Tulipa,edulis,,slow,6 to 9,0.2,,Bulb,,,,March to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places in meadows in lowlands[58, 178], near rivers and on wooded hillsides. Grassy slopes and hillsides from near sea level to 1700 metres in China.","E. Asia - E. China, S. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulipa+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmanaEdulis.jpg
Liliaceae,Tulipa,gesneriana,"Tulip, Didier's tulip",,4 to 8,0.5,,Bulb,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,In and around cultivated land.,"The origin of this plant is obscure, though it is naturalized in S.W. Europe.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulipa+gesneriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TulipaGesneriana.jpg
Liliaceae,Tulipa,montana,,slow,5 to 9,0.1,,Bulb,,,,April to June,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky and stony hills to 3000 metres.,W. Asia - Iran.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulipa+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TulipaMontana.jpg
Liliaceae,Tulipa,sylvestris,wild tulip,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, orchards and rocky places[17, 50]. Often found growing in chalk pits and low-lying waste ground.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tulipa+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TulipaSilvestris.jpg
Loranthaceae,Tupeia,antarctica,white mistletoe,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland and montane forest throughout New Zealand, hemiparasitic on Neopanax spp., Coprosma spp., Carpodetus spp. and Cytisus proliferus.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tupeia+antarctica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TupeiaAntarctica.jpg
Turneraceae,Turnera,diffusa aphrodisiaca,Damiana,,8 to 11,1.0,0.6,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy or rocky places.,Southern N. America to Northern S. America.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Turnera+diffusa aphrodisiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TurneraDiffusaAphrodisiaca.jpg
Meliaceae,Turraeanthus,africanus,Avodire,medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey to canopy tree in lowland evergreen forest and moist semideciduous forest, often in humid localities along streams and on the margins of poorly drained meadows and swamps; occasionally to 1,500 metres[299 ].","Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola and DR Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Turraeanthus+africanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Turraeanthus africanus 1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Turritis,glabra,Tower Cress,,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry banks, cliffs and rocks, roadsides and waste places, especially in E. England.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Turritis+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TurritisGlabra.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tussilago,farfara,Coltsfoot,fast,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,February to April,March to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Damp habitats, frequently on alkaline clays, in hedgebanks, roadsides, wasteland, often as a pioneer, and on dunes and shingle in coastal zones.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, western and northern Asia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tussilago+farfara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TussilagoFarfara.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Tylophora,ovata,,,None to None,5.0,,Climber,,,,May to August,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets on hillsides, forest edges or ravines. Forests, mixed woods and thickets at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tylophora+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TylophoraOvata.jpg
Fabaceae,Tylosema,esculentum,Marama Bean,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Localized in patches in grassland and wooded grassland vegetation in sandy and limestone (including dolomite) soils, but not on soils developed over granite or basalt[299 ].",Southern Africa - Kalahari desert and neighbouring sandy regions.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tylosema+esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tylosema esculentum 1.JPEG
Typhaceae,Typha,angustifolia,"Small Reed Mace, Narrowleaf cattail",,3 to 7,3.0,3.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Water up to 15cm deep, avoiding acid conditions. Often somewhat brackish or subsaline water or wet soil in America, growing from sea level to elevations of 1900 metres.","Throughout the world from the Arctic to latitude 30° S, including Britain but absent from Africa.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TyphaAngustifolia.jpg
Typhaceae,Typha,bungeana,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+bungeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Typhaceae,Typha,davidiana,,fast,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to August,June to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Margins of lakes and rivers.,E. Asia - Northern China.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+davidiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Typhaceae,Typha,domingensis,Southern Cattail,,5 to 12,3.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Brackish to fresh marshes and pools in N. America at elevations from sea level to 2000 metres[43, 270].","Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+domingensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TyphaDomingensis.jpg
Typhaceae,Typha,elephantina,"Bora. Elephant grass, Indian reed-mace.",fast,10 to 12,3.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,A tropical plant.  Riverside thickets[74 ]. Swamps and riversides[266 ]. It grows on the Deccan in India.  It grows on the edge of water.  It grows in the Sahara and the Sahel.  It can grow in salty soils.  It can grow in arid places.,"Asia - Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China (Yunnan), Myanmar; Africa - Algeria to Egypt, Niger, Chad, Ethiopia",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+elephantina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Typha_elephantina1.JPEG
Typhaceae,Typha,glauca,Hybrid cattail,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Shallow water.,Eastern N. America.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Typhaceae,Typha,latifolia,"Reedmace, Broadleaf cattail, Bullrush, Nailrod",fast,3 to 10,2.5,3.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water up to 15cm deep in ponds, lakes, ditches, slow-flowing streams etc, succeeding in acid or alkaline conditions[9, 17].","Throughout the world from the Arctic to latitude 30° S, incl Britain but absent from Africa, S. Asia",5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TyphaLatifolia.jpg
Typhaceae,Typha,laxmannii,,fast,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Lakes, rivers, ditches and wet places in Turkey.",S.E. Europe to E. Asia.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+laxmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TyphaLaxmannii.jpg
Typhaceae,Typha,minima,,,5 to 9,0.1,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to August,June to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,In shallow water of ponds and rivers in northern China.,Europe to eastern Asia.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+minima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TyphaMinima.jpg
Typhaceae,Typha,orientalis,Broadleaf Cumbungi,fast,None to None,3.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to August,June to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ponds and riversides in lowland areas all over Japan. In lakes, ponds, channels, swamps and slowly-moving rivers in northern China","E. Asia - China, Japan to Australia.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Typha+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TyphaOrientalis.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Vateria,indica,White Dammar,slow,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found primarily as a canopy or emergent tree in the west coastal evergreen forests of India, it is also occasionally found in secondary evergreen dipterocarp forest in the south[338 ]. Found at elevations up to 1,200 metres[439 ].",E. Asia - India.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vateria+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vateria_indica_Roxburgh.JPEG
Rutaceae,Zanthoxylum,americanum,"Prickly Ash - Northern, Common pricklyash, Northern Prickly Ash",medium,3 to 7,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found on upland rocky hillsides and on moist low-lying sites, in open woods, on bluffs or in thickets.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota and Oklahoma.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zanthoxylum+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZanthoxylumAmericanum.jpg
Apiaceae,Zizia,aptera,"Meadow zizia, Golden alexanders",fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist to dry black soil prairies, hill prairies, rocky upland woodlands, limestone glades, bluffs, abandoned fields, and roadsides. Usually, this species occurs in drier locations than Zizia aurea (Golden Alexanders) [1-6].",Native Range: North America.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zizia+aptera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zizia_aptera1.JPEG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,atratum,Bai Wei,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains all over Japan. Sunny meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 500 metres.,"E. Asia - Northern China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+atratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,brachycera,Box Huckleberry,,5 to 9,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,On slopes and in dry sandy woods on dry acidic sandy soils.,Eastern N. America - Delaware and Pennsylvania to Virginia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+brachycera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaylussaciaBrachycera.gif
Ericaceae,Gaylussacia,frondosa,"Dangleberry, Blue huckleberry",,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry woods and clearings. Moist woods according to another report.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Virginia, Alabama, Ohio and Louisiana.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaylussacia+frondosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaylussaciaFrondosa.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,salicifolia,,,6 to 9,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Many habitats in South and Stewart Islands in New Zealand.,New Zealand. S. America - Chile.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeSalicifolia.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,speciosa,New Zealand hebe,,6 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Sea cliffs on North Island. Locally naturalized on sea cliffs in Ireland.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeSpeciosa.gif
Scrophulariaceae,Hebe,x franciscana,Hebe,slow,9 to 11,2.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, H. elliptica x H. speciosa.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hebe+x franciscana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HebeXFranciscana.gif
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,racemosa,False Spikenard,,2 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist coniferous and deciduous woods, clearings and bluffs[43, 60, 187], preferring shaded streamsides.","N. America - British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to Georgia and Missouri.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilacinaRacemosa.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Vaccaria,hispanica,"Cow Cockle, Cow soapwort",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of cultivated fields.,"C. and S. Europe, north to Belgium. An introduced and not infrequent casual in Britain[17].",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccaria+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VaccariaHispanica.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,alaskaense,Alaska Blueberry,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Coastal woods and in the Cascades.,Western N. America - Oregon to Alaska.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+alaskaense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,amoenum,Large-Cluster Blueberry,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Acid bogs, meadows, woods and thickets.",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+amoenum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,angustifolium,"Low Sweet Blueberry, Lowbush blueberry",,2 to 6,0.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry open barrens, peats and rocks.","North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Maryland, west to Iowa and Minnesota.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+angustifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumAngustifolium.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,angustifolium laevifolium,Low Sweet Blueberry,,2 to 6,0.6,0.7,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry open barrens, peats and rocks.",North-eastern N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+angustifolium laevifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,arboreum,Farkleberry,,6 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Moist sandy soils by ponds and streams. Usually found in most shady slightly alkaline soils along stream banks, bluffs, hammocks and in open woods.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+arboreum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumArboreum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,arbuscula,Dwarf bilberry,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Wet places, especially in coniferous forests, to 2400 metres in California.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+arbuscula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumArbuscula.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,arctostaphylos,Caucasian Whortleberry,,5 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Mountain slopes, fir/spruce or fir/beech woods, rhododendron thickets, occasionally in oak forests and near the timber line in stands of birch and occasionally of pine.",Europe - E. Mediterranean to W. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+arctostaphylos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumArctostaphylos.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,ashei,Rabbiteye Blueberry,,7 to 10,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Drought,"Swamps and barren pine land[3, 72].",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+ashei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumAshei.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,australe,Northern Blueberry,medium,2 to 7,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Swamps, low wet woods, pine barrens and dry uplands.","Introduced in Europe (Britain, The Netherlands), Asia (Japan), USA, Canada.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vaccinium_australe1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,bracteatum,Sea Bilberry,,6 to 9,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests and thickets at elevations of 400 - 1400 metres,","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+bracteatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaChinensis.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,brittonii,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry open barrens, peats and rocks.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+brittonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,caesariense,New Jersey blueberry,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Swamps, peaty thickets and bogs of the coastal plain. Also found in pine barrens.",Eastern N. America - New York and New Jersey.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+caesariense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumCaesariense.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,caespitosum,Dwarf bilberry,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Wet places, especially in coniferous forests, to 2400 metres in California.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+caespitosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumArbuscula.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,ciliatum,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Edges of broad-leaved forests in lowlands.,"E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+ciliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,constablaei,Hillside Blueberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Woods in mountains.,Eastern N. America - Virginia to South Carolina.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+constablaei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,corymbosum,"High-Bush Blueberry, American Blueberry, Swamp Blueberry, Blueberry",medium,3 to 8,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Swamps, low wet woods, pine barrens and dry uplands.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Quebec and south to Florida..,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumCorymbosum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,crassifolium,Creeping Blueberry,,6 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Sandy and peaty pinelands and barrens.,South-eastern N. America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+crassifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumCrassifolium.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,cylindraceum,,,9 to 11,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known,N. Africa - Azores.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+cylindraceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumCylindraceum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,darrowii,Darrow's blueberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known,Eastern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+darrowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumDarrowi.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,deliciosum,"Alpine Blueberry, Cascade bilberry",,5 to 9,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Montane regions.,Western N. America - Washington and Oregon.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+deliciosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumDeliciosum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,duclouxii,,,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thickets, evergreen forests and pine-oak forests at elevations of 1500 - 2600, occasionally to 3100 metres.",E. Asia - W. China in Yunnan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+duclouxii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,elliottii,Elliott's blueberry,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Woods, thickets and swamps. Pinelands.",South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida and Texas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+elliottii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumElliottii.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,erythrocarpum,Southern Mountain Cranberry,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thickets, rocky woods, slopes and summits.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+erythrocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumErythrocarpum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,formosum,"Swamp Highbush Blueberry, Southern blueberry",,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known,Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Alabama.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+formosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,fuscatum,Black Highbush Blueberry,,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Swamps and pine barrens, wet woods and the edges of lakes[43, 184].","Eastern N. America - New Hampshire, Ontario and Indiana south to Florida and Arkansas.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+fuscatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumFuscatum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,hirsutum,Hairy Huckleberry,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Open woods.,"South-eastern N. America - S. Tennessee, N. Carolina and N. Georgia..",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+hirsutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,hirtum,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Thickets and pine woods in hills and at low elevations in mountains all over Japan. Rocky places at mountain summits in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Russia and N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+hirtum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumHirtum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,japonicum,,,5 to 9,0.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Woods in mountains and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumJaponicum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,koreanum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+koreanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,leucanthum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+leucanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,macrocarpon,"American Cranberry, Cranberry",medium,None to None,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,,"Acid boggy ground[11, 43].",Eastern N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+macrocarpon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumMacrocarpon.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,melanocarpum,Georgia Blueberry,,5 to 9,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry woods, thickets and clearings.",South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Missouri and southwards.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+melanocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,membranaceum,"Mountain Huckleberry, Thinleaf huckleberry",,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Drought,Thickets and woodland edges. Moist woods.,Western N. America - Michigan and Alaska to California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+membranaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumMembranaceum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,modestum,,,7 to 10,0.2,0.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Cliffs, Abies forests, alpine meadows and thickets at elevations of 3100 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+modestum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,mortinia,Mortiño,,8 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Found at elevations from 2800 to 4000 metres in the Andes.,S. America - Ecuador and Colombia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+mortinia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,myrsinites,"Florida Evergreen Blueberry,  Shiny blueberry",,6 to 9,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Pinelands, scrub prairies and open woods in acid soils.",South-eastern N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+myrsinites,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumMyrsinites.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,myrtilloides,"Sourtop Blueberry, Velvetleaf huckleberry",,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Moist soils in heaths and pine woods[3, 43].","Eastern N. America - Labrador, south to Virginia and Illinois.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+myrtilloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumMyrtilloides.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,myrtillus,"Bilberry, Whortleberry",,3 to 7,0.2,0.3,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Heaths, moors and woods on acid soils to 1250 metres[17, 186].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, Macedonia, the Caucasus and N. Asia",4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+myrtillus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumMyrtillus.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,neglectum,Deerberry,,8 to 11,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry, rocky, open woods.","South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Missouri, south to Alabama and Georgia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+neglectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,nummularia,,,None to None,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"On rocks and as a forest epiphyte, to altitudes up to 4000 metres. Rocky places of montane forest understories, thickets on mountain slopes at elevations of 2000 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Sikkim to Bhutan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+nummularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,occidentale,Western Blueberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Wet meadows and wet places, 1500 - 3300 metres in California.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+occidentale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,oldhamii,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Thickets and woods at low elevations in the mountains of Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+oldhamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumOldhamii.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,ovalifolium,"Black Huckleberry, Oval-leaf blueberry",,3 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thickets, open woods and peaty slopes.","Northern N. America - Quebec to Michigan, Oregon and Alaska.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+ovalifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumOvalifolium.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,ovatum,"Evergreen Huckleberry, Florist's Huckleberry, Shot Huckleberry,  Californian Huckleberry",slow,3 to 7,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Maritime exposure,Dry slopes and sandy heathy places from near the sea to 800 metres.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+ovatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumOvatum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,oxycoccos,Small Cranberry,fast,None to None,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Acid boggy land.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Roumania, N. Asia to Japan.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+oxycoccos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumOxycoccos.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,padifolium,Madeiran Whortleberry,,8 to 11,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Mountains at altitudes between 900 and 1500 metres.,Madeira,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+padifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumPadifolium.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,parvifolium,"Red Bilberry, Red huckleberry",,5 to 9,1.8,1.8,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Coastal forests.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+parvifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumParvifolium.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,praestans,Kamchatka Bilberry,slow,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Mossy bogs, swampy woods (often on rotting fallen tree trunks), elevated places and slopes in northern Asia.",Northern N. America to N.E. Asia.,4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+praestans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumPraestans.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,salicinum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Peat bogs, rocky barrens and tundra at low to high elevations.",North-western N. America - Alaska to New York.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+salicinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,scoparium,"Grouseberry, Grouse whortleberry",,3 to 7,0.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Usually found at high elevations.,"Western N. America - British Columbia and Alberta, south to Colorado and S. Dakota.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+scoparium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumScoparium.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,simulatum,upland highbush blueberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Acid woods.,"Eastern N. America - Georgia to Alabama, north to southern New York.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+simulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,smallii,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thickets and sunny places in mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+smallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumSmallii.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,sprengelii,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Woods, streamsides and thickets, 1300 - 1600 metres in W. Hupeh. Mixed forests, pine forests and thickets at elevations of 2300 - 2700, occasionally to 3200 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+sprengelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,stamineum,Deerberry,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry woods thickets and clearings.,"Eastern N. America - Maine to Indiana and Missouri, south to Georgia and Louisiana.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+stamineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumStamineum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,tallapusae,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known,Eastern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+tallapusae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,tenellum,Small-Cluster Blueberry,,5 to 9,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry woods.,"South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Georgia and Florida, west to Alabama.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+tenellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumTenellum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,uliginosum,Bog Bilberry,,None to None,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Bogs and moist copses in mountains and moorlands of northern Britain[4, 17, 182].","Northern Europe, including Britain, through northern Asia to Japan. Northern N. America.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+uliginosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumUliginosum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,vacciniaceum,,,None to None,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Hill forests of the eastern Himalayas, often epiphytic on trees, at altitudes between 1200 and 2400 metres.",E. Asia - eastern Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+vacciniaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,vacillans,Dryland Blueberry,,5 to 9,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Woods, thickets and clearings in dryish situations.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Missouri.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+vacillans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumVacillans.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,virgatum,"Rabbit-Eye Blueberry, Smallflower blueberry",,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Swamps.,Eastern and South-eastern N. America - New York to Florida and Louisiana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+virgatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumVirgatum.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,vitis-idaea,"Cowberry, Lingonberry,  Northern mountain cranberry, Cranberry",medium,3 to 8,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Sunny mountain meadows, peat moors and pine woods[7, 17], on acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to the Pyrenees, Macedonia, N. Asia to Japan",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+vitis-idaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumVitis-idaea.jpg
Fabaceae,Vachellia,karroo,Cape Thorn Tree,medium,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Woodland, wooded grassland, coastal scrub, often by rivers and in valleys, from near sea-level to 1,520 metres[308 ]. Found in riverine communities and even in arid environments, where it can do well provided there is an assured supply of groundwater[303 ].","Southern Africa, from the Cape as far north as Angola and Kenya.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+karroo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia karroo 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vachellia,nilotica,Gum Arabic Tree,fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Woodlands of various sorts, wooded grasslands, scrub and thickets[269 ]. Often found along river banks which are subject to periodic inundation[303 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to 1,300 metres[303 ].","Drier areas of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, western Asia to northern India.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+nilotica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia nilotica 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vachellia,seyal,Shittim Wood,fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"One of the most common trees in the savannah of Sudan, often occurring as a pure forest over quite large areas of country[303 ]. Frequently, it grows in groups or patches, sometimes of considerable size, in areas inhabited by Senegalia senegal[303 ].","Semi-arid areas of tropical Africa - Senegal to Egypt, Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Zambia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+seyal,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia seyal 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vachellia,tortilis,Umbrella Thorn,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Widespread in the Sahel, in woodlands and in the savannah[303 ]. It generally forms open, dry forests in pure stands or mixed with other species[303 ].",Africa - semi-arid areas from S. Africa to the Sahel and also to Israel and Arabia.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+tortilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia tortilis 1.JPEG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,amurensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,capitata,"Valerian, Captiate valerian",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Boggy meadows and moist slopes in Alaska.,North-western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaCapitata.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,celtica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Alpine pastures, 1800 - 2800 metres.",Europe.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+celtica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaCeltica.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,ciliata,Tobacco Root,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Prairies, sloughs and hillsides.",N. America - southwards from S. Ontario..,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,dioica,"Marsh Valerian, Woods valerian",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Marshy meadows, fens and bogs.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Spain, N. Italy and central Russia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaDioica.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,fauriei,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains all over Japan[58, 174]. Wet shaded places in woods and thickets in Korea.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+fauriei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaFauriei.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,hardwickii,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found amongst herbaceous vegetation on humus-rich soils, 1900 - 3100 metres in Kashmir.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+hardwickii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,jatamansi,Indian Valerian,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common in forests, shrubberies and on open slopes, 1500 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - Afghanistan to S.W. China.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+jatamansi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,obovata,Tobacco Root,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open moist sites, moist meadows, ditches, swamps and prairies, sometimes on saline soils.",Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+obovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,occidentalis,western valerian,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist open or shaded places, from foothills to rather high elevations in the mountains.",Western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaOccidentalis.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,officinalis,"Valerian, Garden valerian",,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland, scrub, woods etc, on dry or damp soils[9, 17]. Avoids acid soils.","Europe, including Britain but excluding the extreme north and south, temperate Asia to Japan.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Valeriana_officinalisNew_Plants.JPEG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,phu,,,None to None,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Rocky slopes.,"The origin of this plant is obscure, it is probably Europe[50].",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+phu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaPhu.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,sambucifolia,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady places.,Europe.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+sambucifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaSambucifolia.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,sitchensis,"American Valerian, Sitka valerian",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist open or wooded places at mid or upper elevations in the mountains, often in wet meadows.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+sitchensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaSitchensis.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,toluccana,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+toluccana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valeriana,uliginosa,Mountain Valerian,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Calcareous swamps and wet woods, especially with larix and thuja species.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to New York and Michigan.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+uliginosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianaUliginosa.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valerianella,carinata,"Keeled-Fruited Cornsalad, European cornsalad",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, banks, old walls and rocky outcrops.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and the Caucasus.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valerianella+carinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianellaCarinata.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valerianella,chenopodifolia,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, bottoms, fields and roadsides.",Eastern N. America - southwards from New Jersey and Kansas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valerianella+chenopodifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valerianella,eriocarpa,Italian Corn Salad,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Old walls and banks in Britain.,C. and S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valerianella+eriocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Valerianaceae,Valerianella,locusta,"Corn Salad, Lewiston cornsalad",,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,,,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated ground, waste places, hedgebanks, dunes etc, usually on dry soils[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valerianella+locusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianellaLocusta.jpg
Valerianaceae,Valerianella,radiata,Beaked Cornsalad,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp to dry woods, meadows, fields and roadsides.",Eastern N. America - southwards from New Jersey and Kansas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valerianella+radiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ValerianellaRadiata.jpg
Hydrocharitaceae,Vallisneria,americana,"Water Celery, American eelgrass",,8 to 11,,,,,['Water'],,July to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Quiet waters. Lakes and slow flowing streams. Fresh to brackish waters of streams, lakes, rivers, and bays from sea level to 500 metres.",E. Asia. Eastern N. America - N. Dakota to S. Manitoba and Quebec.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vallisneria+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VallisneriaAmericana.jpg
Hydrocharitaceae,Vallisneria,spiralis,Eel Grass,,7 to 10,,,,,['Water'],,June to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Still and flowing water. In Britain it is found in ponds that are heated by the effluent from mills.,"Southern Europe, north to France south to the tropics. Naturalized in Britain[17].",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vallisneria+spiralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VallisneriaSpiralis.jpg
Rubiaceae,Vangueria,infausta,African medlar,slow,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Grassland, thicket and open woodlands, often on termite mounds, in rocky places and even dunes at elevations from near sea level to 1,500 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Cameroon to Kenya, south to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and northern S.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vangueria+infausta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vangueria infausta1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Orchidaceae,Vanilla,planifolia,Vanilla,medium,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Moths'],,,,,,"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An epiphytic plant, it grows wild in trees, producing aerial roots that penetrate fissures and cracks in the bark[296 ]. Usually found climbing on trees in warm, wet tropical low land forests at elevations from sea-level to 600 metres[418 ].","S. America - Bolivia, Colombia; Central America - Costa Rica to Mexico; naturalized in many other ar",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vanilla+planifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vanilla_planifolia_Descourtilz_1.JPEG
Caricaceae,Vasconcellea,x heilbornii,Babaco,medium,10 to 12,2.0,1.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Andes.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vasconcellea+x heilbornii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vasconcellea x heilbornii 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Vateria,indica,White Dammar,slow,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found primarily as a canopy or emergent tree in the west coastal evergreen forests of India, it is also occasionally found in secondary evergreen dipterocarp forest in the south[338 ]. Found at elevations up to 1,200 metres[439 ].",E. Asia - India.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vateria+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vateria_indica_Roxburgh.JPEG
Melanthiaceae,Veratrum,album,"White Hellebore, White false hellebore",,4 to 8,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist grassy sub-alpine meadows and open woods.,Europe. E. Asia - Siberia. N. Africa.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeratrumAlbum.jpg
Melanthiaceae,Veratrum,californicum,California False Hellebore,,4 to 8,2.5,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps, creek bottoms, moist woodlands and meadows, from lowland to the sub-alpine zone.","South-western N. America - Washington to California, west to Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeratrumCalifornicum.jpg
Melanthiaceae,Veratrum,maackii parviflorum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountain woods of C. and N. Japan. Mountain forests and alpine meadows at elevations of 400 - 1700 metres in northern China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+maackii parviflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeratrumMaackiiParviflorum.jpg
Melanthiaceae,Veratrum,nigrum,Black Hellebore,,5 to 9,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry glades and water meadows, mountain slopes, scrub and rarely in broad-leaved woods in Siberia.",S. Europe to E. Asia.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeratrumNigrum.jpg
Melanthiaceae,Veratrum,viride,"Indian Poke, American Hellebore",,3 to 7,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps, moist meadows and low ground.","Eastern N. America - New England to Georgia and Wisconsin, western from Alaska to Oregon.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veratrum+viride,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeratrumViride.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,blattaria,Moth Mullein,,5 to 9,1.0,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places in damp ground. Rather rare and not persisting, it is possibly an introduced species.","Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands south and east to N. Africa, west and central Asia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+blattaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumBlattaria.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,densiflorum,Mullein,,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, railway embankments and similar dry sunny localities.",C. Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+densiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumDensiflorum.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,lychnitis,White Mullein,,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places and calcareous banks on dry soils[17, 200].","Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to Spain, Greece, Siberia and Caucasus.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+lychnitis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumLychnitis.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,nigrum,"Dark Mullein, Black mullein",,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waysides and open habitats on banks etc, usually on dry calcareous soils[17, 200].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia, Macedonia, Caucasus.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumNigrum.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,phlomoides,"Wooly Mullein, Orange mullein",,5 to 9,1.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy or stony ground.,S. Europe. Rarely naturalized in Britain[17].,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+phlomoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumPhlomoides.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,pulverulentum,"Hoary Mullein, Broad-leaf mullein",,3 to 7,1.8,,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A rare native along roadsides in Norfolk and Suffolk, a rare casual elsewhere.","Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands south and east to Spain, Switzerland, Greece.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+pulverulentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumPulverulentum.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Verbascum,thapsus,"Great Mullein, Common mullein, Aaron's Rod, Flannel Plant, Hag Taper, Mullein, Torches, Velvet Plant",fast,3 to 8,1.8,,Biennial,,"['Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny positions in uncultivated fields and waste ground, especially on dry soils[7, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, temperate Asia to China.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbascum+thapsus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbascumThapsus.jpg
Verbenaceae,Verbena,hastata,"American Blue Vervain, Swamp verbena",,3 to 7,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swales, damp thickets and shores.","N. America - Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Florida, and from California to British Columbia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbena+hastata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbenaHastata.jpg
Verbenaceae,Verbena,officinalis,"Vervain, Herb of the cross, Prostrate verbena",,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",April to October,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground and roadsides, avoiding acid soils and shady positions[4, 7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalayas.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbena+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbenaOfficinalis.jpg
Verbenaceae,Verbena,stricta,"Hoary Vervain, Hoary verbena",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and other dry open places.,"Central N. America - Ontario and Ohio to South Dakota and Wyoming, south to Tennessee and Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbena+stricta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbenaStricta.jpg
Verbenaceae,Verbena,urticifolia,White Vervain,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands, pastures, along streams, roadsides and waste areas.","Eastern N. America - Quebec and Ontario to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Verbena+urticifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VerbenaUrticifolia.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Vernicia,fordii,"Tung Tree, Tung Nut",medium,8 to 11,7.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Base of foothills esp. in rocky places, at elevations up to 1,000 metres in W. China[109 ]. Montane sparse forests at elevations of 200 - 1,500 metres, occasionally to 2,000 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - Central and Western China, Myanmar, Vietnam.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernicia+fordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vernicia fordii 1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Vernicia,montana,Abrasin oil tree,medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed places and margins of evergreen forest, or in depleted forest along the road, in dry, sandy soils, at elevations up to 1,200 metres in Laos[443 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernicia+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vernicia montana 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Vernonia,glauca,"Ironweed, Broadleaf ironweed",,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods.,"Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Georgia, west to Alabama and Pennsylvania.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernonia+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VernoniaGlauca.jpg
Compositae,Vernonia,noveboracensis,New York ironweed,medium,4 to 9,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist meadows, pastures & roadsides. Flourishes on slopes in the Edwards Plateau. Well-drained caliche and limestone.","Native to the eastern United States, from Florida to Massachusetts and west to Tennessee, Alabama, and West Virginia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernonia+noveboracensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vernonia_noveboracensis1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,agrestis,"Field Speedwell, Green field speedwell",,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,"['Dryoptera', 'Hymenoptera']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated ground throughout Britain, common in the north, local in the south.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+agrestis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaAgrestis.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,americana,"American Brooklime, American speedwell",,None to None,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water, rills and swamps.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California and N. Carolina.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaAmericana.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,anagallis-aquatica,Water Speedwell,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Marshes, ditches, wet meadows, ponds and streams, avoiding acid conditions[1, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+anagallis-aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaAnagallis-aquatica.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,arvensis,Corn Speedwell,,4 to 8,0.2,,Annual,,['Bees'],,March to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated ground, grassland and on heaths, in more or less open habitats and usually on dry soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. Africa, central and western Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaArvensis.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,beccabunga,"Brooklime, European speedwell",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"In streams, ditches, ponds and wet places in meadows, in acid or alkaline soils[9, 17].","Europe, incl Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan and Himalayas",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+beccabunga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaBeccabunga.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,catenata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Calcareous springs, rills, sloughs, ditches and shores.",North-eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec and Saskatchewan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+catenata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,chamaedrys,Germander Speedwell,,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common plant of grassland, woods, hedges etc[1, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, north and western Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+chamaedrys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaChamaedrys.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,hederifolia,Ivy-Leaf Speedwell,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Common in cultivated ground throughout Britain.,"Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia to Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+hederifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaHederifolia.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,longifolia,"Garden Speedwell, Long-Leaf  Speedwell",medium,4 to 10,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, grassy mountain slopes, meadows at forest edges and birch forests below 1500 metres in northwest China.","N. E. and C. Europe to S.W. Asia, Mongolia, Korea and N. China.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaLongifolia.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,officinalis,Common Speedwell,,3 to 7,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Heaths, moors, grassland, dry hedgebanks and coppices, often on dry soils[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, W. Asia and the Caucasus.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaOfficinalis.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,peregrina,"Necklace Weed, Neckweed, Hairy purslane speedwell",,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,,,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet places, especially on river banks in lowland C. and S. Japan. Cultivated ground and damp waste places in Britain.",Europe to E. Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+peregrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaPeregrina.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,polita,Gray field speedwell,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,March to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny places and waste ground in lowland all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+polita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaPolita.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,scutellata,"Marsh Speedwell, Skullcap speedwell",,5 to 9,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Ponds, bogs, wet meadows etc, often on acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain and northern Asia to N. Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+scutellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaScutellata.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,spuria,bastard speedwell,,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes and steppes around. 1100 metres in NW Xinjiang province, China.",S.E. Europe to central Asia. A rare garden escape in Britain[17].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+spuria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,undulata,Undulate speedwell,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet places in lowland northern Japan. Found by water or in swamps below 2800 metres throughout China.,"E. Asia - Afghanistan to India, China, Japan and Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaUndulata.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronicastrum,axillare,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hillsides and gully edges. Forests, grasslands at forest margins, shaded places in valleys at low elevations.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronicastrum+axillare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Veronicastrum,sibiricum,Blackroot,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy areas in mountains and lowlands. Trailsides, grassy slopes and thickets at elevatins below 2500 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronicastrum+sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicastrumSibiricum.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronicastrum,virginicum,"Beaumont's Root, Culver's root, Bowman's Root, Culver's Root, Black Root",fast,3 to 9,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, rich woods, thickets and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Alabama and Texas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronicastrum+virginicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicastrumVirginicum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Vetiveria,zizanioides,"Vetiveria, Vetivergrass",,7 to 11,1.6,1.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open dry places at elevations up to 1000 metres in Nepal.,Tropics.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vetiveria+zizanioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VetiveriaZizanioides.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,betulifolium,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Central to Western China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+betulifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumBetulifolium.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,cassinoides,"Withe Rod, Appalachian Tea, Witherod Viburnum, Witherod, Wild Raisin Viburnum",medium,2 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Thickets, clearings, swamps and borders of woods.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, Minnesota, New Jersey, Georgia and Alabama.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+cassinoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumCassinoides.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,cordifolium,Viburnum,medium,8 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, 2700 - 3300 metres, especially in the wetter parts of Nepal, Uttar Pradesh and westwards to S.W. China and Burma.",E. Asia - W. China to the E. Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+cordifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,corylifolium,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets in the Khasya hills, 1200 - 1800 metres[109, 146].",E. Asia - China to India.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+corylifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,cotinifolium,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Amongst oak and deodar in forests and shrubberies, affecting open spaces on the rather drier exposures, to 3600 metres[51, 146].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+cotinifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,cylindricum,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rather dry forests, mainly with rhododendron and oak, 1200 - 2400 metres from Himachel Pradesh to S.W. China[51, 146].",E. Asia - China to Burma and the Himalayas.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+cylindricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,dentatum,"Arrow Wood, Southern arrowwood, Southern Arrowwood Viburnum",fast,2 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist soils.,"Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Ontario and New York, south to Georgia and Florida.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+dentatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,dilatatum,"Linden Viburnum, Linden arrowwood",medium,5 to 8,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets in hills and at low elevations in mountains in Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+dilatatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumDilatatum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,edule,"Mooseberry, Squashberry",,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, thickets and cool mountain slopes.",E. Asia. Eastern N. America.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+edule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumEdule.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,erosum,Viburnum,medium,6 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny hills and low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+erosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumErosum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,erubescens,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, 1500 - 3300 metres, from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China[51, 146].",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas and Sri Lanka.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+erubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumErubescens.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,erubescens gracilipes,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, 1500 - 3300 metres, from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China[51, 146].",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas and Sri Lanka.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+erubescens gracilipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,farreri,"Culver's root, Fragrant Viburnum",medium,5 to 8,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,November to February,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China in Gansu.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+farreri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumFarreri.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,foetens,,,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,January to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An undershrub of coniferous forests, it is also found in oak forests from 1500 - 3300 metres[51, 146].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+foetens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,fordiae,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+fordiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,furcatum,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Damp woods and scrub in mountains all over Japan[58, 184].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+furcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumFurcatum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,grandiflorum,"Cranberry bush,",,6 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,January to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forests and shrubberies, often forming dense scrub, 2700 - 3600 metres in the Himalayas[51, 184].","E. Asia - China, Himalayas.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumGrandiflorum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,japonicum,,slow,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In coastal thickets and forests at elevations of 5 - 500 metres.,"E. Asia - Japan, Formosa.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumJaponicum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,lantana,"Wayfaring Tree, Wayfaring Tree Viburnum",medium,4 to 7,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woodland and woodland edges, especially on calcareous soils[10, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to Spain, Greece and W. Asia.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+lantana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumLantana.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,lantanoides,Hobbleberry,,3 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist woods and shady ravines[43, 62].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to North Carolina, Ontario, Tennessee and Michigan.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+lantanoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumLantanoides.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,lentago,"Sheepberry, Nannyberry, Nannyberry Viburnum",medium,2 to 8,9.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich soils along woodland borders, edges of streams etc, it is also found on rocky hillsides etc[43, 82, 226].","Northern N. America - New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to Virginia and Nebraska",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+lentago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumLentago.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,mongolicum,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - E. Siberia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+mongolicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,mullaha,,,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, especially in moist localities in the undergrowth of oak and fir, to 3000 metres[51, 146].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+mullaha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,nudum,"Smooth Withe Rod, Possumhaw, Withe-rod, Swamp Haw, Smooth Witherod, Possum Haw Viburnum, Possum Haw",medium,5 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wooded swamps, wet pinelands and bogs. Also found on rich hillsides.","Eastern N. America - Maryland to Florida, west to Arkansas and Kentucky.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+nudum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,odoratissimum,Sweet Viburnum,slow,8 to 10,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at heights of up to 1,200 metres in the Himalayas.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India, Burma.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+odoratissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumOdoratissimum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,opulus,"Guelder Rose, Cramp Bark,  European cranberrybush, American cranberrybush, Crampbark, European Highb",medium,3 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, scrub and woodland, usually on damp soils[3, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, north and west Asia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+opulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumOpulus.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,phlebotrichum,,,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+phlebotrichum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,plicatum,"Japanese Snowball, Japanese Snowball Viburnum, Doublefile Viburnum",medium,5 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets in mountains to 1800 metres, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+plicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumPlicatum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,prunifolium,"Stagberry, Black Haw, Hybrid blackhaw, Smooth Blackhaw, Blackhaw Viburnum",slow,3 to 9,7.5,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, woodland borders, shores etc, and on dry rocky hillsides[3, 82].","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+prunifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumPrunifolium.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,rufidulum,"Southern Black Haw, Rusty blackhaw",,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods and thickets[43, 159]. By the sides of streams, hillsides, roadsides, woodland margins and clearings. Also found in dry upland woods.","Southern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+rufidulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumRufidulum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,sempervirens,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China to Hong Kong.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,setigerum,"Tea-Leaf Viburnum, Tea viburnum",medium,5 to 7,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub, 1200 - 2100 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+setigerum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumSetigerum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,sieboldii,Siebold's arrowwood,,4 to 8,4.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets in lowland and low mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumSieboldii.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,suspensum,"Viburnum, Sandankwa  Viburnum",medium,8 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Formosa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+suspensum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumSuspensum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,tinus,"Laurustinus, Laurestinus Viburnum",fast,8 to 9,3.5,3.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,December to February,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in the more luxuriant type of macchia vegetation and as undergrowth in woods, usually near the sea.",S. Europe. A garden escape in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+tinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumTinus.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,trilobum,"American Cranberry,  Highbush Cranberry, Cranberrybush,  American Cranberrybush  Viburnum",medium,2 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Stream banks. Low moist ground.,"N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa, South Dakota and Oregon.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+trilobum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumTrilobum.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,veitchii,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,wrightii,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+wrightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,wrightii hessei,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+wrightii hessei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,x bodnantense,,,6 to 9,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,January to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, V. farreri x V. grandiflorum[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+x bodnantense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumXBodnantense.jpg
Adoxaceae,Viburnum,x juddii,,,4 to 8,1.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, V. carlesii x V. bitchiuense[11].",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viburnum+x juddii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViburnumXJuddii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,americana,"American Vetch,  Mat vetch",,4 to 7,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp or gravelly slopes, thickets and meadows.","N. America - Alaska to Ontario and New York, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Arizona.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaAmericana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,amoena,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in lowlands and low mountains. Grassland, hill slopes and forests at elevations of 80 - 2500 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+amoena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,amurensis,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and low mountains in C. and S. Japan. Also found on forest edges. Grassland, hill slopes and forests at elevations around 450 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,articulata,One-Flower Vetch,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Pine woods, rocky limestone slopes, macchie and meadows, 50 - 800 metres in Turkey.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+articulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,benghalensis,Purple Vetch,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Field margins, waste places etc in Britain.",S. Europe. N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+benghalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaBenghalensis.jpg
Leguminosae,Vicia,caroliniana,"Carolina vetch, Carolina wood vetch",medium,3 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Acid soils on rocky slopes, rocky woods, ridges, streambanks.","Native to the United States, V. caroliniana is now found throughout the eastern half of the country, from Texas east to Florida and north to New York and Minnesota. It is also found in Ontario, Canada.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vicia_caroliniana1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,cracca,"Tufted Vetch, Bird vetch, Cow vetch",,4 to 8,1.8,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy and bushy places, avoiding acid soils[13, 17].","Northern Europe, including Britain, to Japan in northern Asia.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+cracca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaCracca.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,ervilia,Bitter Vetch,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Disturbed ground.,S. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+ervilia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaErvilia.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,faba equina,Horsebean,fast,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Long cultivated for its seed, the original habitat is obscure.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+faba equina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vicia faba4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,faba major,"Broad Bean, Fava Bean",fast,4 to 10,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Long cultivated for its seed, the original habitat is obscure.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+faba major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vicia_faba1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,faba minuta,Tick Bean,fast,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Long cultivated for its seed, the original habitat is obscure.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+faba minuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,gigantea,Giant Vetch,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places in California, especially in redwood forests.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaGigantea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,grandiflora kitaibeliana,large yellow vetch,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+grandiflora kitaibeliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaGrandiflora.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,heptajuga,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+heptajuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,hirsuta,"Hairy Tare, Tiny vetch",,4 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places. A common weed of cultivation, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaHirsuta.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,hirticalycina,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+hirticalycina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,japonica,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and low mountains in C. and S. Japan. Also found on forest edges. Grassland, hill slopes and forests at elevations around 450 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,monantha,"Hard Vetch, Barn vetch",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrub steppes in Israel.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+monantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaMonantha.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,narbonensis,"French Vetch, Purple broad vetch",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, damp fields and ditches.","S. Europe. W. Asia. N. Africa. a rare casual, occasionally persisting in Britain[17].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+narbonensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,nipponica,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,noeana,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed steppe, cultivated and fallow fields, 500 - 1700 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+noeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,pisiformis,"Pea Vetch, Pale-flower vetch",,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, mainly broad-leaved, in Scandinavia and eastwards to Asia.",C. and E. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+pisiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaPisiformis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,pseudo-orobus,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies, dry slopes and forest edges. Hill slopes, bush-woods and forests at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres in northern and western China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+pseudo-orobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,sativa,"Winter Tares, Garden vetch,  Subterranean vetch",fast,4 to 8,1.2,,Annual Climber,Annual,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedges and grassy places, avoiding acid soils or shady positions.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaSativa.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,sativa leucosperma,Winter Tares,fast,4 to 8,1.2,,Annual Climber,Annual,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedges and grassy places, avoiding acid soils or shady positions.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+sativa leucosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,sepium,Bush Vetch,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places, hedges and thickets, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and W. Asia to the Himalayas.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+sepium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaSepium.jpg
Leguminosae,Vicia,sylvatica,Wood vetch,fast,3 to 8,1.5,0.3,Deciduous Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, bush woods, among shrubs, hill slopes, grasslands, roadsides; at elevations from 2,300 - 3.600 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas of China, Pakistan, Nepal and India",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vicia_sylvatica1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,tenuifolia,"Fine-Leaved Vetch, Cow vetch",,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A casual on disturbed ground and locally naturalized in Britain.,Europe to Asia. Locally naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaTenuifolia.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,tetrasperma,"Smooth Tare, Lentil vetch",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+tetrasperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaTetrasperma.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,tridentata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Manchuria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+tridentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,unijuga,Two-Leaf Vetch,,6 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and grassy places in lowland and low mountains all over Japan. Hills, forests, grasslands or bush-woods to elevations of 4000 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Russia.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+unijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaUnijuga.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,venosa,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, C. and S. Japan. Grassland on hill slopes at elevations of 600 - 1800 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+venosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,villosa,"Large Russian Vetch, Winter vetch",,None to None,1.8,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated land and waste places, avoiding acid soils and shady positions.",C. and S. Europe. W. Asia and N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaVillosa.jpg
Fabaceae,Vigna,angularis,Adzuki Bean,fast,10 to 12,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Not known in the wild,"E. Asia - probably originated in Japan or southern China, but long cultivated and no longer known in",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+angularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna angularis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,hosei,Sarawak Bean,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Not known as a wild plant. Naturalized in southern china, where it grows in grass at roadsides, wastelands; at elevations below 500 metres[266 ].","Native to Taiwan, Indonesia and Malaysia in tropical southeast Asia. It is also widely cultivated an",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+hosei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna hosei 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,mungo,"Black Gram, Urd Bean, Black Matpe, Black Mung Bean",fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - the exact original wild range is unknown.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+mungo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna mungo1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,radiata,"Mung Bean, Thai Mung Bean",fast,10 to 12,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation[300 ]. Naturalized in open wastelands, roadsides, thicket margins, at elevations up to 500 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, New Guinea.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+radiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna radiata1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vigna,unguiculata cylindrica,Jerusalem Pea,,10 to 12,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"A cultivated form, notknown in the wild.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+unguiculata cylindrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VignaUnguiculataCylindrica.jpg
Fabaceae,Vigna,unguiculata unguiculata,Black-Eyed Pea,fast,10 to 12,4.0,0.2,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Original range is uncertain, perhaps tropical Africa.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+unguiculata unguiculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna_unguiculata1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Viguiera,multiflora,Goldeneye,,9 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open areas on foothills and mountains, well up towards the timberline. Yellow pine, aspen and spruce belts.","South-western N. America - New Mexico, Utah, Nevada and California.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viguiera+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViguieraMultiflora.jpg
Apocynaceae,Vinca,major,"Greater Periwinkle, Bigleaf periwinkle, Myrtle, Large Periwinkle, Big Periwinkle",medium,7 to 9,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Copses and hedgerows in S. England.,"C. and S. Europe, N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vinca+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VincaMajor.jpg
Apocynaceae,Vinca,minor,"Lesser Periwinkle, Flower of Death, English Holly,  Creeping Myrtle, Creeping Vinca, Common Periwink",medium,4 to 9,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Fields, woodland edges, copses and hedgerows[7, 13, 17]. Ash and oak-hornbeam woods on better soils in central Europe.","Europe, possibly also including Britain, from Denmark south and east to Spain and W. Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vinca+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VincaMinor.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Vincetoxicum,hirundinaria,Swallow Wort. white swallow-wort,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wood margins and open places, north to latitude 60° 30' north in Europe.",Europe to E. Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vincetoxicum+hirundinaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VincetoxicumHirundinaria.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,acuminata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet places on river banks and flood plains in E. Siberia. Mixed forests, forest margins, grasslands on mountain slopes, moist places in stream valleys in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,adunca,"Western Dog Violet, Hookedspur violet, Kirk's violet",,4 to 8,0.1,,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Damp banks and edges of meadows in most forest communities, 1500 - 2400 metres from Alaska to N. California.","Eastern and Western N. America - Alaska to California, also Ontario to Quebec and New Brunswick.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+adunca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaAdunca.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,biflora,"Twoflower Violet, Arctic yellow violet,  Carlott's violet",,None to None,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Alpine or subalpine meadows, thickets, forest margins and rocky crevices at elevations of 2500 - 4000 metres.",Northern N. Americam northern Europe to China and Japan.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+biflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaBiflore.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,brevistipulata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist shady places in high mountains, C. and N. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+brevistipulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaBrevistipulata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,canadensis,"Canada Violet, Canadian white violet,  Creepingroot violet",,3 to 8,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich soils in deciduous woods and forests in the mountains[43, 62, 187].",N. America - Saskatchewan and south to Nebraska and the Rocky mountains.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaCanadensis.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,canina,Dog Violet,,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Heaths, dry grasslands, dunes and fens to 420 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and temperate Asia to Japan.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+canina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaCanina.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,collina,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests, forest margins, thickets, grasslands, grassy slopes, mountain valleys, moist places along roadsides in China.","Europe to E. Asia in Mongolia, China and Korea",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+collina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaCollina.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,cornuta,"Horned Violet, Bedding Pansy, Tufted Pansy,",fast,6 to 11,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Mountain pastures.,"S. W. Europe - Spain, Pyrenees. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+cornuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaCornuta.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,cucullata,Marsh Blue Violet,,3 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet places, often in open woods. Wet meadows, springs, bogs, swamps etc.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario and south to Georgia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+cucullata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaCucullata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,diffusa,,,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,['Insects'],,March to May,May to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wasted slopes, stream edges, sparse forests and roadsides where they are damp and shady.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+diffusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaDiffusa.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,epipsila,Dwarf Marsh Violet,,4 to 8,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Cool swampy places.,E. Europe. Northern N. America.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+epipsila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaEpipsila.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,esculenta,Salad violet,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Eastern N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,glabella,"Stream Violet, Pioneer violet",,4 to 8,0.1,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Fairly moist woods or by streams.,E. Asia. Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+glabella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaGlabella.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,grypoceras,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Thin woods in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+grypoceras,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaGrypoceras.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,japonica,Japanese violet,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland areas, C. and S. Japan. Hillsides and damp places in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,keiskei,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+keiskei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaKeiskei.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,labradorica,"Labrador Violet, Alpine violet, Johnny Jump-Up,  Alpine Violet",fast,3 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Woods and grassy places.,"North-eastern N. America - Labrador, south to the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire and New York.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+labradorica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaLabradorica.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,langsdorffii,Alaska Violet. Aleutian violet,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist places, bogs etc in Western N. America.",E. Asia. Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+langsdorffii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaLangsdorffii.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,mandshurica,Manchurian Violet,,7 to 10,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Grassy places and fields in lowland and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+mandshurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaMandshurica.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,mirabilis,wonder violet,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodlands on base rich soils in most of Europe. Broad-leaved forests, needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forests, forest margins, thickets and grassy slopes in China.","Europe through northern Asia to China, Japan and Korea.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+mirabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaMirabilis.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,obtusa,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Thickets and sunny slopes in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+obtusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,odorata,"Sweet Violet, English Violet, Garden Violet, Sweet Violet,  Florist's Violet",fast,4 to 8,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,February to April,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, hedgerows and woodlands, especially on calcareous soils[7, 17, 31].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia and Syria.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaOdorata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,palmata,Salad violet,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Eastern N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,patrinii,China violet,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Usually found under forest shade, 1900 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas. Marshy meadows, meadows, moist places along riversides, thickets, moist and shaded places at forest margins.","E. Asia - Japan, Siberia.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+patrinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,pedata,"Bird's Foot Violet, Crowfoot Violet, Pansy Violet,  Bird's Foot  Violet",slow,4 to 9,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry rocky banks, in open deciduous woods on well-drained soils and on the edges of ditches in acid sandy soils.",Eastern N. America - New York to Wisconsin and south to Florida and eastern Texas.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+pedata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaPedata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,pedunculata,"Grass Pansy, Johnny-jump-up",,7 to 10,,,,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Grassy slopes below 450 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaPedunculata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,pinnata,,,4 to 8,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rocks, screes and grassland, mostly between 1000 and 2000 metres.",C. Europe to E. Asia..,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaPinnata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,prionantha,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grasslands, streamsides, alongside houses at elevations of 2100 - 3200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+prionantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaPrionantha.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,reichenbachiana,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, hedgebanks etc, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, the Caucasus and Himalayas.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+reichenbachiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaReichenbachiana.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,riviniana,Wood Violet,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, hedgebanks, heaths, pastures and mountain rocks on all types of soil that are not too wet.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, Italy and Greece,",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+riviniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaRiviniana.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,sempervirens,"Redwood Violet, Evergreen violet",,None to None,0.1,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Moist woods.,Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaSempervirens.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,sororia,"Wooly Blue Violet, Common blue violet",,4 to 8,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist meadows, low woods and shady banks[43, 187], often on sandy substrates.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Wyoming and south to Oklahoma and N. Carolina.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+sororia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaSororia.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,tokubuchiana,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A rare plant, growing in deciduous forests in mountainous areas.","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+tokubuchiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,tricolor,"Heartsease, Johnny jumpup, Field Pansy,",medium,4 to 9,0.2,0.2,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to September,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Cultivated and waste ground, short grassland etc, mainly on acid and neutral soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Corsica, W. Asia, Siberia, Caucasus.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+tricolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaTricolor.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,vaginata,,,None to None,,,,,['Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountains, C. and N. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+vaginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaVaginata.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,variegata,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountain slopes in E. Siberia. Grasslands on mountain slopes, forests, thickets, rocky crevices in shaded places in northern China.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+variegata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Violaceae,Viola,verecunda,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet grassy places in lowlands and hills all over Japan. Moist grasslands, grassy places on mountain slopes, thickets, margins of mixed forests, fields, alongside houses.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+verecunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaVerecunda.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,violacea,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+violacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaViolacea.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,x wittrockiana,"Pansy, Heart's Ease, Ladies Delight, Stepmother's Flower, Pansy",medium,None to None,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in the wild.,A hybrid species of garden origin.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+x wittrockiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaXWittrockiana.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,yezoensis,Chinese Violet,,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grassy fields in lowland, C. and S. Japan. Broad-leaved forests, montane thickets, grasslands on mountain slopes.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+yezoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaYezoensis.jpg
Myristicaceae,Virola,sebifera,"Virola Nut. Red Ucuba. Pintri, ",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found mainly in savannah and semideciduous forests at higher elevations, almost always on well-drained soils[419 ]. It is not frequent in dense, primary forests[419 ]. Grows principally in secondary forests[341 ]. Found from sea level to 1,500 metres[556 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Central America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Virola+sebifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Virola_sebifera1.JPEG
Viscaceae,Viscum,album,"Mistletoe, European mistletoe",,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to April,November to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows on the branches of many trees, especially poplars, apples, chestnut and birch and especially on calcareous soils[7, 17]. Not usually found on conifers.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, central Asia and Japan.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viscum+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViscumAlbum.jpg
Sapotaceae,Vitellaria,paradoxa,Shea Butter Tree,slow,11 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open sites and parkland savannah[303 ]. A characteristic of the West African savannah, though it is also present in the southern Sahel[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, and to western Ethiopia and Uganda.",4,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitellaria+paradoxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitellaria paradoxa 1.JPEG
Verbenaceae,Vitex,agnus-castus,"Agnus Castus, Lilac chastetree, Vitex, Chastetree",medium,7 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],June to October,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Damp places by streams and on the littoral.,S. Europe.,2,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+agnus-castus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitexAgnus-castus.JPG
Verbenaceae,Vitex,cannabifolia,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],June to October,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Hilly slopes and roadsides. Mixed thickets on mountain slopes and along roadsides at elevations of 100 - 1100 metres.,E. Asia - Western China.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+cannabifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitexCannabifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae,Vitex,doniana,Black Plum,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Sunbirds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Dense forest, wooded savannah, coastal savannah, galleried soudanian and riverine thickets[332 ]. A deciduous forest tree of coastal woodland, riverine and lowland forests and deciduous woodland, extending as high as upland grassland[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to the Sudan, south to Angola, Zambia and Mozambique.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+doniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex doniana 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Vitex,keniensis,"Fulu, Mkombachiko, Mufuu",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist evergreen forest and on thicketed rocky hills at elevations from 1,300 - 2,100 metres[402 , 418 ].","East tropical Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+keniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex keniensis 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Vitex,madiensis,"Ekarukei, Murukukwe",medium,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Tree,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Combretum, Terminalia and Brachystegia woodland and flood pans with Brachystegia; grassland, wooded grassland or dense woodlands; at elevations from 1,000 - 1,800 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Somalia, south to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+madiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex madiensis 1.JPEG
Verbenaceae,Vitex,negundo,"Huang Ping, Chinese chastetree, Cut Leaf Vitex, Cut-leaf Chastetree",medium,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Wasteland up to 2000 metres in the Himalayas. Mixed thickets on mountain slopes at elevations of 200 - 1400 metres in China.,E. Asia - Southwest China to the Himalayas.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+negundo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitexNegundo.jpg
Lamiaceae,Vitex,payos,Chocolate Berry,medium,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Tree,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woodland, wooded grassland and on rocky outcrops at elevations from 50 - 1,500 metres[308 ]","Tropical Africa - DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+payos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex payos 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Vitex,pinnata,Keleban,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Comparatively dry regions in lowland forest, especially in more open habitats, secondary forests and river banks. Occurs gregariously in secondary forest and is a pioneer species in Imperata cylindrica vegetation and recently burnt grasslands[303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex pinnata 1.JPEG
Vitaceae,Vitis,acerifolia,"Bush Grape, Mapleleaf grape",,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Ravines and sandy shores. Stream bottoms and rocky slopes in Texas, usually scrambling over rocks and shrubs.",Southern N. America - Texas to Kansas and Colorado.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+acerifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,aestivalis,"Summer Grape, Long grape",fast,3 to 7,20.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods and thickets. Stream bottom woods, usually on sandy soils, in Texas.",Southern and Eastern N. America - Ontario to Alabama. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+aestivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisAestivalis.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,aestivalis argentifolia,Summer Grape,fast,3 to 7,25.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry woods and thickets.,Southern and Eastern N. America - Ontario to Alabama. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+aestivalis argentifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,aestivalis var. linsecomii,Post-Oak Grape,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, thickets and glades. Stream bottom woods, usually on sandy soils.",Eastern N. America - Ontario to Alabama.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+aestivalis var. linsecomii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisAestivalisLinsecomii.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,amurensis,"Amur River Grape, Amur grape",medium,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich damp woodland soils.,E. Asia - C. and N. Korea.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisAmurensis.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,arizonica,Canyon Grape,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streamsides and in canyons, often climbing into trees, 600 - 2260 metres in Arizona and Utah.",South-western N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+arizonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisArizonica.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,baileyana,Graybark Grape,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks and rich thickets.,South-eastern N. America - Kentucky to Alabama and Arkansas.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+baileyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,belaii,Grape,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+belaii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,berlandieri,Spanish Grape,,6 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woodlands. Stream bottom woods.,"Southern N. America - Texas, New Mexico, Arkansas.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+berlandieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisBerlandieri.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,californica,"California Grape, California wild grape",medium,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stream banks and canyons below 1200 metres.,South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisCalifornica.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,cinerea,Spanish Grape,,6 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woodlands. Stream bottom woods.,"Southern N. America - Texas, New Mexico, Arkansas.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+cinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisBerlandieri.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,cinerea floridana,Currant Grape,,4 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-eastern N. America - S.E. Virginia to Florida.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+cinerea floridana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,coignetiae,Crimson Glory Vine,fast,4 to 8,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows into trees in forests.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+coignetiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisCoignetiae.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,cordifolia,Frost Grape,fast,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River banks, bottom lands and rich thickets.",Southern and Eastern N. America - New York to Florida. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,davidii,Spiny Vitis,,6 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found growing into trees and shrubs in thickets on hillsides and in valleys[109, 266].",E. Asia - China.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+davidii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,flexuosa,,,5 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands in hills and mountains of C. and S. Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+flexuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisFlexuosa.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,girdiana,"Valley Grape, Desert wild grape",,7 to 10,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Canyon bottoms along the sides of streams etc, below 1200 metres.","South-western N. America - California, Baja California.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+girdiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisGirdiana.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,labrusca,"Northern Fox Grape, Fox grape",fast,4 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet or dry thickets and woodland borders.,Eastern N. America - Maine to S. Carolina and Tennessee. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+labrusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisLabrusca.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,labruscana,,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, V. labrusca x V. vinifera[11].",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+labruscana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,lanata,Grape,,8 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in hills to 1500 metres in the Himalayas. Moist open rocky places at elevations of 900 - 2100 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,monticola,Sweet Mountain Grape,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich damp woodland soils. Stream bottoms and limestone areas.,Southern N. America - S.W. Texas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+monticola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisMonticola.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,munsoniana,"Bird Grape, Munson's grape",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+munsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitis_rotundifolia1.JPEG
Vitaceae,Vitis,mustangensis,Mustang Grape,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich damp woodland soils, often on limestone.",Southern N. America - Oklahoma and Arkansas to Texas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+mustangensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisMustangensis.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,palmata,"Red Grape, Catbird grape",,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy banks and rocky places. Borders of sloughs and ponds.,"Southern and Central N. America - Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisPalmata.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,parvifolia,,,5 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands in hills and mountains of C. and S. Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisFlexuosa.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,riparia,Riverbank Grape,fast,2 to 6,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Riverbanks, bottomlands, rich thickets and woodland margins[43, 62].",Eastern and Central N. America. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+riparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisRiparia.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,romanetii,,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, 900 - 1200 metres in W. China.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+romanetii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,rotundifolia,"Muscadine Grape, Muscadine, Southern Fox Grape, Scuppernong, Muscadine Grape",fast,5 to 9,25.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, thickets, sandhills and shores.","South-eastern N. America - Delaware to Indiana and Kansas, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitis_rotundifolia1.JPEG
Vitaceae,Vitis,rupestris,Sand Grape,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy banks, shores, hills etc.","Southern Central N. America - Pennsylvania to Columbia, Missouri and Texas. Locally natin Europe[50]",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+rupestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisRupestris.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,saccharifera,Grape,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+saccharifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Vitis,thunbergii,,medium,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets in hills and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisThunbergii.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,vinifera,"Grape, Wine grape, Purpleleaf Grape, Common Grape",fast,6 to 10,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Riversides and damp woods. Grows on the banks of the Thames at Kew in Britain.,Central and southern Europe; Northern Africa; Western Asia and the Caucasus.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+vinifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisVinifera.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,vulpina,Frost Grape,,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low woods, stream banks, bases of bluffs and thickets.","Central and Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Maryland, Arkansas and Colorado",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+vulpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisVulpina.jpg
Vitaceae,Vitis,x doaniana,Bush Grape,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy or alkaline soils, often by the sides of streams, 1500 - 1800 metres in New Mexico.",Southern N. America - Oklahoma and Colorado to N. Texas and New Mexico.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitis+x doaniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitisXDoaniana.jpg
Fabaceae,Vouacapoua,americana,"wacapou, acapu",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Primary rainforests, mainly in areas that are not seasonally inundated[420 ]. Found especially on forested slopes[422 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Surinam, French Guinea",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vouacapoua+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vouacapoua americana 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,auriculiformis,"Ear-Pod Wattle, Black Acacia, Earleaf, Black wattle",fast,10 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A riparian species, ringing perennial rivers and semi-perennial creeks, and tending to form discontinuous populations along drainage systems[ 303 ]. Savannahs, woodlands, swamp edges, coastal savannas, grasslands, monsoon forests and regrowth[ 359 ].","Australia - Queensland, north through Papua New Guinea to Indonesia.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+auriculiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_auriculiformis.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Akebia,quinata,"Akebia, Chocolate vine, Fiveleaf Akebia, Chocolate Vine",fast,4 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woods, hedges and thickets in mountainous areas. Forest margins along streams, scrub on mountain slopes at elevations of 300 - 1500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Akebia+quinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AkebiaQuinata.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,mucosa,Wild Sweetsop,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland humid limestone forest from sea level to around 600 metres[ 307 ]. Found mainly in the more open areas of secondary growth[ 420 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean.",5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+mucosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_mucosa.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Berchemia,lineata,,,7 to 10,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to August,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"On rocks and in forests, 2000 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas. Scrub thickets in dry places at elevations of 2400 - 4000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - C. and N. China to the Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berchemia+lineata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerchemiaLineata.jpg
Rutaceae,Boenninghausenia,albiflora,,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shrubberies to 3300 metres in the Himalayas. Generally found in moist places in Nepal at elevations of 500 - 3000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas to Japan.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Boenninghausenia+albiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BoenninghauseniaAlbiflora.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,jubata,Shag-Spine,,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry gravel slopes above the sub-alpine forest belt.,E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia and Tibet.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+jubata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaJubata.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,cuneatus,"Buckbrush,  Sedgeleaf buckbrush,  	Monterey ceanothus",fast,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes below 1800 metres in California.,South-western N. America - Oregon to California and Mexico.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+cuneatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusCuneatus.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Cotinus,coggygria,"Smoke Tree, European smoketree, Venetian Sumac, Wig Tree, Smoke Tree",medium,5 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry hillsides, rocky places and open woods, usually on limestone, to 1300 metres[45, 50, 89].",S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotinus+coggygria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Menispermaceae,Dioscoreophyllum,cumminsii,"Serendipity Berry, Guinea potato",medium,10 to 12,1.8,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dense rain-forest and galleried forest, often in old cultivation sites[ 332 ].","Western, central and northeastern tropical Africa.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dioscoreophyllum+cumminsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dioscoreophyllum-cumminsii.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,brasiliensis,Bacupari,slow,10 to 12,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mainly found in secondary forests, by rivers, floodplains, coastal moist broadleaved forests etc[625 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, French Guiana.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+brasiliensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-brasiliensis_1.jpg
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,madruno,"Madruno, Charichuela, Madrono",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry forests with generally sandy soils[416 ]. Humid, secondary forests, principally in areas not subject to inundation, on sandy, well-drained soils[625 ]. Found at elevations below 1,200 metres[336 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Nicaragua.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+madruno,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-madruno-1.jpg
Brassicaceae,Lesquerella,hybrids,Perennial Lesquerella,fast,7 to 11,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Warm temperate to subtropical,Origin: SW N. America.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lesquerella+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lesquerella_hybrids1.JPEG
Juncaceae,Marsippospermum,grandiflorum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet sands, open moist peaty grassland, river margins, bogs and moorland to 350 metres and north to latitude 47°s.",Southern S. America - Chile and the Falkland Islands.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Marsippospermum+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Nasturtium,officinale,Watercress,fast,3 to 11,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Stream margins, ditches, flushes etc with moving water[17, 27], usually in chalk or limestone areas.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden and Denmark south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nasturtium+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NasturtiumOfficinale.jpg
Polygonaceae,Oxyria,digyna,"Mountain Sorrel, Alpine mountainsorrel",,2 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp rocky places on mountains, especially by streams, avoiding acid soils. Locally common on enriched soils below bird roosts.","Mountains of the northern temperate zone, including Britain.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxyria+digyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OxyriaDigyna.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,sachalinense,Giant Knotweed,fast,4 to 8,3.6,3.0,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along ravines and by streams in montane areas of Sakhalin Island.,E. Asia - Japan. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+sachalinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumSachalinense.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,acris,"Meadow Buttercup, Tall buttercup, Showy buttercup",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp meadows and pastures, usually on calcareous or circum-neutral soils[4, 17]. Also found on damp rock ledges, in gullies and occasionally on mountain top detritus.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, through Asia to China and Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+acris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusAcris.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,aquatilis,"Water Crowfoot,  White water crowfoot",,4 to 8,,,,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Ponds, ditches and streams throughout lowland Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+aquatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusAquatilis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,arvensis,Corn Buttercup,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Flies'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of cornfields, especially on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia to the Himalayas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusArvensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,bulbosus,"Bulbous Buttercup, St. Anthony's turnip",fast,None to None,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,March to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, lawns, dry pastures, grassy slopes and fixed dunes, preferring a calcareous sub-strata.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and Greece.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+bulbosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusBulbosus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,californicus,California Buttercup,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy bluffs by the coast. Grassland and open woodland from sea level to 2000 metres.,South-western N. America - Oregon to S. California..,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+californicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusCalifornicus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,chinensis,Hui Hui Suan,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in C. Japan. By streams and rivers, wet grassy places, grassy slopes and meadows, below 3000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,ficaria,"Lesser Celandine - Pilewort, Fig buttercup",fast,None to None,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",January to June,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, scrub, meadows, by streams etc, avoiding acid soils[9, 17].","Nost of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+ficaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusFicaria.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,flammula,"Lesser Spearwort, Greater creeping spearwort",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Common in wet places throughout Britain.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+flammula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusFlammula.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,hirtus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to sub-alpine in various habitats from forests to rocky places, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+hirtus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,inamoeus,Graceful Buttercup,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open mountain meadows, moist banks and slopes. Meadows, rocky slopes, occasionally open woods at elevations of 2000 - 3500 metres.",Western N. America - southwards from British Columbia..,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+inamoeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,japonicus,Mao Gen,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist soils in grassy places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusJaponicus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,kochii,,,5 to 9,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky slopes near melting snow, to 3000 metres in Turkey.","W. Asia - Turkey, Iraq, Iran.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+kochii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,muricatus,"Rough-Seed Buttercup, Spinyfruit buttercup",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A weed of cornfields.,Mediterranean. Widely naturalized in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+muricatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusMuricatus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,nipponicus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Water in mountains, C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+nipponicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusNipponicus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,occidentalis,Western Buttercup,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Vernally moist ground, 100 - 1800 metres. Grassy slopes of meadows or open woodlands from sea level to 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - British Columbia to California and Nevada.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusOccidentalis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,pallasii,"Buttercup, Pallas' buttercup",,None to None,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Boggy tundra, lake shores, ox-bows, pools and boggy places in the polar and arctic zone. Shallow water of bogs and pools in muskeg and tundra from sea level to 700 metres.",Northern N. America through northern Asia to northern Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+pallasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,pennsylvanicus,Pennsylvania Buttercup,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows, alluvium, ditches etc. Stream banks, bogs, moist clearings, depressions in woodlands from sea level to 1700 metres.",Northern N. America - Labrador to Alaska and south to Colorado.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+pennsylvanicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusPensylvanicus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,quelpaertensis,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+quelpaertensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,repens,"Creeping Buttercup, Prairie Double-flowered Buttercup, Water Buttercup,  Creeping Buttercup",fast,3 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows, pastures, woods, dune slacks etc. A common and rampant weed, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, through Asia to China and Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusRepens.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,reptans,Creeping Spearwort,fast,None to None,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A rare plant of lake margins in the Lake District and in Scotland.,"Northern and central Europe, including Britain.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+reptans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusReptans.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,rivularis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to montane slopes, wet ground and still water, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",Australia. New Zealand.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+rivularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,sceleratus,"Celery-Leaved Buttercup, Cursed buttercup",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"In and by slow streams, ditches and shallow ponds of mineral rich water and muddy bottoms, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, mainly in northern and central areas..",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+sceleratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RanunculusSceleratus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,tachreoi,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in C. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+tachreoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Ranunculus,ternatus,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places along rivers and in lowland. Fields, grassy slopes and forests below 500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ranunculus+ternatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,landra,Radish,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A casual growing in waste places near ports in Britain.,Mediterranean. Casual in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+landra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,maritima,Sea Radish,,None to None,0.8,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,A plant of the drift-line and cliffs on sandy and rocky shores.,"Coasts of Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands to N. Spain, Mediterranean, Black Sea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,raphanistrum,Wild Radish,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of fields and pastures[9, 17], usually on sandy non-calcareous soils","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south to N. Africa.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+raphanistrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RaphanusRaphanistrum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,sativus,"Radish, Cultivated radish",fast,2 to 11,0.5,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,A plant of cultivation. the origin of which is obscure. It probably arose through cultivation.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/raphanus_sativus5.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,sativus caudatus,Rat-Tail Radish,,7 to 10,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"This plant's origin is uncertain, it possibly arose out of cultivation[200].",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+sativus caudatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,sativus niger,Oriental Radish,fast,2 to 11,0.5,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,A plant of cultivation. the origin of which is obscure. It probably arose through cultivation.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+sativus niger,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RaphanusSativusNiger.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,sativus oleiformis,Fodder Radish,fast,None to None,0.4,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,A plant of cultivation. the origin of which is obscure. It probably arose through cultivation.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+sativus oleiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae,Raphia,farinifera,Raffia Palm,fast,9 to 12,25.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, swampy ground[200 ]. Riverine and groundwater forest[364 ]. Gallery forests, freshwater swamp forest, along river banks and in the western shoreline forests of Lake Victoria, at elevations from sea level to 2,500 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Cameroon; Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Madagascar.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+farinifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia_farinifera_Jacquin.JPEG
Arecaceae,Raphia,hookeri,Ivory Coast Raffia Palm,fast,10 to 12,10.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Lowland coastal freshwater swamps, where it can grow in water up to 1 metre deep, and river banks. The soils of Nigerian freshwater swamps are light textured and generally acidic[299 , 314 , 418 ].","Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Central African Republic and Zaire, south to Angola.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia hookeri 1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Raphia,palma-pinus,Thatch palm,fast,10 to 12,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet swamps, either fresh or slightly brackish, near the coast. Often behind mangrove swamps[970 ]. Lowland swamp and riparian palm, often associated with shady conditions and extremely high rain fall[328 ].","West tropical Africa - Senegal to Gambia, Cameroon, Congo, northern Angola.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+palma-pinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia palma-pinus 1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Raphia,vinifera,Wine Raffia Palm. Wine Palm,medium,10 to 12,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Borders of rivers[454 ]. Swamps and creeks[970 ].,Tropical west Africa - Ghana to DR Congo.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+vinifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia_vinifera1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ratibida,columnifera,"Prairie Coneflower, Upright prairie coneflower, Woolly Cinquefoil, Praire Coneflower, Mexican Hat",fast,4 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry plains, prairies and ravines. Sandy, silty, or rocky open ground in Texas.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Montana, Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ratibida+columnifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RatibidaColumnifera.jpg
Apocynaceae,Rauvolfia,serpentina,"Rauwolfia, Ajmaline, Java devil-pepper",medium,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane forests at elevations of 800 - 1,500 metres in China[266 ]. Shady places in moist forests[646 ]. Sunny or shaded places in well-drained rain forest and secondary thickets up to 2,100 metres, sometimes as a weed in sugar cane fields[310 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Indonesia.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rauvolfia+serpentina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rauvolfia serpentina 1.JPEG
Tamaricaceae,Reaumuria,hypericoides,,,None to None,0.4,,Shrub,,,,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry saline plains, solonchaks, limestone and dry bluffs.",W. Asia - Caucasus to central Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reaumuria+hypericoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gesneriaceae,Rehmannia,glutinosa,Chinese Foxglove - Di Huang,,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained stony ground along roadsides and in woods. Mountain slopes and trailsides from near sea level to 1100 metres.,"E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rehmannia+glutinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RehmanniaGlutinosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Reichardia,picroides,"French Scorzonera, Common brighteyes",,7 to 10,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to August,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated soil and waste places.,S. Europe.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reichardia+picroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ReichardiaPicroides.jpg
Convallariaceae,Reineckia,carnea,,,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods and foothills of C. and S. Japan. Dense forests, shady and moist slopes, hillsides along valleys at elevations of 100 - 3200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reineckia+carnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ReineckiaCarnea.jpg
Resedaceae,Reseda,lutea,"Wild Mignonette, Yellow mignonette",,None to None,0.8,0.5,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, disturbed ground and arable land, especially on calcareous sub-strata.","Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reseda+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ResedaLutea.jpg
Resedaceae,Reseda,luteola,"Weld, Dyer's Rocket",,5 to 9,1.5,0.5,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed ground, arable land, walls etc, especially on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reseda+luteola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ResedaLuteola.jpg
Resedaceae,Reseda,odorata,"Mignonette, Garden mignonette",,None to None,0.5,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Insects']",,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"a common weed, it also grows amongst rocks.",N. Africa - Egypt. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reseda+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ResedaOdorata.jpg
Resedaceae,Reseda,phyteuma,Rampion mignonette,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated or disturbed ground.,C. and S. Europe to W. Asia and N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reseda+phyteuma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ResedaPhyteuma.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Reutealis,trisperma,"Otaheite Walnut, Lumbang Tree",fast,9 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests at low to medium elevations[327 ].,Southeast Asia - Philippines.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reutealis+trisperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Reutealis trisperma 1.JPEG
Polygonaceae,Reynoutria,japonica,Japanese knotweed.,fast,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cold to warm temperate.  It grows in forests and humid areas.  It grows in wetlands.,Origin: Asia.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reynoutria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Reynoutria_japonica1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Rhagodia,candolleana,Coastal Saltbush,,None to None,2.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sandy and clay soils by sea coasts[265, 285].",Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhagodia+candolleana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhagodiaCandolleana.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Rhagodia,nutans,Climbing Saltbush,,8 to 11,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August to October,September to October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low stony hills and saline areas in red sand and clay soils. Heavy soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhagodia+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Rhagodia,parabolica,Mealy Saltbush,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhagodia+parabolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Rhagodia,spinescens,Spiny Saltbush,,8 to 11,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dried river beds in sandy clay and clay soils.,Australia - South Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhagodia+spinescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhagodiaSpinescens.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnella,franguloides,,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"On slopes, along roadsides or in forests at elevations below 1100 metres.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnella+franguloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnellaFranguloides.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,alaternus,Italian Buckthorn,fast,6 to 9,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Dry places in scrub and maquis, especially on limestone.",S. Europe.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+alaternus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusAlaternus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,carolinianus,"Indian Cherry, Oak, Carolina Buckthorn",slow,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods, sheltered slopes, borders of streams and limestone ridges[43, 82]. Swamps and low ground.","Eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+carolinianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusCaroliniana.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,cathartica,Common Buckthorn,,3 to 7,6.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fen peat, scrub, hedges, ash and oak woods, on calcareous often dry soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+cathartica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusCathartica.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,croceus,Red Berry,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub and open forests below 1500 metres. Dry washes and canyons.,"South-western N. America - California to Arizona, south to Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+croceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,dahurica,Dahurian Buckthorn,,4 to 8,7.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest undergrowth in the Himalayas. Forests on slopes, thickets or the margin of forests, humid places along the sides of canals at elevations under 1800 metres in China.",E. Asia - Siberia to China.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+dahurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,frangula,Alder Buckthorn,slow,3 to 7,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and damp places, usually on moist heaths and damp open woods, preferring a peaty soil[9, 17, 21].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Urals and Siberia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+frangula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusFrangula.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,globosa,lokao,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"On slopes, under forests or in thickets at elevations below 1600 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+globosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,grandiflora,,,None to None,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Under forests on gentle slopes or in thickets at elevations of 1000 - 1800 metres in China.,W. Asia - Caucasus to N. Iran.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,japonica,Japanese buckthorn,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,leptophyllus,,,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets or forest margins in valleys, along the sides of roads and on slopes at elevations of 1700 - 2600 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+leptophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,lycioides,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry stony places.,S. Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+lycioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusLycioides.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,nepalensis,,,None to None,1.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations of 900 - 1,800 metres in the central and eastern Himalayas.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,persicus,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky slopes and cliffs, 1800 - 1900 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia - Turkey to Iran and Afghanistan.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+persicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,purpureus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Generally on open shady aspects, 1300 - 3000 metres[146, 158].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+purpureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,purshiana,Cascara Sagrada,,None to None,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich bottom lands and sides of canyons, usually in coniferous forests[60, 82].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+purshiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusPurshianus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,saxatilis,"Avignon Berry, Rock buckthorn",,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky places on calcareous soils in the Mediterranean[1, 50].",S.W. Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+saxatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusSaxatilis.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,saxatilis tinctorius,Dyer's Buckthorn,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky places on calcareous soils in the Mediterranean[1, 50].",S.E. Europe to E. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+saxatilis tinctorius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,triquetra,,,None to None,7.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands, 900 - 2400 metres[146, 158]. Amongst shrubs at the margins of forests at elevations of 1200 - 3000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+triquetra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,utilis,Chinese Buckthorn,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to June,June to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides and thickets in W. Hupeh, to 1600 metres.","E. Asia - E. and C. China, S. Japan.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+utilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,virgatus,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest undergrowth to 2700 metres[146, 158]. Open places along the margins of forests at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+virgatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rhaphiolepis,indica,Indian Hawthorn,slow,8 to 11,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky hills, slopes, roadsides and streamside thickets at elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - S. China from Yunnan eastwards.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaphiolepis+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhaphiolepisIndica.jpg
Rosaceae,Rhaphiolepis,umbellata,Japanese Hawthorn,slow,7 to 10,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Thickets near the seashore, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaphiolepis+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhaphiolepisUmbellata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Rhaponticum,scariosum rhaponticum,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sub-alpine and alpine meadows.,Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaponticum+scariosum rhaponticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeuzeaRhapontica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Rhaponticum,uniflorum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hills and forests at elevations of 300 - 2700 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaponticum+uniflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,× hybridum,Garden Rhubarb,medium,3 to 8,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Garden Hybrid,Cosmopolitan,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+× hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rheum_x_hybridum1.JPEG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,australe,Himalayan Rhubarb,,5 to 9,3.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open slopes on rocky ground at elvations of 3200 - 4200 metres[51, 272]. Grassy slopes at elevations of 3400 - 4300 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,compactum,,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of rivers and brooks, valleys and slopes. Slopes at elevations around 2000 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+compactum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,coreanum,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+coreanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,nobile,Sikkim Rhubarb,,6 to 9,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Rock ledges around 4000 metres. Open slopes to 4500 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to S.E. Tibet.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+nobile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RheumNobile.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rheum,officinale,Chinese Rhubarb,,6 to 9,2.0,1.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Hills and forest understories at elevations of 1200 - 4000 metres in western China.,E. Asia - Tibet.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RheumOfficinale.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rheum,palmatum,"Turkey Rhubarb, Chinese Rhubarb - Da Huang, Chinese rhubarb",,6 to 9,3.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Scrub and rocky places and by streams, 2500 - 4000 metres. Slopes and valleys at elevations of 1500 - 4400 metres in western and northern China.","E. Asia - N.W. China in Yunnan, W. Sichuan, E. Xizang and Gansu.",3,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+palmatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RheumPalmatum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rheum,palmatum tanguticum,Da Huang,,5 to 9,2.0,0.8,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Valleys at elevations of 1600 - 3000 metres in Gansu, Qinghai and Xizang Provinces.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,3,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+palmatum tanguticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,rhaponticum,"Rhubarb, Garden rhubarb",,3 to 7,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Wet mountain rocks in Europe.,Europe to E. Asia - Siberia.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+rhaponticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RheumRhaponticum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rheum,ribes,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry gorges among rocks, 2300 - 2700 metres[93, 187].",W. Asia - Turkey to Iran.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+ribes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,spiciforme,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Shrubberies and open slopes in drier areas only, 3600 - 4800 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+spiciforme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,tataricum,Tartarian Rhubarb,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry open places. Grasslands and deserts in Tibet.,Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+tataricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rheum,x cultorum,Rhubarb,,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],February to October,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Steppe, sparse woods and sandy soils.",E. Asia - Siberia.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rheum+x cultorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rheum_x_cultorum1.JPEG
Melastomataceae,Rhexia,virginica,"Deer Grass, Handsome Harry",,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Peat, wet sands and gravels to 700 metres. Usually found in moist acid sandy soils.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, south to Florida, Missouri and Louisiana.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhexia+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhexiaVirginica.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Rhinanthus,minor,"Yellow Rattle, Little yellow rattle,  Arctic rattlebox",,5 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassland. There are various sub-species that grow on basic or calcareous soils.,"Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, W. Siberia and the Caucasus.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhinanthus+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhinanthusMinor.jpg
Crassulaceae,Rhodiola,rhodantha,"Queen's Crown, Redpod stonecrop",,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist places in tundra or in meadows and by streams in the Rocky Mountains to 2700 metres.,Western N. America - Arizona to Montana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+rhodantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhodiolaRhodantha.jpg
Crassulaceae,Rhodiola,rosea,Rose Root,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Crevices of mountain rocks and on sea cliffs.,"Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and N. America, including Britain, further south on mountains.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhodiolaRosea.jpg
Crassulaceae,Rhodiola,tibetica,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Alpine meadows with occasional summer rain, but under snow for much of the year. Stony slopes on the sides of ravines at elevations of 4100 - 5400 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+tibetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,anthopogon,,,6 to 9,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Moist open slopes, hillsides, ledges of cliffs and in thickets at elevations of 3000 - 4500, occasionally to 5000 metres.",E. Asia - W. China to the Himalayas.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+anthopogon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,arboreum,,,6 to 9,12.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Forests and shrubberies with Pieris ovalifolia and Quercus incana, 1500 - 3600 metres from Pakistan to S.E. Tibet in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - Himalayas to Sri Lanka.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+arboreum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronArboreum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,aureum,Rosebay,,None to None,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thickets in high mountain areas, both alpine and sub-alpine. Grasslands or liverwort-mosses strata in the alpine region at elevations of 1000 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+aureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronAureum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,campanulatum,,,4 to 8,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Found on open slopes in the alpine zone at elevations between 2,800 and 4,400 metres. Rhododendron thickets on mountain slopes.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+campanulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronCampanulatum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,ferrugineum,Alpenrose,,4 to 8,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Mountain slopes in open woods or scrub, often dominant in the dwarf shrub zone.",Europe.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+ferrugineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronFerrugineum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,griersonianum,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June,March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Coniferous and mixed forests, also in scrub, 2150 - 2700 metres in W. Yunnan.",E. Asia - W. China to Burma.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+griersonianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronGriersonianum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,indicum,Rhododendron,,5 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Rocks in ravines, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronIndicum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,japonicum,Japanese azalea,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dense woods in mountains in C. and S. Japan, to 1800 metres[11, 58].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronJaponicum2.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,kaempferi,,,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Open woods and scrub, sunny grassy hillsides and mountainsides to 1600 metres, all over Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+kaempferi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronKaempferi.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,lapponicum,Lapland Rosebay,,None to None,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Rocky barrens and sub-alpine woods.,"N. Europe, N. Asia. Northern N. America - Alaska to Quebec.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+lapponicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronLapponicum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,lutescens,,,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Hillsides, scrub, hedges and forest edges, 1750 - 3000 metres. Thickets and wood margins fully exposed to the sun, 2000 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - China in C. Sichuan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+lutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronLutescens.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,luteum,Honeysuckle Azalea,,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Drought,"Mountain meadows, sometimes on limestone, beech and open coniferous forests, to 2200 metres. Grows from sea-level to the sub-alpine zone.",Europe - Austria and Poland to Turkey. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+luteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronLuteum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,maximum,"Rosebay Rhododendron, Great laurel",,3 to 7,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Damp places along streams, edges of bogs and ponds, woods and mountain slopes to 900 metres[43, 184], often forming impenetrable thickets.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia and south to Georgia and Alabama.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronMaximum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,molle,Chinese Azalea,,6 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Grows amongst coarse grasses and shrubs, also in thin pine woods.",E. Asia - China.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+molle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronMolle.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,mucronulatum,,,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Thin woods and open country, especially on volcanic soils.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+mucronulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronMucronulatum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,periclymenoides,"Pink azalea, Pinxter flower",medium,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Swamp margins, moist woods and open areas with full to partial sunlight or high, open shade.","Eastern United States, from southern New York south to Georgia, with isolated populations in Midwestern states.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+periclymenoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhododendron_periclymenoides1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,'PJM',,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, R. minus x R. dauricum[200].",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+'PJM',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhododendron
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,ponticum,Rhododendron,,6 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Rich forests under Fagus, Picea and Abies species, it is also found above the tree line. Sandy and peaty soils in woods and open places in Britain.",W. Europe to the Caucasus and Lebanon. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+ponticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronPonticum.jpg
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,x praecox,,,5 to 9,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, R. ciliatum x R. dauricum[200].",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+x praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhododendronXPraecox.jpg
Myrtaceae,Rhodomyrtus,tomentosa,Ceylon Hill Gooseberry,fast,9 to 11,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thrives in open, often degraded sandy sites, along the shore and on river banks. Where it grows, other plants seem not to be able to compete with it, hence almost pure stands exist.","E. Asia - China, southern Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodomyrtus+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,ambigua,,,6 to 9,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountainous woods all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+ambigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,aromatica,"Lemon Sumach, Fragrant sumac",slow,3 to 9,1.2,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry rocks, sands and open woods, often on limestone outcrops.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida and Indiana to Texas.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+aromatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusAromatica.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,chinensis,"Chinese Gall, Chinese sumac",,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,August,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland, hills and mountains in Japan. Also found in the Himalayas (as R. semialata) where it grows in secondary forests to 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusChinensis.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,copallina,"Dwarf Sumach,  Winged sumac, Flameleaf Sumac,  Winged Sumac, Shining  Sumac",fast,4 to 10,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Generally found in dry soils on hillsides, along the margins of woodlands and roads, and in abandoned fields.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+copallina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusCopallina.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,coriaria,"Elm-Leaved Sumach, Sicilian sumac",,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places and waysides[45, 50], mainly on limestone.",S. Europe.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+coriaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusCoriaria.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,diversiloba,"Western Poison Oak, Pacific poison oak",,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets and wooded slopes in foothills, along streams, in washes and hedgerows below 1500 metres[71, 92].",Western N. America - Vancouver to California.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+diversiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusDiversiloba.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,glabra,Smooth Sumach,medium,3 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets and waste ground on dry soil and by streams[4, 43, 60]. The best specimens are found in rich moist soil[149, 229].",N. America - found in all 48 mainland states of USA[214] and in southern Canada.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusGlabra.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,integrifolia,"Lemonade Berry, Lemonade sumac",medium,8 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Ocean bluffs, canyons and dry places below 800 metres, in sandy sterile soil. Often forming close, impenetrable thickets.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusIntegrifolia.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,microphylla,"Desert Sumach, Littleleaf sumac",,8 to 11,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky hillsides or gravelly mesas, 600 - 1800 metres.",South-western N. America - Texas to Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusMicrophylla.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,ovata,"Sugar Bush, Sugar sumac",,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry rocky slopes below 800 metres, usually away from the coast, in California[71, 229]. Grows in oak woodlands and chaparral.","South-western N. America - California, Arizona and Mexico.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusOvata.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,potaninii,,,4 to 8,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and in woods on slopes at elevations of 900 - 2500 metres[109, 266].",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+potaninii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusPotaninii.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,punjabensis,,,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woodland margins in W. China.,E. Asia - C. and W. China.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+punjabensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,punjabensis sinica,,,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist situations in valleys and ravines. Thickets and forests at elevations of 460 - 3000 metres in Tibet and western China.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+punjabensis sinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,radicans,Poison Ivy,fast,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, on rocky slopes and in wooded swamps.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Texas..",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusRadicans.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,sempervirens,,,None to None,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes, rocky hillsides and cliffs, 600 - 2250 metres.","Southern N. America - Texas, New Mexico and Mexico.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,succedanea,Wax Tree,,4 to 9,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies to 2,400 metres in the Himalayas[51 ]. Lowland and hill forests, lowland thickets on limestone; at elevations from 100 - 1,500 metres, occasionally to 2,500 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+succedanea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusSuccedanea.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,sylvestris,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests at elevations of 140 - 800 (occasionally to 2300) metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, NW Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusSylvestris.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,toxicodendron,Eastern Poison Oak,,6 to 9,0.6,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry barrens, pinelands and sands.","South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Delaware, south to Georgia, Alabama and Texas.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+toxicodendron,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusToxicodendron.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,trichocarpa,,,None to None,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and mountains all over Japan. Dense forest or thickets on slopes at elevations of 900 - 1200 metres in Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+trichocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusTrichocarpa.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,trilobata,"Skunk Bush, Basketbush, Squawbush, Three Leaf  Sumac",medium,4 to 6,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Foothills, canyons, slopes etc, usually on dry rocky soils and especially on limestone outcrops.",Western N. America.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+trilobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusTrilobata.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,typhina,"Stag's Horn Sumach,  Velvet Sumac,  Staghorn Sumac",fast,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to August,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually found in upland sites on rich soils, but it is also found in gravel and sandy nutrient-poor soils. It grows by streams and swamps, along roadsides, railway embankments and edges of woods.",Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to the southern Appalachian mountains and west to Iowa.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+typhina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusTyphina.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,vernix,Poison Sumach,,3 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wooded swamps, often inundated for part of the year[4, 43, 82].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Vermont and Ontario, south to Florida, Missouri and Louisiana.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+vernix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusVernix.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,wallichii,,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady and open places in forests and shrubberies at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres[51, 272].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+wallichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Rhus,x pulvinata,,,None to None,3.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Usually found in upland sites on rich soils, but it is also found in gravel and sandy nutrient-poor soils.",Eastern N. America.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhus+x pulvinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Rhynchoryza,subulata,Arroz bravo,fast,9 to 12,0.3,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,It is a tropical grass. Climate: warm temperate to tropical. Humidity: humid.,"Origin: S. America. Native to Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Chaco), Paraguay and Uruguay.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhynchoryza+subulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhynchoryza_subulata1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rhynchosinapis,monensis,Isle Of Man Cabbage,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,West coast of Britain from N. Devon to Kintyre.,Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhynchosinapis+monensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhynchosinapisMonensis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rhynchosinapis,wrightii,Lundy Cabbage,,6 to 9,1.0,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Endemic to the cliffs and slopes on the eastern side of Lundy Island.,Britain.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhynchosinapis+wrightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,aciculare,,,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open stony mountain and hill slopes. Forest margins, thickets and rocky slopes at elevations of 1500 - 2100 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+aciculare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,alpinum,Alpine Currant,medium,2 to 7,1.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,April to May,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Cliffs and rocky woods on limestone.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Italy, Montenegro, Bulgaria",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesAlpinum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,altissimum,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Taluses composed of large stones in the forest zone, often into the bald mountain zone. Coniferous or mixed forests and forest margins on mountain slopes below 2000 metres in N. China.","E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia, Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+altissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,ambiguum,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Most commonly found growing as an epiphyte in moist moss on the branches of trees[11, 58, 182].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+ambiguum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,americanum,American Blackcurrant,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich thickets and slopes.,"Eastern N. America - Saskatchewan to New Brunswick, south to Maryland and West Virginia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesAmericanum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,aureum,Golden Currant,,3 to 8,2.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By streams, in ravines and on mountain slopes[60, 62]. Rocky slopes and sandy bluffs.","Western N. America - Saskatchewan to Washington, south to California. Naturalized in C. Europe.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+aureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesAureum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,bracteosum,Stink Currant,,6 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stream banks and moist woods, especially by seepages.",South-western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+bracteosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesBracteosum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,burejense,"Bureja gooseberry,",,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain coniferous forests, slopes and stream banks.",Northern N. America - Alaska to N. Asia - Manchuria to N. Korea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+burejense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,californicum,Hillside Gooseberry,,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open slopes and rocky canyons below 750 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesCalifornicum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,cereum,Wax Currant,,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Canyons, dry ravines, hillsides, prairies and open woodland.",Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+cereum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesCereum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,curvatum,Granite gooseberry,,6 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-eastern N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+curvatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,cynosbati,"Dogberry, Eastern prickly gooseberry",,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, loamy or rocky woods[43, 235].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to North Carolina, west to Manitoba, Alabama and Missouri.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+cynosbati,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesCynosbati.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,diacanthum,Siberian currant,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes and rocks. Sandy hilly areas, sandy grasslands and river banks below 1500 metres in N. China.","E. Asia - Siberia to N. China, Manchuria, Mongolia and N. Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+diacanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,distans,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed forests, in the shade of undergrowth and in the shade of rocks. Forests and thickets in valleys, mountain slopes at elevations of 900 - 2700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+distans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,divaricatum,"Coastal Black Gooseberry, Spreading gooseberry, Parish's gooseberry, Straggly gooseberry",,4 to 8,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, prairies and moist hillsides.",Western N. America.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+divaricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesDivaricatum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,fasciculatum,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],March to November,April,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony places near villages in Korea. Forests and forest margins, bamboo woods, foothills, stony slopes and roadsides at elevations of 700 - 2400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+fasciculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesFasciculatum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,fragrans,,,3 to 7,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountain slopes among rocks and on stony taluses to lower parts of the bald mountain zone.,"E. Asia - Mongolia, Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,gayanum,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+gayanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,glaciale,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies, 2600 - 4400 metres from Afghanistan to S.W. China. Forests and thickets in mountain valleys, mountain slopes and rocks at elevations of 1900 - 3000 metres in W. China",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+glaciale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesGlaciale.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,glandulosum,Skunk Currant,,None to None,0.4,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet woods and rocky slopes.,"N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Michigan and Wisconsin.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+glandulosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesGlandulosum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,griffithii,,,None to None,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies, 2700 - 4000 metres. Forests and forest margins in mountain regions, foothill thickets at elevations of 2600 - 4200 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from W. Nepal to S.E. Tibet.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+griffithii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,himalense,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed, coniferous, or broad-leaved forests and forest margins, thickets on mountain slopes, river banks, or in ravines, grasslands on mountain slopes, mountain valleys, stream banks, roadsides.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+himalense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,hirtellum,"Currant-Gooseberry, Hairystem gooseberry",,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky or swampy woods and clearings.,"Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, West Virginia and South Dakota.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+hirtellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesHirtellum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,horridum,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes. Coniferous forests and forest margins at elevations of 1500 - 2100 metres in S. Jilin province, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+horridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,hudsonianum,"Hudson Bay Currant, Northern black currant, Western black currant",,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Swampy woods and rocky slopes.,"Northern N. America - Alaska to Oregon, south to British Columbia and Minnesota.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+hudsonianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesHudsonianum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,inebrians,Whisky Currant,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes to 3700 metres in California.,"Western N. America - California to Idaho, Nebraska and New Mexico.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+inebrians,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesInebrians.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,inerme,"Whitestem Gooseberry, Klamath gooseberry",,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist, often shaded places, 1000 - 3200 metres in California.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Montana, south to California.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+inerme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesInerme.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,irriguum,Idaho Gooseberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist to dry canyons and open to wooded hillsides.,North-western N. America - southwards from British Columbia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+irriguum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,janczewskii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gorges and mountain river valleys to 3000 metres.,C. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+janczewskii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,japonicum,,,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia- Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,lacustre,"Prickly Blackcurrant, Prickly currant",,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cold damp woods. Swamps and wet woods.,"N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and California.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+lacustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesLacustre.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,latifolium,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Undergrowth of mountain forests. Deciduous larch forests and forest margins, roadsides at elevations of 1100 - 1500 metres in S Jilin province, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,laurifolium,,slow,8 to 11,1.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to April,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Often found climbing into trees in forests, on slopes, river banks and rocks at elevations of 2100 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+laurifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesLaurifolium.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,laxiflorum,"White-Flowered Currant, Trailing black currant",,4 to 8,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A spreading or decumbent plant, clambering over logs and stumps in moist places in California.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+laxiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesLaxiflorum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,leptanthum,Trumpet Gooseberry,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streamsides, 1800 - 2800 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+leptanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesLeptanthum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,lobbii,Gummy Gooseberry,,6 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Creek banks and lowland valleys to open or forested mountain slopes.,Western N. America - southern British Columbia to northern California.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+lobbii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesLobbii.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,longiracemosum,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands and thickets to 3000 metres. Forests or thickets on mountain slopes or in valleys, mixed forests in gullies at elevations of 1100 - 3800 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+longiracemosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,luridum,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, forest margins, slopes and river banks at elevations of 2800 - 4100 metres in western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas in Tibet, Sikkim and Nepal.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+luridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,magellanicum,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open scrub, often with Berberis buxifolia, in forest clearings and wood margins from sea level to 300 metres.","Southern S. America - Chile, Tierra Del Fuego.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+magellanicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesMagellanicum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,mandschuricum,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Solitary in forest edges and clearings in mixed forests. Forms thickets in rocky gorges in the shade of rocks.,"E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+mandschuricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesManshuricum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,maximowiczii,,,5 to 9,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mixed forest in undergrowth and in the shade of rocks. Forests or thickets in mountain valleys at elevations of 2500 - 3000 metres in E Gansu and E. Shaanxi.,E. Asia - W. China.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesMaximowiczii.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,maximowiczii floribundum,,,5 to 9,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mixed forest in undergrowth and in the shade of rocks.,E. Asia - W. China.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+maximowiczii floribundum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,menziesii,Canyon Gooseberry,,6 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal ranges from California to Oregon.,Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesMenziesii.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,meyeri,,,6 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and forest margins on mountain slopes, river banks, or in valleys, thickets in valleys or on roadsides, rock crevices in gullies and streamsides; 1200 - 3900 metres in Xinjiang.","C. and E. Asia - China, Tibet, Mongolia and eastern Russia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+meyeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesMeyeri.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,missouriense,Missouri Gooseberry,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist open woods, thickets and fence rows.","Central N. America - Illinois to Minnesota, South Dakota, Kansas and Tennessee.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+missouriense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesMissouriense.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,montigenum,Gooseberry-Currant,,5 to 9,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By streams, in wet forests, ravines etc, in the sub-alpine zone.",Western N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+montigenum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesMontigenum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,multiflorum,Manyflower currant,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains.,S. E. Europe - Balkans.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+multiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,nigrum,"Blackcurrant, European black currant",,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],March to November,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedges and woodlands, often by streams[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Bulgaria, N. and C. Asia.",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesNigrum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,niveum,"Slender Branched Gooseberry, Snow currant",,5 to 9,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, usually by streams.",Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+niveum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesNiveum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,odoratum,Buffalo Currant,,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky bluffs and slopes, also along the sides of streams.","Central N. America - Saskatchewan and Minnesota, west to the Rockies and south to Texas.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+odoratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesOdoratum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,orientale,,,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stony slopes and rocks to 4000 metres in the Himalayas.,S.E. Europe to S.W. Asia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,oxyacanthoides,"American Mountain Gooseberry,  Canadian gooseberry,  	Stream currant, Henderson's currant,  Idaho go",,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist thickets and riverbanks. Prairies and canyons.,"N. America - Alaska to Newfoundland, British Columbia, Michigan, North Dakota and Montana.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+oxyacanthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesOxyacanthoides.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,palczewskii,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and riverside shrub thickets. Coniferous and mixed forests, Larix forests on mountain slopes, thickets along river and stream banks at elevations of 600 - 1500 metres.",C. and E. Asia N. China to Russia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+palczewskii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,petiolare,Wetern Blackcurrant,,3 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River islands, river alluvium and stony banks, riverain deciduous forest strips and edges in N. Asia. Moist places, 900 - 1500 metres from California to Washington and Montana.","N. Europe, N. Asia to Western N. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+petiolare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,petraeum,"Rock Red Currant, Currant",,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains from C. Europe to the Pyrenees.,W. and C. Europe.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+petraeum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesPetraeum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,petraeum biebersteinii,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Europe - Caucasus.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+petraeum biebersteinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,pinetorum,Orange Gooseberry,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pinewoods.,"South-western N. America - Arizona, New Mexico.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+pinetorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesPinetorum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,procumbens,Trailing red currant,,3 to 7,0.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Well-drained sites with moist soil, stream and river banks, moist forests etc. Coniferous or mixed forests and river banks at low altitudes in N. China.","E. Asia - N. Korea, Manchuria.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,punctatum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Plains and foothills.,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+punctatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,roezlii,Sierra Gooseberry,,6 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open slopes, 1000 - 2500 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+roezlii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesRoezlii.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,rotundifolium,Appalachian Gooseberry,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open rocky places and thickets, ascending to the highest crests.",Eastern N. America - Massachusetts and New York to North Carolina.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+rotundifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesRotundifolium.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,rubrum,"Red Currant, Cultivated currant",,4 to 8,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp soils in hedges and woods, avoiding acid soils[7, 9, 17].","Western Europe, including Britain.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+rubrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesRubrum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,sachalinense,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist forests and riparian shrub thickets.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+sachalinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesSachalinense.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,sanguineum,"Flowering Currant, Blood currant",medium,5 to 9,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Open to wooded, moist to rather dry valleys and foothills.",Western N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+sanguineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesSanguineum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,sanguineum glutinosum,Flowering Currant,,5 to 9,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Open to wooded, moist to rather dry valleys and foothills.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+sanguineum glutinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesSanguineumGlutinosum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,sativum,Redcurrant,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedges and woods, avoiding acid soils.","W. Europe, possibly including Britain.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+sativum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ribes-sativum4.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,setosum,Missouri Gooseberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky slopes. Thickets and the shores of lakes.,North-western N. America - Ontario and Manitoba to Nebraska and Wyoming.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+setosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesSetosum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,sinanense,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+sinanense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,spicatum,"Nordic Currant, Currant",,3 to 7,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods on limestone.,"Northern Europe, including Britain, to Manchuria in N. Asia..",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesSpicatum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,stenocarpum,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coniferous or mixed forests, thickets on mountain slopes and ravines at elevations of 2300 - 3300 metres.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+stenocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,triste,"American Red Currant, Red currant",,None to None,0.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bogs and cool wet woods[11, 43].","N. Europe to Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Michigan and Oregon.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+triste,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesTriste.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,ussuriense,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks.,"E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+ussuriense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,uva-crispa,"Gooseberry, European gooseberry",medium,4 to 8,1.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and hedges, often by streams.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Italy and the Caucasus.",5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+uva-crispa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesUva-crispa.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,valdivianum,,,None to None,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests between latitudes 38 and 42°south.,"S. America - Chile, Argentina.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+valdivianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,viburnifolium,,,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Amongst shrubs and in canyons.,South-western N. America - S. California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+viburnifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesViburnifolium.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,viscosissimum,Sticky Currant,,6 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shaded woods and rocky places in coastal mountains, 1500 - 3000 metres[71, 200].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+viscosissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RibesViscosissimum.jpg
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,warszewiczii,Downy currant,,3 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, mainly coniferous, forest edges, river banks and amongst shrubs.",E. Asia - E. Siberia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+warszewiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,x culverwellii,Jostaberry,,5 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],April to October,April to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A range of garden hybrids.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x culverwellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ribes_x_culverwellii1.JPEG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,x holosericeum,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, R. petraeum caucasicum x R. spicatum[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x holosericeum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,x houghtonianum,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, R. sylvestre x R. spicatum[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x houghtonianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Grossulariaceae,Ribes,x robustum,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, R. niveum x R. inerme[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x robustum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Ricinodendron,heudelotii,"Manketti nut, Zambezi almond, African oil-nut-tree",fast,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Fringing, deciduous and secondary forests, common throughout the semi-dry wooded-savannah zone[332 ]. Rain forests, but is typical of the more open, secondary formations and is common on abandoned farmland[299 , 316 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Kenya, south to Angola and Mozambique.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ricinodendron+heudelotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ricinodendron heudelotii1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Ricinus,communis,"Castor-Oil Plant, Castorbean, Palma Christi, Wonder Tree, Castor Oil Plant",fast,10 to 11,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to September,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Africa? Original habitat is obscure. Naturalized in S. and S.C. Europe.,1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ricinus+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RicinusCommunis.jpg
Smilacaceae,Ripogonum,scandens,Supple Jack,,9 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland podocarp and broad-leaved forests on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ripogonum+scandens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RipogonumScandens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Robinia,fertilis,Bristly Locust,medium,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry woodland and hillside scrub.,South-eastern N. America.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+fertilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RobiniaFertilis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Robinia,flava,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - N. China.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+flava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Leguminosae,Robinia,hispida,"Bristly locust, Rose-acacia, or Moss locust",fast,4 to 8,3.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Birds', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thin upland woodlands, woodland edges, thickets, fence rows, roadside embankments, banks of drainage canals, vacant lots, and overgrown waste areas.",Native Range: Central and eastern United States,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+hispida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Robinia_hispida1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Robinia,luxurians,New Mexico locust,,4 to 8,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Banks of mountain streams to elevations of 2100 metres.,South-western N. America - New Mexico.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+luxurians,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RobiniaLuxurians.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Robinia,neomexicana,"New Mexico Locust, Rusby's locust, Locust",medium,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Mountain canyons and plains, generally in sunny positions in moist soils by streams, 1200 - 2500 metres.","South-western N. America - Texas to New Mexico, Utah and Nevada.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+neomexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RobiniaNeomexicana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Robinia,pseudoacacia,"Black Locust, Yellow Locust",fast,4 to 9,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,November to March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods and thickets, especially in deep well-drained calcareous soils.",Eastern N. America - Appalachian and Ozark mountain ranges. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+pseudoacacia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Robinia_pseudoacacia1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Robinia,viscosa,"Clammy Locust, 	Hartweg's locust",medium,3 to 7,13.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry open woodland and hillside scrub to 1200 metres.,South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Alabama.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Robinia+viscosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RobiniaViscosa.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Rodgersia,podophylla,,,None to None,1.3,2.0,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woods in the mountains of C. and N. Japan, 700 - 2000 metres. Shaded slopes in Jilin and Liaoning provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rodgersia+podophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RodgersiaPodophylla.jpg
Convallariaceae,Rohdea,japonica,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,January to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods in the warmer areas of C. and S. Japan. Moist places in forests, grassy slopes at elevations of 700 - 1700 metres in China.","E. Asia - S.W. China, Japan.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rohdea+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RohdeaJaponica.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Romanzoffia,suksdorfii,California mistmaiden,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Wet cliffs and ledges at lower elevations in the coastal ranges. Moist woodland.,Western N. America - California to Oregon.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Romanzoffia+suksdorfii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrophyllaceae,Romanzoffia,unalaschkensis,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Bluffs along the coast of Western N. America.,N. Europe to Northern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Romanzoffia+unalaschkensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Romulea,bulbocodium,,,6 to 9,0.2,0.1,Corm,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy and rocky places near the sea, also in scrub to 1000 metres.","S. Europe - Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria, to N. Africa.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Romulea+bulbocodium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RomuleaBulbocodium.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rorippa,amphibia,Great Yellow Cress,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"By ponds, ditches and streams, often in water, in acid or calcareous conditions.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rorippa+amphibia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RorippaAmphibia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rorippa,globosa,Globe yellowcress,,None to None,0.7,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,April to November,May to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River banks, moist areas, grasslands, and railroad embankments from near sea level to 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rorippa+globosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rorippa,indica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rather wet places in lowland, and at low elevations in the mountains, central and southern Japan.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rorippa+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Rorippa,palustris,"Yellow Marsh Cress,  Bog yellowcress, Hispid yellowcress,  Western bog yellowcress",,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist places, especially where water stands only in the winter.","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world including Britain.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rorippa+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RorippaPalustris.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,acicularis,Prickly Rose,,None to None,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Thickets and rocky often acid slopes.,Northern N. America to N. Europe and Asia.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+acicularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaAcicularis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,arkansana,Low Prairie Rose,,4 to 8,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky slopes, thickets and dry prairies.",Central and Western N. America.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+arkansana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaArkansana.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,arkansana suffulta,Prairie Rose,,4 to 8,,,,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry thickets, rocky slopes, sands etc.",Eastern and Central N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+arkansana suffulta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaArkansanaSuffulta.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,banksiae,Banksia Rose,fast,6 to 9,10.0,12.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Growing into trees or hanging down ravines and rocky places to altitudes of 1000 metres in W. China[109, 260].",E. Asia - China. Naturalized in Austria and Germany[50].,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+banksiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaBanksiae.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,blanda,"Labrador Rose, Smooth rose, Hispid rose",,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry to moist, calcareous to neutral rocky slopes, shores etc.","Eastern and Central N. America - Newfoundland to Vermont, New Jersey and Missouri.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+blanda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaBlanda.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,californica,California Wild Rose,,4 to 8,2.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,By rivers and in moist canyons.,South-western N. America - California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaCalifornica.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,canina,Dog Rose,fast,3 to 7,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,June to July,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hedges, scrub, woods, roadsides, banks etc.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and southwest Asia.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+canina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaCanina.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,carolina,"Pasture Rose, Carolina rose",,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry sandy or rocky open habitats or thin woods. Swamps and low ground according to another report.,"Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Missouri, Florida and Mississippi.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+carolina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaCarolina.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,centifolia,"Provence Rose, Cabbage rose",,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A garden hybrid of uncertain origin.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+centifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaCentifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,chinensis,China Rose,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaChinensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,coriifolia,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hedges and scrub.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Pyrenees, Greece and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+coriifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,corymbifera,Dog rose,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hedges, scrub etc.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and southwest Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+corymbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaCorymbifera.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,cymosa,,,6 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hilly slopes, roadsides and thickets. Warm, humid areas in hedges and river gorges at altitudes up to 1,300 metres.",E. Asia - most of China from western Sichuan and Hubei eastwards.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+cymosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,davurica,Amur rose,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open places, birch forests and sparse larch forests. In sunny places or at margins of forests on slopes, in grassy places on hills at elevations of 430 - 2500 metres.","N.E. Asia - Cchina, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+davurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaDavurica.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,dumalis,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hedges, scrub etc. Very rare in S. Britain.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Pyrenees, Greece and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+dumalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaDumalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,fedtschenkoana,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain slopes, forest edges and shrubby formations. In scrub, on slopes, or by streams in valleys at elevations of 2400 - 2700 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - N.W. China to Turkistan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+fedtschenkoana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaFedtschenkoana.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,fraxinellaefolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Western N. America - W. Oregon.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+fraxinellaefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaFraxinellaefolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,gallica,French Rose,,4 to 8,2.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hedges and woods, usually on calcareous soils.",S. and C. Europe.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+gallica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaGallica.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,gigantea,Manipur Wild-Tea Rose,,8 to 11,15.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Ravines and grassy hills, thickets and wood margins in W. Hupeh.",E. Asia - S.W. China from Mengzi and Kunming west to Burma and Manipur.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaGigantea.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,glauca,Red-Leafed Rose,,None to None,2.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mountains.,Europe - Pyrenees to Yugoslavia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaGlauca.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,gymnocarpa,"Wood Rose, Dwarf rose, Gasquet rose",,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Shaded woods below 1800 metres in California.,Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+gymnocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaGymnocarpa.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,hemsleyana,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,E. Asia - N. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+hemsleyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,laevigata,Cherokee Rose,medium,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky places at low altitudes. In open fields, farmland, or in scrub at elevations of 200 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - Southern China from Sichuan and Hubei to Taiwan.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+laevigata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaLaevigata.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,laxa,,,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Steppe meadows, forest edges and river banks. In scrub, by streams, or valleys at elevations of 500 - 1150 metres.","E. Asia - N.W. China, Siberia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+laxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,macrophylla,,fast,6 to 9,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Humus-rich soils in forests and shrubberies to 3800 metres[51, 145]. On slopes or in scrub at elevations of 3000 - 3700 metres in S Xizang and NE Yunnan Provinces, China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Kashmir, Sikkim and China.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaMacrophylla.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,majalis,"Cinnamon Rose, Double cinnamon rose",,5 to 9,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, shrubs, meadows etc, especially along river flood plains.",N. Europe to E. Asia - Siberia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+majalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaMajalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,manca,Mancos rose,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+manca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,maracandica,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mountains.,C. Asia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+maracandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,micrantha,Smallflower sweetbrier,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, scrub and hedges, mainly on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Poland, Germany and France to the Mediterranean.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaMicrantha.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,moschata,Musk Rose,fast,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,W. Asia? The original habitat is obscure. Naturalized in the Mediterranean[50].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+moschata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaMoschata.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,moyesii,,,4 to 8,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain thickets, 2000 - 4000 metres. On slopes or in scrub at elevations of 2700 - 3800 metres in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+moyesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaMoyesii.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,multiflora,"Japanese Rose, Multiflora rose",,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"On slopes, in scrub, or by rivers at elevations around 1300 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaMultiflora.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,nutkana,"Nootka Rose, Bristly Nootka rose",,4 to 8,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Woods and open places at moderate elevations.,North-western N. America.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+nutkana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaNutkana.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,obtusifolia,,,4 to 8,,,,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hedges, scrub etc in England and Wales.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Italy, Roumania and Greece.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+obtusifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,palustris,Swamp rose,fast,3 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Birds', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist soils of marshes, swamps and riparian areas where there is adequate moisture, full sun, and typically more acid soils.",Eastern North America,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rosa_palustris1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Rosa,pimpinellifolia,"Burnet Rose, Scotch rose",medium,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sandy shores and heaths, also on limestone, especially near the sea[2, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, E. and W. Asia to China.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+pimpinellifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaPimpinellifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,pisocarpa,"Cluster Rose, Ahart's cluster rose",,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Shaded slopes below 1500 metres in California.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+pisocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaPisocarpa.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,roxburghii,"Sweet Chestnut Rose, Chestnut rose",,4 to 8,1.2,1.2,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Waysides and semi-arid river valleys. On open slopes, in valleys, at roadsides, or in curbs at elevations of 500 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Himalayas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+roxburghii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaRoxburghii.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,rubiginosa,"Sweet Briar, Sweetbriar rose",,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open copses and old hedgerows. Usually found on calcareous soils, it is one of the first shrubs to colonize chalk grassland[11, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Caucasus and Himalayas.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+rubiginosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaRubiginosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,rugosa,"Ramanas Rose, Rugosa rose",medium,3 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Sandy sea shores.,"E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea. Naturalized in several places in Britain[17].",5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaRugosa2.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,sericea,Himalayan Rose,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests, shrubberies and alpine slopes to 4500 metres. On mountain tops and slopes of valleys, or in dry sunny places at elevations of 2000 - 3800 metres.",E. Asia - E. Himalayas to S.W. China and Burma.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+sericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaSericea.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,sericea omeiensis,Himalayan Rose,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests, shrubberies and alpine slopes to 4500 metres. On slopes, or in scrub at elevations of 750 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - E. Himalayas to S.W. China and Burma.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+sericea omeiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaSericeaOmeiensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,sericea pteracantha,,medium,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests, shrubberies and alpine slopes to 4500 metres. Gravel, dry valleys and scrub on slopes at elevations of 3000 - 4400 metres in Xizang Province, China.",E. Asia - E. Himalayas to S.W. China and Burma.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+sericea pteracantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaSericeaPteracantha.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,setigera,"Prairie rose, Climbing Wild Rose",fast,4 to 7,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Birds', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Moist to mesic prairies, savannas, thickets, woodland borders and clearings, acid gravel seeps, fence rows, abandoned pastures, and waste areas. ",Native Range: Eastern and central North America,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+setigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rosa_setigera1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Rosa,setipoda,,,5 to 9,2.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Upland thickets, 2000 - 2600 metres from N.W. Hupeh to Szechwan. On slopes or in scrub at elevations of 1800 - 2600 metres in Hubei and Sichuan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+setipoda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaSetipoda.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,sherardii,Sherard's downy rose,,4 to 8,,,,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hedges, scrub etc. Rare in S. England.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Poland and Switzerland.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+sherardii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,sweginzowii,Sweginzow's rose,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets, 2300 - 3600 metres in W. Hupeh. At roadsides or in scrub on slopes at elevations of 2300 - 3850 metres.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+sweginzowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaSweginzowii.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,tomentosa,Whitewoolly rose,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hedges, scrub etc, common but becoming rare in Scotland.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Caucasus and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,villosa,Apple Rose,,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, hedgerows, scrub etc.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Caucasus, W. Asia to Iran.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaVillosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,virginiana,Virginia Rose,medium,3 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Damp to dry thickets, clearings, swamps and shores.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Louisiana. A garden escape in Britain[17].",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaVirginiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,webbiana,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky slopes in arid areas, 1500 - 4100 metres. On slopes, in grassy places, among forest, in scrub, in valleys or near farmlands at elevations of 2000 - 4500 metres.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas - from Pakistan to Nepal.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+webbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,wichuraiana,Memorial Rosa,fast,5 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Thickets in lowland and low mountains, especially abundant near sea-shores, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+wichuraiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaWichuraiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,woodsii,"Western Wild Rose, Woods' rose, Tehachapi rose",,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist soils of draws, hillsides, along streams and in open valleys. It often forms thickets in open positions.","Central and Western N. America -Minnesota to Missouri, Northwest Territory, New Mexico and Colorado.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+woodsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rosa-Woodsii.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,x beanii,,,6 to 9,,,,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Rocky places at low altitudes in W. Hupeh.,E. Asia - E. China? This is a hybrid species.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+x beanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rosa,x damascena,Damask Rose,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, this species is probably a hybrid involving R. centifolia[11, 74].",W. Asia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+x damascena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaXDamascena.jpg
Rosaceae,Rosa,x odorata,Tea Rose,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, R. chinensis x R. gigantea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+x odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosaXOdorata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Rosmarinus,officinalis,Rosemary,medium,6 to 11,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry scrub and rocky places, especially near the sea[50, 132].",S. Europe to W. Asia.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosmarinus+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RosmarinusOfficinalis.jpg
Proteaceae,Roupala,montana,"Roupale, Leopardwood",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Savannahs in coastal areas, rock savannahs in the mountains and secondary forests on sandy soils[422 ]. Moist and wet forests at elevations up to 144 metres[337 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean - Trinidad.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Roupala+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Roupala_montana_Pohl.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,akane,Asian Madder,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and hedges in lowland and at low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+akane,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubiaAkane.jpg
Rubiaceae,Rubia,chinensis,,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deciduous forests at elevations of 500 - 1600 metres in mountains all over Japan[58, 275].","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria, Mongolia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,cordifolia,Indian Madder,,5 to 9,6.0,3.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Amongst scrub in the Himalayas. To 2400 metres in Dehra Dun. Damp wet upland forests in China.,S. Europe to Africa and Asia.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,hexaphylla,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+hexaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,jesoensis,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny meadows in lowlands.,"E. Asia - N. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+jesoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,khasiana,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China in Khasia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+khasiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,manjith,Indian Madder,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Growing on shrubs, 1200 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Pakistan to S.E. Tibet.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+manjith,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,peregrina,Wild Madder,,6 to 9,0.1,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Hedges, thickets, scrub and stony ground in the south and south-west of Britain.","Western and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+peregrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubiaPeregrina.jpg
Rubiaceae,Rubia,sikkimensis,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations from 600 - 1,500 metres.",E. Asia - Eastern Himalayas from Sikkim to Bhutan and Assam.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+sikkimensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Rubia,tinctorum,"Madder, Dyer's madder",medium,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Neglected ground, hedgerows and among rubble.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubia+tinctorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubiaTinctorum.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,abbrevians,Vermont blackberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods and clearings.","Eastern N. America - Minnesota to Ontario and Newfoundland, south to Oklahoma and Alberta.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+abbrevians,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,acaulis,Dwarf Raspberry,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp soils.,"Northern N. America - Labrador to Alaska, south to Colorado and southern British Columbia.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,acer,,,None to None,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to wet argillaceous, siliceous or peaty soils.",Eastern N. America - Virginia to Long Island.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+acer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,adenophorus,,,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous regions, valleys, sparse forests, forest margins and thickets at low to medium elevations.",E. Asia - C. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+adenophorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,adenotrichus,Mora Comun,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at elevations between 2600 to 3400 metres.,C. and S. America - Mexico to Ecuador.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+adenotrichus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,affinis,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist heath and grassland.,Europe to Asia. Rare in Britain[50] according to one report but it is not in [17].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,alexeterius,,,None to None,2.0,,Shrub,,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Montane valleys, streamsides, waste slopes, forest clearings and margins, forested slopes at elevations of 2000 - 3700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Bhutan to western China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+alexeterius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,allegheniensis,"Alleghany Blackberry, Graves' blackberry",medium,3 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry thickets, clearings and woodland margins.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York, Virginia and North Carolina.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+allegheniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusAlleghaniensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,almus,"Mayes Dewberry, Garden dewberry",,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - north-eastern Texas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+almus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,amabilis,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrambles on the forest floor, 1300 - 3800 metres. Foothills, along ditches, montane valleys, slopes, forests, thickets, forest margins and roadsides at elevations of 1000 - 3700 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+amabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,ampelinus,,,None to None,3.0,,Shrub,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Slopes, stony ravines and forest margins at elevations of 200 - 2500 metres in Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang Provinces.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ampelinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,arcticus,"Arctic Bramble, Arctic raspberry, Dwarf raspberry",,2 to 7,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp peats or gravels, especially on calcareous soils.","Northern N. America, N. Europe and N. Asia. Formerly native to Britain in the Scottish highlands[17]",5,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+arcticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusArcticus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,argutus,"Highbush Blackberry, Sawtooth blackberry",,None to None,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry or moist thickets and woodland margins.,Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Virginia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+argutus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusArgutus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,arizonicus,Arizona Dewberry,,None to None,0.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Partial shade by streams.,N. America - Arizona.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+arizonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,australis,,,8 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forest fringes. When growing in an open sunny position it forms a flowerless and leafless plant.,New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,avipes,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and clearings.,Eastern N. America - New England to Michigan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+avipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,baileyanus,Bailey's dewberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist open sandy woods, thickets and clearings.",Eastern N. America - southwards from Massachusetts to S. Ontario and Indiana.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+baileyanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,barbatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe - Austria.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+barbatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,bellobatus,Kittatinny Blackberry,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woodland edges.,North-eastern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+bellobatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,biflorus,,,None to None,3.5,3.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub, forest edges and open slopes, 1800 - 3300 metres[51, 184]. Valleys, riversides, slopes, roadsides, thickets, forests and forest margins at elevations of 1500 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+biflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,bifrons,"Himalayan berry, Hybrid European blackberry, Hybrid blackberry",,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Naturalized in Texas, where it grows in thickets, roadsides and pastures.",Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+bifrons,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,bloxamii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Frequent in wooded districts.,"Western Europe, including Britain, from Denmark to Belgium, Germany and Hungary.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+bloxamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,buergeri,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broad-leaved forests, mixed forests in mountainous regions at low to medium elevations.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+buergeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusBuergeri.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,caesius,"Dewberry, European dewberry",,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows, amongst shrubs and in rough dry meadowland, usually on basic soils[1, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia and W. Asia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+caesius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCaesius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,calycinus,Wild Raspberry,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist shady banks and forests, 2100 - 3000 metres[51, 272]. Slopes, forests and forest margins at elevations of 1200 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China and Burma.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+calycinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,canadensis,"American Dewberry, Smooth blackberry",,3 to 7,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, woods and clearings[43, 235].",North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Michigan and North Carolina.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCanadensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,candicans,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest clearings amongst shrubs, mountain slopes, river banks and mountain streams.",S.W. and C. Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+candicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCandicans.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,caucasicus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+caucasicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,caudatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+caudatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,chamaemorus,Cloudberry,,2 to 4,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Cool boggy places, often found amongst bilberries on hills and mountain sides, avoiding shade and calcareous soils.","Northern Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Germany and N. Asia.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+chamaemorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusChamaemorus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,chroosepalus,,,5 to 9,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets on slopes, forest margins at elevations of 300 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - C. China.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+chroosepalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,cissoides,Bush Lawyer,fast,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests from lowland to montane areas throughout New Zealand.,New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+cissoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCissoides.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,cockburnianus,,,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets on sunny slopes, dense forests in montane valleys, riversides at elevations of 900 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - N. and C. China.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+cockburnianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCockburnianus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,corchorifolius,"Fingerberry, Brombeere, Jute-leaved raspberry,",,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets to 1200 metres in W. China. Sunny slopes, streamsides, montane valleys, thickets and waste places at elevations of 200 - 2600 metres.","E. Asia - China, N. Japan.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+corchorifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCorchorifolius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,coreanus,Korean Bramble,,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"300 - 900 metres in W. Hupeh. Thickets on slopes, montane valleys, riverbanks and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 3100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+coreanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCoreanus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,corylifolius,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+corylifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,crataegifolius,Korean raspberry,,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground and clearings in mountains. Sunny thickets on slopes, forest margins, ravines and roadsides at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+crataegifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCrataegifolius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,croceanthus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+croceanthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,cuneifolius,Sand Blackberry,,5 to 9,0.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy or rocky soils of the coastal plain and outer piedmont.,"Eastern N. America - Florida, north to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+cuneifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusCuneifolius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,deliciosus,"Rocky Mountain Raspberry, Delicious raspberry",medium,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub and rocky slopes in the Rocky mountains.,"Western N. America - Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+deliciosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusDeliciosus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,divergens,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Central Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+divergens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,ellipticus,"Golden Evergreen Raspberry,  Yellow Himalayan raspberry",,7 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and open hillsides, to 2300 metres in the Himalayas. Dry slopes, montane valleys, sparse forests and thickets at elevations of 1000 - 2600 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to China, also in S. India and Sri Lanka.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ellipticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusEllipticus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,enslenii,Northern dewberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry or moist open woods and thickets.,South-eastern N. America - southwards from Massachusetts.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+enslenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusEnslenii.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,flagellaris,Northern Dewberry,,3 to 7,0.2,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry fields, openings and borders of thickets in slightly acid soils.",Eastern N. America.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+flagellaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusFlagellaris2.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,flagelliflorus,,,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places on hills, rock cliffs, slopes and valleys at elevations of 900--1500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+flagelliflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,floribundo-paniculatus,,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sheltered sites on mountains, broad-leaved forests, forest margins and streamsides at low to medium elevations.",E. Asia - southern China to Cambodia and Indonesia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+floribundo-paniculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,floridus,Sawtooth blackberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Borders of woods.,Eastern N. America - southwards from Virginia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+floridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,flosculosus,,,5 to 9,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Riverbanks, montane valleys, forested slopes, thickets and roadsides at elevaions of 900 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+flosculosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,frondosus,Yankee Blackberry,,4 to 8,0.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and borders of woods. Mainly found in dry soils.,Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Indiana.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+frondosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusFrondosus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,fruticosus,"Blackberry, Shrubby blackberry",fast,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",March to November,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A very common and adaptable plant, found in hedgerows, woodland, meadows, waste ground etc[17, 244].","Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterraneanand Macaronesia.",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+fruticosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusFruticosus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,geoides,,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humus rich soils in the Magellan Straits and on small hills in S. Chile.,"Southern S. America - Chile, Falkland Islands.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+geoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusGeoides.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,geophilus,Northern dewberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry fields, openings and borders of thickets.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario and southwards.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+geophilus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,glandicaulis,Glandstem blackberry,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry to moist thickets and clearings.,Eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+glandicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,glaucus,"Mora De Castilla, Andes berry",,10 to 12,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - northern Andes through Central America to Mexico.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+glaucus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusGlaucus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,grayanus,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, open sunny areas, montane valleys, thickets and mixed forests along watercourses at elevations of 300 - 1100 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+grayanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,gunnianus,,,None to None,0.2,0.3,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open well-drained slopes on mountains over 900 metres.,Australia - Tasmania.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+gunnianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,henryi,,fast,5 to 9,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, valleys, mountainous areas, forests and thickets at elevations to 2500 metres in Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan Provinces, China.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusHenryi.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,hirsutus,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and waste ground in lowland and low mountains of C. and S. Japan. Slopes, roadsides, waste places, thickets and forested slopes at elevations of 900 - 3200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+hirsutus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusHirsutus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,hispidus,"Swamp Dewberry, Bristly dewberry",,3 to 7,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or dry open soils, ditches, swales or open woods.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+hispidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusHispidus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,humilifolius,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous forests, moist shrubby formations, mossy bogs.",N.E. Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+humilifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,hypargyrus niveus,,,7 to 10,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey shrub in fir and oak forests, 2400 - 3000 metres. Forested slopes, thickets and logged lands at elevations of 3000 - 3200 metres in western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, Sikkim and China.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+hypargyrus niveus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,ichangensis,,,6 to 9,0.3,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and ravines to 1800 metres. Slopes, fallow fields, dense forests in valleys and thickets at elevations of 800 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ichangensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,idaeus,"Raspberry, American red raspberry, Grayleaf red raspberry",medium,4 to 8,2.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",April to November,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist neglected land, hedgerows and woodland edges[7, 11, 244].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain and temperate Asia.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+idaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusIdaeus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,ikenoensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in high mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ikenoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusIkenoensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,illecebrosus,Strawberry-Raspberry,,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and waste ground.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+illecebrosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusIllecebrosus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,innominatus,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests on mountain slopes, thickets, roadsides, streamsides, riversides in montane valleys at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+innominatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,invisus,Upland dewberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry fields and borders of woods.,Eastern N. America - New York.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+invisus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusInvisus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,jacens,Spreading dewberry,,None to None,0.3,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry pastures and clearings.,Eastern N. America - southern New Hampshire to eastern New York and Pennsylvania.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+jacens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,kuntzeanus,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, roadsides and thickets at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - W. and C. China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+kuntzeanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,laciniatus,"Oregon Cut-Leaf Blackberry, Cutleaf blackberry",fast,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The origin of this plant is uncertain.,5,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+laciniatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusLaciniatus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,lambertianus,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, roadsides, montane valleys, ravines, grasslands, thickets and forest margins at elevations of 200 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+lambertianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,lanatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern S. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+lanatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,lasiostylus,,,6 to 9,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, thickets and forests in valleys at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - C. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+lasiostylus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,laudatus,Plains blackberry,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods, clearings etc.",Central N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+laudatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,lemurum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and somewhat damp places below 1200 metres in California.,Western N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+lemurum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,lentiginosus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Heaths.,"Western Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands to Belgium, Germany and Hungary.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+lentiginosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,leucodermis,Whitebark Raspberry,medium,None to None,2.5,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and open to wooded hills.,Western N. America.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+leucodermis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusLeucodermis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,leucostachys,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods.,"Western Europe in Britain, Denmark and France.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+leucostachys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,lineatus,,,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gregarious on hillsides in the oak forest region of Sikkim, 1800 - 2700 metres. Slopes, valleys, forest understories, margins of forests and fallow fields at elevations of 1400 - 3000 metres",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+lineatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusLineatus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,linkianus,Link's blackberry,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,Europe?,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+linkianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,loganobaccus,Loganberry,fast,7 to 10,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Probably a hybrid between R. ursinus and the raspberry 'Red Antwerp'. Rarely naturalized in Britain.,5,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+loganobaccus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusLoganobaccus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,louisianus,Sawtooth blackberry,,7 to 10,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+louisianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusLouisianus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,macilentus,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp places in forested areas at elevations of 1800 - 2800 metres in Nepal. To 2400 metres in Jaunsar and Tehri-Garhwal.,E. Asia - Himalayas from India t Nepal and wester China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+macilentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,macropetalus,California Blackberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Field banks and disturbed areas below 1300 metres in California.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+macropetalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusMacropetalus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,magnificus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and heaths.,Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+magnificus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,mesogaeus,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, forest understories in montane valleys, riverbanks, mixed forests, roadsides and broad-leaved evergreen forests at elevations of 600 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - from the eastern Himalayas to China and Japan.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+mesogaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,michiganensis,Michigan dewberry,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sands and other light soils.,"Eastern N. America - southern Michigan, northern Indiana and southern Wisconsin[43].",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+michiganensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,microphyllus,"Hsuan Kou Tzu, Mu Mei, Shan Mei,",,8 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+microphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusMicrophyllus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,moluccanus,"Ceylon Blackberry, Eelkek",,9 to 11,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforest edges in Australia. Found at elevations up to 2100 metres in the Himalayas.,"E. Asia - Himalayas to Sri Lanka. Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+moluccanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusMoluccanus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,moorei,Bush Lawyer,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountain rainforests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+moorei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusMoorei.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,nemorosus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+nemorosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusNemorosus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,nepalensis,Nepalese Raspberry,medium,7 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks, banks and shrubberies to 3300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusNepalensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,nessensis,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and heaths, usually on very acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Portugal and the Balkans.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+nessensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,nigricans,Setose blackberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp thickets and swampy places.,"Western N. America - Wisconsin to Ontario, south to W. Vancouver.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+nigricans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusNigricans.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,nitidioides,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Locally abundant in S.E. England.,Britain.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+nitidioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,niveus,"Ceylon Raspberry, Snowpeaks raspberry",,8 to 11,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and forest clearings, 1700 - 2300 metres in Kashmir[145, 146]. Thickets on slopes, sparse forests, montane valleys, streamsides and flood plains at elevations of 500 - 2800 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to China, south to Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Thailand.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+niveus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusNiveus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,nubigenus,Giant Colombian Blackberry,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at elevations between 2600 to 3400 metres.,S. America - Colombia.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+nubigenus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,occidentalis,Black Raspberry,,3 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich thickets, ravines and borders of woods, often in full shade and preferring moist positions.","Eastern and Central N. America - New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Georgia and Missouri.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusOccidentalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,odoratus,"Thimbleberry, Purpleflowering raspberry",medium,3 to 7,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist thickets and woodland borders.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario and south to Tennessee. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+odoratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusOdoratus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,ostryfolius,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods and clearings.",Northern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ostryfolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,palmatus,,,7 to 10,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hills and low mountains in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+palmatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusPalmatus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,paniculatus,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies, 1500 - 2900 metres from Pakistan to Bhutan. Damp shady ravines to 1800 metres in Jaunsar and Tehri-Garhwal. Mixed forests on slopes, ravines, streamsides; 1500 - 3200 m.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to western China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+paniculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,parcifrondifer,Silver Creek blackberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods and clearings.",Eastern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+parcifrondifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,parviflorus,Thimbleberry,medium,3 to 7,2.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands, canyons and open areas.",Western N. America - Alaska to Ontario and California. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+parviflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusParviflorus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,parvifolius,Japanese Raspberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and waste ground in lowlands and low mountains in Japan. Mainly found in wet sclerophyll forests in eastern Australia.,"E. Asia - China, Japan. Australia.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+parvifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusParvifolius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,parvus,,,8 to 11,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland forest and river flats between latitudes 41 and 44°south, west of divide in South Island.",New Zealand.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+parvus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,pascuus,Chesapeake blackberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to wet argillaceous, siliceous or peaty soils.",Eastern N. America.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pascuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,pectinellus,"Atibulnak,",,None to None,0.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, C. and S. Japan. Montane forests and valleys, riverbanks at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres in southern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pectinellus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusPectinellus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,pedatus,"Trailing Wild Raspberry, Strawberryleaf raspberry",,None to None,0.3,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp coniferous woods in mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan. North-western N. America.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pedatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusPedatus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,peltatus,,,6 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Slopes, foothills, forest margins, ravines and moist waste places at elevations of 300 - 1500 metres in western China.","E. Asia - W. China, Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+peltatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,pensilvanicus,Pennsylvania blackberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods and clearings.",Eastern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pensilvanicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusPensilvanicus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,pergratus,upland blackberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods and clearings.",Eastern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pergratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,permixtus,thicket dewberry,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and openings.,Eastern N. America - New York.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+permixtus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,philadelphicus,Philadelphia blackberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, borders of woods and clearings.",Eastern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+philadelphicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,phoenicolasius,"Japanese Wineberry, Wine raspberry",medium,4 to 8,3.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste places and clearings in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Roadsides and montane valleys at low to medium elevations in China.,"E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].",5,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+phoenicolasius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusPhoenicolasius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,platyphyllus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, 450 - 1700 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+platyphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,platysepalus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and roadsides at low elevations in Guangxi and Hunan Provinces.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+platysepalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,procerus,Himalayan Giant Blackberry,fast,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,C. Europe.,5,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+procerus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rubus-procerus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,pseudo-acer,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pseudo-acer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,pubescens,Dwarf Red Blackberry,,None to None,0.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp slopes, rocky shores, low thickets etc.",N. America - Labrador to British Columbia and southwards.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusPubescens.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,pungens oldhamii,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Semi-shaded wet places in montane valleys, forests on slopes and thickets at elevations of 600 - 3900 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+pungens oldhamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,racemosus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - India in the Nilgiri Hills.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+racemosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,radicans,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Chile.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,reticulatus,,,None to None,0.1,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Exposed hillsides at elevations of 2000 - 3000 metres in Nepal. Broad-leaved evergreen forests in montane valleys, ravines and thickets on slopes at elevations of 600 - 2100 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+reticulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,rhamnifolius,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"C. Europe, west to Belgium.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+rhamnifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,rolfei,'Emerald Carpet' raspberry,,7 to 9,0.1,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places, mixed forests at elevations of 1300 - 3800 metres.",E. Asia - Formosa.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+rolfei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusRolfei.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,rosa,Rose blackberry,,None to None,,,,,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry pastures, old fields and clearings.",North-western and Eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+rosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,roseus,Mora Silvestre,,None to None,2.0,,Shrub,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in the Andes at elevations up to 2800 metres in Bolivia and from 3000 to 3700 metres in Ecuador.,"S. America - Bolivia, Ecuador.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+roseus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,rosifolius,Mauritius Raspberry,,None to None,2.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hillsides in gullies, rock seams and bases of walls in China. Damp eucalyptus forest, rainforest edges, paddocks and roadsides in Australia.",E. Asia - Himalayas to the East Indies and Australia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+rosifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusRosifolius.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,rubiginosus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+rubiginosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,sachalinensis,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, open woods and fields. Forests, forest margins, thickets, grasslands, ravines, valleys, rock crevices and slopes at elevations of 400- 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Japan. N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+sachalinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,salteri,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Endemic to England, growing in woods and on downs in Hereford (Winforton wood) and the Isle of Wight (south-east corner of the island).",Britain.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+salteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,sanguineus,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open scrub, rocky slopes, river banks, fixed dunes, coastal plains and waste places to 1250 metres in Turkey.",Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+sanguineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusSanguineus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,saxatilis,Stone Bramble,,4 to 8,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Stony woods and by shady rocks, especially on basic rocks.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to the Pyrenees and temperate Asia to Japan.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+saxatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusSaxatilis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,schmidelioides,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland forests in North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+schmidelioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,serissimus,Chesapeake blackberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+serissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,setchuenensis,,,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, roadsides, forest margins and thickets, often forming dense, impenetrable thickets on deforested slopes, at elevations of 500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+setchuenensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,sieboldii,Palmleaf dewberry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and cut-over areas in low mountains and hills, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,simplex,,,None to None,0.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets to 1800 metres. Slopes, roadsides and forests at elevations of 1500 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - C. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,species,Hybrid Berries,fast,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in the wild.,A range of garden hybrids.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusSpecies.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,spectabilis,Salmonberry,medium,4 to 8,1.8,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist spots in and about woods below 300 metres in California.,Western N. America - Alaska to California. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusSpectabilis.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,squarrosus,,,8 to 11,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in lowland to montane areas throughout New Zealand.,New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+squarrosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,stans,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High montane forests, forest margins and open stony thickets at elevations of 2000 - 4000 metres in Qinghai, Sichuan, E Xizang and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+stans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,stellatus,"Nagoon Berry, Arctic raspberry",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Peaty soil, thickets and tundra.",Northern N. America - Alaska to Yukon.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+stellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,strigosus,"American Red Raspberry, Grayleaf red raspberry",,3 to 7,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, clearings and woodland borders. In dry or rocky situations.","N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Mexico.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+strigosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rubus_strigosus1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Rubus,sulcatus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,C. N. and W. Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+sulcatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,tephrodes,,,None to None,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides and sunny places in wild areas. Mountain tops, slopes, roadsides and thickets to elevations of 1500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+tephrodes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,thibetanus,,medium,5 to 9,2.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, forest margins, roadsides, slopes, ravines and dry places at elevations of 900 - 2100 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+thibetanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,thyrsanthus,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A very rare plant in Britain.,"Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Portugal and Roumania.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+thyrsanthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,tricolor,Creeping Bramble,fast,6 to 9,0.3,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Steep banks and in scrub on mountains to 3000 metres. Slopes, forests and thickets at elevations of 1800 - 3600 metres in Sichuan and Yunnan.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+tricolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rubus_tricolor1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Rubus,trifidus,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,By the shore in the warmer areas of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+trifidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,trivialis,Southern Dewberry,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stream banks, roadsides, thickets and old fields. Dry sandy soils.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+trivialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,tsangorum,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sparse montane forests and thickets at elevations of 200 - 1200 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+tsangorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,ulmifolius,"Elm-Leaved Bramble, Elmleaf blackberry",medium,6 to 9,3.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Very common in many habitats, succeeding on chalk and clay and preferring open sunny habitats[11, 17, 150].","Europe, including Britain, from he Netherlands south and east to N. Africa, Italy and Macaronesia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ulmifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,ursinus,"Pacific Dewberry, California blackberry",,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, fields, canyons etc below 1000 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+ursinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusUrsinus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,vernus,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine regions, C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan[58].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+vernus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusVernus.jpg
Rosaceae,Rubus,vestervicensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Europe - Sweden.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+vestervicensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,villosus,Low-Running Blackberry,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open woods and thickets.,South-eastern N. America.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+villosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,x neglectus,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A naturally occurring hybrid, R. occidentalis x R. idaeus strigosus. It grows wild in dry or rocky soils.","Eastern N. America - Vermont to Ontario, Pennsylvania and Ohio.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+x neglectus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Rubus,xanthocarpus,,,5 to 9,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony places. Roadsides, slopes, forests and rocky ravines at elevations of 600 - 3200 metres in Anhui, Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+xanthocarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RubusXanthocarpus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Rudbeckia,hirta,"Black Eyed Susan, Coneflower, Gloriosa Daisy, Marguerite Jaune",medium,4 to 9,2.0,0.5,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Hoverflies']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Disturbed soils in Texas.,N. America. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rudbeckia+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RudbeckiaHirta.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Rudbeckia,laciniata,"Cone Flower, Cutleaf coneflower, Green Headed Coneflower",medium,3 to 7,2.4,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Hoverflies']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stream banks and moist places in rich low ground[43, 60].","N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, Colorado Florida. Locally naturalized garden escape in Britain[17].",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rudbeckia+laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RudbeckiaLaciniata.jpg
Sterculiaceae,Rulingia,dasyphylla,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found especially in gullies up to the alpine zone.,"Australia - Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rulingia+dasyphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RulingiaDasyphylla.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,abyssinicus,Spinach Rhubarb,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. Africa - Ethiopia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+abyssinicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,acetosa,"Sorrel, Garden sorrel",,3 to 7,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, by streams and in open places in woodland[7, 17]. Often found as a weed of acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia, N. America, Greenland.",5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+acetosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexAcetosa4.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,acetosella,"Sheeps Sorrel, Common sheep sorrel",fast,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to August,July to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Heaths and acid grasslands. A weed of acid soils[17, 55].","Cetral and southeastern Europe, including Britain, as far north as Scandanavia and Iceland.",4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+acetosella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexAcetosella.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,alpinus,"Alpine Dock, Munk's rhubarb",medium,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along the banks of streams and by the sides of roads, it is also found near human habitations, in hilly areas.",C. and S. Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+alpinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexAlpinus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,angiocarpus,Common sheep sorrel,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A pernicious weed of sterile fields in N. America.,"Southern and central Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+angiocarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,aquaticus,"Red Dock, Western dock",,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water at the margins of swamps. Fields, meadows and ditches.","Europe, including Britain but absent from Italy and the Balkans, to N. Asia.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+aquaticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexAquaticus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,arcticus,Arctic Dock,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Marshes in N. Russia.,N. Europe.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+arcticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,arifolius,Maiden Sorrel,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountainous meadows and pine forests.,S. Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+arifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexArifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,berlandieri,amamastla,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low ground prairies and ditches.,South-eastern N. America - Texas and Louisiana to the coastal plain.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+berlandieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,brownii,Swamp Dock,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,September to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places such as the banks of creeks, often in clay soils, in the montane and sub-alpine zones. Often found as a weed of damp lawns and pastures in Australia.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria. Casual in Britain[17].",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+brownii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexBrownii.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,bucephalophorus,red dock,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sandy and rocky places, especially by the sea.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+bucephalophorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexBucephalophorus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,conglomeratus,"Sharp Dock, Clustered dock",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp grassy places, sometimes also found in woods.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+conglomeratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexConglomeratus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,crispus,"Curled Dock, Curly dock",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Growing almost anywhere, it is found especially in grassy places, waste ground, roadsides and near sand dunes and is a serious weed of agriculture[17, 244].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+crispus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexCrispus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,daiwoo,sour dock,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows in lowland all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+daiwoo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,dentatus,toothed dock,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deep situations, 1700 - 2200 metres in Kashmir. Moist valleys and mountain slopes from sea level to 2500 metres in China.",S. Europe to E. Asia and Africa. An uncommon casual in Britain[17].,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+dentatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,gmelinii,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet places in high mountains, N. Japan. Moist valleys, along streambanks at elevations of 400 - 2800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Siberia.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+gmelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,graminifolius,Grassleaf sorrel,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal rocks and arctic regions in Newfoundland.,N. Europe. Northern N. America.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+graminifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexGraminifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,hastatus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wasteland, dry slopes and rocks to elevations of 2400 metres. Shady slopes or dry streambeds at elevations of 1000 - 2600 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+hastatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexHastatus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,hydrolapathum,Great Water Dock,,5 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Near ponds and streams, also in shallow water, avoiding acid conditions.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Italy and S. Russia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+hydrolapathum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexHydrolapathum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,hymenosepalus,"Canaigre, Canaigre dock",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy places below 1500 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+hymenosepalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexHymenosepalus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,japonicus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet meadows and ditches in lowland all over Japan. Field margins, streambanks and wet valleys from sea level to 3400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,longifolius,dooryard dock,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By rivers, in ditches and in damp grassy places.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Pyrenees, Caucasus and C. Asia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+longifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexLongifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,maritimus,Golden Dock,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Bare muddy ground by lakes, reservoir margins, dried up ponds and occasionally in damp grassy places, often by the coast.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and the Caucasus.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+maritimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexMaritimus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,mexicanus,Mexican Dock,,None to None,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils, occasionally brackish.","Western N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Maine, Texas and Mexico.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+mexicanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexMexicanus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,nepalensis,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated areas and grazed ground, 1200 - 4300 metres from Afghanistan to S.W. China.",S. W. Europe to E. Asia.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,obtusifolius,"Round-Leaved Dock, Bitter dock",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, hedgerows and field margins. A common weed of cultivated land on acid or calcareous soils.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Germany and Hungary.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+obtusifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexObtusifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,occidentalis,Western Dock,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist and swampy areas, summer-drying meadows, seacoast to foothills, valley and open montane flats.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexOccidentalis.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,patientia,Herb Patience,,5 to 10,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste land in Britain.,Europe. Naturalized in a few places in Britain[17].,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+patientia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexPatientia.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,paucifolius,"Fewleaved Dock, 	Alpine sheep sorrel",,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Montane areas from lower wet meadows to moist slopes above the tree line.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+paucifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,pulcher,Fiddle Dock,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny habitats in sandy soils, occasionally on chalk and limestone.","Western Europe from Britain south and east to the Mediterranean, Hungary and the Balkans.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+pulcher,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexPulcher.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,salicifolius,"Willow Dock, Toothed willow dock, Lake willow dock, Mexican dock",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal sand dunes to river banks, lake shores, mountain meadows and rocky slopes.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+salicifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexSalicifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,sanguineus,"Red-Veined Dock, Redvein dock, Sorrel,  Bloody Dock",medium,6 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Waste ground, grassy places and in woods, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus, and C. Asia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+sanguineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexSanguineus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,scutatus,"Buckler-Leaved Sorrel, French sorrel",medium,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Old walls and mountain pastures[17, 244].",Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+scutatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexScutatus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,simpliciflorus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+simpliciflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,tenuifolius,Common sheep sorrel,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Widespread but uncommon, it is usually found in the poorest soils.","Central and northern Europe, including Britain, to the Arctic region.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+tenuifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,tingitanus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Maritime sands.,S. Europe - W. Mediterranean.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+tingitanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Rumex,venosus,"Sour Greens, Veiny dock",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils.,North-western N. America - Wisconsin to Montana.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+venosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexVenosus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,vesicarius,Bladder Dock,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wadis in hot desert areas in Israel.,S. Europe - Greece. W. Asia. N. Africa.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+vesicarius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexVesicarius.jpg
Acanthaceae,Rungia,klossii,Mushroom Plant,medium,9 to 11,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Australasia - New Guinea.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rungia+klossii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rungia_klossii1.JPEG
Ruscaceae,Ruscus,aculeatus,Butcher's Broom - Knee Holly,slow,6 to 9,0.8,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,January to April,August to March,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Outskirts of dry woods and in moist uncultivated ground especially on chalk[7, 17, 186].","Western and southern Europe from Britain to Switzerland, south to the Mediterranean.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ruscus+aculeatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RuscusAculeatus.jpg
Rutaceae,Ruta,chalepensis,"Egyptian Rue, Fringed rue",,7 to 10,0.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky places, woods, dry banks and thickets, usually on limestone.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ruta+chalepensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RutaChalepensis.jpg
Rutaceae,Ruta,graveolens,"Rue, Common rue, Herb of Grace, Garden Rue",medium,4 to 10,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocks, old walls and dry hills, mainly on limestone.",S. Europe.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ruta+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RutaGraveolens.jpg
Rutaceae,Ruta,montana,Mountain Rue,,6 to 9,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry rocky places.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia and N. Africa.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ruta+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RutaMontana.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Schinziophyton,rautanenii,Mongongo Nut. Manketti Tree,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Low to medium altitudes in sandy soil, well developed deciduous woodland on sand, short grassland with scattered trees, wooded hills and amongst sand dunes and sandy alluvium by rivers, sometimes forming pure stands, at elevations of 50 - 1220 metres[308 ]","Tropical Africa - Angola, southern DR Congo, Zambia, southern Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, northern S. Africa.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schinziophyton+rautanenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schinziophyton_rautanenii1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,jacobaea,"Ragwort, Stinking willie",,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Waste ground and pastures on all but the poorest soils[4, 17]. It is often only an annual.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa, Caucasua and W. Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+jacobaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioJacobaea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,pseudoarnica,Seaside Ragwort,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Shingle by the sea.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+pseudoarnica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lardizabalaceae,Stauntonia,hexaphylla,,medium,8 to 11,10.0,7.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Hand']",,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woodland in lowland from C. Japan southwards.,"E. Asia - Burma, Japan, Korea.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stauntonia+hexaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StauntoniaHexaphylla.jpg
Fabaceae,Swartzia,panacoco,"Coracao-de-Negro, panococo, Brazilian ebony",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rainforests[422 ]. Lowland primary rain forest, riparian vegetation and terra firme (non-flooded) forest on brown sandy clay soils, at elevations up to 500 metres[338 ].","S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+panacoco,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia_panacoco_Aublet.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Synurus,pungens,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes in mountains.,"E. Asia - C. and N. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synurus+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Toxicodendron,sylvestre,Yame-haze,medium,9 to 12,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan [58 ]. Lowland, hill and mountain forests; at elevations from 100 - 800 metres, occasionally to 2,300 metres [266 ]. ","E. Asia - southern China, central and southern Japan, Korea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toxicodendron+sylvestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Toxicodendron_sylvestre1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Toxicodendron,vernicifluum,Lacquer Tree,,None to None,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets on mountain slopes, usually around 1200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toxicodendron+vernicifluum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhusVerniciflua2.jpg
Apocynaceae,Trachelospermum,jasminoides,"Star Jasmine, Confederate jasmine",slow,8 to 10,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found as a weed in Chinese gardens where it grows on walls and trees.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachelospermum+jasminoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrachelospermumJasminoides.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Wisteria,villosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,April to May,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Clambering over cliffs and trees on woodland edges. Thicket and roadside on slopes in Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces.",E. Asia - northern China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wisteria+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Abutilon,vitifolium,,,7 to 10,8.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places in warm temperate forests.,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+vitifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonVitifolium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,maritima,Sea Wormwood,,6 to 9,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Drier parts of salt marshes in sand and shingle.,"Much of Europe, including Britain, east to central Asia.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaMaritima.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,tridentata,"Sage Brush, Big sagebrush, Bonneville big sagebrush",,4 to 10,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry plains and hills on calcareous soils. Found on slightly acid and on alkaline soils.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to California and Mexico, east to Nebraska.",3,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+tridentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaTridentata.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Arthrocnemum,fruticosum,Glasswort,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"By the seashore, especially in salt marshes[1, 50].",S. Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthrocnemum+fruticosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Artocarpus,mariannensis,"Seeded breadfruit, Marianas bread",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in tall native-canopy forest and secondary forest, in coral limestone and volcanic islands with steep slopes and ridges and ravine forests from coastal to lower mountain slopes[ 303 ].",Pacific - Palau.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+mariannensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus mariannensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Berula,erecta,Cutleaf Waterparsnip,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches, canals, ponds, fens and marshes throughout Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. America, W. and C. Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Berula+erecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BerulaErecta.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,Dunedin Hybrids,,slow,7 to 10,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A group of garden hybrids involving B. compacta, B. greyi. and B. laxifolia.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+Dunedin Hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachyglottisDunedinHybrids.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,greyi,,slow,7 to 10,2.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Coastal rocks and adjacent ravines in North Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+greyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachyglottisGreyi.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,laxifolia,,slow,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Mountains, 900 - 1500 metres on South Island.",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+laxifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,monroi,,slow,7 to 10,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Montane to sub-alpine shrubland and rocky places on South Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+monroi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,rotundifolia,,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"From coastal scrub to elevations of 1000 metres on South and Stewart Islands[11, 44].",New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Brassica,nigra,Black Mustard,,6 to 9,1.2,0.6,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Cliffs near the sea in S. W. England.,C. Europe. Occasionally naturalized in S.W. Britain[17].,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brassica+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrassicaNigra.jpg
Sapotaceae,Bumelia,lycioides,Shittamwood,,6 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low moist soils by swamps and streams, also found on rocky bluffs.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Indiana and Texas.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bumelia+lycioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BumeliaLycioides.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Calamintha,nepeta,Lesser Calamint,,5 to 9,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry banks, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, south from France and S. Russia to N. Africa and to Iran in W. Asia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamintha+nepeta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalaminthaNepeta.jpg
Fabaceae,Calopogonium,caeruleum,Wild jicama,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Widely planted and naturalised throughout the humid tropics.,"Eastern tropical S. America, north through C. America to Mexico and the West Indies.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calopogonium+caeruleum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calopogonium_caeruleum1_Plants.JPEG
Dipsacaceae,Cephalaria,syriaca,"Makhobeli, Syrian cephalaria",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated fields and waste places[74, 93].",Europe - Spain to W. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalaria+syriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Chamaesaracha,coronopus,Greenleaf Five Eyes,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry clay soils, 1200 - 1500 metres. Disturbed areas in Texas.",Western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaesaracha+coronopus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaesarachaCoronopus.jpg
Convallariaceae,Clintonia,borealis,Bluebeard,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich woodlands, deep thickets, higher elevations in cool moist sites[43, 62].","North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to N. Carolina and Wisconsin..",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clintonia+borealis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClintoniaBorealis.gif
Malvaceae,Cola,acuminata,"Cola Nut, Kola, Bissy Nut",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An understorey tree in humid lowland forests[ 303 , 307 ].","Southern, western and central tropical Africa.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cola+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cola acuminata4.jpg
Cornaceae,Cornus,alternifolia,"Green Osier, Alternateleaf dogwood, Alternate Leaf Dogwood, Golden Shadows Pagoda Dogwood, Green Osi",fast,3 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry woods and rocky slopes. Rich woodlands and forest margins in moist well-drained soils.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida, west to Manitoba and Arkansas.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+alternifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusAlternifolia.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,sanguinea,"Dogwood, Bloodtwig dogwood",,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed woods, scrub and hedgerows, especially on calcareous soils[7, 13, 186].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain, east to Sicily and Greece. Rare in S.W. Asia..",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusSanguinea.gif
Corynocarpaceae,Corynocarpus,spp.,Karaka,fast,7 to 10,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal and lowland forest, south to latitude 44°south.","Native to New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corynocarpus+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corynocarpus_spp1.JPEG
Cycadaceae,Cycas,spp.,"Cycas, Sago Palm",slow,8 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Species for sun and shade, desert, swamp, and rain forest [1-1].",Adapted throughout the tropics and subtropics.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cycas+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cycas_spp1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cytisus,scoparius,"Broom, 	Scotch broom, Common Broom",fast,5 to 8,2.4,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy pastures and heaths, occasionally in open woodland, and often near the coast[4, 17]. Strongly calcifuge.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south to Spain, east to Poland and Hungary.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cytisus+scoparius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CytisusScoparius.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Descurainia,pinnata,"Tansy Mustard,  Western tansymustard, Menzies' tansymustard.",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Most areas and situations, usually in dry soils.",Western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Descurainia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DescurainiaPinnata.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Descurainia,sophia,"Flixweed, Herb sophia",,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste ground and roadsides.,Europe to Asia. Possibly native to Britain[17].,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Descurainia+sophia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DescurainiaSophia.gif
Ebenaceae,Diospyros,celebica,"Indonesian Ebony, black ebony, makassar-ebenholts",slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forest and monsoon forest at elevations from sea level to 540 metres[ 325 ].,Southeast Asia - eastern Indonesia.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+celebica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diospyros-celebica.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Echinocystis,lobata,Wild Cucumber,fast,None to None,8.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich soils by streams. Thickets.,Eastern N. America - Saskatchewan and southwards.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinocystis+lobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinocystisLobata2.gif
Cycadaceae,Encephalartos,spp.,"Bread trees, Bread palms, Kaffir bread",slow,9 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A tropical plant. Coastal evergreen bushland, lowland forest and dry montane rainforest on red loams and sandy soil, at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres. Sandy plains and rocky hill tops.","Africa - south, east and central. ",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Encephalartos+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Encephalartos_spp1.JPEG
Myoporaceae,Eremophila,longifolia,,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Often found on limestone, usually in inland areas.",Australia - in all mainland areas except the extreme north.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eremophila+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EremophilaLongifolia.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Erigeron,annuus,"Annual Fleabane, Eastern daisy fleabane",medium,3 to 8,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and waste places. Prairies and open ground in various soil types in Texas.,N. America. Naturalized in C. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erigeron+annuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErigeronAnnuus.gif
Escalloniaceae,Escallonia,pulverulenta,Escallonia,fast,8 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America - Chile.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escallonia+pulverulenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EscalloniaPulverulenta.gif
Polygonaceae,Fagopyrum,spp.,Perennial Buckwheat,fast,5 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests and cultivated areas from Pakistan to S.W. China, 1500 - 3400 metres. Found alongside ditches on shady damp and fertile soils in China.",Eurasia.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Fagopyrum_species1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ferula,karelinii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hummocky sands, stony, clayey and sandy solonetzic deserts. Desert tracts in sandy places in Tibet.",C. Asia to Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ferula+karelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Filipendula,ulmaria,"Meadowsweet, Queen of the meadow, Double Lady of the Meadow, European  Meadowsweet",medium,3 to 9,1.2,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet ground in swamps, marshes, fens, wet woods and meadows, wet rock ledges and by rivers, but not on acid peats.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, temperate Asia and Mongolia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+ulmaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FilipendulaUlmaria.gif
Rosaceae,Filipendula,vestita,,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along mountain drains and in taller herbaceous vegetation, 2200 - 2900 metres. Alpine meadows and riverbanks at elevations of 3000 - 3200 metres in Yunnan Povince, China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Nepal and western China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+vestita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Forsythia,suspensa,"Lian Qiao, Weeping forsythia",medium,5 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets, moors and cliffs, 300 - 1200 metres. Thickets or grassy areas on slopes, valleys and gullies at elevations of 300 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - E. China.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forsythia+suspensa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForsythiaSuspensa2.gif
Gentianaceae,Frasera,caroliniensis,American Columbo,,None to None,2.5,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry soils.,"Eastern N. America - New York to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Frasera+caroliniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraseraCaroliniensis.gif
Gentianaceae,Frasera,speciosa,"Green Gentian, Elkweed",,3 to 7,1.5,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dryish or dampish places. Rich soils in open pine woods, aspen groves etc, 1500 - 3000 metres.",Western N. America - California to Washington.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Frasera+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FraseraSpeciosa.gif
Onagraceae,Fuchsia,excorticata,Konini,medium,8 to 11,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowlands and lower montane forests, along forest edges, streams and shady gullies on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fuchsia+excorticata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FuchsiaExcorticata.gif
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,hasskarliana,Awi Tela,fast,10 to 12,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A plant of the lowland tropics. In Java it grows in the lower mountain forests. It is usually in slightly shady places.,E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+hasskarliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa-hasskarliana-1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Gingidia,harveyana,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sub-alpine zone.,Australia - New South Wales and Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gingidia+harveyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ginkgoaceae,Ginkgo,biloba,"Maidenhair Tree, Ginkgo",slow,3 to 8,30.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found wild in only 2 localities at Guizhou and on the Anhui/Zhejiang border, where it grows on rich sandy soils.",E. Asia - N. China.,5,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ginkgo+biloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GinkgoBiloba2.jpg
Fabaceae,Glycine,spp.,Perennial Soybean,fast,7 to 11,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Unknown,Cultivated origin.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glycine+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Glycine_species1.JPEG
Orchidaceae,Goodyera,repens,"Creeping Lady's Tresses, Lesser rattlesnake plantain",,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Humble bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Locally in pine woods, rarely under birch or on moist fixed dunes in northern Britain.","Europe, including Britain, Scandanavia south and east to the Pyrenees, Siberia, Japan and Himalayas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Goodyera+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GoodyeraRepens.gif
Amaranthaceae,Haloxylon,spp,Saxaul,slow,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy arid habitats (psammophyte). Harsh habitats such as moving or fixed sands, saline depressions, dry canyons, clay and rock submontane planes, rocky hill and mountain slopes and tertiary badlands","Southwest and Central Asia, from Egypt to Mongolia and China (Sinkiang and Kansu).",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haloxylon+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Haloxylon_Ammodendron1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Haplopappus,spinulosus,Spiny Ironplant,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Prairies and plains in dry open places[43, 60].",Western N. America - Minnesota and Alberta south to Texas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Haplopappus+spinulosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HaplopappusSpinulosus.gif
Lardizabalaceae,Holboellia,latifolia,,,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,March.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, shrubberies and shady ravines below 4000 metres. Forests, mixed forests by streams or other shady moist sites, forest margins on mountain slopes, along valleys 600 - 3000 m.",E. Asia - Himalayas from India to China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holboellia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Holodiscus,discolor,"Creambush, Oceanspray",fast,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and rocky places in California. Streambanks and moist woods, canyons and hills from valleys to around 2,100 metres.",Western N. America.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Holodiscus+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HolodiscusDiscolor.jpg
Crassulaceae,Jovibarba,sobolifera,Hen And Chickens Houseleek,,4 to 8,0.1,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy sites, especially in pine forests and on limestone, also on rocky river banks.",Europe to Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jovibarba+sobolifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JovibarbaSobolifera.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,sabina,"Savine, Tam  Juniper",slow,4 to 7,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry stony places in mountains, usually on limestone, at elevations of 1000 - 2300 metres.",C. and S. Europe to N. America.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+sabina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusSabina.jpg
Meliaceae,Khaya,senegalensis,Dryzone Mahogany,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Riverine forests and is scattered within the higher-rainfall savannah woodlands. In moister areas it is found on uplands, but is restricted to riparian habitats or stream bottoms that extend into the savannah in the drier portions of the range[303 ].",Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Uganda.,2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Khaya+senegalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Khaya senegalensis 1.JPEG
Araliaceae,Kirkophytum,lyallii,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Only found on the Titi Islands just off Stewart Island.,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kirkophytum+lyallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dipsacaceae,Knautia,arvensis,"Field Scabious, Field scabiosa",,5 to 9,1.0,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, pastures, hedgebanks and grassy hills, usually on dry soils and especially on limestone[9, 17, 187].","Europe, including Britain, north to latitude 69°, east to the Caucasus and W. Siberia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Knautia+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KnautiaArvensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Laser,trilobum,Gladich,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Light forest margins, especially on calcareous soils.",C. and E. Europe.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laser+trilobum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaserTrilobum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,dentata,,,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Arid regions, thickets, open woods, rocks on clay and siliceous soils.",Europe - W. Mediterranean to W. Asia.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaDentata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Lavandula,stoechas,French Lavender,,7 to 10,0.8,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry hills, garigue and open woods on limestone and granite soils.",S.W. Europe.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lavandula+stoechas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LavandulaStoechas.jpg
Campanulaceae,Legousia,pentagonia,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cornfields and waste places.,Europe - E. Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Legousia+pentagonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Legousia,speculum-veneris,Venus' Looking Glass,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pinus sylvestris forests, fields and open places to 1900 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Legousia+speculum-veneris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LegousiaSpeculum-veneris.jpg
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,carolinianum,"Sea Lavender, Lavender thrift",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Coastal salt flats.,Eastern N. America - Labrador to Florida and Texas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+carolinianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LimoniumCarolinianum.jpg
Plumbaginaceae,Limonium,vulgare,"Sea Lavender, Mediterranean sea lavender, Common Privet",,4 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Wind']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Muddy salt marshes, avoiding shade.","Western and southern Europe, including Britain, N. Africa, N. America.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limonium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LimoniumVulgare.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Microseris,nutans,"Yam Daisy, Nodding microseris",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open, rather moist places, from lowland to higher elevations.",Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Microseris+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MicroserisNutans.jpg
Rubiaceae,Nauclea,latifolia,African Peach,medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry savannah and thickets[307 ]. A savannah shrub sometimes found in undisturbed fringing forest and closed savannah woodland[303 ].,West tropical Africa - Ghana to Gabon and DR Congo.,3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nauclea+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nauclea latifolia.JPEG
Poaceae,Oryza,hybrids,Perennial Rice,fast,7 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Various depending on the species.,Origin: hypothetical hybrid.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oryza+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Oryza_hybrids1.JPEG
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,delavayi,,slow,6 to 9,3.5,3.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry hillsides, in scrub and forest, often on limestone. Montane regions, ravines, thickets and mixed woods at elevations of 2100 - 3400 metres.",E. Asia - W. China in Yunnan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusDelavayi.jpg
Compositae,Packera,obovata,Roundleaf ragwort,fast,3 to 8,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist but well-drained calcareous soils, wooded slopes, and rocky areas in shaded or semi-shaded locations.","Native range: northern Mexico, the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, extending from Coahuila to Quebec and Ontario. ",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Packera+obovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Packera_obovata1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,palustre,"Marsh Hog's Fennel, Hogfennel",,5 to 9,1.5,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fens and marshes, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Altai and Urals.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+palustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumPalustre2.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Polymnia,uvedalia,Bearsfoot,,None to None,2.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - New York to Indiana, Tennessee, Florida and Texas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polymnia+uvedalia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolymniaUvedalia.jpg
Arecaceae,Raphia,palma-pinus,Thatch palm,fast,10 to 12,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet swamps, either fresh or slightly brackish, near the coast. Often behind mangrove swamps[970 ]. Lowland swamp and riparian palm, often associated with shady conditions and extremely high rain fall[328 ].","West tropical Africa - Senegal to Gambia, Cameroon, Congo, northern Angola.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphia+palma-pinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Raphia palma-pinus 1.JPEG
Crassulaceae,Rhodiola,rhodantha,"Queen's Crown, Redpod stonecrop",,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist places in tundra or in meadows and by streams in the Rocky Mountains to 2700 metres.,Western N. America - Arizona to Montana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+rhodantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhodiolaRhodantha.jpg
Crassulaceae,Rhodiola,rosea,Rose Root,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Crevices of mountain rocks and on sea cliffs.,"Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and N. America, including Britain, further south on mountains.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhodiolaRosea.jpg
Crassulaceae,Rhodiola,tibetica,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Alpine meadows with occasional summer rain, but under snow for much of the year. Stony slopes on the sides of ravines at elevations of 4100 - 5400 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+tibetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Sabal,etonia,Scrub Palmetto,slow,7 to 10,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"The elevated central lands of Florida in dry sandy soils that have a supply of water at depth, as part of the understorey in sand pine and oak scrub communities.",South-eastern N. America - Florida.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabal+etonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabalEtonia.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Sabal,mexicana,"Mexican Palmetto, Rio Grande palmetto, Texas Palmetto",slow,8 to 11,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Mesic hammocks, floodplains, levees, river banks and swamps from sea level to 50 metres. Rich soil of the bottom lands near the coast.",Southern N. America - Texas to Mexico and Guatemala.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabal+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabalMexicana.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Sabal,minor,"Bush Palmetto, Dwarf palmetto",slow,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"An understorey shrub of broad-leaved, mainly deciduous woodlands in low-lying river terrace areas and other sites where water at the roots is readily available.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabal+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabalMinor.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Sabal,palmetto,"Cabbage Palmetto, Blue Palmetto, Common Palmetto",slow,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Brackish marshes, seacoast woodlands or hammocks and sandy soils near the coast.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabal+palmetto,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabalPalmetto.jpg
Gentianaceae,Sabatia,angularis,"Bitter Bloom, Rosepink",,5 to 9,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich soils in open woods, clearings, fields and prairies.","Eastern N. America - New York to Ontario, south to Florida and Louisiana.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabatia+angularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabatiaAngularis.jpg
Gentianaceae,Sabatia,campestris,"Prairie Rose Gentian, Texas star",,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Prairies and fields. Open ground, edges of woods and roadsides, mainly in clay soils but also in sands.",South-eastern N. America - Missouri and Kansas to Texas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabatia+campestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabatiaCampestris.jpg
Gentianaceae,Sabatia,elliotii,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Pine barrens.,South-eastern N. America - Virginia and North Carolina to Florida.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabatia+elliotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Saccharum,hybrids,Energy Cane,fast,8 to 12,6.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Originated in cultivation.,Not known as a wild plant. Hybrid of Asian species.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saccharum+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Saccharum_hybrids1.JPEG
Poaceae,Saccharum,officinarum,"Sugarcane, Purple Sugar Cane",fast,8 to 12,6.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known as a wild plant.,Originated in cultivation.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saccharum+officinarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Saccharum_officinarum_Kohler.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Sagina,japonica,Japanese pearlwort,,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to mountains all over Japan. Sandy riversides, uncultivated farmland, roadside grasslands, forests, streamsides and floodlands at elevations of 100 - 4000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagina+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaginaJaponica.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Sagina,maxima,stickystem pearlwort,,None to None,0.2,,Annual/Biennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Near seashores, C. and N. Japan. Roadsides, hilly slopes and damp places by stream banks in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagina+maxima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaginaMaxima.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,aginashi,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet places, ponds and river banks all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+aginashi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaAginashi.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,brevirosta,Short-Beaked Arrow Leaf,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Sloughs and wet shores. Slightly basic to slightly acidic to alkaline waters of ponds, lakes, and swamps at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres.","Eastern N. America - Indiana and Illinois, south to Kansas and Oklahoma.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+brevirosta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,chapmanii,Chapman's arrowhead,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Margins of swamps, ponds, and small streams at elevations of 0 - 100 metres[72, 270].",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Alabama and Georgia.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+chapmanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,cuneata,"Wapato, arumleaf arrowhead",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Calcareous or muddy shores and shallow waters of rivers, lakes, ponds, pastures, and ditches, occasional in tidal waters, or in deep flowing water with slow current; 100 - 2500 metres[43, 270].","N. America - Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Connecticut, Kansas, and California.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+cuneata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaCuneata.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,graminea,"Chinese Arrowhead, Grassy Arrowhead, Weatherby's arrowhead",,5 to 9,0.5,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water and muddy or sandy shores. Streams, lakes, and tidal areas from sea level to 700 metres.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Texas and Florida.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+graminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaGraminea.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,latifolia,"Duck Potato, Broadleaf Arrowhead",,6 to 9,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ditches, ponds, lakes and swampy areas in most parts of N. America.",N. America - all areas except the far north. Naturalized in various parts of Europe[50].,5,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaLatifolia.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,rigida,Sessile-Fruited Arrowhead,,6 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Calcareous or brackish shallow water and shores of ponds, swamps, and rivers, occasionally in deep water from sea level to 1000 metres.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Minnesota and southwards. Naturalized in Britain in S.W. England[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaRigida.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,sagittifolia,"Arrow Head, Hawaii arrowhead",,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ponds, canals and slow flowing water on muddy sub-strata in water up to 45cm deep, in acid or calcareous conditions.","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia and N. America.",5,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+sagittifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaSagittifolia.jpg
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,sagittifolia leucopetala,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet places, paddy fields, river banks and ponds all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+sagittifolia leucopetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alismataceae,Sagittaria,trifolia,"Chinese Arrowroot, Threeleaf arrowhead",,10 to 12,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ponds, lakes, marshes, paddy fields and channels.","Southern European Russia, through temperate Asia to tropical southeastern Asia in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sagittaria+trifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SagittariaTrifolia.jpg
Arecaceae,Salacca,zalacca,"Salak Palm, Snake Palm",fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich soils in moist, shaded forests, often forming impenetrable thickets when growing in swampy areas and along the sides of streams[297 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salacca+zalacca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salacca_zalacca_Wallich_1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Salicornia,bigelovii,"Dwarf Glasswort, Dwarf saltwort",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Salt marshes by the coast[43, 235, 270], often colonising new areas of mud flats through its prolific seed production.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salicornia+bigelovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalicorniaBigelovii.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salicornia,europaea,Glasswort,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Coastal sands, mudflats and salt marshes, often near the low tide mark[9, 17].","Coasts of western Europe, including Britain.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salicornia+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalicorniaEuropaea.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salicornia,quinqueflora,Chicken Claws,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Coastal rock platforms and rock crevices in New Zealand. Salt flats high in the intertidal area in Australia.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. New Zealand.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salicornia+quinqueflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Salicornia,rubra,"Red Glasswort, red swampfire",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Seasonally wet, saline or alkaline places inland, rarely also naturalized in saline areas along highways at elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.",Central N. America - Manitoba to British Columbia and southwards.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salicornia+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalicorniaRubra.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salicornia,virginica,Virginia Glasswort,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Salty marshes and beaches.,W. Europe. Eastern and Western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salicornia+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalicorniaVirginica.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,acutifolia,Sharp-Leaf Willow,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,Not known,N. Europe to E. Asia.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+acutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAcutifolia.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,aegyptiaca,,,5 to 9,4.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,January to February.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mountains in Asia.,N. Africa to W. Asia.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+aegyptiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,alaxensis,Feltleaf Wiillow,,3 to 7,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist tundra and gravels[172, 204]. Prefers rocky soils along the sides of rivers and lakes. Grows up to and beyond the tree-line, when it becomes a small recumbent low-spreading shrub.","North-western N. America - Alaska to British Columbia, east to Hudson Bay.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+alaxensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,alba,White Willow,fast,2 to 8,25.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"By streams and rivers, marshes, woods and wet fens on richer soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, Siberia, Himalayas, Israel.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAlba.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,alba caerulea,Cricket Bat Willow,fast,None to None,25.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"Low lying or hilly ground, usually on wet soils.",Britain.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+alba caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,alba vitellina,Golden Willow,fast,None to None,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"Low lying or hilly ground, usually on wet soils.",Britain.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+alba vitellina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAlbaVitellina.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,'Americana',,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,"A hybrid species, S. eriocephala x S. petiolaris[199].",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+'Americana',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,amygdaloides,Peach Leaved Willow,fast,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Along muddy streambanks and in low wet woods bordering rivers, to 2100 metres.","N. America - British Columbia to New York, south to Texas.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+amygdaloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAmygdaloides.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,appendiculata,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A pioneer of difficult sites, including landslides on calcareous formations.",C. Europe - Balkans.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+appendiculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAppendiculata.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,arenaria,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,Not known,W. Europe.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+arenaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixArenaria.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,atrocinerea,"Rusty Sallow, large gray willow",,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Common in woods and heaths, by ponds and streams, in marshes and fens, ascending to 600 metres.","Southwestern Europe in Britain, France, Spain and Portugal to N.W. Morocco..",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+atrocinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAtrocinerea.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,aurita,Eared Sallow,,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Damp woods, heaths, rocks by streams and on moors etc, on light acid or slightly basic soils, to 780 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Portugal, Black Sea, Crimea and Macedonia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+aurita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixAurita.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,babylonica,"Weeping Willow, Babylon Weeping Willow",fast,6 to 9,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The origin of this species is obscure.,1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+babylonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixBabylonica.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,bakko,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+bakko,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,bebbiana,"Beak Willow, Bebb Willow",fast,3 to 7,7.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist rich soils along streams, lakes and swamps, but also forming dense thickets in open meadows. Found at elevations up to 3000 metres.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+bebbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixBebbiana.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,bonplandiana,"Sauce, Bonpland willow",fast,9 to 11,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet soils along streams mostly in mountains, also in deserts; with oaks, pinyons, and junipers.","Origin:Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico. Widely distributed from the southwestern United States (California, Utah, Arizona), reaching Guatemala through most of the Mexican territory.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+bonplandiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salix_bonplandiana1.JPEG
Salicaceae,Salix,'Bowles hybrid',,fast,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A hybrid of garden origin.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+'Bowles hybrid',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,brachycarpa,shortfruit willow,,4 to 8,1.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"Found in a wide range of habitats, including saline, calcareous and serpentine, from lowland to alpine elevations.",N. America - Canada to Oregon. S. Greenland.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+brachycarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixBrachycarpa.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,caprea,"Goat Willow, Kilmarnock Willow, Pink Pussy Willow, Pussy Willow",fast,4 to 9,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Woods, scrub and hedges, usually on basic soils, to 840 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, temperate Asia and Syria.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+caprea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixCaprea.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,chaenomeloides,Japanese Pussy Willow,fast,6 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"About 1000 m. Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+chaenomeloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixChaenomeloides.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,cinerea,"Grey Willow, Large gray willow",,2 to 7,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Fens etc in E. England, it is often dominant in carr. Occasionally found in damp woods in other areas of England.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Siberia and Iran.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+cinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixCinerea.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,commutata,undergreen willow,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Wet places at moderate to rather high elevations.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+commutata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,daphnoides,"Violet Willow, Daphne willow",fast,4 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,February to March,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,Moist soils.,Europe to W. Asia as far as the Himalayas. Scarcely naturalized in Britain[17].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+daphnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixDaphnoides.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,decipiens,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The origin of this species is uncertain.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+decipiens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,eriocephala,"Missouri Willow, Missouri River willow",,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Sandy to rocky soils, near rivers, creeks and swamps. Sand bars along rivers.","Eastern and Central N. America - Newfoundland to Nebraska, south to Mississippi.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+eriocephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixEriocephala.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,exigua,"Coyote Willow, Narrowleaf willow",,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forms thickets in estuaries and swamps. Sandy gravelly or mucky soils in or along watercourses, often invading fresh sandbars in rivers and streams.","N. America - Alaska to New Brunswick, south through central N. America to Texas.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+exigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixExigua.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,fluviatilis,River Willow,,3 to 7,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forms extensive thickets and rapidly colonizes sandbars along lowland ponds, lakes and streams in moist sand or gravel overladen with silt.",Western N. America - Washington and Oregon.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+fluviatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,'Forbiana',,fast,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A hybrid of garden origin.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+'Forbiana',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,fragilis,Crack Willow,fast,4 to 8,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Streamsides, marshes, fens and wet woods.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, Serbia and Iran.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+fragilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixFragilis.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,gilgiana,Willow,fast,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+gilgiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,gooddingii,Goodding's Willow,fast,8 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found in desert, desert grassland and oak woodland habitats, it is most abundant on nutrient-rich floodplains. Found at elevations between 60 - 1200 metres.","South-western N. America - California to Texas, south to Mexico.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+gooddingii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixGooddingii.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,gracilistyla,Rosegold Pussy Willow,,5 to 9,3.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Banks of mountain streams[74, 266].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+gracilistyla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixGracilistyla.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,hastata,"Halberd-Leaved Willow, Halberd willow",,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Wet places ascending into mountains in the south of its range. in mountains.,Europe - Norway south to Spain and eastwards to E. Asia.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+hastata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixHastata.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,hookeriana,Dune Willow,fast,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"Borders of salt marshes and ponds, also on sandy coastal dunes. Streams, ponds and sloughs near the shore.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+hookeriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixHookeriana.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,hybrids,Hybrid willows,fast,2 to 11,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found along streambanks and in wetlands. Willows survive in warm and cold weather zones, although most thrive in moist climates.","Origin: N. Temperate, Africa, S. America. A wide natural distribution from the tropics to the arctic zones and are extensively cultivated around the world.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salix_hybrids1.JPEG
Salicaceae,Salix,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Hills and mountains of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,koriyanagi,kori-yanagi,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+koriyanagi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,lanata,Woolly Willow,,None to None,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to July,July,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Damp ledges of basic rocks on mountains, 550 - 1000 metres. A very rare plant in Britain, found only in Scotland.","Arctic and sub-arctic Europe and Asia, including Britain.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixLanata.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,lasiolepis,"Arroyo willow, Bigelow's willow",fast,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Well-drained sandy loams to rich rocky or gravelly soils along streams at lower elevations, especially in California where it becomes more tree-like[60, 229].",Western N. America - Washington to California and Mexico.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+lasiolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixLasiolepis.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,lucida,"Shining Willow, Greenleaf willow",fast,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet soils, especially in and along swamps, also in marshes, peat bogs and on sand banks along creeks.",Eastern and Central N. America - Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rockies.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+lucida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixLucida.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,lucida lasiandra,Pacific Willow,fast,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Streamsides from sea-level to moderate elevations.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+lucida lasiandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixLucidaLasiandra.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,matsudana,"Corkscrew willow, Hankow Willow, Peking Willow, Corkscrew  Willow",fast,4 to 8,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Banks of rivers.,E. Asia - northern and western China.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+matsudana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixMatsudana.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,miyabeana,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,E. Asia - N. Japan.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+miyabeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,nigra,Black Willow,fast,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found in a wide variety of soils, so long as they are wet, by streamsides, shores and rich low woods.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Minnesota, south to Texas.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixNigra.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,nipponica,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Wet lowlands all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,pentandra,"Bay Willow, Laurel willow",fast,2 to 5,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Stream-sides, marshes, fens and wet woods, ascending to 450 metres. Native in N. Britain, planted elsewhere.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to the Pyrenees, Siberia, Caucasus, W. Asia.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+pentandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixPentandra.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,petiolaris,Slender Willow. Meadow willow,fast,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"River banks and the shallow margins of streams, also in water meadows.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Alberta, south to New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+petiolaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixPetiolaris.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,piperi,Dune Willow,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Streambanks, swampy places and ditches.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+piperi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,pulchra,Tealeaf Willow,,None to None,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Stream banks, lake sides, open woods etc in north-western N. America.",N. Europe. N. Asia. Northern N. America.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+pulchra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,purpurea,Purple Osier. purpleosier willow,fast,4 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in lowland areas[13, 17], preferring neutral or alkaline soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixPurpurea.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,purpurea lambertiana,Purple Osier,fast,4 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in lowland areas[13, 17], preferring neutral or alkaline soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+purpurea lambertiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixPurpureaLambertiana.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,repens,Creeping Willow,,4 to 8,1.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet heaths and moorlands.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia, W. and C. Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixRepens.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,schwerinii,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Only known in cultivation.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+schwerinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,scouleriana,Scouler's Willow,fast,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found on both moist lowland and dry upland areas, growing in a range of habitats from upland bogs and riversides to meadows, roadsides and cleared areas in forests, from sea level to 3000 metres.",Western N. America - Alaska to California and New Mexico.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+scouleriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixScouleriana.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,sitchensis,Sitka Willow,,4 to 8,7.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found mainly on rich mucky or other moist soils on the banks of streams and in low moist ground[82, 229].","Western N. America - Alaska to California, east to Montana.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+sitchensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixSitchensis.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,sungkianika,Salix sungkianica,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Along the banks of rivers.,E. Asia - China in Heilongjiang province.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+sungkianika,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,taxifolia,Yew-Leaf Willow,,9 to 11,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Prefers growing by cool streams and in canyons at elevations of 900 - 1800 metres, it is found in oak forests, desert grassland and by streams in desert areas.","South-western N. America - Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+taxifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,triandra,"Almond-Leaved Willow, Almond willow",fast,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Sides of rivers and ponds, marshes etc. Common in England, less so in Wales and very local in Scotland.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, Japan and Iran in temperate Asia",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+triandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixTriandra.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,viminalis,Osier. Basket Willow,fast,4 to 8,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"By rivers and streams, also on deep moist alluvial soils, avoiding very acid soils.","Europe, incl Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France through temperate Asia to Japan.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+viminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixViminalis.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,wallichiana,,fast,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Common along streamsides and in shrubberies, 1500 - 3600 metres. Mountain slopes, margins of woods and riversides in western China.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalixWallichiana.jpg
Salicaceae,Salix,x mollisima hippophaeifolia,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid of garden origin, S. triandra x S. viminalis.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+x mollisima hippophaeifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,x mollisima undulata,Salix × mollisima var. undulata,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid of garden origin, S. triandra x S. viminalis.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+x mollisima undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,x rubra,"Green-leaved willow, Red osier",,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid of garden origin, S. purpurea x S. viminalis[199].",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+x rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,x smithiana,"Silky-leaved Osier, Smith Willow",,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March to April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid of obscure origin, possible S. caprea x S. viminalis.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+x smithiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Salsola,collina,Tumbleweed. Slender Russian Thistle,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sandy places, steppe plant communities and a weed of cultivated fields.",E. Europe to E. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salsola+collina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalsolaCollina.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salsola,kali,"Saltwort, Russian thistle",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Non-saline sandy beaches, avoiding acid soils. It is usually found on dry soils[17, 50].","Coastal Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, Asia and N. America",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salsola+kali,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalsolaKali.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salsola,komarovii,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Sandy places by the sea all over Japan. Beaches and riverside sandy soils in northern China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salsola+komarovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalsolaKomarovii.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salsola,soda,Barilla Plant. Oppositeleaf Russian Thistle,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Maritime sands and salty soils near sea level in the Mediterranean and in Turkey[93, 100].",Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salsola+soda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalsolaSoda.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Salsola,tragus,Prickly Russian Thistle,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sandy shores, cultivated fields and waste places in Eastern N. America. Often found in non-saline sands and as a ruderale in Europe.","Europe, Naturalized in Northern N. America.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salsola+tragus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalsolaTragus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,apiana,"White Sage, Compact white sage",,7 to 10,3.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry benches and slopes below 1500 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+apiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaApiana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,ballotaeflora,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry places in coastal sage scrub in California.,South-western N. America - California to Texas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+ballotaeflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,carduacea,Thistle Sage,,7 to 10,0.7,,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy and gravelly places below 1350 metres. Open grassy places.,South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+carduacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaCarduacea.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,carnosa,Purple Sage,,6 to 9,0.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes and flats, 1000 - 1500 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+carnosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaCarnosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,clevelandii,"Blue Sage, Fragrant sage, Chaparral  Sage",medium,8 to 11,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny positions in chapparal plant communities.,South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+clevelandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaClevelandii.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,columbariae,"Chia,  Ziegler's sage",,6 to 9,0.7,0.5,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry open places below 1200 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+columbariae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaColumbariae.jpg
Lamiaceae,Salvia,dorisiana,Sage Fruity Pineapple,fast,9 to 12,1.3,1.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Hummingbirds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Central America - Honduras.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+dorisiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salvia_dorisiana1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,elegans,"Pineapple Sage, Pineapple-scented Sage,",medium,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Large naturalized clumps are found at woodland peripheries in the Sierra Madre from 6,000 to 9,000 feet in elevation.",Southern N. America - Mexico to Guatemala.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaElegans.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,fruticosa,"Greek Sage, Greek oregano",,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky hillsides.,Europe - C. and E. Mediterranean.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaFruticosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,glabrescens,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets in mountains.,E. Asia - C. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+glabrescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaGlabrescens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,glutinosa,"Jupiter's Distaff, Sticky Sage",,4 to 8,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub and moist places in deciduous forests.,Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+glutinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaGlutinosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,hispanica,"Mexican Chia, Chia",,8 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - C. Mexico.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaHispanica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,japonica,,,7 to 10,0.8,8.0,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets in hills and mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea..",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,lanata,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes in drier areas, 1500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to N.W. Pakistan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,lanigera,Wrinkle-Leaved Sage,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrub-steppes in Israel.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+lanigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaLanigera.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,lavandulifolia,Spanish Sage,,4 to 8,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills and slopes amongst bushes.,S.W. Europe - Spain.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+lavandulifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaLavandulifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae,Salvia,leucantha,Mexican Bush Sage,fast,8 to 10,1.2,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Butterflies', 'Humming birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Present in tropical and sub-tropical pine forests across much of central and eastern Mexico.,"C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, southern and eastern Mexico",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+leucantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salvia_leucantha1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,lyrata,"Cancer Weed, Lyreleaf Sage",medium,4 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils and lawns.,"Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+lyrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaLyrata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,mellifera,Californian Black Sage,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in coastal sage scrub and chaparral plant communities.,South-western N. America - California.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+mellifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaMellifera.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,microphylla,Blackcurrant Sage,,7 to 10,1.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico to Guatemala.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaMicrophylla.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,moorcroftiana,,,6 to 9,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes and wasteland, 1500 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to W. Nepal.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+moorcroftiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,multicaulis,,,7 to 10,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry scrub, steppe and rocky limestone slopes to 2600 metres.",W. Asia - Iran to Turkey.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+multicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,multiorrhiza,Dan Shen,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Light woodland and clearings. Sunny sides of hills and stream edges.,E. Asia - N.E. China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+multiorrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,officinalis,"Sage, Kitchen sage, Small Leaf Sage, Garden  Sage",medium,5 to 10,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Dry banks and stony places, usually in limestone areas and often where there is very little soil.",S. Europe.,4,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaOfficinalis6.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,plebeia,,,None to None,0.5,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet places, especially by paddy fields, C. and S. Japan. Open moist ground at elevations of 100 - 1000 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+plebeia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,pomifera,Apple Sage,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky slopes, limestone cliffs and macchie from sea level to 800 metres in Turkey.","S. Europe - Greece, Turkey and Crete.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+pomifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaPomifera.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,pratensis,"Meadow Clary, Introduced sage",,3 to 7,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A rare native in Britain, growing in old grasslands over chalk and limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Serbia, the Crimea, Bulgaria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaPratensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,reflexa,"Mintweed, Lanceleaf sage",,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open soils from Wisconsin to Montana and south to Texas.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+reflexa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaReflexa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,sclarea,"Clary, Europe sage, Clary Sage",medium,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky igneous slopes, mixed deciduous and coniferous woodland, shale banks and roadsides to 2000 metres in Turkey.",Southern Europe to Syria.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+sclarea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaSclarea.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,stachyoides,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+stachyoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,sylvestris,"Balkan Clary, Woodland sage",,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky slopes, dry meadows and rough ground.Rocky slopes in steppes, fallow fields, sloping meadows and waste ground, 1000 - 2300 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaSylvestris.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,tiliifolia,Lindenleaf sage,,9 to 11,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+tiliifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaTiliifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,tomentosa,Balsamic Sage,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Often found with Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra and Quercus pubescens in macchie, on limestone or igneous slopes to 2000 metres in Turkey.",E. Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,verbenaca,Wild Clary,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"In Britain it is found wild in  sand dunes at Vazon Bay in Guernsey and in Jersey. In Europe it is found in dry grassland, avoiding acid soils and shade.","Mediterranean region to Spain, France and Britain.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+verbenaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaVerbenaca.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Salvia,viridis,"Clary, Annual clary",,None to None,0.5,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places and other dry habitats, always on limestone[45, 89].",S. Europe.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salvia+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SalviaViridis.jpg
Fabaceae,Samanea,saman,"Rain Tree, False Powder Puff, Monkey Pod",fast,10 to 12,20.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Dry lowland grassland, coastal bushland and forest[307 ].","Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela; north through Central America to Nicaragua and El Salvador.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Samanea+saman,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Samanea saman 1.JPEG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,australasica,Yellow Elderberry,,9 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Light rainforest and wet eucalyptus forests, up to the montane zone.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+australasica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusAustralasica.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,caerulea,Blue Elder,medium,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Gravelly, rather dry soils on stream banks, margins of fields, woodlands etc[62, 82].","Western N. America - British Columbia to California, east to Montana, Texas and Mexico.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusCaerulea.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,chinensis,Chinese Elder,,7 to 10,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Thickets and woods in hills and at low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusChinensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,ebulus,"Dwarf Elder, Dwarf elderberry",fast,4 to 8,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Waste ground, woods, hedgerows and scrub. especially on calcareous soils[7, 13].","Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands south and east to the Mediterranean and Himalayas.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+ebulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusEbulus.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,gaudichaudiana,White Elderberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Cool shady places in wet sclerophyll and other open forests, river banks and damp rocks[144, 154, 193, 265].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+gaudichaudiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusGaudichaudiana.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,javanica,Chinese Elder,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Wild areas on village outskirts and wasteland.,E. Asia - China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+javanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,latipinna,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+latipinna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,melanocarpa,"Black Elder, Rocky Mountain elder",,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Moist places in California, 1800 - 3600 metres, and northwards to Canada.",Western N. America.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+melanocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,mexicana,Mexican Elder,,3 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Open flats and cismontane valleys and canyons below 1850 metres in California. Oak forests along streams and ditches, 1800 - 3000 metres in Mexico.","South-western N. America - California to New Mexico, south to Mexico.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,microbotrys,Red Elder,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Moist places, 1800 - 3300 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+microbotrys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,nigra,"Elderberry - European Elder, Black elderberry,  American black elderberry,  Blue elderberry, Europea",fast,5 to 10,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Flies'],March to November,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Hedgerows, scrub, woods, roadsides, waste places etc, especially on disturbed base-rich and nitrogen rich soils[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusNigra.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,nigra spp canadensis,American Elder,fast,3 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Rich moist soils along streams and rivers, woodland margins and waste ground.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Manitoba and Texas.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra spp canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusCanadensis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,pubens,American Red Elder,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Moist to wet soils along streams, in woods and open areas from valleys to around 3,000 metres.","N. America - British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Georgia, Iowa, Colorado and California.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+pubens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusPubens.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,racemosa,American Red Elder,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Moist to wet soils along streams, in woods and open areas from valleys to around 3,000 metres.","N. America - British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Georgia, Iowa, Colorado and California.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusPubens.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,racemosa kamtschatica,Red Elder,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Woods, mainly in mountains.",Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally naturalized in N. Britain[17].,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+racemosa kamtschatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,racemosa sieboldiana,,medium,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Scrub and woods in the hills of W. Hupeh, 300 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+racemosa sieboldiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SambucusRacemosaSieboldiana.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,racemosa var. racemosa,Red Coast Elder,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,River banks in low moist soils from sea-level to 2400 metres.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+racemosa var. racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,wightiana,Elder,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mountain pathways, 2200 - 3000 metres. in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - N. India.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+wightiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Sambucus,williamsii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+williamsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Samolus,valerandi,"Brookweed, Seaside brookweed",,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Maritime exposure,"Wet places, especially near the sea, also in shallow water, avoiding acid soils and shade.","Most regions of the world, including Britain, usually near the sea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Samolus+valerandi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SamolusValerandi.jpg
Primulaceae,Samolus,valerandi parviflorus,"Thin-Leaf Brookweed, seaside brookweed",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Maritime exposure,"Shallow water and wet soils. Along creeks, ditches and seepage areas in Texas.",Southern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Samolus+valerandi parviflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SamolusValerandiParviflorus.jpg
Papaveraceae,Sanguinaria,canadensis,"Blood Root,  Red Puccoon, Bloodroot",slow,4 to 9,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,,March to August,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils in open broad-leaved woodland and on shaded slopes[21, 43, 165, 187].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Arkansas and N. Florida, west to Nebraska.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguinaria+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguinariaCanadensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,annua,Prairie Burnet,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy flats, especially on semi-wasteland or where the soil is moist in spring, sagebrush and woodland.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+annua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaOccidentalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,canadensis,"American Great Burnet, Canadian burnet",,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and swamps. Peaty or boggy soils.,North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Michigan and south to Georgia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaCanadensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,menziesii,Menzies' burnet,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal bogs and marshlands.,North-western N. America - Alaska to Washington.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaMenziesii.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,minor,"Salad Burnet, Small burnet",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grassland, usually on calcareous soils[9, 17, 37].","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to France, Armenia and Iran.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaMinor.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,obtusa,Japanese burnet,medium,4 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp alpine meadows[187, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+obtusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaObtusa.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,officinalis,Great Burnet,,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows and wet grassy places by streams. Moist shady sites in grassland, on siliceous soils[7, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from celand south and east to Spain, temperate Asia to Iran, China, Japan",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaOfficinalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,stipulata,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bogs, swamps and streambanks.",Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+stipulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,tenuifolia,,,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and wet places along streams in lowland and mountain areas all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaTenuifolia.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,canadensis,Black Snakeroot,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry woods and openings. Woods and thickets in Texas.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaniculaCanadensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,chinensis,Bian Dou Cai,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to October,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in low mountains all over Japan. Shady slopes along roadsides, mixed forests or stream banks at elevations of 200 - 2300 metres in most of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,europaea,Wood Sanicle,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, thickets and damp places, avoiding acid soils[4, 21, 31]. Often found in chalk beechwoods and oak woods on loamy soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, the Mediterranean, E. annd W. Asia, S. Africa.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaniculaEuropaea.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,marylandica,Maryland Sanicle,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woods, meadows and shores[21, 43].","North-eastern and Central N. America - Newfoundland to Alberta, Georgia and Colorado.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+marylandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaniculaMarilandica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,rubriflora,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of forest streams, floodplain forests. In shady and wet places at elevations of 200 - 500 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - C. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+rubriflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,tuberculata,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In wet valleys, roadsides or swamps at elevations of 230 - 560 metres in Heilongjiang Province, China.","E. Asia - China, C. and S. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+tuberculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sanicula,tuberosa,Turkey Pea,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open to wooded slopes, mostly below 2400 metres in California.",Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanicula+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaniculaTuberosa.jpg
Agavaceae,Sanseviera,aethiopica,Bowstring Hemp,,9 to 11,0.6,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,Tropical Africa.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanseviera+aethiopica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Sansevieria,hyacinthoides,African Bowstring Hemp,fast,10 to 12,0.5,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry karoo, bushveld or savannah, in well drained sandy or rocky soil.","Southern Africa - Namibia to Kenya and Tanzania, south to S. Africa.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sansevieria+hyacinthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sansevieria_hyacinthoides1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Sansevieria,roxburghiana,"Indian Bowstring Hemp, Bowstring Hemp",fast,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Occasionally found on dry forested slopes, gravelly soil and rock crevices, less in the plains. Foothills upto 1000m. Coromandel coast. ",E. Asia - southern and eastern India.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sansevieria+roxburghiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sansevieria_roxburghiana1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Sansevieria,trifasciata,"Mother-in-Law's Tongue, Snake plant",medium,10 to 12,0.8,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A weed of roadsides, abandoned gardens, waste areas, disturbed sites, coastal environs, open woodlands, riparian vegetation and the margins of closed forests in tropical, sub-tropical and warmer temperate regions.","Western Tropical Africa - Nigeria to Gabon, east to Zaire..",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sansevieria+trifasciata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sansevieria_trifasciata1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Sansevieria,zeylanica,Bowstring hemp,medium,9 to 11,0.6,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Usually found growing among rocks in the drier areas of Sri Lanka[454 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sansevieria+zeylanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sansevieria_zeylanica1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,acuminatum,Quandong,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy soils in the dry interior, also in loamy and clay soils[154, 157].",Australia - all mainland states.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+acuminatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SantalumAcuminatum.jpg
Santalaceae,Santalum,austrocaledonicum,Pacific Sandalwood,slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open, dry forests and woodland communities[312 ]. Usually found in secondary forest formations[312 ].",Pacific - New Caledonia and Vanuatu.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+austrocaledonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum austrocaledonicum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,ellipticum,Coast Sandalwood,slow,9 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually near the ocean shore; less often inland in dry gulches, on slopes or ridges, and frequently in rocky habitats; arid shrub land and forest, often persisting in areas invaded by non_native species; at elevations up to 560 metres[312 ],",Pacific - Hawaii.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+ellipticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum ellipticum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,freycinetianum,"Lanai Sandalwood, Hawaiian Sandalwood",slow,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Exposed, open grasslands on old lava flows in the dryer regions of Hawaii at elevations of 600 metres or more[509 ]. Most often found on slopes and ridges, it can be locally common in dry, mesic, and wet forests[337 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+freycinetianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum freycinetianum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,haleakalae,"Haleakala Sandalwood, Lliahi",slow,9 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Restricted to scattered areas in the subalpine shrub land on dry slopes, especially in foggy areas; at elevations from 1,900 - 2,700 metres[312 ].","Pacific - Hawaii, only on the island of Maui.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+haleakalae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum haleakalae 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,lanceolatum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky ground, occasionally near the coast in drier areas.",Australia - all mainland states.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+lanceolatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SantalumLanceolatum.jpg
Santalaceae,Santalum,murrayanum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Light soils in areas of low to moderate rainfall.,Australia - all mainland states.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+murrayanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Santalum,paniculatum,"Mountain Sandalwood, Hawaiian Sandalwood, 'Iliahi",slow,10 to 11,7.5,7.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry forest areas on lava substrates or on cinder cones, up to higher elevations in more humid forest, or in secondary Metrosideros forest; at elevations from about 450 - 2,550 metres[312 ].",Pacific - Hawaii.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum paniculatum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,spicatum,West Australian Sandalwood,slow,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Occurs in a wide range of forest types from woodland to low open-woodlands[303 ]. Loamy soils and among rocks in woodland and tall shrubland[310 ]. Red sandy soils, among rocks[285 ].",Australia - Western Australia.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum spicatum 1.JPEG
Santalaceae,Santalum,yasi,"Yasi, Fijian Sandalwood, Brown Sandalwood",slow,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open, dry forests and woodland communities[312 ]. Usually found in secondary forest formations[312 ].","Pacific - Niue, Tonga and Fiji.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santalum+yasi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Santalum_yasi_Seemann.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Santolina,chamaecyparissus,Cotton Lavender,fast,6 to 9,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry ground, stony banks and rocks, usually on calcareous soils.",Europe - Mediterranean. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santolina+chamaecyparissus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SantolinaChamaecyparissus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Santolina,pinnata neopolitana,,,6 to 9,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry rocky slopes near the sea.,S. Europe - S. Italy.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santolina+pinnata neopolitana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Santolina,rosmarinifolia,Holy Flax,,6 to 10,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy stony places and dry rocks from the lowland to the mountains.,S.W. Europe.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Santolina+rosmarinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SantolinaRosmarinifolia.jpg
Sapindaceae,Sapindus,drummondii,Western Soapberry,slow,7 to 10,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,April to October,May to June,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Limestone bluffs, slopes and by streams, in moist clay or dry limestone. Mexican valleys from the upper desert to the woodland zones.",South-western N. America - Kansas to Northern Mexico.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapindus+drummondii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SapindusDrummondii.jpg
Sapindaceae,Sapindus,marginatus,Wingleaf soapberry,slow,7 to 10,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,April to October,May to June,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Hammocks near the coast.,"South-western N. America - Florida, Georgia and South Carolina.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapindus+marginatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SapindusMarginatus.jpg
Sapindaceae,Sapindus,mukorossi,"Chinese Soapberry, Soap Berry, Chinese Soapberry, Soapnut Tree",fast,8 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open rocky places at elevations of 600 - 1,300 metres in Nepal[272 ].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapindus+mukorossi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sapindus mukorossi 1.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Sapindus,saponaria,"Soapberry, Wild Chinaberry, Florida Soap Berry, Soap Nut, Soap Tree",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist or dry thickets and open forest[200 ]. Dry, coastal, limestone thickets[307 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam; through the Caribbean to Florida and C. America to Mexico.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapindus+saponaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sapindus_saponaria_Blanco.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Sapium,japonicum,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thin woods in the lowlands and mountains of C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SapiumJaponicum.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Sapium,sebiferum,"Vegetable Tallow, Chinese tallow, Popcorn Tree, Chinese Tallow Tree",fast,8 to 11,9.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Bees']",,January to February,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found wild in the foothills around Dehra Dun.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapium+sebiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SapiumSebiferum.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Saponaria,ocymoides,"Tumbling Ted. Rock Soapwort, Rock soapwort",fast,2 to 7,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Sunny slopes and rocks, usually limestone, in foothills up to about 2300 metres in the Alps.",Europe.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saponaria+ocymoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaponariaOcymoides.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Saponaria,officinalis,"Soapwort, Bouncingbet",medium,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, roadsides and along the banks of streams.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and temperate Asia.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saponaria+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaponariaOfficinalis.jpg
Fabaceae,Saraca,asoca,Asoka Tree. Sorrow-less Tree,medium,10 to 12,9.0,9.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland forests at elevations up to 500 metres[451 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saraca+asoca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Saraca_asoca1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Sarcobatus,vermiculatus,Greasewood,,4 to 8,2.7,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,July,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Alkaline or saline soils in semiarid or arid plains, alkali flats, slopes, desert-shrub communities, sagebrush, saltflats, roadsides, fencerows, dry washes at elevations of 600 - 2400 metres.",South-western N. America - Nebraska and Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sarcobatus+vermiculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SarcobatusVermiculatus.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Sarcocornia,pacifica,Pacific swampfire,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Sandy sea strands and borders of salt marshes.,"All along the coasts of eastern and western N. America, except the far north.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sarcocornia+pacifica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SarcocorniaPacifica.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Sarcocornia,utahensis,"Utah Pickleweed,Utah Swampfire",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Saline and alkaline marshes and flats, coastal marshes at elevations of 0 - 1200 metres.","Southwestern N. America - California, Utah, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sarcocornia+utahensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SarcocorniaUtahensis.jpg
Sargentodoxaceae,Sargentodoxa,cuneata,,fast,8 to 11,7.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forests on mountains, along alpine gullies where the soil is fertile.",E. Asia - C. China.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sargentodoxa+cuneata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sarraceniaceae,Sarracenia,flava,"Yellow Trumpet, Yellow pitcherplant, Huntsman's Horn, Yellow Trumpet, Trumpets, Yellow  Pitcher Plan",fast,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet pinelands and bogs.,South-eastern N. America - Virginia and North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sarracenia+flava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SarraceniaFlava.jpg
Sarraceniaceae,Sarracenia,purpurea,"Pitcher Plant, Purple Pitcherplant, Huntsman's Cup,  Purple Pitcher Plant, Sweet Pitcher Plant,  Com",medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sphagnum bogs and peaty barrens.,"Eastern N. America - Labrador, south to Kentucky, Iowa and Florida. Naturalized in C. Ireland[17].",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sarracenia+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SarraceniaPurpurea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,cernua,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp hollows and woodlands, C. and N. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+cernua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,chimakisasa,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp hollows and woodlands.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+chimakisasa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,kurilensis,Chishima Zasa,,6 to 9,2.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forms compact clumps in thickets on high mountain slopes, C. and N. Japan[74, 58].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+kurilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sasa_kurilensis1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,nipponica,Miyako-Zasa,,6 to 9,0.8,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows, C. and S. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SasaNipponica.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,palmata,"Broadleaf Bamboo, Bamboo",fast,7 to 9,2.5,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows[162, 200].",E. Asia - Japan. Widely naturalized in Britain.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SasaPalmata.jpg
Poaceae,Sasa,senanensis,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows in mountains all over Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+senanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Sasa,veitchii,"Kuma-Zasa, Kuma bamboo grass",,7 to 10,1.5,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows, C. and S. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SasaVeitchii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasaella,ramosa,Azuma-Zasa,fast,6 to 9,1.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasaella+ramosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasamorpha,borealis,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows all over Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasamorpha+borealis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Sassafras,albidum,"Sassafras, Common Sassafras",medium,5 to 9,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,April to October,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Deciduous woodlands and thickets on rich sandy well-drained soils[43, 62, 159, 165]. Found on moist soils.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sassafras+albidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SassafrasAlbidum.jpg
Lamiaceae,Satureja,hortensis,Summer Savory,,5 to 9,0.3,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry gravelly and stony slopes to 1500 metres.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Satureja+hortensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaturejaHortensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Satureja,montana,Winter Savory,medium,6 to 11,0.4,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Old walls, dry banks and rocks on hillsides, usually on calcareous soils[17, 100].",S. Europe to N. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Satureja+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Satureja_montana2_plant.JPEG
Lamiaceae,Satureja,spicigera,Creeping Savory,,6 to 9,0.1,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"W. Asia - Iran, Caucasus.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Satureja+spicigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaturejaSpicigera.jpg
Lamiaceae,Satureja,thymbra,Thyme-Leaved Savory,,6 to 9,0.4,0.4,Shrub,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny positions on dry rocky hills[50, 148].","S.E. Europe - Balkans, Crete, Greece.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Satureja+thymbra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaturejaThymbra.jpg
Phyllanthaceae,Sauropus,androgynus,"Sweet Leaf, Sweetleaf Bush, Katuk",medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Slopes with brushwood, sunny forest margins at elevations of 100 - 400 metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Yunnan Provinces[266 ].","E. Asia - India, Bangladesh, S. China, to Indonesia, Vietnam etc.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sauropus+androgynus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sauropus_androgynus_Miquel.JPEG
Saururaceae,Saururus,cernuus,"Swamp Lily, Lizard's Tail",,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet soil, fresh or slightly brackish water to depth of 50cm from sea level to 500 metres.","Eastern N. America - Rhode Island to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saururus+cernuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaururusCernuus.jpg
Saururaceae,Saururus,chinensis,,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Low damp places by water. Wet places, ditches, meadows, riverbanks, streamsides, forests, thickets, roadsides and field margins from near sea level to 1700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saururus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaururusChinensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,affinis,,,None to None,0.6,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes and valleys, plains, hills, forest margins, forests, grassland, wasteland, farmland, riversidesand roadsides from near sea level to 3300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,costus,Costus,,6 to 9,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A casual in irrigated areas, 2000 - 3300 metres from Pakistan to Himachel Pradesh. Usually found in moist shady situations in Kashmir, sometimes forming the undergrowth in birch forests.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+costus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,diamantica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+diamantica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,gracilis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains of central and southern Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,graminifolia,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scree, rocky slopes and dry steppe in the alpine zone.","E. Asia - western Himalayas at elevations up to 4,000 metres.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+graminifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,grandifolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+grandifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,lyrata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+lyrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,maximowiczii,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,obvallata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine meadows and slopes, rocky slopes and along the sides of rivers and streams.","E. Asia - western Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at elevations of 3,000 - 4,500 metres.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+obvallata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaussureaObvallata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,parviflora,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Montane regions.,E. Asia - northern Himalayas to Manchuria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,pulchella,,,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+pulchella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,roylei,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open slopes at elevations of 3,000 - 4,200 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Nepal and Tibet.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+roylei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,serrata amurensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Manchuria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+serrata amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Saussurea,ussuriensis,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saussurea+ussuriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaussureaUssuriensis.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,cortusifolia,,,6 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet shaded places, especially on rocks and along streams in mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+cortusifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaCortusifolia.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,fortunei,Saxifrage,medium,6 to 9,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet shaded rocks by streams in the mountains and down to sea-level in the north of its range. Forests and rock crevices at elevations of 2200 - 2900 metres in Hubei, S Jilin and Liaoning.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaFortunei.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,fusca,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sides of streams and ravines in C. and N. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,japonica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet rocks in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,mertensiana,Wood saxifrage,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to montane areas, chiefly on wet banks and along gravelly streams.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+mertensiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaMertensiana.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,micranthidifolia,"Mountain Lettuce, Lettuceleaf saxifrage",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By brooks, wet rocks and wet banks in mountains.",Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania and W. Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+micranthidifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaMicranthidifolia.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,oblongifolia,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rock crevices, moist shady gorges.","E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+oblongifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,pensylvanica,"Swamp Saxifrage, Eastern swamp saxifrage",,None to None,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows, swamps, boggy thickets, prairies and seeping banks.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia, Iowa and Missouri.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaPensylvanica.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,punctata,Dotted Saxifrage,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Montane areas and moist banks.,N. Europe. Northern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaPunctata.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,spicata,Spiked Saxifrage,,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist rocky slopes along streams.,North-western N. America - Alaska.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Saxifraga,stolonifera,"Strawberry Saxifrage, Creeping Saxifrage, Strawberry Geranium, Strawberry Begonia",medium,6 to 10,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady cliffs and mossy rocks at low altitudes. Occasionally naturalized on walls in C. and S. Europe.,"E. Asia - W. China, Japan. Naturalized in C. and S. Europe[50].",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saxifraga+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SaxifragaStolonifera.jpg
Dipsacaceae,Scabiosa,columbaria,"Pigeon's Scabious, Dove pincushions, Pincushion Flower",medium,5 to 9,0.8,0.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry calcareous pastures, banks etc, to 600 metres.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from the Arctic circle to N. Africa, Siberia and W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scabiosa+columbaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScabiosaColumbaria.jpg
Dipsacaceae,Scabiosa,fischeri,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry meadows, grass plots in light coniferous forests, steppes, rubbly mountain slopes and riparian sands.",E. Asia - E. Siberia to Manchuria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scabiosa+fischeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dipsacaceae,Scabiosa,japonica,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny grassy slopes in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scabiosa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScabiosaJaponica.jpg
Goodeniaceae,Scaevola,spinescens,Currant Bush,,None to None,1.5,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Drier forests and hills, in sandy loams[144, 152].",Australia - all mainland states.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scaevola+spinescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Scandix,grandiflora,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open habitats.,Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scandix+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Scandix,pecten-veneris,Shepherd's Needle,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of arable land, avoiding acid soils and shady positions.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Sweden to the Mediterranean and western Himalayas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scandix+pecten-veneris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScandixPecten-veneris.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Schinus,molle,"California Peppertree, Peruvian peppertree",fast,8 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry regions in the Andes, it is found as a bush in dry lands but reaches tree size in dry river beds with accessible underground water.","Southern and western S. America - Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schinus+molle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchinusMolle.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Schinus,polygamus,"Huigen, Hardee peppertree",,7 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. America - C. Chile.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schinus+polygamus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmyrisPolygama.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Schinziophyton,rautanenii,Mongongo Nut. Manketti Tree,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Low to medium altitudes in sandy soil, well developed deciduous woodland on sand, short grassland with scattered trees, wooded hills and amongst sand dunes and sandy alluvium by rivers, sometimes forming pure stands, at elevations of 50 - 1220 metres[308 ]","Tropical Africa - Angola, southern DR Congo, Zambia, southern Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, northern S. Africa.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schinziophyton+rautanenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schinziophyton_rautanenii1.JPEG
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,chinensis,"Magnolia Vine, Wu Wei Zi",medium,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests, especially on the margins, also by streams and brooks, usually on sandy soils.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchisandraChinensis.jpg
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,grandiflora,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests and shrubberies at elevations of 1700 - 3300 metres in the Himalayas[51, 272].",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchisandraGrandiflora.jpg
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,henryi,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, in rich forests and woodland. Forests, ravines, slopes and thickets at elevations of 500 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China from W. Hupeh to Szechwan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,repanda,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+repanda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,rubriflora,,medium,7 to 10,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shrubberies to 3300 metres. in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+rubriflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchisandraRubriflora.jpg
Schisandraceae,Schisandra,sphenanthera,,medium,6 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,July to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich forests and woodland. Thickets, in wet places, slopes at elevations of 600 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Southern and Western China.,2,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schisandra+sphenanthera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchisandraSphenanthera.jpg
Fabaceae,Schizolobium,parahyba,Guapiruvu,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Atlantic rainforest, most commonly in open, secondary formations, preferring valley bottoms, alluvial plains and near rivers, forming dense groups in hillside depressions[419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama to southern Mexico.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schizolobium+parahyba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schizolobium parahyba 1.JPEG
Cunoniaceae,Schizomeria,ovata,White Cherry,,None to None,10.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sheltered gullies in rainforests.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schizomeria+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchizomeriaOvata.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Schizophragma,hydrangeoides,Japanese Hydrangea Vine,slow,5 to 8,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp woods and thickets in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schizophragma+hydrangeoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchizophragmaHydrangeoides.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Schizophragma,integrifolium,,,6 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky cliffs, sparse hillside forests and forest edges. Dense to sparse forests in valleys or on mountain slopes or summits at elevations of 200 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schizophragma+integrifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SchizophragmaIntegrifolium.jpg
Poaceae,Schizostachyum,spp,Clumping Bamboo,fast,8 to 12,10.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Various. Subtropical to tropical.,Origin: Asia.,2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schizostachyum+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schizostachyum_spp1.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Schleichera,oleosa,"Malay Lac Tree. Lac tree, Ceylon oak",slow,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Occurs spontaneously in dry, mixed deciduous forest and savannah with only scattered trees, sometimes gregariously[303 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to about 980 metres[418 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schleichera+oleosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schleichera_oleosa1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Schoenoplectiella,mucronata,"Ricefield bulrush, Bog bulrush",fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Found in wetlands and waterlogged areas. It is a tropical plant.,"Origin: Eurasia, Australia. Distributed in the tropics, subtropics and warm-temperate regions of the Old World, from southern Europe and Africa through South and South-East Asia to Japan and Australia. It is introduced and naturalized in the southern United States and South America.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schoenoplectiella+mucronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schoenoplectiella_mucronata1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Schoenoplectus,californicus tatora,Totora,fast,6 to 10,2.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Brackish to fresh marshes, shores, often emergent in water; at elevations from sea level to 1,400 metres in North America. Shallow water of lake shores, ranging from sea level to about 1,700 metres in Guatemala","S. America - Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador; C. America - Honduras, El Salvador to Mexico and southern N. America",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schoenoplectus+californicus tatora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schoenoplectus_californicus_tatora1.JPEG
Sciadoptyaceae,Sciadopitys,verticillata,"Umbrella Pine, Japanese Umbrella Pine",medium,5 to 7,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains.,E. Asia - S. Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sciadopitys+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SciadopitysVerticillata.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Scilla,scilloides,,,4 to 8,0.4,0.1,Bulb,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hills and lowland all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scilla+scilloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScillaScilloides.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,acutus,Hard Stem Bulrush,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Fresh, calcareous to brackish marshes, shores and pond margins in water up to 1 metre deep[43, 270]. Plants form extensive clumps in the wild.",N. America - Canada and southwards.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+acutus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusAcutus.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,affinis,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Maritime exposure,Wet and boggy more or less saline places.,Europe to E. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,americanus,American Bulrush,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Maritime exposure,"A very local pant in Britain, growing in the margins of ponds near the sea in Jersey and possibly Lancashire.","S. W. Europe, including Britain, south and east from the Netherlands to Belgium, Germany and Italy.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+americanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusAmericanus.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,caldwellii,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found along the cast, growing near permanent water.",Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+caldwellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,cyperinus,"Woolly Grass Bulrush, Woolgrass",,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet low ground. Swamps. Marshes, moist meadows, ditches, shallow ponds, frequently growing in disturbed areas from sea level to 800 metres.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Louisiana.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+cyperinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,fluviatilis,River Bulrush,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Fresh or brackish marshes and quiet water along streams and lakes, sometimes in water up to 1 metre deep, in western and eastern N. America[60, 235].",E. Asia to N. America and Australia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+fluviatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusFluviatilis.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,lacustris,Bulrush,,4 to 8,2.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Bogs, shallow pond margins, rivers and lakes, usually where there is abundant silt, in acid or calcareous conditions[1, 17].","Europe, incl Britain, south and east from Lapland to Africa and Asia. N. and C. America, Polynesia.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+lacustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusLacustris.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,litoralis,Bulrush,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Swampy places near the coast.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+litoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,maritimus,Seaside Bulrush. Cosmopolitan Bulrush,,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Maritime exposure,"Along the seashore, in shallow water of tidal rivers, also in ditches and ponds near the sea, avoiding shady positions[1, 17].","Found in most regions of the world, including Britain, but absent from the Arctic.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+maritimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusMaritimus.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,medianus,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows near the coast along the margins of lakes, drainage ditches etc.",Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+medianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,microcarpus,Panicled Bulrush,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Wet low ground in lowlands to moderate elevations in the mountains. Marshes, moist meadows and ditches from sea level to 2900 metres.",Western N. America.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+microcarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusMicrocarpus.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,nevadensis,Nevada Bulrush,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Moist or wet alkaline sites in deserts or semi-deserts. Sunny, saline, often alkaline, seasonally wet places at elevations of 400 - 2400 metres.",Western N. America - California to Canada.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+nevadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,paludosus,Bayonet Grass,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Alkaline marshes and on shores. Salt marshes.,"N. America - British Columbia to Quebec, south to New Jersey, Oregon and Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+paludosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,subterminalis,Water Bulrush,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Submerged to emergent in water to 1 metre deep, or sometimes terrestrial, fresh lakes, streams and bogs at elevations of 10 - 2200 metres.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Idaho.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+subterminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusSubterminalis.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,ternatus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Not known,"E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Malaysia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+ternatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,validus,River Club-Rush,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Fresh to brackish marshes, fens, bogs, lakes, stream banks and bars, pioneering in disturbed places, often emergent in water up to 1 metre deep, from sea level to elevations of 2400 metres.",N. America - all areas except the extreme north.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+validus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScirpusValidus.jpg
Cyperaceae,Scirpus,validus creber,Soft-Stem Bulrush,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Fresh to brackish marshes, fens, bogs, lakes, stream banks and bars, pioneering in disturbed places, often emergent in water up to 1 metre deep, from sea level to elevations of 2400 metres.",N. America - all areas except the extreme north.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scirpus+validus creber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Scleranthus,annuus,"Knawel, German knotgrass",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy and gravelly places, and in cultivated and waste ground in sandy soils, avoiding calcareous soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scleranthus+annuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScleranthusAnnuus.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Sclerocarya,birrea,Marula,fast,10 to 12,13.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Moths'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Drier savannah of the Sahel[332 ]. Wooded grasslands, riverine woodlands and bushlands[325 ]. Mixed deciduous woodland and wooded grassland, often on rocky hills, from sea level to 1,200 metres.","Tropical Africa - drier areas from Mauritania, Senegal to Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya, south to Namibia, Botswana, NE S. Africa, Madagascar.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sclerocarya+birrea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sclerocarya_birrea1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scolymus,grandiflorus,common goldenthistle,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open habitats.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scolymus+grandiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scolymus,hispanicus,common goldenthistle,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open habitats.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scolymus+hispanicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scolymus,maculatus,Spotted Golden Thistle,,6 to 9,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waysides and cornfields on dry soils[45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean. An occasional casual in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scolymus+maculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScolymusMaculatus.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Scoparia,dulcis,"Sweet Broom, Licorice Weed, Vassourinha",fast,8 to 12,0.8,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist thickets or along sandy stream beds, abundant in waste or cultivated ground, frequent about dwellings, at elevations up to 800 metres[331 ].","Originally from the American tropics, the plant is now naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scoparia+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Scoparia dulcis 1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Scopolia,carniolica,"Scopolia, European scopolia",,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist rocky beech woods around 1000 metres[187, 200]. Damp stony places in hilly areas.","Europe - Austria, Hungary and Russia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scopolia+carniolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScopoliaCarniolica.jpg
Solanaceae,Scopolia,japonica,Japanese belladonna,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain woods of central and southern Japan[58, 279].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scopolia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScopoliaJaponica.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Scorpiurus,muricatus,Prickly scorpion's-tail,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and dry places.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorpiurus+muricatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScorpiurusMuricatus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Scorpiurus,vermiculatus,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorpiurus+vermiculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScorpiurusVermiculatus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,acanthoclada,Teke-Saghyz,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry habitats in the Ural Mountains at an altitude of 2200 - 3900 metres, in areas where winter temperatures are around freezing and the summers are dry with temperatures around 20°c.",E. Europe - Ural Mountains.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+acanthoclada,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,albicaulis,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open ground in grass and steppe.,"E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+albicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,austriaca,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places, C. France to Czechoslovakia, south to S. Italy and Bulgaria.",Europe to E. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+austriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScorzoneraAustriaca.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,crocifolia,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky places from Greece to the Aegean.,S. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+crocifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,divaricata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,"E. Asia - Himalayas, Manchuria, Mongolia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+divaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,hispanica,Scorzonera,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated ground, rocks and bushy places.",S. Europe.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+hispanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScorzoneraHispanica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,hissaricata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+hissaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,mollis,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places in S. Europe. Meadows and pine forests, 30 - 2650 metres in Turkey.",E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,mongolica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Seashores, sand flats and steppe.",E. Asia - Manchuria.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+mongolica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,papposa,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Limestone screes and slopes, fields, 300 - 1800 metres in Turkey.",S. E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+papposa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,parviflora,,,None to None,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Saline soils.,Europe - N.W. Czechoslovakia to Spain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScorzoneraParviflora.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,ptilophora,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+ptilophora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,racemosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,schweinfurthii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,N. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+schweinfurthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,tau-saghyz,Tau-Saghyz,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry areas, 500 - 1100 metres in the Ural Mountains where winters are long and cold with a short dry growing season.",Europe - Ural Mountains.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+tau-saghyz,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,tragapogonoides,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+tragapogonoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,tuberosa,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy steppes in S.E. Russia.,S.E. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,turkestanica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained dry grassy and rocky habitats.,Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+turkestanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,undulata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Calcareous soils in the hills.,S. Europe - S. Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,undulata deliciosa,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Calcareous soils in the hills.,S. Europe - S. Italy.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+undulata deliciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Scorzonera,virgata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes, 2700 - 4200 metres in the Himalayas from Pakistan to Himachel Pradesh.",E. Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scorzonera+virgata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Scrophularia,buergeriana,Buerger's Figwort,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],August to September,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy areas in lowlands. Lower mountain slopes and wet grassland at elevations of 200 - 1100 metres in Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning and Shandong Provinces of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scrophularia+buergeriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScrophulariaBuergeriana.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Scrophularia,marilandica,Carpenter's Square,,6 to 9,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and thickets.,Eastern N. America from Quebec to Alabama.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scrophularia+marilandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScrophulariaMarilandica.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Scrophularia,ningpoensis,,,5 to 9,1.0,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Gullies, thickets and wet waste places along the edges of rivers and streams. Bamboo forests, along streams, thickets, tall grasses; below 1500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scrophularia+ningpoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Scrophularia,nodosa,"Knotted Figwort, Woodland figwort",,6 to 9,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Wasps']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp ground in woods, hedgebanks, by streams etc. An occasional garden weed.","Europe, incl Britain, south and east from Norway to Spain and temperate Asia to the Yensei region.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scrophularia+nodosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScrophulariaNodosa.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Scrophularia,umbrosa,"Water Betony, Water figwort",fast,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Wasps']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp shady ground, usually near water[4, 17]. An occasional garden weed.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from S. Sweden to France, Palestine and Asia to Tibet.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scrophularia+umbrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScrophulariaUmbrosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Scutellaria,baicalensis,Baikal Skullcap - Huang-Qin,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy and rocky places near the sea shore. Sunny, grassy slopes and waste ground from 100 - 2,000 metres above sea level.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scutellaria+baicalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScutellariaBaicalensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Scutellaria,barbata,Barbed Skullcap,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,,,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile and moist areas along the margins of rice paddy fields, streamsides and wet grasslands to 2,000 metres[147, 266].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scutellaria+barbata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Scutellaria,galericulata,"Common Skullcap, Marsh skullcap",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist acid or calcareous soils on the edges of streams, in water meadows and fens, ascending to 360 metres in Britain[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to Spain, north and west Asia.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scutellaria+galericulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScutellariaGalericulata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Scutellaria,indica,,,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny hills in C. and S. Japan. Hillsides, grasslands, open rocky areas, roadsides and sparse forests at elevations up to 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scutellaria+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScutellariaIndica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Scutellaria,lateriflora,"Virginian Skullcap, Blue skullcap",,6 to 9,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alluvial thickets, meadows and swampy woods.","N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and Ontario.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scutellaria+lateriflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScutellariaLateriflora.jpg
Gentianaceae,Sebaea,ovata,Yellow Centaury,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils in pastures etc from the coastal lowlands to the montane zone. Damp places in open forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria. New Zealand.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sebaea+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Secale,cereale,"Rye, Cereal rye",,3 to 7,1.8,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,W. Asia? Original habitat is obscure.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+cereale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SecaleCereale.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Secale,cereale ancestrale,Rye,,3 to 7,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy places in vineyards, field edges etc, 100 - 1370 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+cereale ancestrale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Secale,hybrids,Perennial cereal rye,fast,3 to 9,1.8,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hybrid,Origin: recent hybrid origin.,5,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Secale_hybrids1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Secale,strictum,Mountain Rye,,3 to 7,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry stony or rocky mountain sides.,Europe - Mediterranean to northern Africa and western Asia.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+strictum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SecaleStrictum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Secale,strictum kuprijanovii,,,3 to 7,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Mountain meadows.,W. Asia - Caucasia.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+strictum kuprijanovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Secale,sylvestre,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Sandy soils.,Europe to Tropical Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+sylvestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Secale,vavilovii,,,3 to 7,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Eroded volcanic slopes, dry gorges, irrigation ditches and as a weed of cultivated land in Turkey.",Europe - Armenia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Secale+vavilovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Sechium,edule,"Chayote, Mirliton, Cho Ko, Cho-Cho, Vegetable Pear",fast,9 to 12,12.0,0.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Parthenocarpic']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist, steep hillsides[418 ].","C. America - Guatemala, southern Mexico.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sechium+edule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sechium edule5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Polygalaceae,Securidaca,longipedunculata,Violet Tree,,10 to 12,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland and arid savannah soils[295]. Occurs in a broad range of vegetation, from semi-arid scrub to dense forest, including many woodland and bush habitats and gallery forests at elevations up to 1,600 metres[308
, 418].","Africa - widespread from Senegal to Eritrea and Ethiopia, south to S. Africa, avoiding the moistest regions.",1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Securidaca+longipedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SecuridacaLongipedunculata.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Securinega,suffruticosa,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets and grassy slopes in C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Securinega+suffruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SecurinegaSuffruticosa.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,acre,"Common Stonecrop, Goldmoss stonecrop,  Gold Moss Sedum",fast,4 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sunny situations on rocks, roofs, walls etc, especially near the sea[4, 7, 19]. Often found on limestone hills, it avoids acid soils.",E. Europe - Balkans. Long naturalized in Britain[17].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+acre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumAcre.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,aizoon,Sedum,medium,4 to 10,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry grassy slopes, dry shrub thickets, dry meadows, rock streams and sandy cliffs.",E. Asia - Siberia to Japan. A garden escape in N. and C. Europe[50].,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+aizoon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumAizoon.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,album,"Small Houseleek, White stonecrop, Sedum, Stonecrop",medium,6 to 8,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocks, walls, cobbled paths etc, in dry sunny situations on acid or calcareous soils[4, 17].",Europe. Long naturalized in Britain.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumAlbum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,anacampseros,Loce Restorer,,5 to 9,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Rocks in mountains.,C. Europe - N. Spain to the Alps.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+anacampseros,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumAnacampseros.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,arboroseum,Garden Stonecrop,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+arboroseum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumArboroseum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,divergens,Pacific Stonecrop,,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky slopes in mountains. Alpine to sub-alpine rocky ledges, ridges and talus slopes.",Western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+divergens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumDivergens.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,forsterianum,Stonecrop,,6 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A very local plant in Britain, growing on rocks and screes on dry soils to elevations of 360 metres.","Western Europe, including Britain, south and east from the Netherlands to Morocco and W. Germany.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+forsterianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumForsterianum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,japonicum,,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Rocks in thin woods and on sunny slopes in the foothills of C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - W. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumJaponicum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,kamtschaticum,"Orange stonecrop, Kamschataka Sedum, Kamschataka Stonecrop",medium,4 to 10,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Rocks in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan to Siberia.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+kamtschaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumKamtschaticum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,lanceolatum,"Spearleaf Stonecrop, Subalpine stonecrop",,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open exposed places, usually on rocks or on gravelly or rocky soil from sea-level to the sub-alpine zone.",North-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+lanceolatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumLanceolatum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,lineare,Needle stonecrop,,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Low mountains, rocks on grassy slopes and plains.","E. Asia - S.E. China, C. and S. Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+lineare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumLineare.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,makinoi,"Stonecrop, Sedum",medium,8 to 10,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Alpine rock crevices. Shady moist forests in low mountain valleys of China.,"E. Asia - China in Anhui and Zhejiang, C. and S. Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+makinoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumMakinoi.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,oreganum,Oregon stonecrop,,5 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Chiefly montane on rock ledges, gravelly ridges and talus slopes.",Western N. America - Oregon to Alaska.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+oreganum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumOreganum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,rupestre,Crooked Yellow Stonecrop,,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Walls, shingle and warm grassy places on sandy soils[4, 9]. Avoids acid soils.",C. W. and S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+rupestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumRupestre.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,sarmentosum,stringy stonecrop,,6 to 9,0.1,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Shady places and rocks on slopes below elevations of 1600 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+sarmentosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSarmentosum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,sediforme,,,7 to 10,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocks, walls and stony places, largely on calcareous soils and clay.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+sediforme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSediforme.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,spathulifolium,"Broadleaf Stonecrop,  Purdy's stonecrop, Yosemite stonecrop, Stonecrop, Blood Leaf Sedum",medium,6 to 10,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Coastal cliffs and ledges, or in the gravelly soil of the foothills.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+spathulifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSpathulifolium.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,spectabile,Ice Plant,,5 to 9,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Valleys, rocky cliffs and damp places along woodlands.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+spectabile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSpectabile.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,spurium,Caucasian Stonecrop,,6 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocks in moist regions in the middle and upper alpine zones.,E. Europe - Caucasus. A garden escape in Britain[50].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+spurium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSpurium.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,stenopetalum,Wormleaf Stonecrop,,5 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open rocky slopes and bluffs, rock crevices, in gravel and talus, also in grassland and sagebrush desert, usually in well-drained very dry places and often in ponderosa pine forests.","Western N. America - South Dakota to Alberta, Nebraska, Oregon and California.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+stenopetalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumStenopetalum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,stoloniferum,"Stolon stonecrop, Sedum",medium,7 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Stony soils in meadows and woodlands in the middle and lower mountain zones between 600 and 2000 metres.,E. Europe to W. Asia - Caucasus to Iran.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+stoloniferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Crassulaceae,Sedum,telephium,Orpine,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Hedge banks and the shady sides of damp woods[1, 4, 67].","Europe, incl Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to the Pyrenees, temperate Asia, N. America.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+telephium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumTelephium.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,ternatum,Woodland stonecrop or Wild stonecrop,medium,3 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Wooded ravines, partially shaded banks along rivers and streams, lightly shaded cliffs, and rocky wooded slopes. Found on slopes where there is little ground vegetation normally in or near woodlands.",Native to the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia and west from Michigan to Iowa and Arkansas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+ternatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sedum_ternatum1.JPEG
Selaginellaceae,Selaginella,tamariscina,,,None to None,0.1,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shaded rocks all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and India.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Selaginella+tamariscina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SelaginellaTamariscina.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Semecarpus,anacardium,Marking Nut Tree. Oriental Cashew,medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"On hill slopes, usually at elevations between 500 - 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, east to Australia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semecarpus+anacardium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Semecarpus_anacardium1.JPEG
Ranunculaceae,Semiaquilegia,adoxoides,Tian Kui,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Damp and shady waste places in China. Forests and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semiaquilegia+adoxoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Semiarundinaria,fastuosa,"Narihiradake, Narihira bamboo",slow,6 to 9,7.5,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Light woodlands and moist places.,E. Asia - S. Japan. Locally naturalized in Britain and Ireland.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semiarundinaria+fastuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SemiarundinariaFastuosa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Semiarundinaria,murielae,Umbrella Bamboo,slow,6 to 9,4.0,1.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Found at altitudes up to 3000 metres in W. Hupeh.,E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semiarundinaria+murielae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Crassulaceae,Sempervivum,arachnoideum,Cobweb Houseleek,,4 to 8,0.1,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Amongst rocks and stones in the cooler regions of Europe, usually on siliceous soils.",Europe.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sempervivum+arachnoideum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SempervivumArachnoideum.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sempervivum,caucasicum,,,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy and calcareous soils, schistose rocks in alpine and sub-alpine zones.",W. Asia - Caucasus.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sempervivum+caucasicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Crassulaceae,Sempervivum,tectorum,"Houseleek, Common houseleek, Hen and Chickens",medium,5 to 10,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Roofs, old walls, chimneys and rocks, especially on limestone.",Original habitat is obscure but the plant is naturalized in Britain.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sempervivum+tectorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SempervivumTectorum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,cannabifolius,Aleutian ragwort,,4 to 8,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains of N. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+cannabifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,cineraria,"Cineraria, Dusty miller, Silver Groundsel",medium,8 to 10,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Maritime cliffs in S.W. England, mainly on limestone.",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+cineraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,erucifolius,"Hoary Groundsel, Hoary ragwort",,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Dry banks, field borders, grassy slopes and roadsides, in limestone and chalky districts and especially on heavy soils[4, 17].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, north to Denmark and Lithuania, east to W. Asia..",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+erucifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,jacobaea,"Ragwort, Stinking willie",,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Waste ground and pastures on all but the poorest soils[4, 17]. It is often only an annual.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa, Caucasua and W. Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+jacobaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioJacobaea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,nemorensis,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp places, 800 - 1800 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+nemorensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioNemorensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,nemorensis fuchsii,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+nemorensis fuchsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,nikoensis,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Damp woods in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+nikoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,pierotii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Wet places at low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+pierotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,pseudoarnica,Seaside Ragwort,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Shingle by the sea.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+pseudoarnica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,scandens,,medium,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady and damp places by roads. Forests in the Himalayas, 1800 - 3600 metres from Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+scandens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioScandens.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,sylvaticus,"Mountain Groundsel, Woodland ragwort",,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"In open vegetation on non-calcareous sandy or gravelly soils, dry heaths and commons[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to Spain the Balkans and W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+sylvaticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioSylvaticus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,viscosus,"Sticky Groundsel, Sticky ragwort",,5 to 9,0.4,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Dry banks of ditches, dry waste ground, railway banks and tracks, sea shores[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to Spain and W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+viscosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioViscosus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Senecio,vulgaris,Groundsel,,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Found along roadsides and waste places, it is also a common weed of cultivated land, succeeding on most soils but avoiding shade[7, 9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senecio+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SenecioVulgaris.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Senefeldera,verticillata,Senefeldera,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Atlantic rainforest, growing in the more open areas and in secondary growth formations, commonly found invading abandoned agricultural fields[625 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senefeldera+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senefeldera verticillata 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senegalia,catechu,Black Catechu,fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open, drier areas mostly on well drained soil types, but also on shallow, poor, rocky soils[320 ]. Mixed deciduous forests and savannah of lower mountains and hills. Especially common in the drier regions on sandy soils of riverbanks and watersheds[303 ].","E. Asia - southwest China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senegalia+catechu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senegalia catechu 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senegalia,senegal,Gum Arabic,slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hot, dry regions[238 ]. Dry scrub and wooded grassland at elevations of 500 - 1,650 metres[396 ].","Drier regions of Africa - Senegal to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Natal; Arabian Peninsula; Indian subcontinent.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senegalia+senegal,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senegalia senegal 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senna,alata,"Ringworm Bush, Candle Bush, Empress Candle Plant",fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in many habitats, preferring disturbed, rather open vegetation such as roadsides, river banks, rain forest edges, lake shores, pond and ditch margins, open forest, orchards and around villages, at elevations up to 1,400 metres, occ 2,100 metre[299 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna_alata_candlebush.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senna,auriculata,Matara Tea. Tanner's cassia,fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Woodland and wooded grassland at elevations up to 600 metres[299 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+auriculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna_auriculata1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Senna,marilandica,"Wild Senna, Maryland senna",,4 to 8,1.5,0.8,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Thickets and dry roadsides. Disturbed areas, sandy fields and open woods in Texas.","South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Florida, Kansas and Iowa.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+marilandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Senna,siamea,"Siamese Senna, Kassod Tree",fast,9 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Various types of forests at low elevations[451 ]. Secondary forest formations on the plains[404 ].,"Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+siamea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna siamea 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senna,singueana,"Winter cassia, Sticky pod",fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland, wooded grassland and bushland; often on termite mounds, at elevations up to 2,200 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - drier areas from Cote D'Ivoire to Ethiopia, south to Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+singueana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna_singueana1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Senna,tora,"Stinking Cassia, Sickle senna",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wasteland and cultivated areas in the Himalayas. To elevations of 1400 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea to the Phillipines, Vietnam and Indonesia.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+tora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SennaTora.jpg
Taxodiaceae,Sequoia,sempervirens,"Coastal Redwood, Redwood, California Redwood, Coast Redwood",fast,7 to 10,110.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep well-drained soils on flat land and slopes in the coastal fog belt below 600 metres[71, 229].",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sequoia+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SequoiaSempervirens.jpg
Taxodiaceae,Sequoiadendron,giganteum,"Big Tree, Giant sequoia, Giant Redwood, Sierra Redwood",fast,6 to 8,90.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Well-drained but moist soils with an annual precipitation of 110 - 155cm a year. Found on the west side of the Sierra Nevada between 1500 and 2500 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sequoiadendron+giganteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SequoiadendronGiganteum.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Serenoa,repens,Saw Palmetto,slow,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Low pine woods, savannahs and thickets, where it often forms substantial thickets. Also found on coastal sand dunes.","South-eastern N. America - South Carolina to Florida, west to Arkansas.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Serenoa+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SerenoaRepens.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Serratula,coronata,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains of C. and S. Japan. Forests, forest margins on mountain slopes, steppes, meadows and river banks at elevations of 130 - 1600 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Serratula+coronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SerratulaCoronata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Serratula,tinctoria,"Saw-Wort, Dyer's plumeless saw-wort",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,July to September,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wood margins, clearings, rides and open grasslands on moist basic soils over limestone or chalk.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Spain, Balkans and Siberia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Serratula+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SerratulaTinctoria.jpg
Pedaliaceae,Sesamum,indicum,Sesame,,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Annual,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Not known but possibly northeast Africa or India.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesamum+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SesamumIndicum.jpg
Fabaceae,Sesbania,bispinosa,Prickly Sesban,fast,10 to 12,2.0,1.0,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, ditches, river margins; also a weed in cultivations on alluvial land, especially in rice fields; often in saline areas; flood-plains, seasonally inundated depressions, sandbanks of brackish lagoons; occasionally in open miombo woodland[328 ].","Eastern tropical Africa; Afghanistan, Iran, Indian subcontinent, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+bispinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sesbania bispinosa 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Sesbania,grandiflora,"Vegetable Hummingbird, Agati,",fast,9 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Dry wasteland and roadsides[307 ].,"E. Asia - Probably originally from Malaysia and/or Indonesia, but original habitat is uncertain.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sesbania_grandiflora_Audubon.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sesbania,herbacea,"Colorado River Hemp, Bigpod sesbania",,None to None,3.0,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fields and low ground.,Southern and South-western N. America - Alabama to Texas and north to Oklahoma.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SesbaniaHerbacea.jpg
Fabaceae,Sesbania,sesban,Sesban,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Shrub,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Common along streams, swamp banks and moist and inundated bottomlands[303 ].","Africa, through Arabia, southern Asia to Australia. Widely naturalised in other areas of the tropics.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+sesban,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sesbania_sesban_Blanco.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Seseli,gummiferum,,,None to None,1.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Limestone cliffs below 1000 metres.,E. Europe - Aegean and the Crimea.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Seseli+gummiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SeseliGummiferum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Seseli,libanotis,mooncarrot,,4 to 8,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rough bushy or grassy places on chalk hills. Very local in S.E. England.,"Europe, excluding the northwest but including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Seseli+libanotis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SeseliLibanotis.jpg
Aizoaceae,Sesuvium,portulacastrum,"Sea Purslane, Shoreline seapurslane",,8 to 10,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal dunes and beaches.,Worldwide in Tropical and Subtropical regions.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesuvium+portulacastrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SesuviumPortulacastrum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Setaria,italica,Foxtail Millet,,10 to 12,0.5,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Asia? The plant was derived through cultivation and its origin is obscure.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+italica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SetariaItalica.jpg
Poaceae,Setaria,palmifolia,Highland Pitpit. Palm Grass,fast,10 to 12,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open forests, thicket margins, shady path sides[266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indo-China.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+palmifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Setaria_palmifolia1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Setaria,pumila,"Yellow Bristle Grass,  	Yellow foxtail, Cattail grass",,5 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Waste ground, cultivated fields and lowland all over Japan.",A cosmopolitan plant.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SetariaPumila.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Setaria,viridis,Green Bristle Grass,,5 to 9,0.5,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry places and cultivated ground. Mountain slopes, roadsides and grassy waste places throughout most of China.",Europe to E. Asia - Japan. A casual in Britain[17].,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SetariaViridis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Setaria,viridis pycnocoma,,,5 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Roadsides, forest margins and as a crop weed, especially in S. italica fields, at elevations below 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+viridis pycnocoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Elaeagnaceae,Shepherdia,argentea,"Buffalo Berry, Silver Buffaloberry,",medium,3 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March,July to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Banks of streams and open wooded areas, often on limestone and on sandy soils.",Central N. America - Manitoba to New Mexico.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shepherdia+argentea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ShepherdiaArgentea.jpg
Elaeagnaceae,Shepherdia,canadensis,"Buffalo Berry, Russet buffaloberry, Canada Buffaloberry",medium,2 to 6,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April,July to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Calcareous rocks, banks and sandy shores, usually in partial shade.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to British Columbia, New York and New Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shepherdia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ShepherdiaCanadensis.jpg
Rubiaceae,Sherardia,arvensis,"Field Madder, Blue fieldmadder",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Flies'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bare and cultivated ground, arable fields and waste places throughout Britain, ascending to 350 metres in Scotland[17, 200].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sherardia+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SherardiaArvensis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Shibataea,kumasasa,"Bamboo, Okame Zasa",slow,6 to 9,0.8,0.3,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shibataea+kumasasa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ShibataeaKumasasa.jpg
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,balangeran,Red Balau,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Peat-swamp forest[338 ]. A mid-canopy tree in undisturbed keranga or (peat)-swamp forests near the coast up to elevations of 100 metres[359 , 653 ]. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant tree[359 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+balangeran,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea balangeran 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,javanica,"Dammar, White meranti",fast,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Thrips', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Primary and secondary forest on dry or periodically inundated places on flat land or on slopes at elevations up to 300 metres, occasionally to 500 metres[303 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+javanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea_javanica2.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,johorensis,"Seraya majau, Meranti majau",medium,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An emergent tree in undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests at elevations up to 300 metres. Usually found on riversides with clayey to sandy soils[653 ].,"Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+johorensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea johorensis 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,macrophylla,"Light Red Meranti, Engkabang, False Ilipe Nut",fast,10 to 12,35.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A canopy tree, locally abundant in mixed dipterocarp forest, growing on clay-rich periodically flooded alluvium and river banks, uncommon on hillsides, at elevations below 600 metres[451 , 899 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia (the tree is endemic to the island of Borneo).",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea macrophylla 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,obtusa,"Taengwood Balau, teng",medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry, deciduous, dipterocarp forests, deciduous monsoon forests and open, dry degraded areas like mixed savannah forests at elevations from 200 - 1,000 metres[404 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+obtusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea obtusa 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,polysperma,Dark-red Philippine-mahogany,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill forest and evergreen, mixed dipterocarp forests[338 , 451 ].",Southeast Asia - Philippines,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+polysperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea polysperma 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,quadrinervis,Light Red Meranti,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Thrips'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A canopy to emergent tree in mixed dipterocarp forest, common on leached, yellow, sandy clay soils on low hills and on skeletal soils on ridges; occasionally to elevations of 700 metres[451 , 899 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia (the tree is endemic to Borneo).",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+quadrinervis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea quadrinervis 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,robusta,Sal Tree,fast,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A rare plant in China, it is gregarious in savannah woodlands at elevations below 800 metres in south-eastern Xizang[266 ]. Often the main tree in forests of Nepal at elevations up to 1,400 metres[266 ].",E. Asia - Indian subcontinent to south-western China[266 ].,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea robusta 1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Shorea,siamensis,"Dark red meranti, Light red meranti, Red lauan",fast,10 to 12,18.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A canopy tree of dry Dipterocarp forests, especially on skeletal soils and overlying granite; occurring scattered on rocky headlands in Malaya[404 , 451 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Shorea+siamensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Shorea siamensis 1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Sicyos,angulatus,"Bur Cucumber, Oneseed bur cucumber",fast,8 to 11,8.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,River banks and damp yards.,"Eastern N. America - Quebec and Ontario to Florida, west to South Dakota, Kansas and Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sicyos+angulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SicyosAngulatus.jpg
Malvaceae,Sida,rhombifolia,Broom Jute. Common Sida. Arrow-leaf Sida,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Scrub, open slopes and streamsides in southern China[266 ]. Uncultivated land and open areas in Sal forests at elevations up to 1,500 metres in Nepal[272 ].",Pantropical.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sida+rhombifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sida_rhombifolia1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Sidalcea,acuta,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste ground and scrub forest in Uttar Pradesh.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sidalcea+acuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Sidalcea,malviflora,"Checkerbloom, Dwarf checkerbloom, California checkerbloom, Siskiyou checkerbloom",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes and open forest glades.,South-western N. America - Oregon to Baja California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sidalcea+malviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SidalceaMalviflora.jpg
Malvaceae,Sidalcea,neomexicana,"New Mexico Prairie Mallow, Salt spring checkerbloom, Thurber's checkerbloom",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet meadows and streamsides in moist usually strongly alkaline soils, 1500 - 2850 metres.","South-western N. America - Wyoming, New Mexico, California, Idaho and Arizona.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sidalcea+neomexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SidalceaNeomexicana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Sideritis,syriaca,Ironwort,,7 to 10,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Mountain rocks.,S. Europe - E. Mediterranean in Crete.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sideritis+syriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SideritisSyriaca.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Sideritis,theezans,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountain rocks.,Europe - Greece.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sideritis+theezans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Siegesbeckia,orientalis pubescens,,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste ground all over Japan. Forest shade at elevations of 1700 - 2000 metres in Kashmir.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Siegesbeckia+orientalis pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Silaum,silaus,Pepper Saxifrage,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows and grassy banks, avoiding shady positions.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Sweden to the Mediterranean and Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silaum+silaus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SilaumSilaus.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,acaulis,Moss Campion,,None to None,0.1,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Insects']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain ledges and scree in N. Wales, the Lake District and Scotland.","Arctic regions, also found further south on mountains in Asia, N. America and Europe, incl Britain.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SileneAcaulis.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,conoidea,weed silene,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A casual of waste ground in Britain.,Mediterranean to E. Asia - India. A casual near ports in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+conoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,dioica,"Red Campion, Red catchfly",,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,June to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, hedgerows and ledges of cliffs, usually on limestone.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SileneDioica.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,firma,Catchfly,,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pebbly river banks, sandy and pebbly shores and shrub thickets. Mountain grassland and scrub throughout China.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+firma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,gallica,common catchfly,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Sandy or gravelly fields and waste places.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+gallica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SileneGallica.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,latifolia,"White Campion,  Bladder campion",,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,May to September,July to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, waste places and cultivated land.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SileneLatifolia.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,nigrescens,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Alpine meadows, gravelly grasslands, shifting screes; 3000 - 4500 metres in western China and the Himalayas.",E. Asia - China and the Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+nigrescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,vulgaris,"Bladder Campion, Maidenstears",,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June to August,July to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, roadsides, grassy slopes etc, avoiding acid soils[9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SileneVulgaris.jpg
Asteraceae,Silphium,integrifolium,Prairie Rosinweed,fast,4 to 8,1.8,0.9,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mesic to dry black soil prairies, gravel prairies, clay prairies, hill prairies, openings in rocky upland forests, limestone glades, and areas along railroads, particularly where prairie remnants occur. This plant can survive significant degradation, and recovers readily from occasional wildfires. It competes well against most prairie grasses and forbs in mesic to dry areas.","Native to eastern North America, including Ontario in Canada and the eastern and central United States as far west as New Mexico.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+integrifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Silphium_integrifolium1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Silphium,laciniatum,"Compass Plant, Robinson's compassplant",,4 to 8,2.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Prairies and glades. Calcareous or sandy soils and prairies in Texas.,"Central N. America - Ohio to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+laciniatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SilphiumLaciniatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Silphium,laeve,,,4 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+laeve,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Silphium,perfoliatum,"Cup Plant, Rosinweed",medium,3 to 7,2.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods, thickets, river banks and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to South Dakota, south to Georgia, Missouri and Oklahoma.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SilphiumPerfoliatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Silphium,terebinthinaceum,"Prairie Dockm, Prairie rosinweed, Lucy Braun's rosinweed",,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Prairies, dry woods and glades[222, 235].","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Tennessee, Ohio and Indiana.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+terebinthinaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SilphiumTerebinthinaceum.jpg
Compositae,Silphium,trifoliatum,Whorled rosinweed,medium,4 to 6,1.8,1.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, grassy areas such as prairies, river cobble bars, and roadsides.",Native to the eastern United States east of the Mississippi River.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silphium+trifoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Silphium_trifoliatum1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Silybum,marianum,"Milk Thistle, Blessed milkthistle",fast,6 to 9,1.2,1.0,Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, usually close to the sea, especially if the ground is dry and rocky.","S. Europe, N. Africa and W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.",3,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silybum+marianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SilybumMarianum.jpg
Simaroubaceae,Simarouba,amara,"Paradise tree, bitterwood",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey tree in moist thickets or wet forests at elevations up to 850 metres[331 , 418 ]. Rain and savannah forests[422 ]. Found in both dense, primary forest and also in the more open and secondary growth areas[419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Guatemala; Caribbean - Trinidad - Leeward Islands.",3,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Simarouba+amara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Simarouba amara 1.JPEG
Simaroubaceae,Simarouba,glauca,"Paradise Tree, Bitterwood, Dysentery-bark",fast,9 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey tree in moist or usually dry forest or thickets, often on dry open rocky hillsides, common in many regions along stream beds at elevations up to 900 metres[331 , 378 ].",Central America - Panama to Mexico. Caribbean - Cuba to southern Florida.,3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Simarouba+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Simarouba glauca 1.JPEG
Simmondsiaceae,Simmondsia,chinensis,Jojoba,slow,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Well drained desert soils - sandy alluviums, coarse gravel and clay mixes and loams[200 ].","Southwestern N. America - California, Arizona, northwest Mexico..",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Simmondsia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Simmondsia_chinensis1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sinapis,alba,White Mustard,fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Wind']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of arable and waste land, especially on calcareous soils.",Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinapis+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SinapisAlba.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sinapis,arvensis,"Charlock, Charlock mustard, Wild mustard",,5 to 9,0.8,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,May to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated ground, usually on heavy calcareous soils[13, 17]. A serious weed of agriculture, especially in spring sown crops[1, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to N. Africa, Siberia and S.W. Asia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinapis+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SinapisArvensis.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Sinofranchetia,chinensis,,fast,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, 1500 - 2800 metres. Dense forests along valleys, forest margins and among shrubs.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinofranchetia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SinofranchetiaChinensis.jpg
Menispermaceae,Sinomenium,acutum,,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and sparse forests to 1500 metres in western China[109, 147]","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinomenium+acutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Siphonostegia,chinensis,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows and grassy slopes in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Dry mountain slopes and grassland at elevations of 800 - 3400 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Siphonostegia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sison,amomum,Bastard Stone-Parsley,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgebanks and roadsides, usually on calcareous soils.","Southern and western Europe from Britain and France to the Mediterranean, W. Asia and Algeria..",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sison+amomum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,altissimum,"Tumble Mustard, Tall tumblemustard",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places on dry soils.,E. Europe to W. Asia. Long naturalized in Britain[17].,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+altissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisymbriumAltissimum.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,crassifolium,,,None to None,0.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,South-western Europe - Spain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+crassifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,irio,London Rocket,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, walls and waste places.",Mediterranean. Long naturalized or possibly native in Britain[17].,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+irio,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisymbriumIrio.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,loeselii,Small tumbleweed mustard,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Valleys, river banks, fields, roadsides, pastures, waste grounds, prairies, disturbed sitesand railroad tracks at elevations of 300 - 2800 metres in western China.","South-eastern Europe to E. Asia. A casual, locally established in Britain.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+loeselii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisymbriumLoeselii.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,matritense,,,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,South-western Europe - Spain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+matritense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Sisymbrium,officinale,Hedge Mustard,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks, uncultivated ground, waste ground, the sites of ruined buildings etc. It is a fairly common weed of cultivated land[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa and the Near East.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisymbriumOfficinale.jpg
Iridaceae,Sisyrinchium,angustifolium,"Bermuda Blue-Eyed Grass, Narrowleaf blue-eyed grass",,3 to 7,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy woods in Texas. Naturalised in Britain where it grows in marshy meadows and on lake shores.,Western Ireland. South-eastern N. America. Naturalized in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisyrinchium+angustifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SisyrinchiumAngustifolium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sium,helenianum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet marshy places.,St. Helena.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sium+helenianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sium,latifolium,"Water Parsnip, Wideleaf waterparsnip",,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Flies', 'Bees']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Fens and other wet places, often in water, avoiding acid conditions.","Most of Europe, including Britain, excluding the northwest, Portugal, Greece and Turkey.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SiumLatifolium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sium,serra,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet and marshy places, in central and northern Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sium+serra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sium,sisarum,"Skirret, Suikerwortel (Netherlands), Crummock (Scotland),  Zuckewurzel (Germany)",,4 to 9,1.0,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],March to November,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation but found as an escape from cultivation in damp places.,"Original habitat is obscure, possibly in E. Europe or Asia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sium+sisarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SiumSisarum2.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sium,suave,"Water Parsnip, Hemlock waterparsnip",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, wet thickets, muddy banks etc. Swamps and wet areas in Texas.","Northern N. America to N. Asia in China, Japan, Korea and Russia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sium+suave,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SiumSuave.jpg
Rutaceae,Skimmia,japonica,Japanese Skimmia,slow,6 to 7,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Woods, sometimes as an epiphyte on old Cryptomeria spp trees, in C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Skimmia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SkimmiaJaponica.jpg
Rutaceae,Skimmia,laureola,,,6 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"An undershrub in rocky places in oak and fir forests, 2400 - 3600 metres from C. Nepal to N. China[51, 146, 184].",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas to N. China.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Skimmia+laureola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SkimmiaLaureola.jpg
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,japonica,,,None to None,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods and thickets in mountains all over Japan. Forests, moist and shaded places, cliffs at elevations of 900 - 2000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilacinaJaponica.jpg
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,purpurea,,,None to None,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Forests and thickets at elevations of 3200 - 4000 metres in western China. Dense Betula and Sorbus forests at elevatios of 2600 - 4200 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,racemosa,False Spikenard,,2 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist coniferous and deciduous woods, clearings and bluffs[43, 60, 187], preferring shaded streamsides.","N. America - British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to Georgia and Missouri.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilacinaRacemosa.jpg
Convallariaceae,Smilacina,stellata,Star-Flowered Lily Of The Valley,,3 to 7,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, thickets and open meadows, on gravelly and alluvial soils[43, 85]. Sand dunes, marginal woodlands, oak openings from sea level to 3200 metres.",N. America - British Columbia to California and east to Virginia and Newfoundland.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilacina+stellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilacinaStellata.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,aristolochiifolia,Mexican Sarsaparilla,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Central America - Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.",2,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+aristolochiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Smilax_aristolochiifolia_Kohl.JPEG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,aspera,"Sarsaparilla, Rough bindweed",,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bushy places, river banks and ravines[45, 158], usually close to the sea. Forests at elevations of 1000 - 2000 metres in S. Xizang and SW Yunnan, China.",S. Europe to Asia in the Himalayas.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+aspera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxAspera.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,auriculata,Earleaf Greenbrier,,None to None,7.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, thickets, fence rows and streambanks. Dunes and sandy flatwoods usually in full sun, from sea level to 100 metres.","South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas, Minnesota and Ontario.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+auriculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxAuriculata.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,bona-nox,"Greenbriar, Saw greenbrier, Dunes saw greenbrier",,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist soils, sand dunes, fields, clearings and thickets. Well-drained to wet areas in woods, fields, thickets, hedgerows, floodplain forests, full to partial sun, sea level to 1000m.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Kentucky, Kansas, Florida, Texas and Mexico.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+bona-nox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxBona-nox.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,china,China Root,,5 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrub thickets in hills and mountains. Forests, thickets, hillsides, grassy slopes, shaded places along valleys or streams from near sea level to 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+china,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxChina.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,cordifolia,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,discotis,,,7 to 10,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, thickets and shaded places on slopes at elevations of 600 - 2100 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+discotis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,febrifuga,Ecuadorian Sarsaparilla,fast,10 to 12,12.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana.",3,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+febrifuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Smilax febrifuga 1.JPEG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,glabra,tufuling,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to November,November to April,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets in uplands, W. China[109, 147]. Forests, thickets, thinly forested slopes along valleys, river banks at elevations of 300 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,glauca,Cat Greenbrier,,4 to 8,5.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist sandy thickets, open woods and fields. Dry to wet woods, thickets, hedge- rows, roadsides from sea level to 800 metres.","South-eastern N. America - New England to Florida, west to Texas and Indiana.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxGlauca.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,glyciphylla,Sarsparilla,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Valleys in humid positions along the coast.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+glyciphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxGlyciphylla.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,herbacea,"Carrion Flower, Smooth carrionflower",,4 to 8,2.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodlands, meadows and rich alluvial thickets. Higher elevations in rich woods, alluvial thickets, and meadows, often in calcareous soils at elevations of 100--800 metres.",Eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxHerbacea.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,hispida,Hag Briar,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich, often calcareous, soils in woods, thickets and bottoms.","Eastern and Central N. America - Connecticut to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, N. Carolina and Texas.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+hispida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxHispida.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,lanceifolia,,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,September to March,November to March,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, forest margins, thickets, shaded places on slopes at elevations of 100 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+lanceifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,laurifolia,Laurel Greenbrier,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and low ground. Moist woods and thickets. Bays, bogs, pocosins, swamp margins, marshy banks.",South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Texas.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+laurifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxLaurifolia.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,nipponica,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,April to May,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows and thickets in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests, grassy slopes, moist places along streams at elevations of 200 - 1400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxNipponica.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,officinalis,Honduran sarsaparilla,fast,10 to 12,25.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, where it often climbs high into the trees[318 ].","Northwest S. America - Ecuador, Colombia; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Smilax officinalis 2.JPEG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,pseudochina,False China Root,,None to None,2.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sphagnum swales, bogs, borders of low woods and damp sands. Dry or sandy thickets.","Eastern N. America - Maryland to Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, Florida and Texas.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+pseudochina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxPseudochina.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,riparia,,,None to None,,,,,,,June to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows in all parts of Japan. Forests, thickets, grassy slopes, hillsides along valleys, from near sea level to 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+riparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,rotundifolia,"Horse Brier, Roundleaf greenbrier, Brambles",fast,4 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist to dryish thickets and woods. Considered to be an obnoxious pest in America.,"Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxRotundifolia.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,sieboldii,,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,June to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, thickets and grassy slopes from near sea level to 1800, occasionally 2500, metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Smilacaceae,Smilax,tamnoides,Bristly Greenbrier,,None to None,,,,,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low woods and thickets, mainly on the coastal plain, in sandy or, less often, silty clay soils[43, 274].",Eastern N. America - Florida to Vancouver.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+tamnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxTamnoides.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,trinervula,,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,,,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. Japan. Forests and thickets at elevations of 400 - 1700 metres in Fujian, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+trinervula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Smyrnium,olusatrum,Alexanders,,5 to 9,1.2,0.7,Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Hedges and waste places, often near the sea.",Europe to Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smyrnium+olusatrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmyrniumOlusatrum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Smyrnium,perfoliatum,,,5 to 9,1.5,0.6,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mixed oak woods.,S. Europe to Asia. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smyrnium+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmyrniumPerfoliatum.jpg
Asteraceae,Solanecio,biafrae,Sierra Leone Bologi,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey climber in the rainforest, especially in secondary jungle, roadsides, waste places and disturbed land of hilly country[299 , 332 ].","Western Africa - Guinea to Uganda, south to Gabon, DR Congo.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanecio+biafrae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanecio biafrae 1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,aethiopicum,"Mock Tomato, Ethiopian nightshade",,10 to 12,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,The original range is uncertain.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+aethiopicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumAethiopicum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,ajanhuiri,Ajanhuiri,,9 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Found in very cool windy sites in the Andes at elevations between 2800 - 4100 metres.,"S. America - Bolivia and Peru, in the Andes.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+ajanhuiri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,americanum,"American Nightshade, American black nightshade",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky or dry open woods, thickets, shores or openings, often on cultivated or waste ground.",S. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumAmericanum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,andigenum,Andigena,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated as a food crop, it is not known in the wild.","S. America - Colombia, Peru..",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+andigenum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,aviculare,"Kangaroo Apple, New Zealand nightshade",,8 to 11,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal and lowland forest margins and shrubland on North South and Chatham Islands in New Zealand.,"Australia, New Zealand.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+aviculare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumAviculare.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,boreale,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+boreale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,boyacense,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Colombia, Peru.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+boyacense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,cari,"American Nightshade, American black nightshade",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky or dry open woods, thickets, shores or openings, often on cultivated or waste ground.",S. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+cari,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumAmericanum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,carolinense,"Horse Nettle, Carolina horsenettle",,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry fields and waste ground, usually in sandy soils[4, 222, 235].","South-eastern N. America - New England to Florida, west to Texas and South Dakota.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+carolinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumCarolinense.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,chaucha,Chaucha,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"S. America - Andes. Probably a hybrid, S. stenotomum x S. andigenum[196].",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+chaucha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,curtilobum,Rucki,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,S. America. Probably a hybrid involving a wild species and S. acaule[196].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+curtilobum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,dulcamara,"Bittersweet. Bittersweet Nightshade, Climbing nightshade, Bittersweet, Deadly Nightshade, Poisonous",medium,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows and woody areas, avoiding acid soils. Also found on moist banks by the edges of swamps.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+dulcamara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumDulcamara.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,fendleri,"Wild Potato, Fendler's horsenettle, Texan horsenettle",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils in open pine woods, 1800 - 2700 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+fendleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumFendleri.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,jamesii,"Colorado Wild Potato, Wild potato",,8 to 11,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coniferous forests, 1600 - 2500 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+jamesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,juzepczukii,Rucki,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,S. America. Probably a hybrid involving a wild species and S. acaule[196].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+juzepczukii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,kurzii,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+kurzii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,laciniatum,Kangaroo Apple,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open scrub and forest margins at low altitudes near the coast.,Australia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+laciniatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumLaciniatum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,linearifolium,Mountain Kangaroo Apple,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shady forests in southern New South Wales and eastern Victoria,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+linearifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,liximitante,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Andes.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+liximitante,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,luteum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Edges of Fagus/Abies forests, waste places, 250 - 900 metres in Turkey.",Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+luteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumLuteum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,lycopersicum,"Tomato, Garden Tomato",fast,10 to 12,2.0,1.5,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Western S. America[132 ].",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+lycopersicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum lycopersicum4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,lyratum,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Grasslands in valleys, near roads and fields, 100 - 2900 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+lyratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumLyratum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,maglia,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+maglia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumMaglia.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,melongena,"Aubergine, Eggplant",,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],May to October,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,The origin of this plant is obscure.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+melongena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumMelongena.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,muricatum,Pepino,,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Chile, Peru.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+muricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumMuricatum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,nigrum,"Black Nightshade, Common Nightshade, Poisonberry, Black Nightshade",,None to None,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Uncultivated and waste land. It is a common garden weed.,"Found throughout most of the world, including Britain.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumNigrum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,paniculatum,"Jurubeba, Nightshade",fast,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in a wide variety of habitats; in disturbed forests; secondary growth; dunes; restingas; disturbed cerrado; rocky soils and roadsides at elevations from sea level to 1,100 metres[435 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, southern, central, eastern and northern Brazil.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum paniculatum 1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,phureja,"Phureja, Nightshade",,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"S. America - Venezuela to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+phureja,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,piliferum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+piliferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,pimpinellifolium,Currant Tomato,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Western S. America as a cultivated form of L. Cerasiforme.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+pimpinellifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum pimpinellifolium 1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,quitoense,"Naranjilla, Quito Orange",fast,10 to 12,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Montane forests[435 ].,"Western S. America - Ecuador, Colombia, Peru.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+quitoense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum quitoense1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,retroflexum,Sunberry,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"A hybrid of garden origin, possibly S. guineense x S. villosum",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+retroflexum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumRetroflexum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,rybinii,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Colombia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+rybinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,scabrum,Garden Huckleberry,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A form of S. nigrum derived in cultivation.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+scabrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumScabrum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,septemlobum,Qing Qi.,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny slopes; 300-2500 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, E Xizang, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+septemlobum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,simile,Oondoroo,,8 to 11,2.0,1.5,Shrub,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arid environments, including coastal sands. Disturbed soils.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+simile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,sisymbriifolium,Sticky Nightshade,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Naturalised in South-eastern N. America where it grows near sea ports in waste places and on ballast.,S. America - Brazil.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+sisymbriifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumSisymbriifolium.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,stenotomum,Pitiquiña,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+stenotomum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,stenotomum goniocalyx,Limeña,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+stenotomum goniocalyx,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,torvum,"Pea Eggplant, Turkey berry",fast,8 to 11,2.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woodland clearings, thickets and waste places at elevations from 15 - 1,260 metres in Jamaica . Naturalised on open, moist ground at elevations up to 1,000 metres in Nepal .","South America - Brazil, Colombia, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+torvum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanum_torvum1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Solanum,triflorum,Cutleaf Nightshade,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry plains, open woods, roadsides etc.","N. America - Ontario to Manitoba, Kansas and New Mexico. Naturalized in Britain in Norfolk[17].",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+triflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolanumTriflorum.jpg
Solanaceae,Solanum,tuberosum,Andigena,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated as a food crop, it is not known in the wild.","S. America - Colombia, Peru..",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Solanum,vescum,Green Kangaroo Apple,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forests near the coast. Stream banks and dunes, also in heaths and jungles.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanum+vescum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Soldanella,alpina,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountain pasturelands, close to the snow and glacier line.",Europe - Pyrenees and the Alps.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Soldanella+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SoldanellaAlpina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,canadensis,"Canadian Goldenrod, Shorthair goldenrod, Harger's goldenrod, Rough Canada goldenrod, Common Goldenro",medium,5 to 10,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to damp thickets, roadsides, slopes and clearings, avoiding acid soils.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Virginia. Naturalized in Britain[17].",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoCanadensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,canadensis scabra,Canadian Goldenrod,,3 to 7,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to damp thickets, roadsides and clearings.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, Nebraska, Georgia and Texas.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+canadensis scabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoCanadensisScabra.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,fistulosa,Pine barren goldenrod,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low ground of the coastal plain. Moist pine barrens.,Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+fistulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoFistulosa.jpg
Compositae,Solidago,flexicaulis,Zigzag goldenrod,medium,3 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Rich deciduous woods, wooded east and north facing slopes, rocky woods, edges of floodplain forests, shaded calcareous seeps, wooded stream banks, edges of limestone glades and cliffs.","Native to the eastern and central parts of the United States and Canada, from Nova Scotia west to Ontario and the Dakotas, and south as far as Alabama and Louisiana.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+flexicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solidago_flexicaulis1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,gigantea,Giant Goldenrod,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low wet areas, roadsides, pond margins and the sides of streams, generally in mesic areas.","N. America - New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Texas and Utah.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoGigantea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,graminifolia,Flat-Topped Goldenrod,,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp to dryish shores, thickets and meadows.","N. America - British Columbia to Alberta, south to Florida and New Mexico.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+graminifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoGraminifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,japonica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland and low mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,leavenworthii,Leavenworth's goldenrod,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp soil of the coastal plain.,South-eastern N. America - Florida to S. Carolina.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+leavenworthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,missouriensis,"Prairie Goldenrod, Missouri goldenrod, Tolmie's goldenrod",,6 to 9,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry prairies, gravels and rocky slopes.",Western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+missouriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoMissouriensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,nemoralis,"Old-Field Goldenrod, Gray goldenrod",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open places in foothills, valleys and plains.","Western N. America - western Montana to central Idaho, south to Colorado and Arizona.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+nemoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoNemoralis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,odora,"Sweet Goldenrod, Anisescented goldenrod, Chapman's goldenrod",,3 to 7,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry sterile soil or thin woodlands. Woods and roadsides in Texas.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+odora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoOdora.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,radiata,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+radiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,rigida,"Stiff Goldenrod, Flat Topped Goldenrod, Stiff Goldenrod",fast,3 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or gravelly open woods, thickets and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Saskatchewan, south to Massachusetts, Georgia, Texas and Colorado.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoRigida.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,spathulata,"Coast Goldenrod, Creeping Goldenrod",fast,4 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Found in a wide range of habitats from coastal sand dunes to inland and alpine areas.,Western N. America - California to Oregon.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+spathulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoSpathula.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,spectabilis,Nevada Goldenrod,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Alkaline meadows or bogs to 2200 metres.,South-eastern N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoSpectabilis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,suaveolens,anisescented goldenrod,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+suaveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,virgaurea,Goldenrod,,4 to 8,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods, grassland, rocks, cliffs, hedgebanks, dunes etc on acid or calcareous soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia and N. America.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+virgaurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoVirgaurea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Sonchus,arvensis,"Field Milk Thistle, Field sowthistle, Moist sowthistle",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable and waste land, ditches and on the drift line of salt and brackish margins, avoiding acid soils[4, 9, 17]. A persistent weed of cultivation.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to Spain and W. Asia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SonchusArvensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Sonchus,asper,"Prickly Sow Thistle, Spiny sowthistle",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Hoverflies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated soil and waste places.,"Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus+asper,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SonchusAsper.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Sonchus,brachyotus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny grassy places and cultivated fields all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus+brachyotus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SonchusBrachyotus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Sonchus,kirkii,Shore Sow Thistle,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus+kirkii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Sonchus,oleraceus,"Sow Thistle, Common sowthistle",,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waysides, waste and cultivated ground. A common weed, avoiding acid soils and shady positions.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus+oleraceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SonchusOleraceus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Sonchus,tenerrimus,"Clammy Sow Thistle, Slender sowthistle",,None to None,0.8,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Shady walls and rocks in Israel.,S. Europe - Italy.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonchus+tenerrimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SonchusTenerrimus.jpg
Lythraceae,Sonneratia,caseolaris,"Firefly mangrove, mangrove apple",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal mangrove communities, tidal creeks, in muddy soil[266 ]. Less salt parts of mangrove-forests on a deeply muddy soil, never on coral-banks, often along tidal creeks with slow-moving water and ascending these as far as the flood mounts[451 ].","E. Asia - S. China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia, Pacific Islands.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sonneratia+caseolaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sonneratia caseolaris 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,davidii,Sophora,slow,5 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry rocky places and arid valleys, often covering large areas.","E. Asia - China in W. Hubei, W. Sichuan and Yunnan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+davidii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraDavidii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,flavescens,"Ku Shen, Shrubby sophora",slow,5 to 9,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub on mountain slopes, river valleys, especially on sandy soils. Grassy places in lowland and waste ground, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Russia to China.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+flavescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraFlavescens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,japonica,"Japanese Pagoda Tree, Scholar Tree",fast,4 to 9,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open country between 300 and 1000 metres in W. China.,"E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraJaponica.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,mollis,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocks in dry valleys, 1200 - 2000 metres. Often gregarious on hillsides.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,moorcroftiana,,,None to None,1.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Semi-arid mountain slopes and terraces, 3500 - 4200 metres[51, 91]. Forests in valleys at elevations of 3000 - 4500 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+moorcroftiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,secundiflora,"Mescal Bean, Texas Mountain Laurel",slow,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of streams, forming thickets or small groves in low rather moist limestone soils.","Southern N. America - Texas, New Mexico and Northern Mexico.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+secundiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraSecundiflora.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,sericea,Silky Sophora,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and dry hills.,"South-western N. America - South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming, south to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+sericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraSericea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,tetraptera,Kowhai,slow,7 to 10,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streamsides, forest margins and lowland on North Island in New Zealand, from East Cape to latitude 40° 30's.",New Zealand and S. America - Chile.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+tetraptera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SophoraTetraptera.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Sophora,tonkinensis,,,None to None,1.0,,Shrub,,,,June to July,September to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bush-wood of stony mountain slopes at elevations of 1000 - 2000 metres in Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces of China.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sophora+tonkinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbaria,sorbifolia,false spiraea,fast,2 to 7,1.8,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,In sparse forests at elevations of 250 - 1500 metres in northern China. A garden escape in N. America where it grows in wasteland and copses.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbaria+sorbifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbariaSorbifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbopyrus,auricularis,Bollwyller Pear,,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],May to November,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A bi-generic hybrid of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbopyrus+auricularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbopyrus,species,,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],May to November,April,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A bi-generic hybrid of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbopyrus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,alnifolia,Korean Mountain Ash,fast,4 to 7,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes of shady mountain forests of stone pine and deciduous trees on stony and humus rich soils. Slopes, gullies, mixed forests and shrubby thickets at elevations of 500 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+alnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAlnifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,americana,American Mountain Ash,slow,2 to 6,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, borders of swamps and rocky hillsides[43, 82] at higher elevations.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to N. Carolina, west to Illinois and Manitoba.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAmericana.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,aria,"Whitebeam, Chess-apple",,4 to 8,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woods and scrub, usually on chalk or limestone[3, 9, 13, 17].","Central and S. Europe, from Britain and France to Spain, east to Macedonia and Transylvania.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+aria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAria.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,aucuparia,"Mountain Ash, European mountain ash",medium,3 to 6,15.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woods, scrub and mountain rocks, mainly on lighter soil, rare or absent on clays or soft limestones. It is found at higher elevations than any other native tree.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Iceland to Spain, Macedonia and the Caucasus.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+aucuparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAucuparia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,austriaca,,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe - Switzerland to Austria and Hungary.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+austriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,commixta,,,5 to 9,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+commixta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusCommixta.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,decora,Showy Mountain Ash,,None to None,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, rocky slopes and shores. Found in various soils and conditions.","North-eastern N. America - Labrador and Newfoundland to Quebec, south to Iowa and Maine.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+decora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusDecora.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,devoniensis,Devon Whitebeam,medium,6 to 9,13.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Old woods in south-western England. Probably a hybrid species with S. torminalis in its blood.,Southwestern Britain.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+devoniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusDevoniensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,domestica,Service Tree,medium,6 to 10,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and bushy places.,Europe.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+domestica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusDomestica.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,gracilis,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,hybrida,"Swedish Service Tree, Oakleaf mountain ash",,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Usually found near the coast.,Europe - S. and S.W. Scandinavia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+hybrida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusHybrida.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,intermedia,Swedish Whitebeam,medium,4 to 8,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,Europe. Freely naturalized in some areas of Britain[17]. Possibly of hybrid origin.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusIntermedia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,japonica,,,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusJaponica.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,lanata,,medium,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests to 3400 metres. Characteristic of high-level grazing pastures.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,latifolia,French Hales,medium,4 to 8,14.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Only found in the forest of Fontainebleu.,Europe - France.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusLatifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,mougeotii,,medium,5 to 9,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in the Alps, usually on carboniferous limestone.",Europe.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+mougeotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusMougeotii.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,pohuashanensis,,fast,4 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes and mixed forests in valleys at elevations of 900 - 2500 metres in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong and Shanxi Provinces.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+pohuashanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,sambucifolia,Siberian mountain ash,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+sambucifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,scopulina,"Western Mountain Ash, Greene's mountain ash, Cascade mountain ash",,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Canyons and wooded slopes, 1200 - 2700 metres in California. Moist and wet soils of hills and mountains to 2,700 metres.","N. America - Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Colorado and Utah.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+scopulina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusScopulina.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,sitchensis,"Sitka Mountain Ash, Western mountain ash",slow,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found mainly on rich moist soils along the borders of streams, or rocky hillsides, usually in association with conifers.","Western N. America - Alaska to California, east to Idaho and Montana.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+sitchensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusSitchensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,species,,,6 to 9,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,A range of hybrids of garden origin,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusSpecies.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,thibetica,Tibetan whitebeam,,5 to 9,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dense forests on slopes or in valleys, rocky slopes, streambanks and shrubby thickets at elevations of 2400 - 3800 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - E. Himalayas to Burma.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+thibetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusThibetica.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,torminalis,"Wild Service Tree, Checkertree",medium,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, usually on clay, sometimes on limestone.","Europe, from Britain and Denmark south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus and W. Asia.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+torminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusTorminalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,vestita,,,6 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests at elevations of 2500 - 3700 metres from Uttar Pradesh to Sikkim[51, 272].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+vestita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sorghum,bicolor,"Sorghum, Common wild sorghum, Grain sorghum, Sudangrass",fast,9 to 12,5.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,Original habitat is obscure.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorghum+bicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndropogonSorghum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sorghum,halepense,Johnson Grass,fast,7 to 10,2.0,1.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Dry open habitats.,Europe to Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorghum+halepense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorghumHalepense.jpg
Poaceae,Sorghum,hybrids,Perennial Sorghum,fast,7 to 12,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in the wild. Under development,"Origin: Hypothetical hybrid. Sorghum species range extend to Australia, Africa, Asia, Mesoamerica, and certain islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorghum+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sorghum_hybrids1.JPEG
Iridaceae,Sparaxis,bulbifera,,,8 to 11,0.6,0.2,Corm,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy or rocky slopes at low altitudes. Wet sandy or limestone flats.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sparaxis+bulbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SparaxisBulbifera.jpg
Sparganiaceae,Sparganium,americanum,"Bur-Reed, American bur-reed",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Muddy or peaty shores and shallow water. Shores and shallow neutral-to-alkaline waters, sometimes forming large stands; from sea level to 800 metres.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia and Ontario to Iowa, South Carolina and Oklahoma.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sparganium+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SparganiumAmericanum.jpg
Sparganiaceae,Sparganium,androcladum,Branching Bur-Reed,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Muddy or peaty shores, swamps and shallow water. Shores and shallow, quiet, circumneutral waters from sea level to 800 metres.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sparganium+androcladum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SparganiumAndrocladum.jpg
Sparganiaceae,Sparganium,erectum,"Bur Reed, Simplestem bur-reed",,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Muddy or peaty shores and shallow water to 30cm deep, in ponds, ditches and ungrazed marshland[17, 24].","Found in most northern temperate regions, including Britain.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sparganium+erectum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SparganiumErectum.jpg
Sparganiaceae,Sparganium,longifolium,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sparganium+longifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Typhaceae,Sparganium,stoloniferum,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,May to October,May to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water in lowland all over Japan. In lakes, streams, swamps and ponds at elevations up to around 3600 metres in northern China and Tibet.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sparganium+stoloniferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SparganiumStoloniferum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Spartina,anglica,"Cord Grass, Common cordgrass",,None to None,1.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Tidal mud flats.,Endemic to Britain.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spartina+anglica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpartinaAnglica.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Spartina,pectinata,Prairie Cord Grass,,4 to 8,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shores and gravels and in marshes and sloughs. Usually found in freshwater marshes, though extending into saline marshes near the coast.","N. America - Newfoundland and Quebec to Washington and Oregon, south to North Carolina and Texas.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spartina+pectinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpartinaPectinata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Spartina,x townsendii,Townsend's Cord Grass,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tidal mud flats[1, 17].",Western Europe in Britain and France.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spartina+x townsendii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpartinaXTownsendii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Spartium,junceum,"Spanish Broom, Weaver's Broom, Spanish Broom",fast,8 to 9,3.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry situations amongst rocks and in bushy places, usually on limestone soils[45, 148].",S. Europe to N. Africa. Naturalized in S. Britain[17].,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spartium+junceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Spergula,arvensis,Corn Spurrey,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Arable land, often as a troublesome weed.","An almost cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world, including Britain.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spergula+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpergulaArvensis.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Spergularia,rubra,"Sandwort, Red sandspurry",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open gravelly or sandy habitats. Sand dunes, heaths and coastal cliffs.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to N. Africa and Asia. N. America,",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spergularia+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpergulariaRubra.jpg
Compositae,Sphagneticola,trilobata,Singapore daisy,fast,9 to 11,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Damp or wet soil, sometimes in marshes, often along sea beaches, at elevations from sea level to about 600 metres in Guatemala","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Mexico, Caribbean - Cuba to the Windward Isles.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sphagneticola+trilobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sphagneticola_trilobata1.JPEG
Sphagnaceae,Sphagnum,cymbilifolium,Sphagnum Moss,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet and boggy spots, preferably on peaty soils, mostly near heather, on mountains and on moors, forming large or small patches where there is sufficient lime-free water.",Northern Temperate zones.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sphagnum+cymbilifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Sphenostylis,stenocarpa,African Yam Bean,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Brachystegia woodland, riparian and lakeshore bushland, grassland, roadsides, often in rocky places and on termite mounds, at elevations of 10 - 1,500, occasionally 2,000 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea to Ethiopia and south to Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sphenostylis+stenocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sphenostylis stenocarpa 1.JPEG
Loganiaceae,Spigelia,marilandica,"Indian Pink, Woodland pinkroot",,7 to 10,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich dry soils on the edges of woods[4, 43].",South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spigelia+marilandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpigeliaMarilandica.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Spinacia,oleracea,Spinach,fast,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"The origin of this plant is uncertain, it probably arose in S.W. Asia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spinacia+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpinaciaOleracea.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,alba,White Meadowsweet,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist meadows, marshes, moist open low woodlands, often in sandy soils.","North-eastern N. America - Ontario to New York, North Carolina, Saskatchewan, Indiana and Missouri.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaAlba.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,betulifolia aemiliana,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"High mountains, N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+betulifolia aemiliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaBetulifoliaAemiliana.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,blumei,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and ravines, 600 - 2000 metres in W. Hupeh. Sunny slopes, mixed forests and roadsides at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+blumei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaBlumei.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,canescens,,,4 to 8,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and hedges, 1500 - 3000 metres. Open hillsides above 2100 metres in Uttar Pradesh. Riverbanks, slope thickets and dry fields, 3000-4000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaCanescens.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,douglasii,"Steeplebush, Rose spirea, Menzies' spirea",,4 to 8,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Almost always found in wet soils in redwood and red fir forests from sea level to elevations of 2100 metres.,Western N. America. Rarely naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaDouglasii.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,henryi,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, 1700 - 2700 metres in W. Hupeh. Rocky slopes, foothills and mountain forests at elevations of 1500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaHenryi.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,hirsuta,,,None to None,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ravines around 600 metres in W. Hupeh. Slopes, rocks and thickets at elevations of 600 - 1700 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaHirsuta.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,japonica,"Japanese Spiraea, Japanese meadowsweet",,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaJaponica.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,nervosa angustifolia,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and ravines, 300 - 1300 metres in W. Hupeh.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+nervosa angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Spiraea,prunifolia,Bridalwreath Spiraea,medium,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny hillsides to 1500 metres. Stony and barren places in C. and S. Korea.,"E. Asia - E. China, Korea, Taiwan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+prunifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaPrunifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,pyramidata,Spirea,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Streambanks and moist to dry slopes.,Western N. America - British Columbia to Oregon.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+pyramidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaPyramidata.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,salicifolia,"Bridewort, Willowleaf meadowsweet",,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet boggy places in the mountains of N. Japan. More or less naturalized in woods in Wales and N. England.,Europe to E. Asia. Naturalized in Wales and N. Britain[17].,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaSalicifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,thunbergii,"Thunberg's meadowsweet, Thunberg Spirea",medium,4 to 8,1.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky hillsides.,E. Asia - N. China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaThunbergii.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,tomentosa,"Hardhack, Steeplebush",,3 to 7,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fields and pastures in N. America. Swamps and low ground.,"N. and C. Europe. Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Kansas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaTomentosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Spiraea,x arguta,Garland Spiraea,,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, possibly S. thunbergii x S. x multiflora.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiraea+x arguta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiraeaXArguta.jpg
Orchidaceae,Spiranthes,spiralis,Autumn Lady's Tresses,,5 to 9,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Hilly pastures, downs, moist meadows and grassy coastal dunes, usually on a calcareous substratum. Dry hilly fields.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Denmark to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spiranthes+spiralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpiranthesSpiralis.jpg
Lemnaceae,Spirodela,polyrrhiza,"Great Duckweed, Common duckmeat",fast,4 to 8,,,,,,,July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Still water in ditches and ponds. Eutrophic, quiet waters, in temperate to tropical regions.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to N. Africa and Asia. America, Australia",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spirodela+polyrrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpirodelaPolyrrhiza.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Spirostachys,africana,"African mahogany tree, African sandalwood",slow,10 to 12,7.5,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Deciduous woodland, bushland; wooded grassland; Colophospermum mopane or mixed woodlands; sometimes in thickets; locally common and usually gregarious; the largest trees occur near streams and seasonal watercourse; elevations from 30 - 1,350 metres[328 ].","Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, S. Africa.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spirostachys+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Spirostachys africana 1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Spondias,dulcis,"Golden Apple, Ambarella,",fast,9 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry or secondary forests from sea-level to 500 metres[311 ].,"Probably arose in tropical Asia, but only known in cultivation.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spondias+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Spondias dulcis3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Spondias,mombin,"Yellow Mombin, Hog Plum, Caja Fruit, Taperebá",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Occurs in a great variety of humid tropical climates, often in secondary vegetation derived from evergreen lowland forest or semi-deciduous forest[303 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spondias+mombin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Spondias_mombin_Hughes.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Spondias,purpurea,"Purple Mombin Red Mombin, Spanish Plum, Ciruela",fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Abundant in thickets or open forest, often in second growth, common in fencerows, pastures, and many other situations, ascending from sea level to elevations of about 1,700 metres[331 ].",Western S. America north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spondias+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Spondias purpurea_Descourtilz.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Spondias,tuberosa,"Imbu, Umbú, Brazil Plum",slow,10 to 12,6.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Semi-arid scrublands[416 ].,S. America - north-eastern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spondias+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Spondias tuberosa 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,airoides,Alkali Sakaton,,None to None,0.8,0.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Saline flats, prairies and sands. Meadows and valleys, especially in moderately saline soils.","Central and south-western N. America - Nebraska to Montana, California and Texas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+airoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SporobolusAiroides.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,asperifolius,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy bottoms, damp sands etc. Dry soils. Damp or marshy often alkaline soils, along irrigation ditches and along the banks of streams.","Western and central N. America - Saskatchewan to British Columbia, south to Missouri and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+asperifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SporobolusAsperifolius.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,caroli,Fairy Grass,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Floodplains in clay soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+caroli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,contractus,Spike Dropseed,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mesas, dry bluffs and sandy soils[43, 235].",South-western N. America - Michigan to Washington and southwards.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+contractus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SporobolusContractus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,cryptandrus,Sand Dropseed,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sandy soils by the coast. Grasslands and disturbed sites.,"Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Montana, Pennsylvania and Mexico.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+cryptandrus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrostisCryptandra.jpg
Poaceae,Sporobolus,fimbriatus,Perennial Dropseed. Dropseed grass,fast,10 to 12,1.2,0.1,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodland and grassland, often in shallow rainwater pans, sometimes on rocky hillsides, also in disturbed or shady locations; at elevations up to 2,000 metres[299 ]. Occurs in the tropics and subtropics, extending into warm temperate regions.","Africa - Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S. Africa.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+fimbriatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sporobolus_fimbriatus1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,flexuosus,Mesa Dropseed,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Deserts below 1200 metres in California.,"South-western N. America - Texas to Utah, Nevada, California and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+flexuosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,giganteus,Giant Dropseed,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mesas and sandhills. Sand dunes and sandy areas along rivers and roadsides, at elevations from 100 - 1830 metres.","Southern N. America - Oklahoma and Colorado to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SporobolusGiganteus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,indicus,"Smut Grass, Rat-tail grass, West Indian dropseed",,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Found in poor dry soils in Australia. Is it native or naturalized there?,S. Europe.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+indicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SporobolusIndicus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sporobolus,pallidus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,By coasts and around salt marshes in Victoria.,Australia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sporobolus+pallidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,affinis,"Chinese Artichoke, Artichoke betony",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],May to November,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet and submersed areas; 0-3200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang","E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+affinis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysAffinis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,baicalensis,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and waste places. Wet grassy areas and riverbanks at elevations of 200 - 1700 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+baicalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,bullata,California Hedgenettle,,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy, gravelly or peaty shores and bogs.",South-western N. America - California.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+bullata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysBullata.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,germanica,"Downy Woundwort, German hedgenettle",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Pastures and hedgebanks, especially on limestone soils. A very rare native of Britain, it is only found in Oxford, though is common in Europe[4, 17].","Central and Southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and the Orient.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+germanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysGermanica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,hyssopifolia,hyssopleaf hedgenettle,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy, gravelly or peaty shores and bogs.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Georgia, Florida, Indiana, Michigan and Virginia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+hyssopifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysHyssopifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,hyssopifolia ambigua,hyssopleaf hedgenettle,,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp sands, swamps and prairies.","E. Asia - Japan. Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Illinois, south to Florida.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+hyssopifolia ambigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysHyssopifoliaAmbigua.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,officinalis,"Wood Betony, Common hedgenettle, Betony, Woundwort",fast,5 to 10,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grassland, hedgebanks, heath and open woods, avoiding calcareous soils[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Sweden to Spain, Italy, Greece and the Caucasus.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysOfficinalis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,palustris,"Marsh Woundwort, Marsh hedgenettle",,4 to 8,1.0,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By streams and ditches, also in swamps and fens. Occasionally found on arable land.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to Portugal and temperate Asia to Japan.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysPalustris.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Stachys,sylvatica,"Hedge Woundwort, Whitespot",,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland, hedgebanks and shady waste places, usually on rich soils.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to Portugal, the Caucasus and the Himalayas.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stachys+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StachysSylvatica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Stanleya,albescens,White Prince's Plume,,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Seleniferous soils, 1200 - 1500 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stanleya+albescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Stanleya,elata,Panamint princesplume,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Desert washes and slopes, especially in seleniferous soils, 1300 - 2200 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stanleya+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StanleyaElata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Stanleya,pinnata,"Prince's Plume, Desert princesplume, Bipinnate princesplume, Golden princesplume, Inyo princesplume",,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Seleniferous soils, desert slopes and washes to 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stanleya+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StanleyaPinnata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Stanleya,wrightii,,,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stanleya+wrightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Staphyleaceae,Staphylea,bumalda,,,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and by streams in lowland and hilly areas to 1300 metres, all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Staphylea+bumalda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StaphyleaBumalda.jpg
Staphyleaceae,Staphylea,colchica,Bladdernut,medium,5 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests to 1200 metres[74, 184].",W. Asia - S.W. Caucasus.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Staphylea+colchica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StaphyleaColchica.jpg
Staphyleaceae,Staphylea,emodi,,,8 to 11,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist mixed forests. Shady ravines, 1500 - 2700 metres in Uttar Pradesh.",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Staphylea+emodi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Staphyleaceae,Staphylea,pinnata,Bladder Nut,,5 to 9,4.5,4.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Flies'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgerows and copses[11, 17].",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Staphylea+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StaphyleaPinnata.jpg
Staphyleaceae,Staphylea,trifolia,American Bladder Nut,medium,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist thickets along streams and the borders of woods[43, 229].","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Kansas and Nebraska.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Staphylea+trifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StaphyleaTrifolia.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Stauntonia,hexaphylla,,medium,8 to 11,10.0,7.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Hand']",,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woodland in lowland from C. Japan southwards.,"E. Asia - Burma, Japan, Korea.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stauntonia+hexaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StauntoniaHexaphylla.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,alsine,"Bog Stitchwort, Bog chickweed",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Streamsides, flushes, wet tracks and woodland ridges.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia and N. America.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+alsine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StellariaAlsine.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,dichotoma,American chickweed,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Barren steppes and stony slopes. Slopes, stony and sandy hills and steppes at elevations of 200 - 3100 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Siberia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+dichotoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,diversiflora,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains, central and southern Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+diversiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,graminea,Lesser stitchwort,fast,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Agricultural fields, roadsides, trail edges, gravel pits, waste areas. Part shade, sun; sandy or gravelly disturbed soil. In New Zealand in wetlands and margins of water bodies and wet grassland.",Native to Eurasia but it is widespread around other parts of the temperate world as an introduced species and a common weed.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+graminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stellaria_graminea1.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,jamesiana,tuber starwort,,4 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woodland amongst shrubs, westwards from Wyoming and Texas.",Western N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+jamesiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StellariaJamesiana.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,media,"Chickweed, Common chickweed",fast,4 to 11,0.1,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Growing almost anywhere, it is a common garden weed[7, 17].","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world, including Britain.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlsineMedia.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,neglecta,"Greater Chickweed, Common chickweed",,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgerows, wood margins, streamsides and shady places.","Most of Europe, including Britain.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+neglecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StellariaNeglecta.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,nipponica,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mainly in dry sunny situations on rocky slopes in mountains, especially in alpine areas",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StellariaNipponica.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,pubera,Star chickweed,fast,5 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"High quality woodlands, especially where sandstone is close to the ground surface. Edges of rocky meadows, rocky wooded slopes, wooded bluffs, and the upper slopes of sandstone ravines or rich mesic woodlands.","Native to the eastern United States. Native distribution is from Illinois east to New York, south to Florida, west to Louisiana, and northeast to Kentucky; also in Nebraska and Minnesota. ",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+pubera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stellaria_pubera1.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,radians,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows in lowland in northern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan to Siberia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+radians,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,sessiliflora,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the sides of streams in woods and uplands all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+sessiliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Stellera,chamaejasme,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes and plains, also on abandoned fields, 2700 - 4300 metres[51, 187].",E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellera+chamaejasme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StelleraChamaejasme.jpg
Cactaceae,Stenocereus,griseus,"Cactaceae. Pitaya, Organpipe cactus",medium,10 to 12,7.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub with Prosopis.,"Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela to Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stenocereus+griseus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stenocereus_griseus1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Stenocereus,stellatus,"Joconostle cactus, Baja organ pipe cactus",medium,9 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,The species inhabits tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub.,Central America to southern N. America - southern Mexico.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stenocereus+stellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stenocereus_stellatus1.JPEG
Poaceae,Stenotaphrum,secundatum,"Buffalo Grass, St. Augustine Grass, St. Augustinegrass",slow,7 to 12,0.2,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Found in a variety of habitats, most commonly on siliceous and calcareous sands near the sea[415 ].",S. America - Colombia; C. America - Honduras; Caribbean; southern N. America; tropical W. Africa.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stenotaphrum+secundatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stenotaphrum secundatum 1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Stephanandra,incisa,"Laceshrub, Cutleaf Stephanandra",medium,3 to 7,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in low mountains all over Japan. On mountain slopes, or by streams at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres in southern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stephanandra+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StephanandraIncisa.jpg
Rosaceae,Stephanandra,tanakae,,,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub in mountains of C. Honshu[184, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stephanandra+tanakae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StephanandraTanakae.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Stephanomeria,spinosa,Thorn Skeletonweed,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy rocky soils under dry conditions at elevations of 1500 - 2800 metres in sagebrush scrub, pinyon-juniper woodland and yellow pine forest communities California.",Western N. America,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stephanomeria+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StephanomeriaSpinosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Stevia,rebaudiana,"Stevia, Candyleaf",,8 to 11,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Infertile, sandy acid soils with shallow water tables. This is normally in areas like the edge of mashes and grassland communities.","S. America - Brazil, Paraguay.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stevia+rebaudiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SteviaRebaudiana.jpg
Theaceae,Stewartia,pseudocamellia,Japanese Stewartia,slow,4 to 7,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Semi-shaded habitats in moist woodland in mountains[58, 200].",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stewartia+pseudocamellia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StewartiaPseudocamellia.jpg
Araliaceae,Stilbocarpa,polaris,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows in the sub-Antarctic islands south of New Zealand.,New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stilbocarpa+polaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StilbocarpaPolaris.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Stillingia,sylvatica,Queen's Delight,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy prairies, open woods and open ground in Texas.",N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stillingia+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StillingiaSylvatica.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,splendens,Chee Grass,,6 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Steppes.,E. Asia - Siberia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,tenacissima,"Esparto Grass, Esparto",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy calcareous or gypsaceous soils.,Europe - Spain to N. Africa.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+tenacissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StipaTenacissima.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,vaseyi,Sleepy Grass,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry plains, hills and dry open woods.","Southern N. America - Colorado to western Texas, Arizona and north-western Mexico.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+vaseyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stipa-vaseyi.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,viridula,Green Needlegrass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains and dry slopes.,"Eastern and central N. America - Alberta and Saskatchewan to Illinois, Montana and Arizona.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+viridula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StipaViridula.jpg
Poaceae,Stipagrostis,pungens,Drinn,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common throughout the Sahara. Adapted to sandy habitats, represented by deep sandy clusters (dunes, ergs). ","Africa Europe, Asia",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipagrostis+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stipagrostis_pungens1.JPEG
Hydrocharitaceae,Stratiotes,aloides,Water Soldier,,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Broads, ponds and ditches in calcareous districts. It is very local and probably diminishing.","Europe, including Britain, to northwestern Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stratiotes+aloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StratiotesAloides.jpg
Convallariaceae,Streptopus,amplexifolius,"Wild Cucumber, Claspleaf twistedstalk, Tubercle twistedstalk",,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet sub-alpine woods[50, 187]. Moist woods and thickets[43, 50]. Rich moist coniferous and deciduous woods at elevations of 0 - 2800 metres in America.","Europe to E. Asia and N. America - Alaska to North Carolina, Ohio, Michigan and New Mexico.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Streptopus+amplexifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StreptopusAmplexifolius.jpg
Convallariaceae,Streptopus,roseus,"Scootberry, Rosybells",,3 to 7,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods, river banks, alder thickets. Damp montane woods, 9000 - 1800 metres.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Michigan.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Streptopus+roseus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StreptopusRoseus.jpg
Convallariaceae,Streptopus,streptopoides,Small twistedstalk,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dense coniferous mid-montane woods. Moist woods, river banks and alder thickets.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. North-western N. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Streptopus+streptopoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StreptopusStreptopoides.jpg
Leguminosae,Strophostyles,umbellata,"Pink fuzzybean, Perennial wild bean",fast,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils of fields, forest edges, meadows and woodlands and clearings, mainly near the coast.",Native to fields and woods in the southeastern and central United States.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Strophostyles+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Strophostyles_umbellata1.JPEG
Loganiaceae,Strychnos,potatorum,Clearing Nut,slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"In gallery forest, in Brachystegia woodland, semi evergreen bushland, often on river banks, on banks of dry riverbeds, or on termitaries from sea level to elevations of 1,600 metres[308 ].","E. Asia - India, Myanmar. Tropical Africa - DR Congo to Tanzania, south to northern S. Africa.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Strychnos+potatorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Strychnos_potatorum_Roxburgh.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Stylophorum,lasiocarpum,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and scrub.,E. Asia - C. and E. China in Hubei and Sichuan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stylophorum+lasiocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Leguminosae,Stylosanthes,biflora,Sidebeak pencilflower,fast,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky open woods, glades, prairies, usually on acid substrates.",Native to the Southeastern United States,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stylosanthes+biflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stylosanthes_biflora1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Stylosanthes,guianensis,Estilo,fast,10 to 12,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hot, humid climates, and is neither frost nor drought tolerant. It grows on all soil types, but is particularly well adapted to poor acid soils with high Al and Mn contents.","Native to Mesoamerica:  Belize, Costa Rica (north-east), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (south), Nicaragua (east), Panama. South America:  Bolivia (north), Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela. Naturalised in many parts of the tropics and subtropics.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stylosanthes+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stylosanthes_guianensis1.JPEG
Epacridaceae,Styphelia,adscendens,,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Styphelia+adscendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StypheliaAdscendens.jpg
Epacridaceae,Styphelia,triflora,Pink Fivecorner,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy soils in coastal and mountain heathlands.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Styphelia+triflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StypheliaTriflora.jpg
Epacridaceae,Styphelia,viridis,,,8 to 11,1.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy soils in coastal and mountain heathlands[193, 200].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Styphelia+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StypheliaViridis.jpg
Styracaceae,Styrax,japonica,Japanese Storax,slow,4 to 8,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Thickets and thin woods in mountains and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Styrax+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StyraxJaponica.jpg
Styracaceae,Styrax,officinalis,Storax Tree,slow,8 to 11,5.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Dry rocky slopes, often on limestone, to 1500 metres. Woods and thickets, also by streams.",Europe - E. Mediterranean.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Styrax+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StyraxOfficinalis.jpg
Styracaceae,Styrax,serrulatus,,,None to None,7.0,,Tree,,,,April to June,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found at elevations up to 2700 metres. Sparse forests at elevations of 500 - 1700 metres in southwest China.,"E. Asia - Himalayas from India, Bhutan and Nepal to China.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Styrax+serrulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,australis,Seablite,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Salt flats by the coast, inland salt pans and sandbanks behind mangroves.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaAustralis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,californica,California Sea Blite,,None to None,0.6,,Shrub,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Intertidal margins of coastal salt marshes.,South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaCalifornica.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,corniculata,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Saline habitats. Saline-alkaline soil deserts, lake banks and riversides in northern China.",Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+corniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,depressa,Pursh seepweed,,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Usually found on highly alkaline or saline soils by the coast[60, 172].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+depressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaDepressa.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,fruticosa,Shrubby Seablite,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sandy soils, salty or otherwise, along the coast. Plants do not grow below the line of the spring high tides.","Coasts of Europe, from France and Britain southwards. Central and southwestern Asia, Africa.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaFruticosa.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,glauca,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Saline meadows, solonchaks, sandy and pebbly seashores, refuse dumps and waste ground.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Siberia.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaGlauca.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,japonica,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Seashores in S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,linearis,"Southern Sea Blite, Annual seepweed",,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Salt marshes, sandy beaches, other coastal wetlands at elevations below 10 metres.",N. America - Florida to Texas and north to south Maine.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+linearis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaLinearis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,maritima,"Sea Blite, Herbaceous seepweed,  Rich's seepweed",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Salt marshes and sea shores, usually below the high water mark of spring tides.","European coasts and saline areas inland, south from Norway to eastern Asia, E. Indies, N. America.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaMaritima.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,nigra,Bush Seepweed,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Alkaline, saline, and gypseous places of the interior, mostly in deserts, occasionally coastal, rarely estuarine, from sea level to1600 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Texas and north to Saskatchewan .,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaNigra.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,occidentalis,Western Seepweed,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Saline or alkaline wetland soils, Great Basin desert at elevations of 1000 - 2200 metres.",Western N. America - Washington to Colorado.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuaedaOccidentalis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,palmeri,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Suaeda,salsa,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Maritime or, more rarely, continental solonchaks. Saline and alkaline soils of beaches ad lakeshores in northern China.",Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Suaeda+salsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dipsacaceae,Succisa,pratensis,"Devil's Bit Scabious, Devilsbit",,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, pastures, marshes, fens and damp woods[7, 17] on slightly acid or calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to N. Africa, Siberia and the Caucasus.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Succisa+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SuccisaPratensis.jpg
Fabaceae,Swartzia,bannia,"Bannia, Banya",medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Savannah forests and dry sand savannahs[422 ]. Savannah and dry evergreen formations and high forests[341 ].,"Northern S. America - French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+bannia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia bannia 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Swartzia,benthamiana,Wamara,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests[422 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Ecuador, the Guyanas.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+benthamiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia benthamiana 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Swartzia,grandifolia,"Big leafed Swartzia, Coracao-de-Negro",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forests[422 ].,"S. America - northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+grandifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia grandifolia 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Swartzia,ingifolia,Swartzia,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forest.,"S. America - northern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+ingifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia ingifolia 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Swartzia,leiocalycina,Wamara,medium,10 to 12,28.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A canopy tree, frequent to dominant in the seasonal forest and occasional to frequent in the rainforest[378 ]. Found in more than one type of forest but grows mainly in mixed rain forests[341 ].",Northern S. America - Guyana.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+leiocalycina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia leiocalycina 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Swartzia,panacoco,"Coracao-de-Negro, panococo, Brazilian ebony",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rainforests[422 ]. Lowland primary rain forest, riparian vegetation and terra firme (non-flooded) forest on brown sandy clay soils, at elevations up to 500 metres[338 ].","S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swartzia+panacoco,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swartzia_panacoco_Aublet.JPEG
Gentianaceae,Swertia,bimaculata,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet grassy places in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Beside streams, swamp, meadows, scrub and forests at elevations of 200 - 3000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swertia+bimaculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SwertiaBimaculata.jpg
Gentianaceae,Swertia,chirayita,Chiretta,,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Annual,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pastures and slopes in the Himalayas to 3,000 metres[238, 240].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swertia+chirayita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SwertiaChirayita2.jpg
Gentianaceae,Swertia,japonica,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny slopes and thickets in lowland and hills all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swertia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Swertia,petiolata,,,6 to 9,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Montane to the alpine zone.,E. Asia - Afghanistan to W. Nepal and S.E. Tibet.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swertia+petiolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Meliaceae,Swietenia,macrophylla,"Big Leaf Mahogany, Honduras Mahogany",slow,10 to 12,35.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in all forest types, from the edge of the pine savannah to the climax rainforest, but mostly in mixed hardwood forest belts, along riverbanks, on deep alluvial soils of considerable fertility[303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north through Central America to Mexico.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swietenia+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swietenia macrophylla 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Swietenia,mahagoni,"Mahogany, West Indies Mahogany",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Moths', 'Thrips']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pastures, along the sides of roads, rare in natural woodland[426 ].","Southeastern N. America - Florida, to the Caribbean.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swietenia+mahagoni,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swietenia_mahagoni_Addisonia.JPEG
Arecaceae,Syagrus,coronata,"Licuri Palm, Ouricury palm",slow,9 to 11,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Open woodland or woodland edges[200 ]. Scrubland[416 ].,S. America - eastern Brazil.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syagrus+coronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syagrus_coronata1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Sympholoma,graveolens,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky taluses and occasionally in high mountain meadows, 2700 - 4000 metres.",W. Asia - Caucasus.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sympholoma+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caprifoliaceae,Symphoricarpos,albus laevigatus,Snowberry,medium,3 to 7,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Banks and flats in canyons and near streams below 1200 metres in California.,Western N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphoricarpos+albus laevigatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphoricarposAlbusLaevigatus.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Symphoricarpos,occidentalis,"Wolfberry, Western snowberry",medium,3 to 7,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Bluffs, dry prairies and plains, mainly in the Rockies.","Western N. America - Illinois, Michigan and Minnesota to British Columbia, Kansas and Colorado.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphoricarpos+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphoricarposOccidentalis.jpg
Caprifoliaceae,Symphoricarpos,orbiculatus,Coralberry,,None to None,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Open woods, thickets and dry banks.",Eastern N. America - New Jersey and New York to Georgia and Texas.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphoricarpos+orbiculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphoricarposOrbiculatus.jpg
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,asperum,Prickly Comfrey,fast,4 to 8,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places in Britain.,Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+asperum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphytumAsperum.jpg
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,grandiflorum,"Ground Cover Comfrey, Comfrey",fast,3 to 9,0.4,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not infrequently naturalized in hedges and woods in S. England and the Midlands.,Europe - the Caucasus. Naturalized in Britain.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphytumGrandiflorum.jpg
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,officinale,"Comfrey, Common comfrey",fast,3 to 10,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp, often shady localities, in meadows, woods etc, especially near streams and rivers[9, 17, 244].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Scandanavia to Spain, Siberia and Turkey.",3,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphytumOfficinale.jpg
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,orientale,White comfrey,fast,3 to 9,0.8,0.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Hedgerows and copses, on lane sides, by roads and railways, on waste ground. It is often naturalised, and sometimes regenerates from seed.","Native to: Lebanon-Syria, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine. Introduced into: Slovakia, Czech Republic, France, Great Britain, Italy.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Symphytum_orientale1.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,tuberosum,Tuberous comfrey,fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, scrub and by rivers.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Germany to Spain, S.w.Russia and Turkey.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphytumTuberosum.jpg
Boraginaceae,Symphytum,uplandicum,Comfrey,fast,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"A hybrid of garden origin, S. asperum x S. officinale[200].",3,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symphytum+uplandicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymphytumUplandicum.jpg
Araceae,Symplocarpus,foetidus,Skunk Cabbage,,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February to April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Marshes, bogs, swampy woods and by streams.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Georgia.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocarpus+foetidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymplocarpusFoetidus.jpg
Araceae,Symplocarpus,renifolius,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February to April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Wet places in N. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocarpus+renifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Symplocaceae,Symplocos,microcalyx,,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Subtropical evergreen forests, often along streamlets.",E. Asia - southern Japan.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocos+microcalyx,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Symplocaceae,Symplocos,paniculata,"Asiatic Sweetleaf, Sapphire-berry",,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Forests and shrubberies at elevations of 1000 - 2700 metres, Pakistan to S. W. China and Burma. Slopes in mixed forests at elevations of 800 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocos+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymplocosPaniculata.jpg
Symplocaceae,Symplocos,sumuntia,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,February to October,June to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, 1000 - 1300 metres in W. Hupeh. Mixed forests at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocos+sumuntia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Symplocaceae,Symplocos,tinctoria,"Sweet Leaf, Common sweetleaf",,None to None,8.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, swamps and bottomlands. Rich moist soils, often in the shade of dense forests.","South-eastern N. America - Florida to Arkansas, north to Delaware.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Symplocos+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SymplocosTinctoria.jpg
Myrtaceae,Syncarpia,glomulifera,Turpentine Tree,,None to None,30.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal scrub forests, preferring deep fertile soils in valleys.","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syncarpia+glomulifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SyncarpiaGlomulifera.jpg
Sapotaceae,Synsepalum,dulciferum,Miracle Berry,fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Fringing forest, preferring damp localities[332 ].",Western and Central Tropical Africa.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synsepalum+dulciferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Synsepalum dulciferum 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Synurus,deltoides,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest margins, forests and meadows at elevations of 500 - 2200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synurus+deltoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Synurus,excelsus,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny mountainous slopes at the edges of forests.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synurus+excelsus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Synurus,palmatopinnatifidus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sunny mountain slopes at the edges of forests.,"E. Asia - central and southern Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synurus+palmatopinnatifidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SynurusPalmatopinnatifidus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Synurus,pungens,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes in mountains.,"E. Asia - C. and N. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Synurus+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oleaceae,Syringa,josikaea,Hungarian Lilac,medium,2 to 7,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,Europe - Hungary.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syringa+josikaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SyringaJosikaea.jpg
Oleaceae,Syringa,vulgaris,"Lilac, Common lilac",medium,3 to 7,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub on rocky hill slopes in Europe. Found in hedges, thickets and shrubberies in Britain.",E. Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syringa+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SyringaVulgaris.jpg
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,aromaticum,"Clove, Zanzibar Redhead",slow,11 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Maritime forests in deep, well-drained sandy, acid loams with a pH as low as 4.5[200 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+aromaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syzygium aromaticum5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,australe,Brush Cherry,,6 to 12,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the coast and adjacent plateaux.,Australia - New South Wales.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SyzygiumAustrale.jpg
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,cumini,"Jambolan, Java Plum, Malabar Plum, Jambu",fast,8 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Most tropical and subtropical forest habitats in India, ranging from evergreen broadleaved to deciduous and coniferous, from wet to fairly dry areas, near the coast and even in swamps[303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Malaysia.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+cumini,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syzygium cumini_Hoola_Van_Nooten.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,jambos,"Jambos, Rose Apple, Plum Rose",medium,9 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open places, generally around villages, at elevations of 600 - 1,400 metres in Nepal[272 ]. Most commonly found in moister habitats such as stream banks, becoming more frequent at higher elevations as rainfall levels rise[790 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+jambos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syzygium jambos2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,paniculatum,Brush Cherry,,9 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rain forests and sandy soils by the sea.,Australia - New South Wales.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SyzygiumPaniculatum.jpg
Fabaceae,Tachigali,rubiginosa,Tachigali,fast,10 to 12,7.5,7.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Savannah, wooded savannah and semideciduous forests, favouring well-drained terrains at elevations above 800 metres[420 ].",S. America - central and eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tachigali+rubiginosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tachigali rubiginosa 1.JPEG
Apiaceae,Taenidia,integerrima,Yellow pimpernel,fast,4 to 6,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry upland prairies, edges of hill prairies, upland savannas, rocky upland forests, bluffs, areas along woodland paths, eroded clay banks in semi-shaded areas, and thickets. This plant typically occurs at the edge of dry wooded areas, especially where slopes occur.",Central and eastern North America,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taenidia+integerrima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Taenidia_integerrima1.JPEG
Talinaceae,Talinum,fruticosum,"Tahitian Spinach, Waterleaf, Ceylon Spinach",fast,8 to 11,0.5,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Occurs naturally on roadsides, waste places, and forests edges, from sea level up to 1,000 metres.","Northern S. America - Peru, Ecuador, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talinum+fruticosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talinum_fruticosum.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Talisia,esculenta,Pitomba,fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, on land that does not become inundated[416 ]. Dense primary forest as well as secondary formations, always in alluvial lowlands, at the bottom of valleys[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Talisia+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Talisia esculenta1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tephroseris,integrifolia,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Moist ground in Szechwan, W. China",Europe to E. Asia.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephroseris+integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TephroserisIntegrifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tephroseris,palustris,Marsh Fleawort,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fen ditches.,"Circumboreal. Formerly native to Britain, now apparently extinct[17].",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephroseris+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TephroserisPalustris.jpg
Malvaceae,Triplochiton,scleroxylon,"Arere, Obeche, Samba",fast,10 to 12,40.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland half-deciduous forest; abandoned cultivated ground in transition zone between rain- and half-deciduous forest; old secondary forests[328 ].,"West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Gabon, Central African Republic and DR Congo.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Triplochiton+scleroxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Triplochiton scleroxylon 1.JPEG
Viscaceae,Viscum,album,"Mistletoe, European mistletoe",,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to April,November to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows on the branches of many trees, especially poplars, apples, chestnut and birch and especially on calcareous soils[7, 17]. Not usually found on conifers.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, central Asia and Japan.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viscum+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViscumAlbum.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,baccata,"Spanish Bayonet, Banana yucca, Blue Yucca, Spanish Yucca",slow,6 to 11,0.9,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Hand'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky slopes, pinyon, oak, and juniper woodlands, grasslands at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres.","South-western N. America - Colorado to Texas, California and Mexico.",4,1,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaBaccata.jpg
Agavaceae,Yucca,schidigera,"Mojave Yucca, Yucca",,9 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in desert habitats in chaparral and creosote bush scrub from sea level to elevations of 2500 metres.,"South-western N. America - California, Arizona and Nevada.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+schidigera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaSchidigera.jpg
Cycadaceae,Zamia,spp,Zamia cycads. Pine cone cycad,slow,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A range of habitats, with some growing as understory plants in moist tropical rainforests and others from more open habitats with unreliable rainfall, considerably more sun, and less humidity, but most are best suited to tropical and subtropical regions that are free from frost.","Native to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central and South America as far south as Bolivia. The range of one species (Z. integrifolia), extends into the contiguous United States, i.e. Georgia and Florida.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zamia+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zamia_spp1.JPEG
Poaceae,Zea,hybrids,"Perennial corn, Perennial Maize",fast,8 to 12,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cold temperate to tropical, tropical highland climates. Humidity: semi-arid to humid. ",Hypothetical hybrid.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zea+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zea_hybrids1.JPEG
Caprifoliaceae,Abelia,triflora,Indian Abelia,medium,5 to 9,3.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry scrub and rocky slopes in calcareous soils, 1200 - 4200 metres in Uttar Pradesh[146, 158].",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelia+triflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbeliaTriflora2.jpg
Malvaceae,Abelmoschus,esculentus,Okra,,5 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The original habitat is obscure.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus+esculentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbelmoschusEsculentus2.jpg
Malvaceae,Abelmoschus,manihot,Aibika,fast,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wasteland and humid rocky hillsides. In Nepal it grows at elevations of 700 - 1700 metres in rocky places with shrubs. Grasslands, near streams and margins of farm land.",E. Asia - South-eastern Asia to Northern Australia.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus+manihot,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbelmoschusManihot.jpg
Malvaceae,Abelmoschus,moschatus,"Musk Mallow,Musk Okra",fast,8 to 11,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places in Nepal at elevations of 600 - 1100 metres. Flat areas, valleys, stream sides and scrub slopes in western and southern China.",S.E. Asia - Himalayas to China and Vietnam.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus+moschatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbelmoschusMoschatus.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,alba,"Silver Fir, Christmas Tree Fir, European Silver Fir, Silver",fast,5 to 8,45.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests in mountains, 1000 - 1600 metres.",C. and S. Europe,2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesAlba.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,amabilis,"Red Fir,Pacific silver fir",slow,4 to 8,30.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"High mountain slopes and benches, going down to sea-level in the north of its range. The best specimens grow in deep moist soils and cool wet air conditions such as fog belts.",North-western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+amabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesAmabilis2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,balsamea,Balsam Fir,slow,3 to 6,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low swampy grounds where it is often the major component of forests. Also found on well-drained hillsides.,"North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Alberta, Michigan and Ohio.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+balsamea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesBalsamea2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,cephalonica,Grecian Fir,medium,4 to 8,36.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool wet mountainsides over 800 metres[50, 200].",Europe - S. Greece to Yugoslavia and Albania.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+cephalonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesCephalonica2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,concolor,"Colorado Fir, White fir",fast,3 to 7,45.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found on a wide range of soils, but preferring moist soils with a humid climate and a long winter from 700 metres to 3,400 metres.","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, to Arizona and New Mexico.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+concolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesConcolor2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,delavayi,,slow,6 to 9,25.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"This species has an extensive range, forming forests in cold regions at 2000 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Yunnan Province in China to North Burma and the Himalayas in Assam.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesDelavayi.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,firma,"Momi Fir, Japanese Fir",medium,6 to 9,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Hills and mountains, C.& S. Japan.",E. Asia - S. Japan,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+firma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesFirma.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,fraseri,"She Balsam, Fraser fir, Southern Balsam Fir",fast,4 to 7,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Mountains, often forming forests of considerable extent at elevations of 1200 - 1800 metres[11, 82].",South-eastern N. America - Virginia and West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesFraseri.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,grandis,"Grand Fir, Giant Fir, Lowland White Fir",fast,5 to 6,75.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found in a variety of soils, but the best specimens are growing in deep rich alluvial soils It ranges from the coast to inland elevations of about 2000 metres if growing by streams[60, 82].","Western N. America - British Columbia to California, east to Montana and Idaho.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesGrandis2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,homolepis,Nikko Fir,medium,4 to 7,36.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Cool wet mountainsides[58, 200]. In mountain forests at elevations of 1000 - 1800 metres, generally growing in the intermediate zone between A. firma and A. veitchii.",E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+homolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesHomolepis.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,lasiocarpa,"Subalpine Fir, Alpine Fir",slow,5 to 6,25.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Often found in poor and rocky soils, it is rarely seen below 600 metres. It grows in forests right up to the timber line where it is no more than a shrub on exposed slopes at high altitudes.",Western N. America - Alaska to Arizona and New Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+lasiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesLasiocarpa.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,magnifica,"Californian Red Fir, Shasta red fir",medium,4 to 8,60.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Dry slopes and ridges, 1500 - 2700 metres. The best specimens are found in well-drained gravelly-loam soils on northern or eastern exposures with moist cool air.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+magnifica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesMagnifica.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,mariesii,,slow,5 to 9,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool wet mountainsides in C. and S. Japan[58, 200] at elevatios of 600 - 2600 metres..",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+mariesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesMariesii.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,nordmanniana,"Caucasian Fir, Christmas Tree Fir, Nordmann",medium,4 to 6,50.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests in Turkey, often with Picea spp. and often on northern slopes at elevations around 1200 - 2000 metres.",W. Asia - Caucasus,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+nordmanniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesNordmanniana.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,pindrow,West Himalayan Fir,slow,5 to 7,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Generally found on northern aspects and in shady localities, forming forests at altitudes between 2000 - 3000 metres[145, 158].",E. Asia - W. Himalayas from Afghanistan to W. Nepal.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+pindrow,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesPindrow.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,procera,Noble Fir,medium,5 to 6,60.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Deep forests at elevations between 600 - 1500 metres. The best specimens are found in deep rich soils with a short cool growing season and abundant annual precipitation, mainly as snow.",Western N. America - Washington to N. California. Self-sows in Britain - in Scotland[11].,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesProcera2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,recurvata,,medium,5 to 9,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forms abundant forests in river basins and on mountains at elevations between 2500 - 3500 metres[109, 266].",E. Asia - W. China,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+recurvata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesRecurvata.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,religiosa,Sacred Fir,fast,7 to 10,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mountains of N.W. Mexico at elevations of 2400 - 3000 metres.,South-western N. America - Mexico,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+religiosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Abies,sachalinensis,Sakhalin Fir,slow,3 to 6,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Forests on moist mountain slopes in Sakhalin Island. In subalpine forests from near the sea level to 1600 metres.,E. Asia - northern Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+sachalinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesSachalinensis.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,sibirica,Siberian Fir,,None to None,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Forms extensive forests on cool wet mountainsides in N.E. Russia.,N. Europe - Russia to E. Asia - China.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesSibirica.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,spectabilis,Himalayan Fir,slow,6 to 9,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Forests in Nepal between 2700 - 3900 metres. Moist open areas.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Nepal.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Abies,squamata,Flaky Fir,slow,5 to 9,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Forms forests in very dry regions of China at altitudes of 3600 - 4600 metres.,E. Asia - W. China,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+squamata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesSquamata.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,veitchii,"Veitch Fir, Christmastree",fast,3 to 7,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool wet mountainsides in central and southern Japan[58, 200]. In subalpine forests at elevations of 1400 - 2600 metres.",E. Asia - Japan,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesVeitchii.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,veitchii sikokiana,,,3 to 7,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool wet mountainsides in central and southern Japan[58, 200]. In subalpine forests at elevations of 1600 - 1900 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+veitchii sikokiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesVeitchiiSikokiana.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Abobra,tenuifolia,Cranberry Gourd,,8 to 11,3.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,July to August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abobra+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Abroma,augusta,Cotton Abroma. Perennial Indian Hemp.,fast,10 to 12,3.0,2.0,Shrub,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forest margins, valley gullies in southern China. Open, dry places at elevations from 300 - 1,100 metres in Nepal. Commonly found in tufts or tickets, often seeming to prefer the edges of forests and clearings or the banks of watercourses.","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines to Micronesia.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abroma+augusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Abroma_augusta1.JPEG
Nyctaginaceae,Abronia,fragrans,Snowball Sand Verbena,,7 to 10,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry sandy soils, scrub and grasslands at elevations of 400 - 2000 metres[60, 235, 270].","South-western N. America - South Dakota to Nebraska, Colorado, Texas and Mexico",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abronia+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbroniaFragrans.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Abronia,latifolia,"Sand Verbena, Coastal sand verbena",,7 to 10,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal sand dunes and sea beaches. Sandy soils, coastal scrub, lees of dunes adjacent to strand from sea level to 50 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Vancouver Island..,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abronia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbroniaLatifolia.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Abronia,turbinata,Transmontane Sand Verbena,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Found in Pinyon-Juniper Woodland, Sagebrush Scrub and Creosote Bush Scrub at elevations of 900 - 2500 metres in California.","South-western N. America - California, Nevada and Oregon.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abronia+turbinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbroniaTurbinata.jpg
Nyctaginaceae,Abronia,villosa,Desert Sand Verbena,,7 to 10,0.1,0.5,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Found in creosote bush scrub from sea level to elevations of 2500 metres in California.,South-western N. America - Nevada and Arizona to California.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abronia+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbroniaVillosa.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,megapotamicum,Trailing Abutilon,fast,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Widely cultivated in the Tropics and not known in a truly wild situation.,S. America - Brazil.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+megapotamicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonMegapotamicum.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,ochsenii,,,7 to 10,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+ochsenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Abutilon,pictum,"Abutilon, Parlour Maple, Flowering Maple, Spotted",medium,8 to 10,5.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated as an ornamental plant, it is not known in a truly wild situation.","S. America - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+pictum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonPictum.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,purpurascens,,,8 to 11,2.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+purpurascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Abutilon,species,,,7 to 10,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild,"Hybrids of garden origin involving several species, especially A. megapotanicum and A. pictum.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonSpecies.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,theophrasti,"China Jute, Velvetleaf, Butterprint Buttonweed Jute, China Mallow, Indian Velvet Leaf",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,May to October,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and waste places in the Mediterranean.,Asia - tropical. Naturalised in S.E. Europe and the Mediterranean[50].,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+theophrasti,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonTheophrasti.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,vitifolium,,,7 to 10,8.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places in warm temperate forests.,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+vitifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonVitifolium.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,x hybridum,"Chinese Lantern, Flowering Maple",fast,9 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, A. darwinii x A. pictum.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+x hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbutilonxHybridum.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,x milleri,Trailing Abutilon,,7 to 10,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild,A hybrid of garden origin involving A. megapotanicum and probably A. pictum.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+x milleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Abutilon,x suntense,,fast,7 to 10,8.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, A. ochsenii x A. vitifolium.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+x suntense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,aneura,Mulga Acacia,slow,8 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Arid areas in all mainland states except Victoria[157, 167].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+aneura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaAneura.jpg
Fabaceae,Acacia,angustissima,Prairie acacia. Timbre. Fernleaf Acacia,fast,7 to 10,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a subtropical plant. Hillsides, rock slopes, summits and in grassland with other shrubs, often in deciduous or semi-deciduous forest[303 ]. Mostly on rather dry, often rocky, brushy slopes or in thin forest, frequent in pine-oak forest, sometimes in hedges, to 2,700 m[331 ].","C. America - Panama, north to Mexico and southern N. America.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+angustissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_angustissima1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,auriculiformis,"Ear-Pod Wattle, Black Acacia, Earleaf, Black wattle",fast,10 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A riparian species, ringing perennial rivers and semi-perennial creeks, and tending to form discontinuous populations along drainage systems[ 303 ]. Savannahs, woodlands, swamp edges, coastal savannas, grasslands, monsoon forests and regrowth[ 359 ].","Australia - Queensland, north through Papua New Guinea to Indonesia.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+auriculiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_auriculiformis.jpg
Fabaceae,Acacia,catechu,"Cutch tree, Catechu acacia",fast,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,It grows in dry open forest in the west of Thailand. They grow in the drier plains of India,S. & SE Asia.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+catechu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_catechu1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,colei,"Cole's wattle, Candelabra Wattle, Soap wattle, ",fast,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Shrub,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Acacia-dominated scrubs and tall open shrubland, often developing dense, nearly monotypic populations along dry, stony or sandy drainage lines in disturbed sites such as road verges, gravel pits and burnt areas, growing in a variety of soil types. It occurs in Australia in red sands.  It is a tropical plant.  ","Australia - Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+colei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_colei1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,concinna,"Shikakai, Soap-Pod",medium,10 to 11,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Butterflies', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral,['Neutral'],Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rain forest, disturbed forest, open grassland, fields, creek sides, in open areas often a sprawling shrub; also recorded from limestone; at elevations from 50 - 1050 metres.",Asia - Central to Southern India,2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+concinna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_concinna.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,coriacea,"Wiry Wattle, Acacia, Leather Leaf",medium,9 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal dunes & ridges, rocky limestone hills in deep, white or red sandy soils.",Western and northwestern Australia.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Acacia,cowleana,Hall’s Creek wattle,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Usually occurs on sandy or stony soils.  It suits warm semi arid regions.  It can stand long periods of drought. It grows in Northern Australia.  It cannot tolerate fire.  It cannot tolerate frost.  It can grow in arid places. Grows mainly along the banks of seasonal creeks.,"Australia - northern Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, northern New South Wales",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+cowleana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_cowleana1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,cultriformis,"Knife-Leaf Wattle, Knife acacia",slow,9 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky ridges. Dry sclerophyll forests and heath.,Australia - New South Wales and Queensland.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+cultriformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,dealbata,"Mimosa, Silver wattle",fast,7 to 10,25.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,January to February.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"In many habitats by streams, gullies and alpine ridges[154, 184]. Dry forests.","Australia - Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+dealbata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaDealbata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,decurrens,Green Wattle,fast,6 to 9,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sheltered forests, mainly on shales and sandstone. Usually on cool moist hills and gullies.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+decurrens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaDecurrens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,farnesiana,"Sweet Acacia, Perfume Acacia, Huisache",fast,9 to 11,9.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,February to March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy soils in pinelands, hammocks and disturbed areas in south-eastern N. America.","The original range is uncertain, but is probably tropical America.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+farnesiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaFarnesiana.jpg
Fabaceae,Acacia,holosericea,"Cole's wattle, Candelabra Wattle, Soap wattle, ",fast,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Shrub,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Acacia-dominated scrubs and tall open shrubland, often developing dense, nearly monotypic populations along dry, stony or sandy drainage lines in disturbed sites such as road verges, gravel pits and burnt areas, growing in a variety of soil types. It occurs in Australia in red sands.  It is a tropical plant.  ","Australia - Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+holosericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_colei1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,koa,Koa Acacia,fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Both pure and mixed forest stands, usually with native ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha). Also a co-dominant in several other major forest types including Koa/Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) Montane Dry Forest and Koa/Ohia (Sapindus soponaria) Forest[303 ].",Pacific Islands - Hawaii.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+koa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_koa1_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,koaia,Koai'a,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Highly adapted to dry habitats, and is capable of forming dense forests in areas with very little rainfall. It was formerly found widely in dry forests on all of the main islands. Associated plants include uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis), hala (Pandanus tectorius), ko?oko?olau (Bidens spp.), koki?o (Hibiscus kokio), nehe (Lipochaeta spp.), hala pepe (Pleomele spp.), and ?ohi?a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha).",Hawaiian Islands.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+koaia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_koaia1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Acacia,leucophloea,"Kuteera-Gum, White-barked acacia.",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A component of dry-forests, savannahs, bush woodlands, and desert ecosystems from sea level to elevations of 800 metres[303 ]. Usually found on soils with poor to moderate fertility[310 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+leucophloea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_leucophloea_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,longifolia,"Sydney Golden Wattle, Acacia",medium,10 to 11,9.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,March.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Sandy soils mainly by the coast.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Southern Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaLongifolia.jpg
Fabaceae,Acacia,mearnsii,"Black Wattle, Late black wattle",fast,8 to 11,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"An understorey tree of tall open forests, in fringes of closed forests or in dense thickets on recolonized lands[310 ].","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+mearnsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_mearnsii_black-wattle.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,melanoxylon,"Blackwood, Australia Acacia, Black Acacia, Blackwood Acacia",fast,9 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet forests on good soils up to the montane zone[152, 154]. Usually an under-storey tree in Eucalyptus forests.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria. Locally naturalized in S.W. Europe[50].",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+melanoxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaMelanoxylon.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,mucronata,Narrow-Leaf Wattle,,7 to 10,9.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,March.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually occurs in forests and woodlands, sometimes forming low closed forests, from sea-level to the highland zone","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+mucronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Acacia,murrayana,"Murray’s wattle, Colony wattle",fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It grows in arid and desert areas in Western Australia.  It grows in sandhill country.  It requires a sunny position.  It needs well drained soil.  It can grow in hot places.  It can survive fires.  It can grow in arid places. A component of woodland and low woodland in the higher rainfall areas, more commonly in tall open-shrubland and hummock grassland in more arid regions, growing in sand on dunes, plains or along streams; at elevations up to 700 metres.","Australia - mainly in the central arid belt from Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+murrayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_murrayana1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,paradoxa,"Kangaroo Thorn, Paradox acacia",,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grows in dry sclerophyl forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+paradoxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaParadoxa.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,podalyriifolia,"Queensland Silver Wattle, Pearl wattle",,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,January to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"In the N of its range it is more or less restricted to sandstone hills in open Eucalyptus forest, but in the south it occurs on rocks of various types.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+podalyriifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaPodalyriifolia.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,pycnantha,Golden Wattle,fast,7 to 10,8.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets, or as an under-storey in Eucalyptus forests, especially on very poor soils.","Australia - New South Wales, Southern Australia, Victoria.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+pycnantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaPycnantha.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,retinodes,"Swamp Wattle, Water wattle",,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,February to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Occurs mainly in open forest in poorly drained soils inland from the coast.,"Australia - Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania. Locally naturalized in S. Europe[50].",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+retinodes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaRetinodes.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,saligna,"Blue-Leaved Wattle, Orange wattle",fast,7 to 10,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy, coastal plains, but also in swampy sites and riverbanks to small, rocky hills (often granitic), on poor acid or calcareous sands, under the most dry and adverse soil conditions.",Australia - W. Australia.,1,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+saligna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaSaligna.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,sophorae,"Coastal Wattle, Acacia",,None to None,,,,,,,February to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Coastal dunes.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria..",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+sophorae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Acacia,verticillata,Prickly Moses,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Widespread in saline and submontane tracts.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcaciaVerticillata.jpg
Fabaceae,Acacia,victoriae,"Bramble wattle. Gundabluey, Bardi bush",fast,8 to 11,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in a variety of habitats on plains and gentle slopes, frequently in sandy soils along watercourses; also on stony ridges and coastal dunes; at elevations up to 750 metres[286 , 418 ].",Australia - all mainland states.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+victoriae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acacia_victoriae1_Plants.JPEG
Rosaceae,Acaenia,anserinifolia,Pirri-Pirri Bur,fast,5 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Open positions from lowland to the montane zone in North, South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand.","Eastern Australia, New Zealand. Naturalized in Britain[17].",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acaenia+anserinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Acalypha,australis,Asian copperleaf,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,July to November.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places and cultivated fields in lowland areas all over Japan. Disturbed habitats such as cultivated fields, roadsides and riverbanks.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acalypha+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcalyphaAustralis2.jpg
Cactaceae,Acanthocereus,tetragonus,Pitahaya. Barbed-wire cactus.,slow,10 to 12,5.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A cactus. It is a tropical plant.  It needs bright light.  It needs a temperature above 13°C.  It grows in sandy soils in dense thickets, hammocks, bottomlands of coastal areas, at elevations from sea level to 10 metres.","Northern S. America - Venezuela, north to Mexico, Florida, Texas and the West Indies.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acanthocereus+tetragonus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acanthocereus_tetragonus1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Acanthosicyos,horridus,Naras. Butterpips,fast,9 to 11,1.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy dunes of mostly dry river beds where subsurface water is available.[63 , 299 ].",Tropical Africa - Namib Desert from southern Angola to S. Africa.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acanthosicyos+horridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acanthosicyos_horridus1_Plants.JPEG
Acanthaceae,Acanthus,mollis,Bear's Breeches,,None to None,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Woodland scrub and stony hillsides.,South-western Europe - Portugal to the Balkans. Naturalized in Britain in W. Cornwall[17].,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acanthus+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcanthusMollis.jpg
Myrtaceae,Acca,sellowiana,"Feijoa, Pineapple Guava",slow,8 to 11,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,October to January,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Tropical and sub-tropical highlands below 1,000 metres.","S. America - Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acca+sellowiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AccaSellowiana.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,acuminatum,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open ravines on shady aspects at altitudes between 2400 - 3300 metres.,E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+acuminatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerAcuminatum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,argutum,,,4 to 8,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In cool temperate to lower subalpine forests, usually growing in moist sites at streamsides at elevations of 800 - 1900 metres.",E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+argutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerArgutum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,caesium,,,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Generally found in open places such as grazing grounds. Isolated trees are found in coniferous forests at 2400 - 3800 metres in Kashmir.,"E. Asia - Himalayas, China.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+caesium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerCaesium.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,campestre,"Field Maple, Hedge maple",fast,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Open deciduous woods, hedgerows and scrub, usually on basic soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden to Spain and east to western Asia and the Caucasus.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+campestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerCampestre.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,carpinifolium,Hornbeam Maple,slow,4 to 7,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Valleys and ravines in mountains all over Japan. Common in temperate deciduous forests, usually in moist sites along streams at elevations of 200 - 1300 metres.",E. Asia - central and southern Japan,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+carpinifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerCarpinifolium.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,circinatum,Vine Maple,slow,6 to 9,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,October to November,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests, along banks of streams and in rich alluvial soils of bottomlands up to 1200 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+circinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerCircinatum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,crataegifolium,Hawthorn-Leaved Maple,,5 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common in temperate deciduous forests, usually growing in open places along mountain paths or at streamsides and in young secondary forests at elevations of 200 - 1100 metres.",E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+crataegifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerCrataegifolium.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,distylum,,,6 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains in C. and S. Japan. In temperate deciduous forests a elevations of 700 - 1600 metres.,E. Asia - Japan,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+distylum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerDistylum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,ginnala,Amur Maple,fast,3 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in many habitats in Korea, especially along streamsides and swampy places. Forests at elevations of 100 - 800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+ginnala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerGinnala.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,glabrum,"Rock Maple, Rocky Mountain maple, Douglas maple, Greene's maple,  New Mexico maple, Torrey maple",slow,3 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Edges of mountain streams, on rocks and in coniferous woods, 1500 - 2000 metres[82, 184].","Western N. America - Alaska to California, west to New Mexico.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+glabrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerGlabrum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,interius,Box Elder,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Riversides.,"Northern N. America - Kansas, Nebraska and the Rocky Mountains.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+interius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aceraceae,Acer,macrophyllum,"Oregon Maple, Bigleaf maple, Oregon Maple",fast,5 to 9,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in a variety of soil types, on the banks of streams, in rich bottom lands and on rocky slopes of mountain valleys[82, 229].",Western N. America - southern Alaska to California.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+macrophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerMacrophyllum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,mono,Maple,slow,3 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountains all over Japan. Hillsides, mountain valleys and forests from sea level to 1800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and eastern Russia",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+mono,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerMono.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,negundo,Box Elder,fast,3 to 8,21.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in a variety of soil types, growing best in lowland sites along rivers, streams, ponds or seasonally flooded flats.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida, west to California and Manitoba.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+negundo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerNegundo.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,oblongum,,,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in lime-free soils in forests at altitudes between1000 - 3000 metres[51, 200].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to S. W. China and Burma.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+oblongum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerOblongum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,palmatum,Japanese Maple,slow,6 to 8,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods and thickets in a wide range of soils and exposures in lowland and mountains to 3000 metres in C. and S. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+palmatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerPalmatum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,pectinatum,Maple,slow,3 to 6,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open moist hillsides at elevations of 2700 - 3800 metres in Nepal. Open forests; at elevations of 2500 - 3700 metres in western China.,E. Asia - Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to Burma.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+pectinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerPectinatum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,pensylvanicum,"Moosewood, Striped maple, Moosewood, Pennsylvania Maple",,3 to 7,4.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist rich woodlands, often by water, from sea level to 1,000 metres[200, 229]. Usually in the shade of other trees and occasionally forming a large part of the shrubby undergrowth.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Michigan.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+pensylvanicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerPensylvanicum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,platanoides,"Norway Maple,  Harlequin Maple",fast,3 to 7,21.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Grows on all but very poor soils in Britain.,"Europe, from Scandanavia to the Urals and the Mediterranean, east to W.Asia. Naturalized in Britain.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+platanoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerPlatanoides.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,pseudoplatanus,"Sycamore, Great Maple, Scottish Maple, Planetree Maple",fast,4 to 7,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Found in woodland, hedgerows etc. in Britain, in all but very poor soils.",Europe. Extensively naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+pseudoplatanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerPseudoplatanus.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,rubrum,"Red Maple, Drummond's maple, Swamp Maple",fast,4 to 10,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Usually found in swamps and uplands, it also occasionally grows on dry rocky hillsides and sand dunes[43, 82].","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Texas, Minnesota and Ontario.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+rubrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerRubrum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,saccharinum,"Silver Maple, River Maple, Soft Maple",fast,3 to 9,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Banks of rivers, usually in sandy soils[43, 82]. Trees are occasionally found in deep often submerged swamps.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+saccharinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Silber-Ahorn_Acer_saccharinum_plant.JPEG
Aceraceae,Acer,saccharum,"Sugar Maple, Florida Maple, Hard Maple, Rock Maple",slow,4 to 8,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Found in a variety of soil types, doing best in deep rich well-drained soils from sea level to 1600 metres. Rich usually hilly woods.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Georgia, west to Texas and Minnesota.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+saccharum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/acer-saccharum4_small.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,saccharum grandidentatum,"Big-Tooth Maple, Canyon Maple, Rocky Mountain Sugar Maple",,5 to 8,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in moist sites such as wet canyons, valleys and the banks of mountain streams at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres.",Western N. America - Rocky Mountains.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+saccharum grandidentatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerGrandidentatum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,saccharum nigrum,Black Maple,slow,4 to 6,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rich calcareous or alluvial woods. Found in a variety of soil types, near streams, rivers and in rich woodlands, usually below 750 metres but up to 1650 metres in the south of its range.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Alabama, west to South Dakota and Arkansas.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+saccharum nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerNigrum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,spicatum,Mountain Maple,slow,3 to 6,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Deep rich moist soils in cool habitats such as the edges of mountain streams, ravines or woodlands.","North-eastern N. America - Saskatchewan to Labrador, south to Wisconsin and Georgia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerSpicatum2.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,sterculiaceum,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Forests at altitudes between 2100 - 3900 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+sterculiaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerSterculiaceum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,tataricum,Tatarian Maple,medium,3 to 7,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in deciduous oak scrub, rocky slopes and river valleys at altitudes between 500 - 1700 metres in Turkey.","S.E. Europe, W. Asia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+tataricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerTataricum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,truncatum,"Shantung Maple, Purpleblow Maple",slow,3 to 8,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Deciduous oak forests at elevations of 400 - 1000 metres in China.,"E. Asia - N. China, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+truncatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerTruncatum.jpg
Aceraceae,Acer,ukurunduense caudatum,,slow,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Generally affecting open ravines on shady aspects, 2100 - 3300 metres[146, 158].",E. Asia - E. Himalayas to Burma.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+ukurunduense caudatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcerUkurunduenseCaudatum.jpg
Asteraceae [Compositae],Achillea,ageratum,"Mace, Sweet-nancy",,6 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The origin of this plant is uncertain, it is possibly a hybrid, A. ptarmica x A. macrocephala.",Europe - Greece.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+ageratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchilleaAgeratum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Achillea,erba-rotta moschata,Musk Milfoil,,5 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Rocky slopes, alpine grassland and scree on calcareous soils in the Alps[9, 50].",Europe,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+erba-rotta moschata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchilleaMoschata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Achillea,millefolium,"Yarrow, Boreal yarrow, California yarrow, Giant yarrow, Coast yarrow, Western yarrow, Pacific yarrow",fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Meadows, pastures, lawns etc. on all but the poorest soils.","Europe, including Britain, north to 71°, and east to western Asia.",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+millefolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchilleaMillefolium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Achillea,ptarmica,"Sneeze-Wort, Sneezeweed",fast,3 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Damp meadows, marshes and by streams.","Europe, including Britain but excluding the Mediterranean, east to Siberia and W. Asia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+ptarmica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchilleaPtarmica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Achillea,santolina,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+santolina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchilleaSantolina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Achillea,sibirica,Siberian Yarrow,,5 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Meadows, gardens, sandy slopes and dry areas.","E. Asia - China, Japan. North-western N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchilleaSibirica.jpg
Berberidaceae,Achlys,triphylla,"Vanilla leaf, Sweet after death",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous forests, usually in mountainous regions, at elevations up to 1500 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achlys+triphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchlysTriphylla.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Achnatherum,hymenoides,"Indian Millet, Indian ricegrass",,7 to 10,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy prairies and rocky slopes. Generally found in dry, well-drained soils, in association with a range of plants.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Manitoba, south to Texas, California and Mexico.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achnatherum+hymenoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchnatherumHymenoides.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Achyranthes,aspera,Devil's Horsewhip,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,July to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open dry places at elevations up to 2000 metres in Nepal. More or less naturalized as a weed in waste ground in southern Europe.,E. Asia - Himalayas to Australia.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achyranthes+aspera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchyranthesAspera.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Achyranthes,bidentata,Niu Xi,,7 to 10,0.8,0.4,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forest edges, the sides of streams and shrubberies. Moist shady places at elevations of 1200 - 3000 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achyranthes+bidentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchyranthesBidentata.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Achyranthes,faureri,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Roadsides and thickets in lowland and hills all over Japan[58, 174].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achyranthes+faureri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Achyranthes,japonica,Japanese Chaff Flower,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Woody areas in lowlands and hills.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achyranthes+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AchyranthesJaponica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Acinos,alpinus,Alpine Calamint,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry sunny habitats in mountains and rocky places[50, 148].",C. and S. Europe,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acinos+alpinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcinosAlpinus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Acinos,arvensis,Basil Thyme,,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry sunny banks and in fields on chalky, gravelly and sandy soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to the Mediterranean and east to W. Asia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acinos+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcinosArvensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Acinos,rotundifolius,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S. Europe to Afghanistan in W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acinos+rotundifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcinosRotundifolius.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Aciphylla,colensoi,Wild Spaniard,,6 to 9,0.9,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Montane to sub-alpine altitudes in North and South Islands between latitudes 38 and 43° 30' south.,New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aciphylla+colensoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AciphyllaColensoi.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Aciphylla,squarrosa,Speargrass,,4 to 8,2.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found from sea-level to montane areas in North and South Islands to latitude 41° 30' south.,New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aciphylla+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AciphyllaSquarrosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Acmella,oleracea,"Toothache plant, Paracress",fast,9 to 11,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found only as an escape from cultivation, growing in weedy places, usually in wet localities such as lakeside marshes.","S. America - Peru. Its native distribution is unclear, but it is likely derived from a Brazilian Acmella species.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acmella+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acmella_oleracea1.JPEG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,balfourii,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in the upper subalpine areas in open positions on rocky slopes.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Tibet at an elevation of 2200 - 4000 metres.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+balfourii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,carmichaelii,"Japanese Aconite, Carmichael's monkshood",,3 to 7,1.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest margins, scrub, grassy slopes and mountains at elevations of 100 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China to N. America.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+carmichaelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumCarmichaelii.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,chasmanthum,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains at elevations around 4600 metres.,E. Asia - Western Himalayas from Chitral to Kashmir at 2100 - 3500 metres.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+chasmanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,chinense,,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumChinense.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,columbianum,Columbian monkshood,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods to sub-alpine meadows, mostly along streams. Spring-fed bogs, seep areas, meadows, along streams, and in other wet areas at elevations of 300 - 3500 metres.",North-western N. America - Alaska to California.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+columbianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumColumbianum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,delphinifolium,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, along creeks, thickets, woods, rocky slopes, and alpine tundra from sea level to altitudes of 1700 metres.",North-western N. America - British Columbia to Alaska and west to northern Asia.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+delphinifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,dienorrhizum,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Alpine regions around Bashahr.,E. Asia - Himalayas,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+dienorrhizum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,ferox,Indian aconite,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and forest clearings, 2100 - 3600 metres from C. Nepal to Bhutan.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+ferox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumFerox.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,fischeri,Fischer monkshood,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Riverside forests on alluvium, often in large groups, clearings, occasionally in birch and alder forests and very rarely on herb covered slopes in Kamtschatka.","E. Asia - Northern Japan, Eastern Russia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+fischeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumFischeri.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,gammiei,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine shrubberies and open slopes, 3300 - 4800 metres from C. Nepal to S.E. Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+gammiei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,hemsleyanum,,,4 to 8,1.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, forest margins, scrub, mountains and grassy slopes at elevations of 1700 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+hemsleyanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumHemsleyanum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,heterophyllum,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to September,September to October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found on humus-rich soils in the alpine and subalpine zones, and in forests, 2300 - 2900 metres[145, 243].",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+heterophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumHeterophyllum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,japonicum,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August to October.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, forest margins, by streams at elevations of 500 - 1500 metres in Liaoning province.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumJaponicum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,koreanum,Korean Monk's Hood,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sparse shrub thickets, dry short grass meadows and on argillaceous and stony mountain slopes.",E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+koreanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,kusnezoffii,Bei Wu Tou,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy slopes, grasslands, forests, forest margins, by streams at elevations of 2200 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - N. China, N. Japan in Kamtschatka, Korea and Siberia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+kusnezoffii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,lycoctonum,Wolfsbane,,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+lycoctonum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumLycoctonum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,lycoctonum vulparia,Wolfbane,,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and bushy places in damp shady places.,Europe to Asia,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+lycoctonum vulparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumLycoctonumVulparia.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,maximum,Kamchatka aconite,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine meadows and thickets, Aleutian Islands to S.W. Alaska. Meadows, thickets, and forests from sea level to 300 metres.","North-western N. America - Alaska, through northern Asia to Japan.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumMaximum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,mokchangense,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+mokchangense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,multifidum,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe - W. Alps and the Pyrenees.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+multifidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,napellus,"Aconite, Venus' chariot, Wolfsbane Garden, Monk's Hood Garden",,3 to 8,1.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],February to October,July to August,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp shady places and moist rich meadows in southern Wales and south-western England[7, 13, 31, 165, 176]. It is usually found in calcareous soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to N. W. Asia and the Himalayas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+napellus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumNapellus.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,orientale,,,5 to 9,1.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,W. Asia - Turkey to Iran.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumOrientale.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,palmatum,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine regions between 3,000 and 5,000 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas in Nepal, Sikkim and south Tibet.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+palmatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,rotundifolium,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stony slopes in the alpine and sub-alpine zone. Alpine grasslandsaround elevations of 3100 metres in Tibet.,Central Asia from Afghanistan to Tibet and eastern Russia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+rotundifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,septentrionale,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,May to July.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forest margins and rich meadows.,N. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+septentrionale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumSeptentrionale.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,uncinatum,"Wild Monkshood, Southern blue monkshood",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low woods and damp slopes. Wet areas along streams and in springs, also less mesic locations in woods and clearings at elevations of 200 - 2000 metres.",Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Indiana and south to Alabama and Georgia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+uncinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumUncinatum.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,violaceum,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Bees'],,August to October.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and open slopes, 3600 - 4800 metres from Pakistan to C. Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+violaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aconitum,volubile,,,None to None,2.0,1.0,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Bees'],,August to October.,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets in the sub-alpine zone to 4000 metres.,"E. Asia - W. China, Korea, Mongolia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aconitum+volubile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconitumVolubile.jpg
Araceae,Acorus,calamus,Sweet Flag - Calamus,medium,4 to 11,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Found in moist soils and shallow water in ditches, marshes, river edges and ponds[1, 100, 187, 244].","Europe, Asia and N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acorus+calamus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcorusCalamus.jpg
Araceae,Acorus,gramineus,"Grass-leaved Sweet Rush, Japanese Sweet Flag, Dwarf Sweet Flag",,6 to 10,0.3,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,Wet places by streams and around ponds in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acorus+gramineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcorusGramineus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Acourtia,microcephala,Sacapellote,,7 to 10,1.4,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry sunny slopes.,South-western N. America - California.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acourtia+microcephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcourtiaMicrocephala.jpg
Fabaceae,Acrocarpus,fraxinifolius,"Pink Cedar, Shingle Tree",fast,10 to 12,30.0,22.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen gallery forest[303 ]. Montane rain forest and deciduous monsoon forest[200 ]. Sparse forests at elevations of 1,000 - 1,200 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acrocarpus+fraxinifolius,"https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acrocarpus_fraxinifolius_Pink-Cedar,-Shingle-Tree.jpg"
Arecaceae,Acrocomia,aculeata,"Coyoli Palm. Gru-Gru Palm, Macaw palm",fast,10 to 12,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Barren lands and semi-deciduous, open forest[416 ]. Semideciduous forests, occurring in both dense primary and more open secondary formations, favouring fertile soils in valleys and on lower hill slopes[419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acrocomia+aculeata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Acrocomia_aculeata1_Plants.JPEG
Epacridaceae,Acrotriche,aggregata,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandstone and granite areas.,Australia - Queensland and New South Wales.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acrotriche+aggregata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcrotricheAggregata.jpg
Epacridaceae,Acrotriche,depressa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy loams.,"Australia - Victoria, Southern Australia and Western Australia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acrotriche+depressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcrotricheDepressa.jpg
Epacridaceae,Acrotriche,prostrata,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Silurian areas.,Australia - Victoria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acrotriche+prostrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcrotricheProstrata.jpg
Epacridaceae,Acrotriche,serrulata,Honeypots,,None to None,0.3,0.5,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry sclerophyll forests on sandy soil and loam over sandstone, basalt or granite, at elevations from 800 - 1,300 metres[265
, 365].",Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acrotriche+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcrotricheSerrulata.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Actaea,pachypoda,White Baneberry,,3 to 7,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,,,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deciduous forests, less often with pines, junipers, or other conifers.","Eastern N. America - S. Canada to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Minnesota.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actaea+pachypoda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActaeaAlba.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Actaea,rubra,Red Baneberry,,3 to 7,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist shady areas, mostly in deciduous forests but also in mixed coniferous forests, open pine or spruce woodlands, swales, stream banks and swamps from sea level to 3500 metres.",N. America - Alaska to California and eastwards to Newfoundland and Philadelphia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actaea+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActaeaRubra.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Actaea,spicata,"Herb Christopher, Baneberry",,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Flies']",,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ash woods on limestone and in damp stony woods to 1500 metres[13, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, through temperate and arctic Asia to China.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actaea+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActaeaSpicata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Actinea,acaulis arizonica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,South-western N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinea+acaulis arizonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActineaAcaulisArizonica.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,arguta,Tara Vine,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",May to November,June to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Climbing up trees in woodland, mountain forests, thickets, streamsides and moist places at elevations of 700 - 3600 metres[11, 198,266].","E. Asia - China, Japan",5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+arguta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaArguta1.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,arguta cordifolia,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April to May,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests, thickets, streamsides and moist places at elevations of 700 - 3600 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+arguta cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaCordifolia.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,arguta rufa,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets. Mountain forests at elevations of 1000 - 2000 metres in Taiwan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+arguta rufa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaRufa.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,arisanensis,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and forests, 1160 - 2260 metres in Taiwan.","E. Asia - S. China, Taiwan.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+arisanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,asymmetrica,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain slopes around 1360 metres in Kwangsi. Low mountain forests, thickets, slopes and valleys at elevations around 1000 metres.",E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+asymmetrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,callosa,,,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres in the Himalayas[51, 198]. Forests, thickets, forest margins, valleys, slopes, streamsides and moist places at elevations of 400 - 2600 metres in China.",E. Asia - Himalayas to W. China.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+callosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaCallosa.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,callosa formosana,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Climbing into trees in forests and thickets at elevations of 800 - 2300 metres in southern China.,E. Asia - C. and N. Taiwan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+callosa formosana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,callosa henryi,,,7 to 10,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Climbing into trees in forests, thickets and valleys at elevations of 500 - 2600 metres in western and southern China.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+callosa henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,callosa indochinensis,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Climbing into trees in dense mountain forests at elevations of 600 - 1300 metres in southern China.,"E. Asia - S.W. China, North Vietnam.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+callosa indochinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaIndochinensis.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,callosa pubescens,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, 2000 - 2500 metres in Yunnan.",E. Asia - S.W. China to Assam and Malaysia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+callosa pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,chinensis,Kiwi,,6 to 9,7.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and oak forests on slopes or in ravines, 200 - 2300 metres[109, 198].",E. Asia - China.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaChinensis.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,coriacea,,,5 to 9,8.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges and woods. Thickets, 200 - 1000 metres from Kweichow and Szechuan to N.W. Yunnan.",E. Asia - W. China in Sichuan and Baoxing provinces.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,deliciosa,Kiwi Fruit,medium,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Derived in cultivation from A. chinensis, it is not known in a truly wild situation.",E. Asia - China,5,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+deliciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaDeliciosa2.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,eriantha,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tall grassy thickets on low mountains, forests at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres[198, 266].",E. Asia - S.E. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+eriantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaEriantha-.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,fortunatii,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low mountain forests, thickets, slopes and valleys at elevations around 1000 metres.",E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+fortunatii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaGlaucophylla.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,fulvicoma,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain slopes and valleys, sparse forests and thickets, in the shade or in the open at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres in S. China[198, 266].",E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+fulvicoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaFulvicoma.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,giraldii,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stone pine and broad-leaved forests, especially on north slopes. Mountain forests at elevations of 900 - 2400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+giraldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,glabra,,,None to None,13.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets in Kwangsi. Growing into trees in dense mountain forests at elevations of 600 - 1300 metres.,E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,hemsleyana,,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets on mountain slopes, 500 - 900 metres in Fukien and S. Chekiang.",E. Asia - E. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+hemsleyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,henryi,,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forest and thickets at elevations of, 1650 - 2650 metres in S. Yunnan[198, 266].",E. Asia - S.W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,holotricha,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,1400 - 2000 metres in Yunnan and S.W. Szechwan.,E. Asia - S.W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+holotricha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,hypoleuca,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - S. and C. Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+hypoleuca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaMelanandra.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,kiusiana,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in the Liukio Island and Kiusio.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+kiusiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,kolomikta,Kiwi,medium,3 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous woodlands and hedges in mountains throughout Japan[58, 126]. Mountain mixed forests in open places at elevations of 1600 - 2900 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, E. Siberia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+kolomikta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Actinidia kolomikta.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,kolomikta gagnepainii,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, 1800 - 3600 metres in Shensi, Hupeh, Szechwan and Sikang.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+kolomikta gagnepainii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,kwangsiensis,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open thickets up to 1000 metres in Kwangsi. Climbing into trees in mountain forests at elevations of 900 - 2400 metres.,E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+kwangsiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,lanceolata,,,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain slopes or along river banks, 200 - 600 metres in S. Chekiang, S. Kiangsi, Fukien and N. Kwangtung.",E. Asia - S.E. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,latifolia,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Climbing into trees on mountain slopes, valleys, thickets and forests at elevations of 400 - 1700 metres.",E. Asia - S. and S.E. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaLatifolia.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,longicauda,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China in Kwangsi.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+longicauda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,maloides,,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Thickets on mountain slopes around 2000 metres in Sikang.,E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+maloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,melanandra,Red Kiwi,,5 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets around 1800 metres in W. Hupeh, Szechwan and N. Yunnan. Broad-leaved forests, mountain forests and moist places at elevations of 1000 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+melanandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaMelanandra.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,melliana,,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests and thickets at elevations of 200 - 1350 metres in Kwangsi, Kiangsi, Kwangtung and Hainan[198, 266].",E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+melliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,petelotii,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations around 1800 metres in Tonkin. Sparse forests, streamsides and moist places at elevations of 1200 - 1400 metres in Yunnan.",E. Asia - S. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+petelotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,pilosula,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests at elevations of 2100 - 3300 metres[198, 266].",E. Asia - S.W. China to N. Burma.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+pilosula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaPilosula.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,polygama,Silver Vine,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodlands and hedges in mountains throughout Japan.Mountain forests at elevations of 500 - 1900 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+polygama,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaPolygama.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,polygama lecomtei,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, 1350 - 2100 metres in W. Hupeh, Szechwan and S. Shensi.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+polygama lecomtei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaMelanandra.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,purpurea,Purple hardy kiwi,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June,November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests, thickets, streamsides and moist places at elevations of 700 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - W. China,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaRufa.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,rubricaulis,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges and woods in mountains, 1500 - 2300 metres in Yunnan[126, 198]. Broad-leaved forests at elevations of 300 - 2900 metres.",E. Asia - S.W. China,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+rubricaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaRubricaulis.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,rubus,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountain forests and valleys at elevations of 2000 - 2100 metres.,E. Asia - S.W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+rubus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,rudis,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sparse mountain forests, ravines, streamsides, moist places, roadsides and thickets at elevations of 1200 - 2300 metres in Yunnan.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+rudis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,sabiifolia,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests in Kwangtung, Kwangsi and Fukien. Sparse forests on mountain slopes or summits at elevations above 1000 metres.",E. Asia - S.E. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+sabiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,strigosa,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations from 1800 to 3300 metres in Sikkim[146, 198].",E. Asia - Himalayas,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+strigosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Actinidia strigosa Illustration.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,tetramera,,,None to None,13.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests, thickets and moist places at elevations of 1100 - 2700 metres in Kansu, Shensi, W. Hupeh, Szechwan and Sikang[198, 266].",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+tetramera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ActinidiaTetramera.jpg
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,trichogyna,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrubs and thickets, 2800 - 3000 metres in W. Hupeh and E. Szechwan.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+trichogyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,valvata,,,None to None,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low mountain valleys, sparse forests and thickets at elevations of, 200 - 800 metres in N. Kiansi, S. Anwhei, S. Kiangsu and Chekiang[198, 266].",E. Asia - E. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+valvata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,venosa,,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and mountain forests at elevations of. 1000 - 3650 metres in Sikiang, Szechwan and N. Yunnan[198, 266].",E. Asia - W. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+venosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Actinidiaceae,Actinidia,x fairchildii,,,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, A. arguta x A. deliciosa.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Actinidia+x fairchildii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Adansonia,digitata,"Baobab, Judas Fruit, Monkey Bread Tree",slow,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Bush babies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Characteristic of thorn woodlands of the African savannahs, which are characterized by low elevations with 4 - 10 dry months a year split into 1 or 2 periods[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Mauritania to Sudan, south to Angola and Tanzania.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adansonia+digitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Adansonia-digitata-L.jpg
Fabaceae,Adenanthera,pavonina,"Red Sandalwood, Coral Tree",fast,10 to 12,18.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Deciduous forests at low elevations in both primary and secondary formations, sometimes in calcareous soils[200 , 418 ]. Locally common in many Pacific Islands along roadsides, dry open forest and disturbed areas from sea-level to lower montane[311 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, Solomon Isles.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenanthera+pavonina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Adenanthera_pavonina_Wight.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,denticulata,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in broad-leaved forests, especially oak, and in thickets and meadows.",E. Europe - Dahuria,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+denticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,divaricata,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. Japan. Deciduous forests and sunny grassy slopes, or on rocks at elevations of 300 - 1700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+divaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraDivaricata.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,lamarkii,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in broad-leaved and open forests, forest edges.",E. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+lamarkii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,latifolia,,,None to None,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubby formations, broad-leaved and pine forests, forest edges, dry meadows and stony slopes.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraLatifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,liliifolia,"Ladybells,  Lilyleaf",medium,3 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and damp fields.,C. Europe to Siberia,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+liliifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraLiliifolia3.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,nikoensis,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine regions, in sandy and stony situations in full sun[58, 200]. Rocky slopes and pebbly grasslands of subalpine to alpine regions at elevations of 1500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - northern to central Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+nikoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraNikoensis.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,remotiflora,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains, C. and S. Japan. In meadows or deciduous forests from the lowlands to elevations of 1800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+remotiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraRemotiflora.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,stricta,"Sha Shen, Ladybells",,7 to 9,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hillsides and hilly places in China.,E. Asia - China. Cultivated and naturalised in Japan.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+stricta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraStricta.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,triphylla,Nan Sha Shen,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in lowland and mountains, also on woodland edges. In meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 1000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+triphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraTriphylla.jpg
Campanulaceae,Adenophora,verticillata,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Broad-leaved forests and shrubby formations.,"E. Asia - Korea, Siberia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenophora+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenophoraVerticillata.jpg
Rosaceae,Adenostoma,fasciculatum,Greasewood,,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Poor depleted soils and dry hot slopes in the Chaparrel in Mexico. Dense thickets among the coastal hills of California.,South-western N. America - California to Mexico.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenostoma+fasciculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenostomaFasciculatum.jpg
Rosaceae,Adenostoma,sparsifolium,Redshank,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grows in chapparal at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres.,South-western N. America - Southern California.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adenostoma+sparsifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdenostomaSparsifolium.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Adesmia,lotoides,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Open soil and sand, coastal scrub to 40 metres in Tierra Del Fuego and north to 50° in Chile and 41° in Argentina.","Southern S. America - Argentina, Chile.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adesmia+lotoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdesmiaLotoides.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Adiantum,capillus-veneris,"Maidenhair Fern, Common maidenhair, Southern Maidenhair Fern, Venus Maidenhair Fern, Venus's Hair Fe",slow,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Fern,,,,,May to September,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Rock crevices, cliffs by the sea on basic rocks in damp positions[9, 17].","Tropical and warm temperate zones throughout the world, including Britain.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adiantum+capillus-veneris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdiantumCapillus-veneris.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Adiantum,pedatum,"Northern Maidenhair,American Maidenhair  Fern",slow,4 to 9,0.5,0.5,Fern,,,,,August to October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich, deciduous woodlands, often on humus-covered talus slopes and moist lime soils, from sea level to 700 metres.","N. America - Alaska to Quebec and Nova Scotia, south to California and Georgia. E. Asia",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adiantum+pedatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdiantumPedatum.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Adiantum,venustum,Evergreen Maidenhair  Fern,medium,9 to 11,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rock crevices and on forest slopes, 1700 - 2200 metres in Kashmir. Moist, shady, rocky places in Nepal at elevations of 300 - 3,600 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adiantum+venustum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdiantumVenustum.jpg
Rubiaceae,Adina,rubella,,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Edges of streams, ditches and ponds.",E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adina+rubella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdinaRubella.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Adonis,aestivalis,"Pheasant's Eye, Summer pheasant's eye",,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cornfields, usually on calcareous soils.","S. Europe, N. Africa.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adonis+aestivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdonisAestivalis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Adonis,amurensis,,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,February to March,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in mountains. Forests and grassy slopes in E Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces, China.","E. Asia - Siberia to China, Japan and Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adonis+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdonisAmurensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Adonis,vernalis,"Pheasant's Eye, Spring pheasant's eye",,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny grassy hills on dry calcareous soils. A rare plant in most of its range, it has legal protection from gathering in most countries.",C. and S. Europe,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Adonis+vernalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AdonisVernalis.jpg
Bromeliaceae,Aechmea,magdalenae,"Pingwing. Ixtle, Pita plant",slow,10 to 12,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Abundant throughout the forest, often forming dense stands[315 ]. Forests and thickets, usually found at elevations below 500 metres in Guatemala[331 ].","Northwestern S. America - Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aechmea+magdalenae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aechmea_magdalenae1_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Aegilops,speltoides,Goatgrass,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry acid grassland, oak scrub, plains, rocky limestone hills, fallow fields and edges of cornfields, 100 - 1200 metres in Turkey.","N. Africa, W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aegilops+speltoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AegilopsSpeltoides.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Aegilops,triuncialis,"Barbed goatgrass, Barb goatgrass",,8 to 10,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry acid grassland and stony habitats. Argillaceous semi-deserts, dry hills and as a weed of cultivation.",Middle East.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aegilops+triuncialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AegilopsTriuncialis.jpg
Rutaceae,Aegle,marmelos,"Bael Tree, Golden Apple, Bengal Quince",slow,10 to 12,10.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry forests on hills and plains, also in mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forests .","E. Asia - India, Nepal, Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aegle+marmelos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aegle marmelos (L.).jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Aegopodium,alpestre,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Mixed forests or grassy places on mountain slopes at elevations of 900 - 2200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Siberia",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aegopodium+alpestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AegopodiumAlpestre.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Aegopodium,podagraria,"Ground Elder, Bishop's goutweed, Goutweed, Ground Elder, Bishop's Weed",fast,4 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hedgerows and cultivated land. A common garden weed.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, to western Asia and Siberia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aegopodium+podagraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AegopodiumPodagraria.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,californica,"Californian Buckeye, California Horsechestnut",medium,6 to 10,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist stream borders, scrub and the edges of oak and pine woods in canyons and dry slopes below 1200 metres[71, 184, 229].",South-western N. America - California.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusCalifornica.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,chinensis,Chinese Horse Chestnut,slow,5 to 9,25.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains of Szechwan,E. Asia - N. China.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusChinensis.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,flava,"Sweet Buckeye, Yellow buckeye",medium,4 to 8,20.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich river-bottoms and mountain slopes. Woodland on moist rich soils,Eastern N. America - Pennsylvanica to Tennessee and west to Ohio.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+flava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusFlava.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,glabra,"Ohio Buckeye, Fetid Buckeye",medium,4 to 7,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found in moist sites such as river bottoms and streambank soils, but it is sometimes also found on drier sites though does not grow so well there.","South-eastern and Central N. America - Pennsylvania to Nebraska, south to Tennessee and Oklahoma.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusGlabra.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,hippocastanum,"Horse Chestnut, European Horsechestnut, Common  Horsechestnut",fast,4 to 7,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Mountain woods.,Europe - N. Greece and Albania. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+hippocastanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusHippocastanum.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,indica,Indian Horse Chestnut,,6 to 9,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet temperate forests and shady ravines to 3,000 metres[51, 243].",E. Asia - North-western Himalayas.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusIndica.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,parviflora,Bottlebrush buckeye,slow,4 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wooded bluffs and rich woods, also by streams, on the coastal plain[72, 184].",Southern N. America - Georgia and Alabama to Florida.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusParviflora.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,pavia,Red Buckeye,fast,5 to 9,5.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist soils in deciduous woods, on the sides of streams and swamp margins[149, 192, 229].","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Louisiana.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+pavia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusPavia.jpg
Sapindaceae,Aesculus,spp,Horse chestnut,fast,4 to 9,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Trees and shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with six species native to North America and seven to 13 species native to Eurasia. ",N. Temperate.,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aesculus_spp1.JPEG
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,turbinata,Japanese Horse Chestnut,medium,5 to 7,20.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, especially in ravines, all over Japan. In deciduous forests, especially in moist slopes along streams.","E. Asia - China, Japan",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+turbinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusTurbinata.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,x carnea,"Red Horse Chestnut, Ruby Red Horsechestnut",slow,5 to 7,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A cultivated hybrid of garden origin, A. hippocastanum x A. pavia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+x carnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusXCarnea.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Aethusa,cynapium,Fool's Parsley,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows in waste places and is also a common weed of cultivated ground but rarer in the north of Britain[9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to the Caucasus and south to Algeria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aethusa+cynapium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AethusaCynapium.jpg
Rutaceae,Afraegle,paniculata,Nigerian Powder-Flask Fruit. African afraegle,fast,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland secondary thickets and fringes of the dense forest[332 ]. Savannah, (rarely) dry forest and edges; gallery forest; secondary thickets on coastal plains at elevations up to 500 metres[328 ].",West tropical Africa - Senegal to Nigeria.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Afraegle+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Afraegle_paniculata1_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Afzelia,africana,African Mahogany,medium,10 to 12,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Humid and dry forests, tree savannahs, forest galleries[ 375 ]. Semi-deciduous forest and savannahs to the southern border of the Sahel. Found in the drier parts of the tropical forests region in valleys, on the savannah and in areas fringing forests[ 418 ].","Western Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, south to the Congo.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Afzelia+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AfzeliaAfricana.jpg
Fabaceae,Afzelia,xylocarpa,"Makha Tree, Cambodia Beng Tree",medium,10 to 12,20.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,"Dense forest, and in transitional areas between evergreen and dry open dipterocarp forest[ 338 ]. Found in mixed deciduous or dry evergreen forest on clayey or laterite soils at elevations from 100 - 600 metres[ 384 ].","Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Afzelia+xylocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Afzelia_xylocarpa.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Agalinis,tenuifolia,Slenderleaf False Foxglove,,7 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist open areas and low woods in Texas.,N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agalinis+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgalinisTenuifolia.jpg
Alliaceae,Agapanthus,africanus,"African Lily, Lily of the nile",medium,9 to 10,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Rocky sandstone slopes, usually in montane regions. Upper slopes of Table mountain and the southern mountains.",S. Africa - Cape Peninsula to Swellendam.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agapanthus+africanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgapanthusAfricanus.jpg
Alliaceae,Agapanthus,campanulatus,,,6 to 9,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Grassy and rocky places, often amongst bracken, and in moist peaty soil at low elevations.",S. Africa - Natal and N. Cape province.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agapanthus+campanulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgapanthusCampanulatus.jpg
Alliaceae,Agapanthus,praecox minimus,,,8 to 11,0.9,0.6,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Stony slopes of rocky grasslands.,S. Africa.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agapanthus+praecox minimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgapanthusPraecoxMinimus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,cana,"Hoary Balm Of Gilead, Mosquito plant",,None to None,0.8,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes in the mountains.,South-western N. America - Texas to New Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+cana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/agastacheCana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,foeniculum,"Anise Hyssop, Blue giant hyssop",,4 to 9,0.9,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry thickets, fields and waste ground on prairies and plains.","Western N. America - Ontario to Washington, south to Colorado.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+foeniculum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgastacheFoeniculum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,mexicana,Mexican Giant Hyssop,,6 to 10,0.8,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgastacheMexicana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,neomexicana,"New Mexico Giant Hyssop, Bill Williams Mountain giant hyssop",,7 to 10,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+neomexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgastacheNeomexicana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,rugosa,Korean Mint,,7 to 10,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places in mountains, especially by streams, and in valleys all over Japan. Sunny, more or less stony meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgastacheRugosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,urticifolia,"Giant Hyssop, Nettleleaf giant hyssop",,7 to 10,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils of open hillsides, canyons and mountain valleys, from the foothills to about 2,500 metres.","Western N. America - Montana to British Columbia, south to California and Colorado.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+urticifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgastacheUrticifolia.jpg
Araucariaceae,Agathis,dammara,Amboina Pine,medium,10 to 11,50.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain forests[ 307 ]. Scattered in lowland rain forests at elevations up to 1,200 metres, though in the Philippines it is reported to grow at elevations up to 2,100 metres[ 320 ].","Southeast Asia - Indonesia, Philippines.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agathis+dammara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agathis_dammara.jpg
Araucariaceae,Agathis,macrophylla,Dakua,fast,10 to 12,30.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"A dominant component of lowland subtropical and tropical forests at elevations of 5 - 1,150 metres[ 312 ].","Southwest Pacific - Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agathis+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agathis_macrophylla_Small.png
Araucariaceae,Agathis,moorei,"Pacific Kauri, Moore Kauri",medium,10 to 12,25.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,A large emergent tree mainly restricted to areas of lowland rainforest that are mostly on non-ultramafic substrates[ 338 ].,Western Pacific - New Caledonia.,1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agathis+moorei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agathis-moorei.jpg
Araucariaceae,Agathis,robusta,Queensland Kauri,,8 to 11,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rainforests.,Australia - Queensland.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agathis+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgathisRobusta.jpg
Agavaceae,Agave,americana,"Agave, American century plant",slow,8 to 11,7.5,2.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bats']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Original habitat is unknown but it grows wild in Mexico on cultivated land and in pine woods. Sandy places in desert scrub at elevations around 200 metres in Texas and eastern Mexico.,South-western N. America. Naturalized in the Mediterranean[11].,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgaveAmericana.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,cantala agave,Agave,fast,9 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known as a truly wild plant,C. America to southern N. America - Mexico.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+cantala agave,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_cantala_Rumphius.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,chrysantha,Golden-flowered Agave,medium,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Moths']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pinon-juniper and oak woodlands, grasslands and desert scrub, generally in open habitats on a variety of substrates including calciferous and sandy soils, and soils derived from granite and basalt; at elevations from 700 - 2,100 metres",Southwestern N. America - central and southeast Arizona,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+chrysantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_chrysantha.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,deserti,Desert Agave,medium,9 to 11,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Moths']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy to gravelly or rocky places, in desert scrub and pinyon-juniper woodlands, at elevations from 500 - 1,500 metres[1844 ].","Southwest N. America - southern California, northwest Mexico (northern Baja California)",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+deserti,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave deserti.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,fourcroydes,Henequen,medium,10 to 12,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,C. America - Guatemala to southern Mexico.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+fourcroydes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_fourcroydes1_Plants.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,lechuguilla,"Ixtle, Chihuahua",medium,10 to 12,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Restricted to desert habitats preferring limestone soils and alluvial soils in xerophyllous scrub, the limit of the distribution goes up to Pine and Juniper forests. ","Mesoamerica. Mexico; United States (Texas, New Mexico). Found only in the Chihuahuan Desert, where it is an indicator species.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+lechuguilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_lechuguilla1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,murpheyi,"Hohokam Agave, Murphey agave",slow,8 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grows in warm temperate to subtropical highlands, arid to semi-arid. Plants are usually found in close proximity of major drainage systems on open, hilly slopes or alluvial terraces in desert scrub with pre-Columbian agricultural and settlement features. Agave murpheyi grows at elevations from 400 to 900 meters. ","Southern-central Arizona (U.S.A., Northern America) from the Bradshaw and New River Mountains, east to the Sierra Ancha Mountains and northern Sonora desert (Mexico).",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+murpheyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_murpheyi1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,palmeri,Palmer’s agave,medium,7 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bats', 'Insects', 'Hummingbirds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy to rocky or gravelly slopes and in grassland, oak savannah, and pine dominated communities, also along disturbed habitats near highways; at elevations from 900 - 2,200 metres[338 ].","Southwestern N. America - SE. Arizona to SW. New Mexico to northern Mexico (Sonora, NW. Chihuahua).",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_palmeri.jpg
Agavaceae,Agave,parryi,"Century Plant, Parry's agave, Mescal",slow,9 to 11,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Semi-arid land, 1300 - 2400 metres. Gravelly to rocky places in grasslands, desert scrub, chaparral, pinyon-juniper, and oak woodlands, 1200 - 2800 metres Ariz., N.Mex.; nw Mexico.",South-western N. America - Arizona to New Mexico.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+parryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgaveParryi.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,salmiana,"Pulque Agave, Giant Agave",medium,9 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,C. America to southern N. America - southern and central Mexico.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+salmiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_salmiana1_Plants.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,sisalana,Sisal,fast,9 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Planted abundantly in some regions, and, often escaping, seen in many localities in hedges or fence-rows[ 331 ].",C. America - southern Mexico.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+sisalana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave sisalana_Perrine.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,tequilana,"Blue Agave, Mescal, Tequila.",medium,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Native to the arid highlands of Mexico. Prefers sandy soils in arid and semi-arid subtropical areas.,C. America to southern N. America - Mexico.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+tequilana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_tequilana1_Plants.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Agave,utahensis,Century Plant,medium,6 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry stony limestone slopes, at elevations from 600 - 2,280 metres[71 , 338 ]. Calcareous or sandstone outcrops in desert scrub, pinyon-juniper, or conifer woodlands; at elevations from 700 - 2,500 metres[1844 ].","South-western N. America - California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+utahensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_utahensis.jpg
Agavaceae,Agave,utahensis discreta,Century Plant,,8 to 11,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry stony limestone slopes, 1000 - 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - found in the Grand Canyon.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+utahensis discreta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgaveUtahensisDiscreta.jpg
Agavaceae,Agave,utahensis eborispina,Century Plant,,8 to 11,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Bats']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry stony limestone slopes, 1000 - 1500 metres. Calcareous outcrops with desert scrub at elevations of 1100 - 1900 metres in California and Nevada.",South-western N. America,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+utahensis eborispina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgaveEborispina.jpg
Asparagaceae,Agave,vivipara,Mescal Casero,medium,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Subtropical to tropical. semi-arid to humid,Mesoamerica. Caribbean - Aruba; Netherlands Antilles.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agave+vivipara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agave_vivipara1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,altissima,"White Snakeroot, Richweed",,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low woods in river valleys in Texas.,Eastern N. America.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaAltissima.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,aromatica,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods, thickets and clearings",Eastern N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+aromatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaAromatica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,herbacea,Fragrant Snakeroot,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pinyon-Juniper Woodland at elevations of 1500 - 2200 metres in California.,South-western to South Central N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+herbacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaHerbacea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,ligustrina,,,9 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico to Costa Rica.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+ligustrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaLigustrina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,occidentalis,Western Snakeroot,,5 to 9,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Yellow Pine Forest, Red Fir Forest, Lodgepole Forest, Redwood Forest and Douglas-Fir Forest at elevations of 1900 - 3300 metres in California.",Western N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaOccidentalis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratina,rugosum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,This is not in N Am Plant List,N. America,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+rugosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratinaRugosum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratum,conyzoides,"Goatweed, Tropical whiteweed",,8 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A common weed of cultivated ground, having spread from its native range to all areas of the Tropics within 20° of the Equator, to an altitude of 2,500 metres.",S. America.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratum+conyzoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratumConyzoides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ageratum,houstonianum,"Ageratum, Bluemink, Floss Flower,  Garden",medium,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Pine woods and cultivated ground.,South-western N. America - Mexico. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratum+houstonianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgeratumCaeruleum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Agoseris,aurantiaca,"Mountain Dandelion, Orange agoseris",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Meadows and woods from moderate to high elevations.,Western N. America from Canada to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agoseris+aurantiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgoserisAurantiaca.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Agoseris,glauca,"Mountain Dandelion, Pale agoseris, False agoseris",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Meadows and other open places at all elevations in moderately dry to moist or even wet soils.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to Manitoba, south to California and New Mexico.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agoseris+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgoserisGlauca.jpg
Rosaceae,Agrimonia,eupatoria,"Agrimony, Churchsteeples",,None to None,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, stone walls, waste ground and roadside verges[7, 17], usually on alkaline soils, preferring sunny positions.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa and east to Iran.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrimonia+eupatoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrimoniaEupatoria.jpg
Rosaceae,Agrimonia,parviflora,Harvestlice,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp thickets and the edges of low woods, growing in clumps[222, 274]. Moist or dry soils.","Eastern N. America - Connecticut and New York to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrimonia+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrimoniaParviflora.jpg
Rosaceae,Agrimonia,pilosa,Hairy Agrimony,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows and roadsides in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Forest undergrowth and shady places by the sides of roads at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in Nepal.,"E. Europe to E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrimonia+pilosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Agrimonia,striata,Roadside agrimony,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrimonia+striata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrimoniaStriata.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Agriophyllum,squarrosum,Sand Rice,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,,,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dunes and sandy places in northern China.,E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agriophyllum+squarrosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Agropyron,elongatum,Tall Wheatgrass,,5 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Saline meadows and along seashores where it can be subject to occasional inundation.,"Eastern Mediterranean region, from southern Europe to Asia Minor and the Crimea.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agropyron+elongatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgropyronElongatum.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Agrostemma,githago,"Corncockle, Common corncockle",,None to None,0.9,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed of cornfields, becoming very rare in the wild due to modern agricultural practises[13, 17].",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrostemma+githago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrostemmaGithago.jpg
Poaceae,Agrostis,capillaris,Browntop Bent Grass,fast,3 to 10,0.4,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Grasslands and pastures. Dominant on poor and acidic soils and is well adapted to grazing pressure. Invades ruderal, disturbed areas, heathland, woodland, scrub and sand dune habitats. Abundant in wetlands and cultivated areas. In Australia, it is reported from dry coastal vegetation, heathy woodlands, lowland grasslands, grassy woodlands, dry and damp sclerophyll forests, riparian vegetation and alpine and sub-alpine vegetation, including montane peatlands and swamps [1-8].","Native to Eurasia, from Ireland and Britain in the west, through Siberia and Central Asia, as far east as China and from Scandinavia south to the Mediterranean, including Tunisia in North Africa. Introduced and naturalized in the Americas (USA, Canada, Greenland, Brazil, Argentina and Chile), southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand [1-8].",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrostis+capillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Agrostis_capillaris1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Agrostis,perennans,"Upland Bent, Upland bentgrass",,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, thickets, rocky banks and dryish open soil.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agrostis+perennans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrostisPerennans.jpg
Simaroubaceae,Ailanthus,altissima,Tree Of Heaven,fast,5 to 8,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Uplands.,E. Asia - China. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ailanthus+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AilanthusAltissima.jpg
Aizoaceae,Aizoon,canariense,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Salty and non-salty habitats in wadis in hot desert areas.,Mediterranean - North Africa and the Canaries.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aizoon+canariense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AizoonCanariense.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ajuga,australis,Australian Bugle,,5 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Most habitats, especially in open forests, in sandy soils in the montane zone[152, 154].","E. Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ajuga+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AjugaAustralis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ajuga,bracteosa,"Bugle, Lungememen",,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy slopes in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces. Moist ground and grassy slopes, often along the sides of tracks, at elevations of 700 - 4000 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ajuga+bracteosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ajuga,chamaepitys,"Ground Pine, Yellow bugle",,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Very local in sandy and chalky arable fields and in open habitats in chalky grassland in southeastern England[4, 17].","CentraL and souther Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and E. Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ajuga+chamaepitys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AjugaChamaepitys.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ajuga,decumbens,,,None to None,0.1,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thin woods and hedges in hills and low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Sunny meadows on hill sides from the lowlands to elevations of 1000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ajuga+decumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AjugaDecumbens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ajuga,iva,Herb Ivy,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Semi-steppe shrubland in Israel.,Mediterranean,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ajuga+iva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AjugaIva.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Ajuga,reptans,"Bugle, Common Bugelweed, Bugleweed, Carpet Bugleweed, Carpetweed, Carpet Bugle",slow,3 to 10,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Damp grassy fields and damp woods[7, 13, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to S.W. Asia and N. Africa.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ajuga+reptans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AjugaReptans.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Akebia,quinata,"Akebia, Chocolate vine, Fiveleaf Akebia, Chocolate Vine",fast,4 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woods, hedges and thickets in mountainous areas. Forest margins along streams, scrub on mountain slopes at elevations of 300 - 1500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Akebia+quinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AkebiaQuinata.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Akebia,trifoliata,"Akebia, Threeleaf  Akebia",fast,5 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places in woods and thickets to 1800 metres. Semideciduous forest margins, open forest along valleys, scrub on hillsides and by streams at elevations of 200 - 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Akebia+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AkebiaTrifoliata.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Akebia,x pentaphylla,Five Leaved Akebia,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets. A naturally occurring hybrid, A. quinata x A. trifoliata.",E. Asia - Japan.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Akebia+x pentaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Akebia x pentaphylla 240.jpg
Alangiaceae,Alangium,chinense,,slow,8 to 11,8.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Upland thickets in W. China. Open places around villages at elevations of 300 - 2400 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - India to C. China,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alangium+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlangiumChinense.jpg
Alangiaceae,Alangium,platanifolium,Alangium,,6 to 10,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland thickets, 1200 - 2100 metres in W. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alangium+platanifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlangiumPlatanifolium.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Albizia,julibrissin,"Mimosa, Silktree, Mimosa Tree,",fast,6 to 9,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open sunny ravines, forests and by rivers up to 2100 metres in the Himalayas[51, 158].",W. Asia and E. Asia - Iran to China.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albizia+julibrissin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlbiziaJulibrissin.jpg
Fabaceae,Albizia,lebbeck,"Siris Tree, Woman's Tongue, East Indian Walnut",fast,10 to 11,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Tropical to subtropical sandy river beds and savannahs.,E. Asia - drier areas of the Indian subcontinent and southeastern Asia to northern Australia.,1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albizia+lebbeck,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Albizia_lebbeck1.jpg
Fabaceae,Albizia,lucidior,Potka siris tree,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen and secondary forests, usually in more open, secondary formations and in thickets; at elevations from 600 - 1,900 metres[266 , 404 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albizia+lucidior,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Albizia_lucidior1_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Albizia,procera,"White Siris, Tall Albizia, Forest Siris",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The habitat ranges from monsoon forest, mixed deciduous forest, savannah woodlands, pyrogenic grassland, roadsides and dry gullies, to stunted, seasonal swamp forest[ 303 ]. It is commonly found in open secondary forest[ 303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albizia+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Albizia_procera_Roxburgh.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Albuca,amboensis,Slime Lily,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albuca+amboensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hyacinthaceae,Albuca,canadensis,"Slime Lily, Albuca",medium,9 to 11,0.4,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deep sandy soils on flats and lower slopes, usually near the sea[73, 282].",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albuca+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlbucaCanadensis.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Albuca,major,Slime Lily,,7 to 10,0.5,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy places on flats and lower slopes.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Albuca+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Alcea,rosea,Hollyhock,fast,5 to 9,2.4,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"The original habitat is obscure, it is probably of hybrid origin. A garden escape in Britain[17].",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alcea+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlceaRosea.jpg
Rosaceae,Alchemilla,alpina,"Alpine Lady's Mantle, Mountain Lady's Mantle",medium,3 to 7,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Meadows, pastureland and woodland clearings, mainly on acid soils.",Western and Northern Europe.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alchemilla+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlchemillaAlpina.jpg
Rosaceae,Alchemilla,mollis,Lady's-mantle,medium,3 to 8,0.6,0.8,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist meadows, open woods, pastures and also on rock ledges in mountainous areas",Native to southern Europe and grown throughout the world as an ornamental.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alchemilla+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alchemilla_mollis1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Alchemilla,xanthochlora,Lady's Mantle,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist meadows, open woods, pastures and also on rock ledges in mountainous areas[9, 244].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain and east to Poland.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alchemilla+xanthochlora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlchemillaXanthochlora.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Alchornea,castaneifolia,Iporuru,fast,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rainforests at lower elevations and flood plains of the Amazon River system in Peru[ 318 ].,"S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alchornea+castaneifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alchornea castaneifolia_1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Alchornea,cordifolia,Christmas Bush,medium,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Widespread in secondary forest and riverine forest, especially in marshy areas but sometimes in drier sites, from sea-level up to 1,500 metres altitude[ 299 ]. It often forms thickets in disturbed, unburned localities[ 299 ].",Tropical Africa - Senegal east to Kenya and Tanzania and south throughout Central Africa to Angola.,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alchornea+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alchornea cordifolia_1.jpg
Liliaceae,Aletris,farinosa,"Unicorn Root - Colic Root, White colicroot",,6 to 9,0.6,0.2,Perennial,,,,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Grassy or sandy woodlands, in dry or moist peats, sands and gravels, especially on the seashore[4, 21, 43]","South-eastern N. America - Southern Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aletris+farinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AletrisFarinosa.jpg
Liliaceae,Aletris,spicata,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,March to August,May to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Hills and low mountains in C. and S. Japan. Forests, thicket margins, scrub, grasslands, streamsides, roadsides at elevations of 100 - 2900 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aletris+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AletrisSpicata.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Aleurites,cordata,Japan Wood-Oil Tree,,9 to 11,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rocky places to 1000 metres in W. China. Montane sparse forests below 1550 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, but widely cultivated in eastern Asia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aleurites+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AleuritesCordata.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Aleurites,fordii,"Tung Tree, Tung Oil Tree, Wood Oil Tree China",fast,8 to 10,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Base of foothills esp. in rocky places, to 1000 metres in W. China. Montane sparse forests at elevations of 200-1500, occasionallyto 2000 metres.",E. Asia - Central and Western China.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aleurites+fordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AleuritesFordii.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Aleurites,moluccanus,"Candle Nut, Country Walnut",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rain forest, monsoon forest, or tall advanced secondary forest; growing on mountain slopes, very abundant on ridges, sometimes in sandy soil among granite boulders, loam soil or on former shifting cultivation lands, at elevations below 300 metres[ 598 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, Pacific Islands.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aleurites+moluccanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aleurites moluccana 1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Alhagi,mannifera,Manna Tree,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, sand dunes etc in Turkey.",N. Africa - Egypt to Turkey.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alhagi+mannifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Alhagi,maurorum,Camel Thorn,,6 to 10,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Edges of ditches, waste and often saline places etc in Turkey. Grows in dry barren places.",W. Asia - Caucasus to the Himalayas.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alhagi+maurorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlhagiMaurorum.jpg
Alismataceae,Alisma,canaliculatum,,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet places all over Japan. Margin of lakes, ponds, marshes and streams in China.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alisma+canaliculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlismaCanaliculatum.jpg
Alismataceae,Alisma,plantago-aquatica,"Great Water Plantain, ZE-XIE, European water plantain,  American water plantain, Northern water plan",,5 to 9,0.9,0.5,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ditches, damp ground and shallow pond margins in water up to 15cm deep[13, 17, 24].","Northern temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, Asia and America.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alisma+plantago-aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlismaPlantago-aquatica.jpg
Boraginaceae,Alkanna,tinctoria,"Alkanet, Alkanna",,None to None,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Maritime sands, uncultivated ground, calcareous soils and pine forests.",S. Europe.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alkanna+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlkannaTinctoria.jpg
Clusiaceae,Allanblackia,floribunda,Vegetable Tallow. Tallow tree,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A common understorey tree of lowland closed evergreen rainforest and riverine forest, and also in secondary and swamp forest, at elevations up to 1,000 metres. It is common on strongly leached, acid soils with pH 3.8 - 4.1[299 ].","Tropical Africa - moister regions from Togo to eastern DR Congo, south to the Congo.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allanblackia+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Allanblackia_floribunda1_Plants.JPEG
Clusiaceae,Allanblackia,parviflora,"Vegetable tallow tree, Ouotera",fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Undergrowth in rain and secondary forest; at elevations up to 250 metres[328 ]. Most abundant in wet evergreen forest zone, especially on slopes and away from disturbed areas. Less common in semi-deciduous forest[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Guinea to Ghana.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allanblackia+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Allanblackia_parviflora1_Plants.JPEG
Clusiaceae,Allanblackia,stuhlmannii,"Mkani, Msambo",medium,10 to 12,35.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Birds', 'Bats']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Seaward slopes and valley bottoms of evergreen submontane and montane forest at elevations of 800 - 1,200, occasionally to 1,600 metres[ 299 ].",Eastern Africa - Tanzania.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allanblackia+stuhlmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Allanblackia_stuhlmannii_(Clusiaceae).png
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Alliaria,petiolata,Garlic Mustard,,5 to 8,1.0,0.4,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp hedgerows, edges of woods and other shady places, preferring basic soils[7, 13, 17, 244].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa and east to W. Asia and the Himalayas.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alliaria+petiolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliariaPetiolata.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,acuminatum,"Hooker's Onion, Tapertip onion",,5 to 9,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Amongst dry sunny rocks on hills and plains[60, 203].",Western N. America - Washington to N. California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+acuminatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAcuminatum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,aflatunense,"Persian Onion, Ornamental  Onion",medium,4 to 8,1.0,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,W. Asia - Soviet mid Asia.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+aflatunense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAflatunense.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,akaka,,,7 to 10,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony places, screes etc, 1600 metres to 3000 metres[74, 90].","W. Asia - Turkey, N. Iran, Russia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+akaka,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAkaka.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,altaicum,,,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky areas. Slopes and plains in N. China.,E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+altaicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAltaicum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,ampeloprasum,"Wild Leek, Broadleaf wild leek",,5 to 9,1.8,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",October to August,July to August,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Rocky places near the coast in S.W. England and Wales.,S. Europe to W. Asia. Possibly native in Britain in S.W. England and Wales[17].,5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+ampeloprasum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAmpeloprasum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,ampeloprasum babingtonii,Babington's Leek,,None to None,1.8,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Clefts of rocks and sandy places near the coast.,Britain in S.W. England and the Channel Islands.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+ampeloprasum babingtonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAmpeloprasumBabbingtonii.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,angulare,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Siberia,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+angulare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,angulosum,Mouse Garlic,,4 to 8,0.5,,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp meadows near rivers.,C. Europe to E. Asia - Siberia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+angulosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAngulosum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,atropurpureum,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Shaded humus rich soils along rocky cliffs, 1900 metres to 2200 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - N. India.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+atropurpureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,bisceptrum,"Aspen Onion,  Twincrest onion",,7 to 10,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and aspen groves, occasionally on open slopes",Western N. America - Oregon to California.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+bisceptrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumBisceptrum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,bodeanum,,,None to None,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gravelly slopes.,"W. Asia - Iran, Russia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+bodeanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,bolanderi,Bolander's Onion,,6 to 9,0.2,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Heavy soils and openings in brush and woods below 900 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+bolanderi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumBolanderi.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,brevistylum,Shortstyle Onion,,None to None,0.5,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Swampy meadows and stream sides at medium to high elevations.,Western N. America - Rocky Mountains from Montana and Idaho to Utah and Colorado.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+brevistylum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumBrevistylum2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,canadense,"Canadian Garlic, Meadow garlic, Fraser meadow garlic,  Hyacinth meadow garlic",,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy soils in low woods, thickets and meadows[43, 274].","N. America - New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Colorado",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCanadense.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,canadense mobilense,Canadian Garlic,,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low woods, thickets and meadows. Woods and prairies in sandy or rocky soils, rarely on limestone or clay.",Southeaster N. America - Texas to North Carolina.,5,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+canadense mobilense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,carinatum,Keeled Garlic,,6 to 9,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry grassy places and open woods.,Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+carinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCarinatum2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,carolinianum,,,None to None,0.4,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes, 3000 - 4500 metres. Gravelly or stony slopes at elevations of 3000 - 5000 metres in Xinjiang, N and W Xizang provinces of China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Nepal.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+carolinianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCarolinianum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,cepa,"Onion, Garden onion",,4 to 10,0.6,,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,W. Asia - Iran? The original habitat is obscure.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cepa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCepa.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,cepa aggregatum,Potato Onion,,4 to 8,1.2,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in wild.,Not known in wild.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cepa aggregatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCepaAggregatum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,cepa ascalonicum,Shallot,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,Original habitat is obscure.,5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cepa ascalonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumAscalonicum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,cepa proliferum,"Tree Onion, Walking Onion",,4 to 8,1.2,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,Original habitat is obscure.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cepa proliferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCepaProliferum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,cernuum,"Nodding Onion, New Mexican nodding onion",,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",February to December,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Ledges, gravels, rocky or wooded slopes and crests ascending to high altitudes. Widely distributed on moist soils in mountainous and cool regions to 3500 metres.",N. America - Canada to Mexico.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cernuum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumCernuum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,chinense,Rakkyo,,6 to 9,0.3,,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Often cultivated, plants can be found wild on the edges of fields.",E. Asia - China,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumChinense.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,condensatum,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Conglomerates and rocks. Slopes and meadows from near sea level to 2000 metres in northern China..,"E. Asia - China, Mongolia, Siberia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+condensatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,cupanii,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Pinus nigra forest, amongst Quercus parygana, alpine and grey steppe rocky places on limestone, serpentine and schist, to 2200 metres in Turkey.",S. Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+cupanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,douglasii,Douglas' Onion,,None to None,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low hills in shallow soil that is wet in winter but dry in summer.,Western N. America - Washington to Oregon and Idaho.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumDouglasii.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,dregeanum,Wild Onion,,None to None,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony slopes and flats, often along the sides of roads or in old cornfields, from Clanwilliam to Riversdale and Long Kloof.",S. Africa.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+dregeanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumDregeanum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,drummondii,"Prairie Onion, Drummond's onion",,6 to 9,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy or gravelly, often limestone soils on dry prairies and hills[43, 274].","N. America - Texas to New Mexico, north to Nebraska.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+drummondii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumDrummondii.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,fistulosum,Welsh Onion,,5 to 9,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated for over 1000 years, it is not known in the wild.","E. Asia, possibly western China, though the original habitat is obscure.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+fistulosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumFistulosum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,flavum,"Small Yellow Onion, Ornamental  Onion",medium,4 to 7,0.5,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes.,Southern and central Europe.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+flavum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumFlavum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,galanthum,,,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony and gravelly slopes, cliffs and valleys at elevations of 500 - 1500 metres[203, 266].","E. Asia - China, Mongolia and Siberia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+galanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumGalanthum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,geyeri,"Geyer's Onion, Bulbil onion",,6 to 9,0.5,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low meadows and by streams in the Rocky Mountains.,"Western N. America - Washington, Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, Nevada.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+geyeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumGeyeri.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,geyeri tenerum,,,3 to 7,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and along the sides of streams at elevations up to 3100 metres.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to Alberta, south to Arizona and New Mexico.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+geyeri tenerum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumGeyeriTenerum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,giganteum,"Giant Onion, Ornamental  Onion",fast,6 to 10,2.0,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Afghanistan to Pakistan and north into Russia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+giganteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumGiganteum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,hookeri,,,None to None,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, forest margins, moist places and meadows at elevations from 1400 - 4200 metres.","E. Asia - Southern China, India, Bhutan and Sri Lanka.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/allium-hookeri1.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,kunthii,Kunth's onion,,6 to 9,0.4,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, rocky hills and mountains, usually in limestone soils at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres.","Southwestern N. America - Texas, New Mexico, Mexico.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+kunthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumKunthii.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,kurrat,Egyptian Leek,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,N. Africa - Egypt.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+kurrat,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumKurrat.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,ledebourianum,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and river valleys in Siberia, Mountains, moist meadows, river banks, gravelly and sandy places at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China. Japan, Mongolia, Siberia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+ledebourianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumLedebourianum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,macleanii,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gentle slopes at low altitudes to 1200 metres.,W. Asia - Afghanistan,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+macleanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,macropetalum,Largeflower Wild Onion,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Desert plains and hills at elevations of 300 to 2500 metres.,"South-western N. America - Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+macropetalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumDeserticola.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,macrostemon,No-Binu,,None to None,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and arable land. Found throughout China on hills, slopes, valleys and plains from near near sea level to 1600 metres (3000 metres in Yunnan).","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+macrostemon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumMacrostemon.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,moly,"Golden Garlic, Ornamental Onion",fast,3 to 9,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",September to ?,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Shady rocks and screes in mountains. Limestone rubble.,Europe - Mediterranean in south-western Europe and northern Africa.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+moly,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumMoly.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,monanthum,,,None to None,0.1,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets on hills and lower mountains all over Japan. Grassy mountain slopes and woods.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+monanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,mutabile,Wild Onion,,None to None,0.5,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils in prairies, calcareous barrens, bluffs etc",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+mutabile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,neapolitanum,"Daffodil Garlic, White garlic",,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",October to July,March to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassy places and fields[45, 90, 203].","Europe - Mediterranean area in Europe, Africa and W. Asia",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+neapolitanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumNeapolitanum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,nutans,Blue Chives,,None to None,0.5,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stony slopes and meadows on the steppes of central Asia. Meadows and damp places in Tibet.,Central Asia to Siberia.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumNutans.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,obliquum,Twistedleaf Garlic,,6 to 9,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Meadows and wooded slopes. Forests and meadows in northwest Tibet.,E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia and Tibet[74],3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+obliquum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumObliquum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,oleraceum,Field Garlic,,4 to 8,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry grassy places, waysides etc[17, 200].","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to the Caucasus.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+oleraceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumOleraceum2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,orientale,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Limestone hills and slopes, rocky places, fields and vineyards, 600 - 1870 metres in Turkey.",N. Africa to W. Asia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,oschaninii,,,None to None,1.0,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky crevices in mountains.,W. Asia - Afghanistan.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+oschaninii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,paradoxum,Few-Flowered Leek,,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",November to June,April to May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks and waste places on damp soils[17, 90].",W. Asia - Iran. Naturalized in a number of places in Britain[17].,5,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+paradoxum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumParadoxum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,pendulinum,,,None to None,0.2,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shady damp locations and woods.,Europe - Mediterranean.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+pendulinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,platycaule,Broadstemmed Onion,,5 to 9,0.1,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry flats, screes and slopes in sagebrush scrub, 1200 - 3000 metres[71, 90].","South-western N. America - California, Nevada, Oregon.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+platycaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumPlatycaule2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,porrum,"Leek, Garden leek",,5 to 9,0.9,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in wild.,Original habitat is obscure.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+porrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumPorrum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,przewalskianum,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes to 4800 metres. Scrub, dry slopes, plains and rock crevices at elevations of 2000 - 4800 metres.",E. Asia - N Tibet.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+przewalskianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumPrzewalskianum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,ramosum,Chinese Chives,,6 to 9,0.5,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and grassy slopes. Sunny hills and pastures at elevations of 500 - 2100 metres in northern China.,"E. Asia - China, Mongolia, Russia.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+ramosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumRamosum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,roseum,Rosy Garlic,,7 to 10,0.4,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland and gravelly places near the sea.,Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+roseum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumRoseum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,rubellum,,,None to None,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry steppes and semi deserts. Very free draining soils and coarse sands with a low water table in Kashmir.,Europe - S.E. Russia to W. Asia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+rubellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,ruhmerianum,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Africa.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+ruhmerianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,sacculiferum,,,None to None,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet meadows. Meadows, riversides and lakesides at elevations of 100 - 500 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - N. China, N. Japan, Korea, Russia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+sacculiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,sativum,"Garlic, Cultivated garlic",,7 to 10,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,C. Asia? Original habitat is obscure. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,5,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+sativum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumSativum2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,sativum ophioscorodon,Serpent Garlic,,7 to 10,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,C. Asia? Original habitat is obscure.,5,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+sativum ophioscorodon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumSativumOphioscorodon.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,schoenoprasum,"Chives, Wild chives, Flowering Onion",medium,5 to 11,0.3,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",February to December,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky pastures and damp meadows, preferring calcareous soils[17, 90].","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to the Himalayas and Japan.",5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+schoenoprasum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumSchoenoprasum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,schoenoprasum sibiricum,Giant Chives,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Calcareous or basic rock, gravels and shores, Alaska and southwards.","N. America to E. Asia - Siberia, Japan.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+schoenoprasum sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumSibiricum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,scorodoprasum,"Rocambole,  	Sand leek",,6 to 9,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Grassland and scrub on dry soils.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, east and south to W. Asia and Syria.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+scorodoprasum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumScorodoprasum2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,scorodoprasum rotundum,,,6 to 9,0.5,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Calcareous and disturbed clay slopes, grassy places, field borders, beaches on sand and loam in Turkey.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+scorodoprasum rotundum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,semenovii,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes and wet places to 4000 metres. Forest margins, damp slopes and meadows at elevations of 2000 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+semenovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,senescens,German Garlic,medium,4 to 10,0.5,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, usually rocky places. Forests, dry stony slopes, steppes, saline meadows and gravelly places at elevations of 500 - 800 metres in northern China.","C. Europe to Siberia, China and Korea.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+senescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumLusitanicum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,sphaerocephalon,Round-Headed Leek,,4 to 8,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Limestone rocks and fields in dry places[17, 90].","Western Europe, including Britain, south to the Mediterranean.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+sphaerocephalon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumSphaerocephalon.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,splendens,Miyama-Rakkyo,,4 to 8,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine meadows in C. and N. Japan. Also found in light woodland. Forests, scrub, meadows and moist slopes at elevations of 100 - 1000 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Russia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,stellatum,"Prairie Onion, Autumn onion",medium,5 to 9,0.8,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky prairies, slopes, shores and ridges. Usually found on limestone soils.","N. America - Illinois and Minnesota to Missouri, Nebraska and Kansas.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+stellatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumStellatum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,stipitatum,,,7 to 10,1.5,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hot dry situations on lower mountain slopes.,E. Asia - Afghanistan Iran and Central Asia.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+stipitatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,stracheyi,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows wild in the montane to upper subalpine zone.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to western Nepal.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+stracheyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,suaveolens,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp meadows and moors.,S. and C. Europe.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+suaveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Alliaceae,Allium,subhirsutum,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",October to June,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky stony arid places, woods.",Europe - Mediterranean.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+subhirsutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumSubhirsutum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,textile,Textile Onion,,5 to 9,0.2,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry prairies, calcareous rocks and open woods.","N. America - Saskatchewan to South Dakota, Montana, New Mexico and Arizona.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+textile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumReticulatum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,thunbergii,,,7 to 10,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,September to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forest margins, slopes and pastures from near sea level to 1300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumThunbergii.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,tricoccum,"Wood Leek,  Ramp",,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",March to June,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woods and bottoms, preferring slopes and streamsides. Usually in beech and maple woods.","Eastern N. America - Quebec, south to Virginia and Iowa.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+tricoccum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumTricoccum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,triquetrum,Three-Cornered Leek,,7 to 10,0.4,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",February to July,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedge banks and waste places on damp soils[17, 90].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain in S.W. England[17].,5,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+triquetrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumTriquetrum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,tuberosum,"Garlic Chives, Chinese chives, Oriental Chives,",fast,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia? Original habitat is obscure.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumTuberosum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,unifolium,One-Leaved Onion,,7 to 10,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils in pine or mixed evergreen forest in the coastal ranges of California[60, 90].",South-western N. America - California and Oregon.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+unifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumUnifolium.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,ursinum,Wild Garlic,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",February to June,May to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp soils in woods, copses, valleys and similar moist shady localities.","Much of Europe, including Britain, east to the Caucasus and W. Asia.",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+ursinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumUrsinum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,validum,"Swamp Onion, Pacific onion",,7 to 10,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Swampy meadows at medium to high elevations in the mountains.,South-western N. America - Idaho to California.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+validum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumValidum.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,victorialis,"Alpine Leek, Victory onion",,6 to 9,0.6,,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",November to July,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky and stony places in mountains, usually on calcareous soils. Forests, shady and moist slopes, pastures and streamsides at elevations of 600 - 2500 metres in China.","Europe - Mediterranean to Russia, China, Japan and Korea.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+victorialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumVictorialis2.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,vineale,"Crow Garlic, Wild garlic, Compact onion, False Garlic, Wild, Onion",medium,5 to 8,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],October to August,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields and roadsides to elevations of 450 metres in Britain, often a serious weed of pastures.","Much of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and Lebanon.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+vineale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumVineale.jpg
Alliaceae,Allium,wallichii,Jimbur,,7 to 10,0.6,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest clearings and shrubberies, fully open to the monsoon rains, 2800 - 4300 metres from Pakistan to S.W. China.",E. Asia - W. China to the Himalayas.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+wallichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlliumWallichii.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Allocasuarina,littoralis,"Black She Oak, Bull Oak, Wayetuck",fast,9 to 11,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy coastal heaths[ 200 ], especially on poor sandstone soils[ 167 ]. Widespread on heath and in open forests[ 265 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres[ 707 ].","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allocasuarina+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AllocasuarinaLittoralis.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,acuminata,Alder,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grows well on steep mountain slopes at elevations between 1,000 metres in Costa Rica and 3,800 metres in Peru[418 ]. Common in the mountains, often forming almost pure, dense, extensive stands, but more often associated with oaks and often with pines[331 ].","S. America - Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, north through C. America to Mexico.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alnus_acuminata1_Plants.JPEG
Betulaceae,Alnus,cordata,Italian Alder,fast,5 to 9,25.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],April to December,March.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Very rarely self-sown in Britain, but not naturalised.","Europe - S. Italy, Corsica.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusCordata.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,glutinosa,"Alder, European alder , Common Alder, Black  Alder",fast,3 to 7,25.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],March to November,March to April,September to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Wet ground in woods, near lakes and along the sides of streams, often formng pure woods n succession to marsh or fen.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to Siberia, W. Asia and N. Africa.",0,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+glutinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusGlutinosa.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,hirsuta,,,3 to 7,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusHirsuta.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,incana,"Grey Alder, Speckled alder, Thinleaf alder, White Alder",fast,2 to 6,18.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Mountains, especially on poor soil[17, 50].",Europe. Introduced in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusIncana.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,japonica,Japanese Alder,fast,4 to 8,22.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet lowlands all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusJaponica.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,jorullensis,"Mexican alder, Evergreen Alder",fast,7 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Moist soil habitats, such as stream and river banks, swamps and moist montane slopes, often in very dense stands, at moderate to high elevations[338 ].","C. America - Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+jorullensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alnus_jorullensis1_Plants.JPEG
Betulaceae,Alnus,maritima,"Seaside Alder,  Beach Alder",medium,3 to 7,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,September to October,May,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along edges of ponds and small streams, often in standing water; from sea level to 100 metres[82, 270].","Eastern and Central N. America - Delaware, Maryland and Oklahoma.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusMaritima.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,maximowiczii,,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"High mountains, often to the alpine zone, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusMaximowiczii.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,nepalensis,Nepalese Alder,fast,8 to 11,22.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,September to October.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests in ravines, on stream banks and occasionally in drier localities, 900 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas.","E. Asia - China, Himalayas",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Alnus,nitida,West Himalayan Alder,,7 to 10,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,September.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By rivers and streams, 600 - 1200 metres, occasionally to 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusNitida.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,rhombifolia,White Alder,fast,8 to 11,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March,October to January,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found in rocky or gravelly soils along the sides of streams, in canyon bottomlands and gulches, from near sea level to 2400 metres[60, 229].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+rhombifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusRhombifolia.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,rubra,"Red Alder, Oregon Alder",fast,6 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March,September to October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist rich soils in woods, usually below 600 metres and within 50 km of the coast[60, 82, 229].",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusRubra.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,rugosa,Speckled Alder,fast,2 to 6,22.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet sandy or gravelly soils, usually along streams and rivers, but also in ponds and swamps. It is only found in open sunny areas, being unable to compete in dense shade.",Northern and Eastern N. America - Hudson's Bay to Virginia. Naturalized in C. Europe[50].,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusRugosa.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,serrulata,"Smooth Alder, Hazel alder",,3 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist lowlands, such as swamps, and along ponds and streams where it forms thickets[222, 229].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Oklahoma and Indiana.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusSerrulata.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,sinuata,Sitka Alder,fast,2 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to June,July to August,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woods, stream banks, margins of ponds, to open but moist montane slopes at or near the timber line.",Western N. America - Alaska to California - east to Idaho and Montana.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+sinuata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusSinuata.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,tenuifolia,"Mountain Alder, Thinleaf alder",fast,5 to 7,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March,October,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist soils by swamps, streams, ponds and lakes in foothills to well up in the mountains[60, 229].",Western N. America - Alaska to California and New Mexico.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusTenuifolia.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,viridis crispa,American Green Alder,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky shores, slopes and mountains. Singly or in thickets along streams, lakeshores, coasts, and bog or muskeg margins, or on sandy or gravelly slopes or flats, from sea level to 2000 metres.",Eastern N. America - Labrador to Alaska and Newfoundland and southwards.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+viridis crispa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusCrispa.jpg
Araceae,Alocasia,macrorrhizos,"Giant Taro, Giant Elephant Ear",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Common along river banks and other damp places from sea-level to 500 metres[311 ].,"E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Malaysia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alocasia+macrorrhizos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alocasia_macrorrhizos1_Plants.JPEG
Xanthorrhoeaceae,Aloe,arborescens,"Candelabra Aloe, Tree Aloe, Mountain Bush Aloe",medium,10 to 11,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Sunbirds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found at elevations from sea level up to 2,800 metres in montane grassland amongst rocks and in open evergreen forest, in the eastern border mountains and outliers with high local rainfall and drizzle in the dry season; also in coastal forest[ 308 ].","Eastern and southern Africa - Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, S. Africa.",2,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+arborescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aloe_arborescens_Step.jpg
Xanthorrhoeaceae,Aloe,camperi,Aloe,medium,9 to 12,0.8,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky slopes and sandy alluvial plains at elevations from 550 - 2,700 metres[33].","East tropical Africa - Eritrea, northern Ethiopia.",0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+camperi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aloe_camperi1GEHU.jpg
Xanthorrhoeaceae,Aloe,ferox,"Cape Aloe, Bitter Aloe, Red Aloe, Cape Aloe, Alligator Jaw Aloe",slow,9 to 11,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Abundant on arid rocky hillsides up to 1,000 metres altitude[ 299 ]. Also found in grassy fynbos and on the edges of the karoo. It grows both in the open and in bushy areas[ 295 ].",South Africa - Cape Province.,2,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+ferox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aloe_ferox_Candolle.jpg
Xanthorrhoeaceae,Aloe,macrosiphon,Tanzanian Aloe,slow,9 to 11,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"In shade at edge of thickets in grassland, often among rocks; at elevations from 1,125 - 1,585 metres[ 299 ].","East tropical Africa - Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania.",0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+macrosiphon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aloe macrosiphon.jpg
Xanthorrhoeaceae,Aloe,perryi,Perry's Aloe,slow,10 to 12,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mainly found in dry areas; on flat or gentle slopes, primarily on limestone pavement but occasionally on sandy plains or granite mountains; at elevations from sea-level to 900 metres[ 338 ].",Arabia - S. Yemen.,0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+perryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aloe_perryi_Curtis
Aloeaceae,Aloe,vera,"Aloe Vera, Barbados aloe, First Aid Plant, Medicinal  Aloe",slow,9 to 11,0.8,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Maritime sands and rocks.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloe+vera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AloeVera.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Alopecurus,aequalis,"Shortawn Foxtail,  Sonoma shortawn foxtail",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and the edges of ponds and ditches.,"Much of Europe, including Britain, to N. Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alopecurus+aequalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlopecurusAequalis.jpg
Verbenaceae,Aloysia,citriodora,"Lemon Verbena, Lemon beebrush",medium,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],May to November,August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and roadsides. Open scrub.,"S. America - Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay. Locally naturalized in the Mediterranean[50].",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aloysia+citriodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AloysiaTriphylla.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,aurea,Peruvian Lily,medium,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],February to August,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist woodland.,S. America - S. Chile,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlstroemeriaAurantiaca2.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,haemantha,Purple-spot parrot-lily,,8 to 11,0.9,,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Well-drained rocky hillsides.,S. America - Chile,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+haemantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,ligtu,"Alstroemeria, St. Martin's Flower",medium,8 to 10,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,February to August,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry scrub in rocky sandy soils.,S. America - Chile,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+ligtu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlstroemeriaLigtu.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,pelegrina,Peruvian Lily,,8 to 11,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sand dunes along the coast. Coastal: grasslands, rocky slopes and shrublands from sea level to elevations of 3500 metres.","S. America - Chile, Peru.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+pelegrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,revoluta,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+revoluta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlstroemeriaRevoluta.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,spectabilis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaryllidaceae,Alstroemeria,versicolor,,,8 to 11,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stony places and scrub at an altitude of 250 - 1700 metres from Valparaiso to Conception and in the Valle de los Cipreses.,S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria+versicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Alternanthera,sissoo,"Brazilian Spinach, Sambu, Samba lettuce",fast,10 to 12,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alternanthera+sissoo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Alternanthera sissoo.png
Malvaceae,Althaea,cannabina,Palm-leaf marshmallow,,4 to 8,1.8,1.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated ground and waste places.,Europe - S. France.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Althaea+cannabina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlthaeaCannabina.jpg
Malvaceae,Althaea,officinalis,"Marsh Mallow, Common marshmallow",,3 to 7,1.2,0.8,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"The upper margins of salt and brackish marshes, sides of ditches and grassy banks near the sea[7, 17].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",5,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Althaea+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlthaeaOfficinalis2.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,albus,Prostrate Pigweed,,8 to 10,0.7,,Annual,,['Wind'],May to October,July to August,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Disturbed or waste ground.,Southern N. America. Naturalized or casual in most of Europe[50].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusAlbus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,bidentata,,,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Roadsides and waste places.,E. Asia - China,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+bidentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,blitoides,Mat Amaranth,,6 to 10,0.2,0.3,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,August to September,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of disturbed and waste ground.,"N. America - Washington to Utah and Mexico, east to Maine and New Jersey.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+blitoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusBlitoides.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,blitum,"Slender Amaranth,  Purple amaranth",,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,August,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A cosmopolitan weed growing on waste ground[58, 204].",Temperate and Tropical zones.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+blitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusBlitum.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,campestris,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Indonesia,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+campestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,caudatus,Love Lies Bleeding,,4 to 8,2.0,0.5,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,A weed of cultivated ground.,Tropics.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+caudatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusCaudatus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,cruentus,"Purple Amaranth, Red amaranth",,3 to 11,2.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Original habitat is obscure, it was probably tropical America.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+cruentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusCruentus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,diacanthus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+diacanthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,dubius,Spleen Amaranth,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Naturalised in Florida where it grows in waste places and disturbed habitats at elevations of 0 - 100 metres.,"Tropics areas of South America and West Indies. Naturalized in Europe, Asia and N. America..",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+dubius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusDubius.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,frumentaceus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - India,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+frumentaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,graecizans,"Spreading Pigweed, Mediterranean amaranth",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],May to October.,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed or waste ground, Washington to California.",N. America - in all areas except the extreme north. E. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+graecizans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusGraecizans.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,hybridus,"Rough Pigweed,  Slim amaranth",,6 to 12,2.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Of uncertain origin, it grows wild in cultivated fields and waste places.",Tropics. Naturalized in Europe[50].,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+hybridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusHybridus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,hypochondriacus,"Prince's Feather, Prince-of-wales feather",,3 to 10,1.2,0.5,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],April to October,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of wasteland and agricultural land.,Southern N. America.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+hypochondriacus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusHypochondriacus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,mangostanus,,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,June to August,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste land and roadsides in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - India,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+mangostanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,mitchellii,Boggabri Weed,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy and gravelly soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+mitchellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,pallidiflorus,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+pallidiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,palmeri,Careless Weed,,7 to 12,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Waste places and fields at low elevations, also in interior valleys and deserts in California.",South-western N. America,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+palmeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusPalmeri.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,polygamus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - India,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+polygamus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,polystachyus,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Tropics.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+polystachyus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,powellii,Powell's Amaranth,,6 to 11,1.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste places.,Eastern N. America,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+powellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusPowellii.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,quitensis,Ataco,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An infrequent casual of waste ground in Britain, introduced with bird seed, soya-bean waste etc. It rarely, if ever, sets seed in Britain.",S. America - Andes. A rare casual in Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+quitensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,retroflexus,"Pigweed, Redroot amaranth, Wild Beet",,3 to 11,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,A casual of cultivated land and waste places in Britain.,Tropical America. A casual in Britain[17].,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+retroflexus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusRetroflexus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,spinosus,Spiny Amaranth,,4 to 11,0.6,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, waste places and fields in South-eastern N. America.",Tropical America.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+spinosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusSpinosus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,standleyanus,Indehiscent Pigweed,,None to None,0.7,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An infrequent casual in Britain.,Southern S. America - Argentina. Naturalized in Europe in Spain[50].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+standleyanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,tenuifolius,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+tenuifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,thunbergii,"Thunberg's Pigweed, Thunberg's amaranthus",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An infrequent casual on waste ground in Britain.,Africa - Tropics.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,torreyi,Torrey's amaranthus,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open soils, Iowa to Colorado and southwards.","N. America - Nebraska to Nevada, south to Mexico.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+torreyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusTorreyi.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,tricolor,"Chinese Spinach, Joseph's-coat, Fountain Plant, Tampala , Summer Poinsettia",medium,3 to 11,1.0,0.5,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,June to August,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A widely cultivated plant, it is not known in a truly wild situation.",Tropical Asia,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+tricolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusGangeticus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus,viridis,"Calalu, Slender amaranth",,7 to 11,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],April to October,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of waste ground and roadsides but the original habitat is obscure.,Tropical N. America? Original habitat is obscure.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaranthusViridis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ambrosia,artemesiifolia,"Roman Wormwood, Bitterweed, Blackweed, Carrot Weed, Hay Fever Weed, Stickeweed, Tassel Weed, Wild Ta",medium,4 to 8,0.9,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places in Western N. America. Found in dry soils, it can become a pernicious weed in cultivated soils.",N. America - British Columbia to Nova Scotia and Florida. Locally established casual in Britain[17].,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ambrosia+artemesiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmbrosiaArtemesiifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ambrosia,trifida,"Giant Ragweed, Great ragweed, Texan great ragweed, Bitterweed, Bloodweed, Buffalo Weed, Horse Cane",medium,1 to 11,2.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alluvial waste places, sometimes forming vast pure stands.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Manitoba, Colorado and Mexico.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ambrosia+trifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmbrosiaTrifida.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,alnifolia,"Saskatoon, Saskatoon serviceberry, Serviceberry",medium,4 to 6,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, woodland edges and banks of streams in moist well-drained soils[99, 200]. Small bushy forms grow on fairly dry hillsides.",Western and Central N. America - Saskatchewan and south to Colorado and Idaho.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+alnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierAlnifolia3.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,alnifolia cusickii,Cusick's Serviceberry,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Open woods, canyons and hillsides from near sea-level to the sub-alpine zone, mainly in the Rockies.",Western N. America,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+alnifolia cusickii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,alnifolia semiintegrifolia,Pacific Serviceberry,slow,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Moist woods and open places.,Western. N. America.,5,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+alnifolia semiintegrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierAlnifoliaSemiintegrifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,arborea,"Downy Serviceberry,  	Alabama serviceberry,  Juneberry, Common Serviceberry, Downy Serviceberry",slow,5 to 8,10.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich woods, thickets and slopes.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierArborea.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,asiatica,Korean Juneberry,,4 to 8,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hilly and mountainous regions. On slopes by streams, mixed forests at elevations of 1000 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierAsiatica.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,bartramiana,Oblongfruit serviceberry,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Peaty or boggy thickets, sphagnum bogs, bushy and mountain slopes to the sub-alpine zone.",N. America - Labrador to Minnesota and south to Pennsylvania.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+bartramiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierBartramiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,basalticola,Dwarf Service-berry,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Open woods, canyons and hillsides, from near sea level to the sub-alpine zone.",North-western N. America - Washington.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+basalticola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,canadensis,"Juneberry, Canadian serviceberry, Serviceberry Downy, Shadblow, Shadbush, Serviceberry",medium,4 to 7,6.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Swamps, low ground, woods and thickets. Grows in woods and hedgerows in Britain.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Florida. Naturalized in Britain[17].",4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierCanadensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,confusa,,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"This species is only known from plants naturalised in Sweden, its origin is uncertain[11, 200].",Europe - S. Sweden.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+confusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierConfusa.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,humilis,Low serviceberry,,4 to 8,1.8,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky or sandy shores and banks, often calcareous.",Eastern N. America - Vermont to Alberta and south to New York and Iowa..,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,huroensis,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods, cliffs and shores, chiefly on trap or other basic rocks.","North-western N. America - Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+huroensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,interior,Pacific serviceberry,,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hillsides and banks of streams.,Central N. America - Wisconsin to S. Minnesota and south to S. Dakota,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+interior,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,intermedia,"June berry,",,4 to 8,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Swamps and moist soils.,Eastern N. America - Vermont to North Carolina.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierIntermedia.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,laevis,"Allegheny Shadberry, Allegheny serviceberry, Smooth Serviceberry",medium,5 to 8,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Dry to moist thickets, woodland edges and edges of swamps in cool ravines and on hillsides[43, 82]. Naturalized in Britain on light acidic soils.",Eastern N. America. Naturalized in Britain.,5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+laevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierLaevis.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,lamarckii,Apple Serviceberry,,3 to 3,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Possibly no longer found in its original wild habitat, it is naturalized in S. England on sandy heaths and damp acid woods[11, 184].",N. America. Naturalized in Britain.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+lamarckii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierLamarckii.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,obovalis,"Southern Juneberry, Coastal serviceberry",,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Pinelands and low woods.,South-eastern N. America - Georgia and Alabama north to southern New Jersey[43].,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+obovalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Amelanchier_obovalis1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,ovalis,"Snowy Mespilus, Dwarf Garden Serviceberry",slow,5 to 7,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky places and stony woods, mainly on limestone[50, 184].",C. and S. Europe,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+ovalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierOvalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,ovalis integrifolia,,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Rocky sites up to the middle mountain zone.,Europe - Greece to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+ovalis integrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,pallida,Pale Serviceberry,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Dry gravelly and rocky slopes and flats below 3300 metres especially in moist coniferous forests in California.,South-western N. America,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,parviflora,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,W. Asia - Turkey.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,sanguinea,"Roundleaf Serviceberry, Gaspé serviceberry",,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods, rocky slopes and river banks on neutral to slightly calcareous soils.","Eastern N. America - Maine to New Jersey, west to Minnesota and Iowa.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierSanguinea.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,spicata,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Dry rocky places.,"N. America - Ontario to Michigan, Iowa, Pennsylvania and North Carolina.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,stolonifera,"Quebec Berry, Running serviceberry",,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Dry acid rocky or sandy open habitats.,Eastern N. America,5,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierStolonifera.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,utahensis,"Utah Serviceberry, Coville's serviceberry",,3 to 7,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Drier areas on rimrock valleys, gullies and hillsides from sagebrush desert to middle elevations in mountains.",South-western N. America - Utah to New Mexico.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+utahensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierUtahensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,weigandii,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Eastern N. America - Canada.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+weigandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,x grandiflora,Apple Serviceberry,slow,4 to 7,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, A. arborea x A. laevis.",5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+x grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierXGrandiflora.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelasorbus,jackii,Jack's amelasorbus,,3 to 7,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Western N. America - Idaho and Oregon.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelasorbus+jackii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelasorbusJackii.jpg
Melanthiaceae,Amianthium,muscitoxicum,Fly Poison,,4 to 8,1.2,,Bulb,,['Beetles'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or mesic wooded slopes, meadows and savannas from sea level to1500 metres.",Southeastern N. America - New York to Florida.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amianthium+muscitoxicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmianthiummusciToxicum.jpg
Lythraceae,Ammannia,multiflora,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wetlands in lowlands, especially in paddy fields, central and southern Japan.","Tropical and Sub-Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammannia+multiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ammi,majus,"Bishop's Weed, Large bullwort, Queen Anne's Lace, Bishop's Flower",medium,None to None,0.8,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places in Britain.,C. Europe to W. Asia and N. Africa. A casual in Britain[17].,1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammi+majus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmmiMajus.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ammi,visnaga,"Visnaga. Khella. Bishop's Weed, Toothpickweed",,None to None,0.8,0.4,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and sandy places.,C. Europe to W. Asia and N. Africa.,1,5,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammi+visnaga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmmiVisnaga.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Ammophila,arenaria,"Marram Grass, European beachgrass",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sand dunes by the coast.,"W. Europe, including Britain.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammophila+arenaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmmophilaArenaria.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Ammophila,breviligulata,"Beach Grass, American beachgrass",,4 to 8,1.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Coastal sand dunes.,North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to North Carolina and on the shores of the Great Lakes.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammophila+breviligulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmmophilaBreviligulata.jpg
Myrtaceae,Amomyrtus,luma,"Luma, Chilean guava,",,None to None,7.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Found between latitudes 36 and 46° 30' south.,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amomyrtus+luma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmomyrtusLuma.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Amorpha,canescens,Lead Plant,,2 to 9,1.2,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy prairies, hills and woodland[43, 200].","Eastern N. America - Indiana to Minnesota and Manitoba, south to Kansas and New Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorpha+canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmorphaCanescens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Amorpha,fruticosa,"False Indigo, False indigo bush",medium,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"River banks, rich moist thickets etc[43, 184]. Grows chiefly in limestone soils.",Southern N. America. Locally naturalized in S. and C. Europe[50].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorpha+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmorphaFruticosa.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Amorpha,nana,"Dwarf Indigobush, Dwarf false indigo,  Dwarf  Indigo",medium,4 to 8,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry prairies in S. Manitoba.,Western N. America - Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorpha+nana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmorphaNana.jpg
Araceae,Amorphophallus,konjac,"Devil's Tongue, Devil's Tongue, Snake Plant, Konjac, Konnyaku Potato, Voodoo Lily",fast,6 to 11,1.3,1.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Flies'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Loose leafy detritus in moist shady habitats[ 200 ]. Forest margins and thickets at elevations of 830 - 1,200 metres in western Yunnan[ 266 ].",E. Asia - southwest China.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorphophallus+konjac,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Amorphophallus_konjac_2.jpg
Araceae,Amorphophallus,paeoniifolius,"Elephant Yam, Whitespot giant arum",,11 to 12,0.8,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Loose leafy detritus in moist shady habitats. Tropical conditions in secondary forests, shrub forests and grasslands in arid valley areas at elevations below 750 metres.","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, north Australia, western Pacific",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorphophallus+paeoniifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Amorphophallus paeoniifolius11_Low_Resolution.jpg
Araceae,Amorphophallus,rivieri,"Devil's Tongue, Umbrella Arum, Leopard Palm, Snake Palm",,10 to 11,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Loose leafy detritus in moist shady habitats. Forest margins and thickets at elevations of 830-1200 metres in western Yunnan.,"E. Asia - Cochin China, East Indies.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorphophallus+rivieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Ampelodesmos,mauritanicus,Mauritanian grass,,7 to 10,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places, mainly near the coast.",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ampelodesmos+mauritanicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmpelodesmosMauritanicus.jpg
Vitaceae,Ampelopsis,arborea,Pepper Vine,,6 to 9,10.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Monoecious,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swampy woods. Rich moist soils. Stream bottoms, fence posts and disturbed areas in Texas.",Southern N. America - Florida to Texas and north to Illinois and Oklahoma.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ampelopsis+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmpelopsisArborea.jpg
Vitaceae,Ampelopsis,brevipedunculata,"Porcelain Berry, Amur peppervine, Blueberry Climber, Porcelain Berry Vine",fast,5 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets in hills all over Japan. Climbing up trees in valleys or over shrubs on hillsides at elevations of 100 - 600 metres in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, E. Russia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ampelopsis+brevipedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmpelopsisBrevipedunculata.jpg
Vitaceae,Ampelopsis,humulifolia,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October,Monoecious,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and thickets, 900 - 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ampelopsis+humulifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Ampelopsis,japonica,,,6 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Monoecious,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain sides. Usually climbing into trees and shrubs on hillsides and thickets, also found on grasslands, at elevations of 100 - 900 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ampelopsis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmpelopsisJaponica.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Amphicarpaea,bracteata,"Hog Peanut, American hogpeanut",,4 to 9,1.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],May to October,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool damp woodlands[43, 200].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Manitoba and Louisiana.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amphicarpaea+bracteata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmphicarpaeaBracteata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Amphicarpaea,edgeworthii,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and shaded places in lowland all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Himalayas",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amphicarpaea+edgeworthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmphicarpaeaEdgeworthii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Amphicarpaea,pitcheri,Hog Peanut,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich, often calcareous or alluvial soils. Moist thickets.",N. America - N. Dakota and south to Texas.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amphicarpaea+pitcheri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmphicarpaeaPitcheri.jpg
Boraginaceae,Amsinckia,lycopsoides,Tarweed Fiddleneck,,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open slopes and flats, often in disturbed soil","Europe. Western N. America. Naturalized on the Farne Islands, N.E. Britain[200].",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amsinckia+lycopsoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmsinckiaLycopsoides.jpg
Boraginaceae,Amsinckia,tesselata,Bristly Fiddleneck,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides and dry open slopes and flats, often in disturbed soil",South-western N. America - Utah.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amsinckia+tesselata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmsinckiaTesselata.jpg
Loranthaceae,Amyema,pendulum,Drooping Mistletoe,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An epiphytic parasitic shrub, growing mainly on Eucalyptus species.",Australia - all mainland states.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amyema+pendulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmyemaPendulum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Anabasis,aphylla,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,August to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Gobi desert, inter-dunes, gravelly alluvial fans, sometimes on arid slopes.",Europe - Russia to Siberia and northern China.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anabasis+aphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Anacamptis,pyramidalis,Pyramidal Orchid,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,April to June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Grassland, on chalk or limestone and on calcareous dunes, mainly in the southern part of Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anacamptis+pyramidalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnacamptisPyramidalis.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Anacardium,occidentale,"Cashew, Caju",slow,9 to 12,12.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Ants', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid thickets in stony, sandy soils at elevations around 600 metres[ 200 , 307 ]. Sand dunes near the sea[ 419 ].",S. America - Brazil.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anacardium+occidentale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Anacardium_occidentale1.jpg
Olacaceae,Anacolosa,frutescens,"Galo Nut, Kopi gunung, Tangki leuweung, Belian landak.",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and submontane forest, mixed Dipterocarp forest, by streams in kerangas forest, sometimes in peat swamp forest and secondary forest, occasionally on limestone, from sea-level to 700 metres, rarely to 1,400 metres[ 451 ].","Southeastern Asia - Myanmar, through Malaysia to Indonesia and the Philippines.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anacolosa+frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Anacolosa_frutescens_Koorders.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Anacyclus,pyrethrum,"Mount Atlas Daisy, Chamomile Spanish, Pellitory",medium,5 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Mediterranean - Spain, Morocco and Algeria.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anacyclus+pyrethrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnacyclusPyrethrum.jpg
Primulaceae,Anagallis,arvensis,Scarlet Pimpernel,,6 to 9,0.1,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides and cultivated land, preferring rather sandy soils.","Throughout most of the world, including Britain, but absent from the Tropics.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anagallis+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnagallisArvensis3.jpg
Bromeliaceae,Ananas,comosus,Pineapple,fast,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Savannahs.,S. America - Brazil.,5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ananas+comosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ananas comosus1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Anaphalis,margaritacea,"Pearly Everlasting, Western pearly everlasting",,3 to 7,0.9,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist meadows, by rivers, on wall tops and in sandy and waste places.",N. America. N.E. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anaphalis+margaritacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnaphalisMargaritacea.jpg
Boraginaceae,Anchusa,azurea,"Anchusa, Italian bugloss",,3 to 7,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sides of arable fields, waste places, roadsides and steppes on stony hills[45, 187].",Europe - Caucasus. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anchusa+azurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnchusaAzurea.jpg
Boraginaceae,Anchusa,officinalis,"Alkanet, Common bugloss",,4 to 8,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, pastures and waste ground, preferring warmer areas[9, 13].",Europe to W. Asia. An introduced casual in Britain[17].,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anchusa+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnchusaOfficinalis.jpg
Apocynaceae,Ancylobotrys,petersiana,"Mbohoya, Mwungo-wungo.",fast,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"In dune scrub, among boulders on rocky hillsides, in mixed woodland[ 308 ]. Open bushland or woodland, coastal evergreen forest, dry forest, at elevations from sea level to 400 metres[ 398 ].","Eastern Africa - Somalia and Kenya, south to S. Africa.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ancylobotrys+petersiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ancylobothrys_petersiana_(14911687226).jpg
Fabaceae,Andira,coriacea,Red Cabbage Bark Tree,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forests and savannah forests.,"S. America - French Guiana, Surinam.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Andira+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Andira coriacea.jpg
Acanthaceae,Andrographis,paniculata,"Green Chireta, Creat, Nilavembu, Kirayat, Chuan Xin Lian, King of Bitters",fast,10 to 12,0.8,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Village groves, roadsides, waste places, open sandy locations and fields, but also in monsoon and teak forest receiving only 10-20% of full light, at elevations from sea level to 1,600 metres[ 310 ].",E. Asia - India.,1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Andrographis+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Andrographis_paniculata_001.jpg
Ericaceae,Andromeda,glaucophylla,Bog Rosemary,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Bogs, peats, margins of pools etc.","North-eastern N. America - New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan and British Columbia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Andromeda+glaucophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaGlaucophylla.jpg
Ericaceae,Andromeda,polifolia,"Marsh Andromeda, Bog rosemary",slow,2 to 6,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Bogs, rarely on wet heaths, at altitudes up to 500 metres. Rare and decreasing in the south of Britain.","Northern temperate regions, in Europe, including Britain, Asia and America.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Andromeda+polifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaPolifolia.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Andropogon,gerardii,Big Bluestem,,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry soils, prairies, open ground and open woods[222, 236].","Eastern and Central N. America - Maine to Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Arizona and Mexico.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Andropogon+gerardii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndropogonGerardii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Andropogon,virginicus,Broomsedge Bluestem,,5 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open ground, old fields, open woods, sterile hills and sandy soils.","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas, Illinois and Ohio.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Andropogon+virginicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndropogonVirginicus.jpg
Primulaceae,Androsace,sarmentosa,Rock Jasmine,,3 to 7,0.1,0.2,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Basic,['Basic'],Well-drained soil,,Mixed forests and grassy slopes at elevations of 2800 - 4000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Sikkim to Kashmir.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Androsace+sarmentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndrosaceSarmentosa.jpg
Alliaceae,Androstephium,caeruleum,Blue Funnel Lily,,7 to 10,0.2,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies and grassy slopes, frequently in rocky areas at elevations of 100 - 800 metres[235, 270, 274].",Southern N. America - Kansas to Texas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Androstephium+caeruleum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndrostephiumCaeruleum.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Anemarrhena,asphodeloides,Zhi Mu,,None to None,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Mountain woodlands[174, 200]. Exposed slopes and hills. Scrub, grassy slopes, steppes, sunny and sandy hillsides from near sea level to 1500 metres.",E. Asia - N. China and Japan.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemarrhena+asphodeloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemarrhenaAsphodeloides.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,altaica,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, scrub and streamsides at elevations of 1200 - 1800 metres in W Henan, NW Hubei, S Shanxi and N Xinjiang provinces, China.",Eastern Asia - Arctic Russia to China and Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+altaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneAltaica.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,canadensis,Canadian Anemone,medium,3 to 7,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Damp thickets, meadows, wet prairies, lake shores, streamsides, clearings and occasionally swampy areas at elevations from 200 - 2800 metres.","Eastern and Central N. America from Labrador to Massachusetts, Illinois and Colorado.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneCanadensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,cylindrica,Candle Anemone,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Prairies, dry, open woods, pastures and roadsides at elevations from 300 - 3000 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to New Mexico, east to South Dakota and New Jersey..",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+cylindrica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneCylindrica.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,flaccida,,,5 to 9,0.1,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist shaded places along streams and ravines in foothills in loose peaty soils.,"E. Asia - N. and W. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+flaccida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneFlaccida.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,narcissiflora,"Narcissus-Flowered Anemone, Narcissus anemone",,3 to 7,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy, peaty but well-drained alpine meadows, occasionally in partial shade[100, 187].",Northern Europe to northern Asia. And northwestern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+narcissiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneNarcissiflora.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,nemorosa,"Wood Anemone, European thimbleweed",fast,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,March to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Woodland and shady hillsides in all but the most base deficient or water-logged soils[7, 17, 90].","Throughout the northern temperate zone of C. Europe, including Britain, and W. Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+nemorosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneNemorosa.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,nikoensis,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Woods in foothills, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+nikoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneNikoensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,obtusiloba,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist open slopes, 2000 - 3400 metres in Kashmir.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+obtusiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneObtusiloba.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,quinquefolia,"Wind Flower, Wood anemone, Twoleaf anemone, Nightcaps",,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Moist open woods, thickets, clearings, streamsides, occasionally swampy areas at elevations from 30 - 1900 metres.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, western Ontario, Minnesota and Tennessee.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+quinquefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneQuinquefolia.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,rivularis,Cao Yu Mei,,6 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, forest clearings, bunds between paddy fields, streamsides and hedges. Under alpine brush in the Himalayas, 4000 - 5000 metres.","E. Asia - Tibet, Himalayas, Sri Lanka.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+rivularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,stolonifera,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in mountains, C. and N. Japan. Broad-leaved and coniferous forests, mountainous regions at elevations of 1200 - 2600 metres in E Heilongjiang and Taiwan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,virginiana,Tall Thimbleweed,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Dry open woods. Dry, rocky, open woods, thickets and river banks from sea level to 2000 metres.","Central and Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Kansas, Alberta and Arkansas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneVirginiana.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Anemone,vitifolia,,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp open woodland and amongst shrubs up to 3000 metres[51, 200].",E. Asia - Himalayas in Nepal.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemone+vitifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Anemonella,thalictroides,Rue-Anemone,slow,4 to 7,0.1,,Perennial,,,,April.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp deciduous and mixed open woods[43, 187].","Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to Massachusetts, south to Florida and west to Kansas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemonella+thalictroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneThalictroides.jpg
Saururaceae,Anemopsis,californica,Yerba Mansa,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Basic,['Basic'],Wet soil,,"Wet, especially somewhat alkaline or saline marshy places, below 2000 metres[71, 187, 270].","South-western N. America - California, Mexico.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anemopsis+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemopsisCalifornica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Anethum,graveolens,Dill,medium,2 to 11,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],May to November,April to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, waste places etc in the Mediterranean.",W. Asia. Naturalized in Europe in the Mediterranean[100].,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anethum+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnethumGraveolens.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,acutiloba,Dong Dang Gui,,6 to 9,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In the mountains of central. Japan[58, 275].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+acutiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,anomala,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp habitats in C. and N. Japan[58, 200]. In grasses or forests, at forest edges or by streams in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+anomala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,archangelica,"Angelica, Norwegian angelica",,4 to 8,1.5,0.8,Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist shady places in Britain[4, 14, 27, 37].",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+archangelica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaArchangelica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,atropurpurea,Purplestem Angelica,,4 to 8,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich thickets, bottomlands and swamps.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Delaware, Illinois and Iowa.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+atropurpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaAtropurpurea.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,crucifolia,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A very rare plant in the wild, found in damp habitats in central and southern Japan[58, 200, 275]. Slopes, shrubby thickets or forest edges in China.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+crucifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,dahurica,Bai Zhi,,None to None,1.8,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp habitats in mountains, C. Japan[58, 200]. Thickets. In grasses of valleys, by streams or at forest edges in China.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Siberia.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+dahurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaDahurica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,decursiva,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in woods in lowland and hills, C. and S. Japan. Damp soils in China. On slopes, forest edges by streams or shrubby thickets.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+decursiva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,edulis,,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp habitats in mountain forests of northern and central Japan[58, 200, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,genuflexa,Kneeling Angelica,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist places. Forests in northern China.,"E. Asia - China, Siberia. North-western N. America - northern California northwards to Alaska.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+genuflexa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,gigas,"Giant Angelica, Purple Parsnip, Korean  Angelica",medium,4 to 8,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places and open woods in the mountains. In grasses, forests or by stream at elevations around 1000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+gigas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaCryptotaeniifolia.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,glauca,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found amongst scrub on humus-rich soils, 2000 - 3200 metres. Grows by ditches in Tibet.",E. Asia - Western Himalayas - Kashmir to Simla.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,japonica,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Near seashores, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaJaponica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,keiskei,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to October,July to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Damp habitats by the sea coast, C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+keiskei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaKeiskei.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,koreana,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Meadows and amongst shrubs.,E. Asia - Korea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+koreana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,laxiflora,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+laxiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,megaphylla,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In grasses, by streams or in forests; 1500--2000 metres in Sichuan.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+megaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,montana,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal to higher montane grassland, rocky and gravelly places, southwards from latitude 38°s on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,polymorpha,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp habitats in mountains, C. and S. Japan[58, 200]. By streams, in forests or damp grasses at elevations of 1000 - 1500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+polymorpha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaPolymorpha.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,pubescens,Du Huo,,6 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp habitats in hills and low mountains, C. and S. Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaPubescens.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,sinensis,Dang Gui - Dong Quai - Chinese Angelica,,6 to 9,1.0,0.7,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,High ground in cool and damp areas of western and north-western China. Forests.,E. Asia - China.,0,5,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaSinensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,sylvestris,"Wild Angelica,Woodland angelica",,4 to 8,1.5,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist fields and hedgerows, open woods, marshes and fens, not usually found on acid soils[7, 13].","Most of Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia and Siberia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngelicaSylvestris.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,uchiyamanae,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+uchiyamanae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,ursina,,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp habitats, C. and N. Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - Japan, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+ursina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Marrattiaceae,Angiopteris,fokiensis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dark shady places in forests and by streams.,E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angiopteris+fokiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngiopterisFokiensis.jpg
Myrtaceae,Angophora,cordifolia,Smooth-Barked Apple,,8 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Eucalyptus forests, especially in poor sandy or stony country.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angophora+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Angophora,floribunda,Rough-Barked Apple,,8 to 11,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sub-coastal districts, especially on alluvial flats, also to 1200 metres in New South Wales. Found in a variety of habitats, usually on shales and alluvial soils.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angophora+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AngophoraFloribunda.jpg
Lauraceae,Aniba,rosaeodora,"Brazilian Rosewood, Rosewood-oil tree",,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"An understorey tree in lowland to submontane, non-seasonal, rainforest, especially on clay soils, developing well in forest clearings[ 238 , 349 ]. Also recorded from areas of mountain savannah forest at elevations up to 1,280 metres[ 349 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Surinam, French Guiana.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aniba+rosaeodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aniba rosaeodora.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,atemoya,Atemoya,fast,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Beetles'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A hybrid of garden origin, it is not known in the wild.","A garden hybrid, Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa.",5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+atemoya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_atemoya.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,cherimola,"Cherimoya, Custard Apple",fast,8 to 12,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"Western S. America - Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+cherimola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona cherimola1.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,liebmanniana,"Hardshell custard-apple, Posh-te",fast,9 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or wet, mixed forest at elevations of 1,800 metres or less, chiefly near sea level.","Central America - south Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+liebmanniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona liebmanniana 240.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,mucosa,Wild Sweetsop,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland humid limestone forest from sea level to around 600 metres[ 307 ]. Found mainly in the more open areas of secondary growth[ 420 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean.",5,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+mucosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_mucosa.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,muricata,Sour Sop,fast,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Beetles', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Found on coastal limestone and lowland woodland[ 307 ].,"S. America - northern S. America, southern Central America, Caribbean.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+muricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona muricata6.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,salzmannii,Beach Sugar Apple,slow,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry forest areas on tree-covered sand dunes and in coastal forests[ 416 , 625 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+salzmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_salzmannii1.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,squamosa,"Sugar Apple, Sweetsop, Custard Apple",slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation,Caribbean.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+squamosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona_squamosa4.jpg
Annonaceae,Annona,vepretorum,"Araticum, Pinha da Caatinga, Araticum-da-bahia",slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in the dry forests of northeastern Brazil, growing in well-drained soils in areas of denser tree growth[ 625 ],",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Annona+vepretorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Annona vepretorum.jpg
Combretaceae,Anogeissus,leiocarpa,African Birch,slow,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found from the driest savannah to the wetter forest borders, in wooded grassland and bushland and on riverbanks[ 299 ]. Often grows gregariously on fertile soil in moist situations, from sea-level up to 1,900 metres[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Eritrea and Ethiopia, south to DR Congo.",2,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anogeissus+leiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Anogeissus_leiocarpa.jpg
Basellaceae,Anredera,cordifolia,"Madeira Vine, Heartleaf madeiravine",fast,8 to 11,9.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Naturalized in Texas, California and Florida in southern N. America where it grows in disturbed areas, fencerows and roadsides from sea level to 500 metres.",S. America - Southern Brazil to Northern Argentina.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anredera+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Anredera_cordifolia1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Antennaria,dioica,"Catsfoot, Stoloniferous pussytoes",,4 to 8,0.1,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountain grassland, heaths, dry pastures and woodland edges, usually on calcareous soils[9, 13, 17].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to Siberia and W. Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Antennaria+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AntennariaDioica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Anthemis,arvensis,Corn Chamomile,,4 to 8,0.4,0.3,Annual,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A locally common calcicolous plant of arable land and waste places throughout Britain.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthemis+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthemisArvensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Anthemis,cotula,"Mayweed, Stinking chamomile",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Annual,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places usually on heavy soil[4, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to N. and W. Asia.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthemis+cotula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthemisCotula.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Anthemis,tinctoria,"Yellow Camomile, Golden chamomile,  Dyers' Chamomile, Golden Marguerite",,4 to 6,0.8,0.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,"Sunny slopes, rocks, railway tracks and walls, usually on limestone.",Europe - Mediterranean. A casual in Britain[17].,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthemis+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthemisTinctoria.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Anthoxanthum,odoratum,Sweet Vernal Grass,,None to None,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, woodland margins, heaths and moors on acid and basic soils[9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthoxanthum+odoratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthoxanthumOdoratum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Anthriscus,cerefolium,"Chervil, Garden chervil",,6 to 9,0.5,0.3,Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgebanks, roadsides and waste places[9, 17].",South-eastern Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthriscus+cerefolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthriscusCerefolium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Anthriscus,sylvestris,"Cow Parsley, Wild chervil",,6 to 9,1.2,0.6,Biennial,,['Bees'],,April to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A very common plant of roadsides, hedges etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Siberia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthriscus+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthriscusSylvestris.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Anthyllis,vulneraria,Kidney Vetch,,6 to 9,0.2,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry situations on sea cliffs, stony rocks and shingle, usually on shallow calcareous soils[9, 13, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to the Caucasus and N. Africa.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthyllis+vulneraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthyllisVulneraria.jpg
Phyllanthaceae,Antidesma,bunius,"Bignay, Bignai",medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet evergreen forest, dipterocarp forest and teak forest; on river banks, at forest edges, along roadsides; in bamboo thickets; in semi-cultivated and cultivated areas; in shady or open habitats; usually in secondary but also in primary vegetation[ 327 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, northern Australia to the Pacific Islands.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Antidesma+bunius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Antidesma bunius5.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Antirrhinum,majus,"Snapdragon,  Garden snapdragon",medium,5 to 10,1.0,0.2,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Old walls, rocks and dry places[17, 100].",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Antirrhinum+majus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AntirrhinumMajus.jpg
Ulmaceae,Aphananthe,aspera,,,6 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowlands and hills, C. and S. Japan. Hills, valleys, stream sides and slopes at elevations of 100 - 600 metres (500 - 1000 metres in E and N China).","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aphananthe+aspera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AphanantheAspera.jpg
Rosaceae,Aphanes,arvensis,"Parsley Piert, Field parsley piert",,None to None,0.1,0.2,Annual,,,,April to October,July to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arable and dry stony ground and old walls on acid and basic soils.[5, 17, 165]","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to Iran in W. Asia.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aphanes+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AphanesArvensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Apios,americana,Ground Nut,,3 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],April to November,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in low damp bottomland or riparian woods and thickets, it is also often found round ancient Indian campsites[43, 62, 269].",N. America - Pennsylvania. Occasionally naturalized in S. Europe[50].,5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apios+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiosAmericana.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Apios,fortunei,"Hodo, Hodoimo",,4 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets, 600 - 1000 metres in W. China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apios+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiosFortunei.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Apios,priceana,Traveler's delight,,6 to 9,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets.,N. America - Kentucky and Tennessee.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apios+priceana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiosPriceana3.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,annuum,,,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Seasonally wet flats, saline lake flats, coastal limestone, sand ridges in sandy, clayey and loamy soils in Western Australia.",Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+annuum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,australe,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp places in all more or less open coastal habitats, less commonly in wet places inland to elevations of 75 metres in Tierra Del Fuego and north latitude to 35°s.",Southern S. America.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,filiforme,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By the coast and occasionally inland in lowland areas, Kermaduc, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+filiforme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiumFiliforme.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,graveolens,"Wild Celery. Ajmod, Ajwain-ka-patta (Indian)",,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,['Flies'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches, by rivers and in other damp locations, especially near the sea in salt marshes[9, 17, 100].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to temperate areas of Africa and Asia.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiumGraveolens.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,graveolens dulce,Celery,,None to None,0.6,,Biennial,,['Flies'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+graveolens dulce,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiumGraveolensDulce.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,graveolens rapaceum,Celeriac,,5 to 9,0.6,,Biennial,,['Flies'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+graveolens rapaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiumGraveolensRapaceum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,graveolens secalinum,Leaf Celery,,None to None,0.6,,Biennial,,['Flies'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+graveolens secalinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiumGraveolensSecalinum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,insulare,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+insulare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Apium,prostratum,"Sea Celery, Prostrate marshwort",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal headlands and dunes, margins of brackish swamps and saline stretches of river banks.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apium+prostratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApiumProstratum.jpg
Orchidaceae,Aplectrum,hyemale,"Putty Root, Adam and eve",,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to May,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep shade in the leaf litter of the forest floor. Woods and swamps. Moist, deciduous, upland to swampy forests from sea level to 1200 metres.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aplectrum+hyemale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AplectrumHyemale.jpg
Apocynaceae,Apocynum,androsaemifolium,Spreading Dogbane,,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woodland, woodland edges etc, usually on drier soils[43, 62].",Northern N. America.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apocynum+androsaemifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApocynumAndrosaemifolium.jpg
Apocynaceae,Apocynum,cannabinum,Indian Hemp,,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravelly or sandy soil, mainly near streams. A common weed of cultivated land, usually found in shady or moist places.",North-eastern N. America.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apocynum+cannabinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ApocynumCannabinum.jpg
Apocynaceae,Apocynum,pictum,Kendyr,fast,4 to 9,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Salt-barren areas, desert margins, riversides.","Central Asia - Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, western China, Mongolia",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apocynum+pictum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Apocynum_pictum1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Apocynum,venetum,,,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swamps, wet places and maritime sands[1, 50].",S. Europe. N. Africa - Syria.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Apocynum+venetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aponogetonaceae,Aponogeton,distachyos,"Water Hawthorn, Cape pondweed, Vleikos",,8 to 11,,,,,,,April to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Pond margins in water 15 - 60cm deep.,S. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aponogeton+distachyos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AponogetonDistachyos.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Aquilaria,crassna,"Agar Wood, Agarwood",,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Scattered in primary and secondary forests on rocky, shallow ferralitic soil, often along the sides of streams, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[ 325 , 598 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilaria+crassna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aquilaria_crassna.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Aquilaria,malaccensis,"Agar Wood, Eaglewood, Indian Aloewood, Aloeswood",slow,10 to 12,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Commonly found scattered in primary and secondary forest, mainly in plains but also on hillsides and ridges up to 750 metres[ 310 ].","E. Asia - northeast India through Myanmar, Malaysia to Indonesia and the Philippines.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilaria+malaccensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aquilaria malaccensis.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Aquilaria,sinensis,"Agar Wood, Pak Muk Heung, White Wood Incense",slow,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland forests, sunny places on slopes or along roadsides[ 266 ].",E. Asia - tropical southern China.,0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilaria+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aquilaria sinensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,brevistyla,Smallflower columbine,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, meadows, shores, and rock outcrops from 800 - 3500 metres[43, 269].",North-western N. America - Alberta to Alaska and southwards.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+brevistyla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaBrevistyla.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,buergeriana,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+buergeriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaBuergeriana.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,canadensis,"Wild Columbine, Red columbine, Meeting Houses, Common Columbine",medium,4 to 10,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky, wooded or open slopes and sometimes in swamps. Shaded or open woods, often around cliffs, rock outcrops, and forest edge, sometimes in swamps, from sea level to 1600 metres.","N. America - Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territories and south to Nebraska, Texas and Florida.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaCanadensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,coerulea,"Rocky Mountain Columbine, Colorado blue columbine, Dailey's columbine, White Colorado columbine",,3 to 7,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A wide range of habitats, especially in aspen groves, in the upper levels of the Rockies. Rocky slopes or near streams in open woodland or herbland at elevations of 2100 - 3600 metres.",Western N. America - Montana to Arizona and New Mexico.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+coerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaCoerulea.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,flabellata,"Fan Columbine, Dwarf Columbine",slow,3 to 9,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Scrub in the alpine regions of C. and N. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+flabellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaFlabellata.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,flavescens,"Columbine,  Yellow columbine",,4 to 8,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist mountain meadows and alpine slopes at elevations of 1300 - 3500 metres.,Western N. America - British Columbia to Colorado.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+flavescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaFlavescens.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,formosa,Western Columbine,,3 to 7,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Widely distributed in many habitats from the coast to the coastal mountains. Moist woods and damp places in scrub and on banks from sea-level to 3000 metres.,"Western N. America - Alaska to California, east to W. Montana and Utah.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+formosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaFormosa.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,formosa truncata,Columbine,,3 to 7,0.9,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mesic woods or shrublands from sea level to about 3500 metres.,"South-western N. America - California, Nevada and Oregon.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+formosa truncata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,jonesii,"Columbine, Jones' columbine, Blue limestone columbine",,3 to 7,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually sub-alpine on scree slopes or in rock crevices in limestone areas only at elevations of 1800 - 3400 metres[60, 270].","Western N. America - Alberta, Montana and Wyoming.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+jonesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaJonesii.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,karelinii,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp ravines and on mountain slopes usually covered with spruce, juniper and broad-leaved trees, meadows with tall vegetation in the forest and alpine zones, 900 - 3600 metres.",C. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+karelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,pubescens,"Columbine, Sierra columbine",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open rocky places and talus in the alpine and sub-alpine zones at elevations of 2700 - 4000 metres in California[71, 270].",South-western N. America - the southern Sierra Nevada of California.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaPubescens.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,shockleyi,,,6 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist places in dry woodlands and shrublands at elevations of 1200 - 2700 metres.,South-western N. America - California and Nevada.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+shockleyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaShockleyi.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Aquilegia,vulgaris,"Columbine, European columbine, Granny's Bonnet, European Crowfoot",medium,3 to 9,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist shady positions, especially on calcareous soils or fenland peat[7, 17, 31].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Temperate China.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aquilegia+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AquilegiaVulgaris.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabidopsis,thaliana,"Thale Cress, Mouseear cress",,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Walls and banks, hedgerows and waste places, and on dry soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia to Japan.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabidopsis+thaliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArabidopsisThaliana.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,alpina,"Alpine Rock Cress, Alpine rockcress",,4 to 8,0.2,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,March to May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Screes and rocks in moist sites in mountains[45, 50].",Europe. In Britain it is only found on the Isle of Skye[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArabisAlpina.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,caucasica,"Rock Cress, Wall Rockcress",medium,4 to 9,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,January to May,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mountain rocks and dry sites.,S.E. Europe - Mediterranean. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+caucasica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArabisCaucasica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,hirsuta,"Hairy rockcress,  	Mountain rockcress, Creamflower rockcress",,4 to 8,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Insects']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Chalk and limestone slopes, limestone rocks and walls, dunes and dry banks.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. Africa and N. Asia to Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArabisHirsuta.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,lyrata,"Rock Cress, Kamchatka rockcress, Lyrate rockcress",,4 to 8,0.3,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Ledges, cliffs (basic or circumneutral), gravels and sands. Rocky and sandy places.",N. America - Alaska and southwards. N.E. Asia,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+lyrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArabisLyrata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,pendula,,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets in mountains, central and northern Japan.",Northen Europe. Northern N. America. N. Asia,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+pendula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,sagittata,,,None to None,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry calcareous slopes, central and southern Europe.",Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+sagittata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArabisSagittata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Arabis,serrata,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky or sandy places in mountains - only found on Mt. Fuji in C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arabis+serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Arachis,glabrata,Perennial peanut,fast,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay in a large triangular area between 13°S and 28°.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arachis+glabrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arachis_glabrata_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Arachis,hypogaea,Peanut,,7 to 10,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild state.,S. America.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arachis+hypogaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArachisHypogaea.jpg
Fabaceae,Arachis,pintoi,Pinto peanut,fast,8 to 12,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low forest with a fairly dense canopy[310 ],S. America - eastern and central Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arachis+pintoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arachis_pintoi1_Plants.JPEG
Araliaceae,Aralia,chinensis,"Chinese Angelica Tree, Pumila Spirea, Chinese Astilbe",medium,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,August to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests on rich well moistened soil.,E. Asia - China,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Aralia,continentalis,Manchurian Spikenard,,7 to 10,2.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"E. Asia - W. and N. China, Korea, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+continentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Aralia,cordata,Udo,,4 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and thin woods, esp. by streams and ravines, all over Japan[58, 275].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaCordata.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,elata,"Japanese Angelica Tree, Angelica Tree",medium,4 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thin woodland and thickets on rich well moistened slopes[74, 109], 900 - 2000 metres in N. Hupeh.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaElata.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,hispida,Bristly Sarsaparilla,,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky or sandy sterile soils, Alberta to Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Quebec.","Eastern and Central N. America - E. Canada to Virginia, west to Illinois and Minnesota.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+hispida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaHispida.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,mandschurica,Manchurian Angelica Tree,,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests on rich well moistened slopes, 900 - 2000 metres in N. Hupeh. Thickets and thin woods in lowland and hills in Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaMandschurica.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,nudicaulis,Wild Sarsaparilla,,4 to 8,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, shady, rocky woods[4, 21].","N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to N. Carolina and Missouri.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+nudicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaNudicaulis.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,racemosa,American Spikenard,,4 to 8,1.8,1.2,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woodlands and thickets[21, 43].","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Kansas and Minnesota.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaRacemosa.jpg
Araliaceae,Aralia,schmidtii,Sakhalin Spikenard,,4 to 8,3.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets and thin woods, esp. by streams and ravines[58, 275].",E. Asia - N. Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+schmidtii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Aralia,spinosa,"Hercule's Club, Aralia spinosa,  American Angelica Tree, Hercules' Club, Devil's Walking Stick",slow,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Buffs, rich woods and river banks in deep moist soils.","South-eastern N. America - New York to Florida, east to Texas.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aralia+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraliaSpinosa.jpg
Araucariaceae,Araucaria,angustifolia,"Parana Pine. Brazilian-pine, Candelabra-tree.",slow,9 to 12,35.0,28.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A dominant component of tropical, seasonal, mixed moist forest, occurring at elevations between 600 - 2,300 metres[349 ].","S. America - southern Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Araucaria+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Araucaria_angustifolia5_Plants.JPEG
Araucariaceae,Araucaria,araucana,Monkey Puzzle Tree,slow,7 to 11,30.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June to July,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Mountain slopes in deep sandy soils in coniferous woodland, usually with Nothofagus spp.",S. America - S. Chile,5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Araucaria+araucana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraucariaAraucana.jpg
Araucariaceae,Araucaria,bidwillii,"Bunya-Bunya, Monkey Puzzle Tree, False Monkey Puzzle",medium,9 to 11,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich volcanic soils in moist valleys at low elevations near the coast[81, 167].",Australia - Queensland.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Araucaria+bidwillii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraucariaBidwillii.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Araujia,sericifera,"Cruel Plant, White bladderflower",fast,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy seashores in S.W. Europe[50, 74]. As a garden escape in hedges, trees, stony banks, cliffs, unkempt areas and waste places.",S. America - Brazil and Peru. Naturalized in S.W. Europe,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Araujia+sericifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AraujiaSericifera.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,andrachne,Grecian StrawberryTree,slow,7 to 10,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Evergreen scrub and rocky slopes on limestone, serpentine and igneous rocks in areas that are very dry in summer.",S.E. Europe. W. Asia.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+andrachne,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusAndrachne.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,arizonica,Arizona Maderone,slow,5 to 9,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,,"Dry gravelly benches, 1800 - 2400 metres.",South-western N. America - S. Arizona to New Mexico.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+arizonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusArizonica.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,canariensis,Canary Madrona,,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Canary Isles.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+canariensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusCanariensis.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,menziesii,"Madrona, Pacific madrone, Pacific Madrone",medium,8 to 9,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Found in a wide range of soils and climates and also in many different habitats. Grows in drier areas on high well-drained slopes usually in rich soils, occasionally on gravel[60, 82].",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusMenziesii.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,texana,Texas Madrone,slow,7 to 10,8.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Dry limestone hills. Chaparral and somewhat humid oak forests.,South-western N. America - Texas to New Mexico and south to Mexico.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+texana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusTexana.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,unedo,Strawberry Tree,medium,7 to 11,9.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to December,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woodland, scrub and rocky hillsides, often on limestone and sandstone[17, 45].",S. Europe and S.W. Ireland.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+unedo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusUnedo3.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,x andrachnoides,,medium,7 to 10,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+x andrachnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusXAndrachnoides.jpg
Ericaceae,Arbutus,xalapensis,"Madrono, Texas madrone",slow,7 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Drier oak forests from Sinaloa, Chihuahua and Nuevo Leon southwards. Usually found on limestone soils at elevations up to 3,000 metres.",South-western N. America - Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arbutus+xalapensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArbutusXalapensis.jpg
Fabaceae,Archidendron,jiringa,"Jengkol, Jiringa",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Moths', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forests of humid and mountainous areas, as well as along river banks[ 306 ]. A sub-canopy tree in primary and secondary rain forest and in evergreen forest[ 303 , 451 , 653 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh. Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Archidendron+jiringa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Archidendron jiringa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arctium,lappa,"Great Burdock, Gobo",,3 to 7,2.0,1.0,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, preferring calcareous soils, it is sometimes also found in meadows and woods.","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to northern Asia.",4,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctium+lappa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctiumLappa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arctium,minus,Lesser Burdock,,4 to 8,1.0,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, edges of woods, roadsides etc[5, 13].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and the Caucasus.",3,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctium+minus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctiumMinus.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,alpina,Alpine Bearberry,,None to None,0.1,0.1,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Mountain moors and stony places on calcareous Alps up to 2500 metres.,"N. Europe, including Britain, N. Asia to Japan, west to Greenland and northern N. America..",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosAlpina.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,columbiana,Hairy Manzanita,,6 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Near the coast.,Western N. America,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+columbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosColumbiana.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,glauca,Bigberry Manzanita,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry slopes below 1500 metres.,South-western N. America - S. California.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosGlauca.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,manzanita,"Manzanita, Whiteleaf manzanita, Konocti manzanita, Contra Costa manzanita, Roof's manzanita, Wieslan",,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Drought,"Dry coastal slopes and in canyons up to 1200 metres[71, 200].",South-western N. America - California.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+manzanita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosManzanita2.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,nevadensis,Pine-Mat Manzanita,medium,5 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Maritime exposure,Montane areas.,South-western N. America - California.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+nevadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosNevadensis2.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,parryana,Parry Manzanita,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry stony slopes, 1200 - 2250 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+parryana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosParryana.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,patula,Greenleaf Manzanita,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Open coniferous forests[3, 11].",South-western N. America.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+patula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosPatula.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,pungens,Pointleaf Manzanita,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Gravelly soils in sunny places in the Chaparral.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosPungens.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,stanfordiana,"Stanford's manzanita, Rincon manzanita",,5 to 9,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Open ridges and slopes, 300 - 1200 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+stanfordiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosStanfordiana.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,tomentosa,"Downy Manzanita, Woollyleaf manzanita,  Brittleleaf manzanita, Dacite manzanita, Rosy manzanita, San",,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Maritime exposure,Sandy places on the edge of Pinus radiata forests and on windy coastal bluffs below 150 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosTomentosa.jpg
Ericaceae,Arctostaphylos,uva-ursi,Bearberry,medium,4 to 8,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry open woods, often on gravelly or sandy soils. It is also found on sand dunes along the coast and is also found on limestone in the European Alps.",Britain. Northern N. America. N. Europe. N. Asia.,3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArctostaphylosUva-ursi.jpg
Primulaceae,Ardisia,crenata,"Coralberry,  Hen's eyes,  Spiceberry",slow,7 to 10,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July,September to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods in low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests, hillsides, valleys, shrubby areas, dark damp places at elevations of 100 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, India.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ardisia+crenata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArdisiaCrenata.jpg
Primulaceae,Ardisia,crispa,,,6 to 9,1.2,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July,September to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Mixed or broad-leaved forests, damp places, bamboo woods, hillsides and valleys at elevations of 100 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan, India.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ardisia+crispa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArdisiaCrispa.jpg
Primulaceae,Ardisia,japonica,Marlberry,medium,8 to 10,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to September,December to March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Mixed forests or bamboo woods, hillsides and dark damp places at elevations up to 1200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ardisia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArdisiaJaponica.jpg
Primulaceae,Ardisia,sieboldii,Duo Zhi Zi Jin Niu,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to June,January to April,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests, thickets, mountains and hillsides at elevations of 100 - 600 metres.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Formosa.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ardisia+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArdisiaSieboldii.jpg
Arecaceae,Areca,catechu,"Betel Palm, Betel Nut Palm",medium,11 to 12,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"An understorey plant of tropical, high rainfall forests, from sea level to 1,000 metres or more[ 200 , 297 ].",E. Asia - Philippines,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Areca+catechu,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Areca_catechu_1.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Arenaria,serpyllifolia,Thyme-Leaf Sandwort,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bare ground, arable fields, walls, bare soil on chalk downs, cliffs etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia and N. America.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arenaria+serpyllifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArenariaSerpyllifolia.jpg
Arecaceae,Arenga,pinnata,Solitary Sugar Palm,medium,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Usually found close to human settlements, often as a result of human activity[ 303 ]. Otherwise it prefers secondary forest at the border of primary rainforests[ 303 ]. Often found on sites poor in nutrients and mesic sites such as denuded hillsides[ 418 ].",E. Asia - probably India and Malaysia.,4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arenga+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arenga_pinnata_1.jpg
Sapotaceae,Argania,spinosa,"Argan Tree, Spiny Argania, Morocco Ironwood",,10 to 12,7.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Slopes of rough hills, seeming to thrive between the rocks on poor soil, at elevations up to 1,500 metres[ 303 ].","Northwest Africa - Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Argania+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Argania_spinosa_1.jpg
Papaveraceae,Argemone,albiflora,"White Prickly Poppy, Bluestem pricklypoppy",,6 to 9,1.5,0.5,Annual,,,,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waste places. Waste places, roadsides, fields, beaches, dunes and coastal plains from sea level to 300 metres.",Southern N. America - Connecticut to Florida and west to Texas and Illinois.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Argemone+albiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArgemoneAlbiflora.jpg
Papaveraceae,Argemone,mexicana,"Prickly Poppy, Mexican pricklypoppy",,7 to 10,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry soils along roadsides and in waste places and fields[72, 192].",South-western N. America. Naturalized in C. and S. Europe[50].,1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Argemone+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArgemoneMexicana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Argyranthemum,foeniculaceum,,,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,January to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry cliffs, occasionally on high mountains, in the south and south-western regions of Tenerife.",N. Africa - Canary Islands.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Argyranthemum+foeniculaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArgyranthemumFoeniculaceum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,amurense,Tian Nan Xing,,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Virgin forests, mountains and river banks. Deciduous forest, mixed forest, under woods and by streams at elevations of 50 - 200 metres in China.","E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+amurense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaAmurense.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,consanguineum,Tian Nan Xing,,6 to 9,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp shady pine and mixed forests, shrubberies and grassy slopes at elevations of 1800 - 3300 metres in the Himalayas[51, 147, 266].",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+consanguineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaConsanguineum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,costatum,,,6 to 9,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet cool woodlands and cliffs, often forming large colonies. Shrubberies, 2000 - 2600 metres. Grasslands in forest areas at elevations of 2300-2400 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in C. and E. Nepal.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+costatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araceae,Arisaema,dracontium,Green-Dragon,,4 to 8,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist woods. Found mainly in wet woods and along the sides of streams, but sometimes also in dry soils.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Wisconsin, Nebraska and Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+dracontium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaDracontium.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,flavum,,,6 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to July,June to July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mountain slopes, farmland edges and roadsides in sub-alpine steppe, 3500 - 4300 metres in Tibet. Locally common in Kashmir on humus-rich soils.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China. N. Africa - Yemen.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+flavum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaFlavum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,jacquemontii,,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and rocky slopes in upper forest and lower alpine zones in the drier areas of the Himalayas, 2400 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Afghanistan to S.E. Tibet.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+jacquemontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaJacquemontii.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,negishii,,,None to None,,,,,['Flies'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+negishii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araceae,Arisaema,peninsulare,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+peninsulare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araceae,Arisaema,quinatum,"Indian Turnip, Jack in the pulpit",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and moist rich soils.,"South-eastern N. America - Georgia to Louisiana, Tennessee and North Carolina.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+quinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaQuinatum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,ringens,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests. Woods near the sea, C. and S. Japan[58, 90].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+ringens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaRingens.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,serratum,,,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,March.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady forests in C. and S. Japan[58, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+serratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaSerratum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,thunbergii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaThunbergii.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,tortuosum,Arisaema,,6 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, shrubberies and open slopes to 3000 metres. Moist shady places at elevations of 1500 - 2200 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim and Bhutan.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+tortuosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaTortuosum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,triphyllum,"Jack In The Pulpit, Dragonroot, Indian Turnip",slow,4 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet woods, bogs and swamps.",Eastern N. America - Quebec to Louisiana and Kansas.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+triphyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisaemaTriphyllum.jpg
Araceae,Arisaema,utile,,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest openings at elevations of 1800 - 3700 metres in Nepal. The margins of evergreen Tsuga forests, thickets at elevations of 2800-3100 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas - Pakistan to Nepal and Bhutan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisaema+utile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araceae,Arisarum,vulgare,Friar's Cowl,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to July,May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places, open ground and rocky ground.",S. Europe.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arisarum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArisarumVulgare.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,clematitis,Birthwort,,5 to 9,0.7,0.5,Perennial,,['Flies'],May to November,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, gardens, orchards etc.",E. and S.E. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+clematitis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristolochiaClematitis.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,contorta,Ma Dou Ling,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Osier beds. Thickets on mountain slopes or in valleys at elvations of 500 - 1200 metres in China. Edges of mountain woods in Korea.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+contorta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,debilis,Ma Dou Ling,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Flies'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadside thickets and meadows in lowland, C. and S. Japan and in China[58, 109].","E. Asia - China, Japan",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+debilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,fangchi,Guan Fang Chi,,None to None,,,,,['Flies'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dense forests or thickets, on mountain slopes, at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+fangchi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,kaempferi,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, on mountain slopes.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+kaempferi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristolochiaKaempferi.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,macrophylla,"Pipevine, Dutchman's Pipe",fast,5 to 8,7.0,,Climber,,['Flies'],,June to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist, rich woodlands[200, 235]. Forests, often on dissected uplands and rugged, rocky slopes; Cumberland and Blue Ridge mountains at elevations of 50 - 1300 metres.","Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Georgia, Tennessee and Kansas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristolochiaMacrophylla.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,molissima,,,None to None,1.0,,Climber,,['Flies'],,April to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, grasslands, on mountain slopes at elevations of 100 - 900 metres in S Anhui, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - China,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+molissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,reticulata,Texas Dutchman's Pipe,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woodlands. Moist, sandy soils at elevations of 30 - 600 metres.","Southern N. America - Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,rotunda,Snakeroot,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found amongst shrubs and herbaceous plants along the sides of roads, in fields and in meadows.",Europe - Mediterranean. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+rotunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristolochiaRotunda.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,serpentaria,Virginia Snakeroot,,7 to 10,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich dry woods, usually on calcareous soils[21, 43].","South-eastern N. America - Connecticut to Florida, west to Texas and Ohio.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+serpentaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristolochiaSerpentaria.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Aristolochia,tomentosa,"Dutchman's Pipe, Woolly dutchman's pipe",fast,7 to 10,10.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Flies'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woods along rich river banks. Thickets and wods, in sandy and silty soils.","South-eastern N. America - North Carolina too Florida, west to Texas, Kansas and Illinois.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristolochia+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristolochiaTomentosa.jpg
Elaeocarpaceae,Aristotelia,chilensis,Macqui,,7 to 10,3.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A weedy shrub of cleared forests and waste ground, growing in damp humus rich soils on lower mountain hillsides by rivers between latitudes 31 and 40° south.","S. America - Chile, Argentina.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristotelia+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristoteliaChilensis.jpg
Elaeocarpaceae,Aristotelia,serrata,,,7 to 10,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forest and scrub from lowland to montane areas in North, South and Stewart Islands[44, 173].",New Zealand.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aristotelia+serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AristoteliaSerrata.jpg
Santalaceae,Arjona,patagonica,Macachi,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sands and shingle, open grassland and scrub from sea level to 250 metres from Tierra Del Fuego north to latitude 50°s in Chile.",Southern S. America,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arjona+patagonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArjonaPatagonica.jpg
Plumbaginaceae,Armeria,maritima,"Sea Thrift, Thrift seapink, California seapink, Interior seapink, Siberian sea thrift",slow,3 to 9,0.1,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Coastal salt marshes, pastures and maritime cliffs. Dry, sandy, somewhat acidic soils in sandy turf, coastal salt marshes, cliffs and mountain pastures.","W. Europe, including Britain, from Iceland to N. Spain.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Armeria+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArmeriaMaritima.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Armoracia,rusticana,"Horseradish, Red Cole",fast,4 to 9,0.7,0.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arable land, waste ground and by streams, favouring slightly damp positions.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Armoracia+rusticana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArmoraciaRusticana.jpg
Boraginaceae,Arnebia,benthamii,,,6 to 9,0.9,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open slopes and shrubberies, 3000 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to W. Nepal.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnebia+benthamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Arnebia,euchroma,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open slopes and rocks, only in the drier areas of the Himalayas, 3300 - 4500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to C. Nepal.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnebia+euchroma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arnica,angustifolia alpina,Mountain Tobacco,,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pasture and open woodland on neutral to calcareous soils. Bare rocky alpine slopes and summits.,N. Europe. N. Asia and Northern N. America.,0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnica+angustifolia alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arnica,cordifolia,Heartleaf Arnica,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Woodlands in foothills up to high elevations in mountains.,Western N. America - Alaska to New Mexico.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnica+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArnicaCordifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arnica,diversifolia,Rayless arnica,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rocky places from moderate to high elevations in mountains.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnica+diversifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArnicaDiversifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arnica,fulgens,"Hillside Arnica,  Foothill arnica",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open places, especially in foothills, and at moderate elevations in mountains.","Central and North-western N. America - British Columbia to Saskatchewan, south to California.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnica+fulgens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Arnica,montana,"Arnica, Mountain arnica",,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Calcareous soils in mountain pastures. Found especially on granite or siliceous soils in the Alps, up to 2500 metres. Pasture and open woodland, usually on poorer acid soils.",C. Europe.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arnica+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArnicaMontana.jpg
Rosaceae,Aronia,arbutifolia,Red Chokeberry,,4 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Low woods, thickets, swamps, damp pine barrens etc.",Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Minnesota and south to Texas and Florida.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aronia+arbutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AroniaArbutifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Aronia,melanocarpa,"Black Chokeberry, Black Berried Aronia",medium,3 to 8,2.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swamps and low woodlands, it is sometimes also found in drier soils[200, 235].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Florida and Michigan.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aronia+melanocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AroniaMelanocarpa.jpg
Rosaceae,Aronia,prunifolia,Purple Chokeberry,,4 to 8,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low woodlands.,Eastern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aronia+prunifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AroniaPrunifolia.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Arracacia,xanthorrhiza,"Peruvian Parsnip, Arracacha",,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cool mountainous districts at elevations of 2000 - 3500 metres.,Northern S. America,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arracacia+xanthorrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arracacia xanthorrhiza.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,abrotanum,Southernwood,,4 to 8,1.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],March to November,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. Europe? The original habitat is obscure.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+abrotanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaAbrotanum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,absinthium,"Wormwood, Absinthium.",medium,4 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waste land, rocks and screes[4, 9, 100].","Temperate regions of Europe and Asia, including Britain, north to Lapland and Siberia.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+absinthium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaAbsinthum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,annua,"Qing Hao, Sweet sagewort",fast,6 to 9,3.0,1.0,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Occurs naturally as part of a steppe vegetation in the northern parts of Chahar and Suiyuan provinces in China, at 1000 to 1500 m above sea level.",S. E. Europe to W. Asia.,1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+annua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaAnnua.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,anomala,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to November,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest margins, roadsides, canyons, river banks, shrublands and slopes at levations of 200 - 1200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+anomala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,argyi,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Waste places, roadsides, slopes, hills, steppe and forest steppe at low elevations to 1500 metres in most areas of China.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+argyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,biennis,Biennial Wormwood,,None to None,1.0,,Annual/Biennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Open ground, clearings, burns, roadsides and waste places.","N. America - Quebec to British Columbia and south to New England, Indiana etc.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+biennis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaBiennis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,campestris,Field Southernwood,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"A very local plant in Britain, confined to the breckland heaths of eastern Britain.","Temperate regions throughout the northern hemisphere, including Britain.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+campestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaCampestris.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,campestris glutinosa,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,Dry places.,S. Europe - Portugal to Italy and Sicily.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+campestris glutinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaCampestrisGlutinosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,capillaris,Yin Chen Hao,,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Grassy thickets, and along rivers and seashores, C. and S. Japan. Humid slopes, hills, terraces, roadsides and river banks at elevations of 100 - 2700 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+capillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaCapillaris.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,caruifolia,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Moist river banks, floodlands, waysides, outer forest margins, canyons and coastal beaches from low elevations up to 4600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+caruifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,cina,"Cina, Santonica",,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,Deserts.,"E. Asia - Russia, Turkestan",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+cina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaCina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,dracunculoides,"Russian Tarragon, Tarragon,  French Tarragon",medium,5 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Prairies, plains and dry slopes.",N. America. N. Europe. N. Asia - Siberia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+dracunculoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaDracunculoides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,dracunculus,"Tarragon,  French Tarragon",medium,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,By rivers and streams. Grassland and arid steppe.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+dracunculus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaDracunculus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,filifolia,"Sand Sage, Sand sagebrush",,3 to 7,1.2,0.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,Sandy soils in deserts and dry plains.,"Central and Southern N. America - Nebraska to Utah, Wyoming, Texas and Mexico.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+filifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaFilifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,frigida,"Fringed Wormwood, Prairie sagewort",,3 to 10,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry prairies, plains and rocks to 3300 metres in N. America[43, 164].","N. America - Minnesota to Saskatchewan, Yukon, Texas and Arizona. N. Asia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+frigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaFrigida.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,glacialis,Glacier Wormwood,,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Exposed rocky slopes in the Alps. Schistose rocks and screes, 2000 - 3100 metres.",C. Europe.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+glacialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaGlacialis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,gmelinii,"Russian Wormwood, Gmelin's wormwood",,3 to 7,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry stony slopes, especially in Ladakh and Lahul, 2100 - 4200 metres. Hills, steppe, semidesert steppe, meadows, rocky slopes, scrub, dry floodlands, wastelands; 1500--4900 m.","Eastern Europe to Central Asia, China, Mongolia and Korea.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+gmelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,indica,,,6 to 9,1.2,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground in central and southern Japan. The sides of paths and tracks, margins of cleared forests at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,japonica,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sunny hills and low elevations in mountains all over Japan. Forest margins, waste areas, shrublands, hills, slopes and roadsides from low elevations to 3300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,keiskeana,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to November,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mountains all over Japan. Roadsides, dry slopes, shrublands, grasslands and forest margins at elevations of 100 - 900 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and eastern Russia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+keiskeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,laciniata,Siberian wormwood,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found at elevations of 2,400 - 3,600 metres in the Himalayas.",Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaLaciniata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,lactiflora,White Mugwort,slow,4 to 8,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest margins, shrublands, canyons, slopes, roadsides, river banks and thickets from low elevations to 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+lactiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaLactiflora.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,lancea,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,Grassy places in C. and S. Japan. Open areas and uncultivated land at elevations of 1200 - 3400 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+lancea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,ludoviciana,"White Sage, Louisiana Sage, Prairie Sage, Western Mugwort",medium,4 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Prairies, dry open soils and thin woodland.","Western N. America - Michigan to Washington, south to Texas and Mexico.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+ludoviciana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaLudoviciana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,ludoviciana gnaphalodes,White Sage,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Prairies, plains and dry open soils[43, 235].","N. America - Ontario and Illinois to Alberta, Missouri, Texas and Mexico.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+ludoviciana gnaphalodes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,maritima,Sea Wormwood,,6 to 9,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Drier parts of salt marshes in sand and shingle.,"Much of Europe, including Britain, east to central Asia.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaMaritima.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,mexicana,Mexican White Sagebrush,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Prairies, hillsides, barrens and sands[43, 235].","South-western N. America - Missouri to Texas, Arkansas and Mexico.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaMexicana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,michauxiana,"Mountain Sagewort, Michaux's wormwood",,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Rocky places in mountains, usually at rather high elevations.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+michauxiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaMichauxiana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,monophylla,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Grassy slopes in high mountains, C. Japan[58, 275].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+monophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,montana,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woods and grassy fields in mountains, C. and N. Japan[58, 275]. Roadsides, shrublands, forest margins, wet meadows and riverside forests at elevations of 300 - 2800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,nova,Black Sagebrush,,None to None,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Dry plains and hills, 1500 - 2400 metres[60, 164].",Western N. America - Washington to California.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+nova,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaNova.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,persica,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky slopes and sandy beaches at an elevation of 2900 - 4000 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to northern India and western Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+persica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,princeps,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to November,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Waste ground and thickets in lowland and low elevations, central and southern Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+princeps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaPrinceps.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,rubripes,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Waste areas, grassy slopes, forest steppe, shrublands, roadsides, river banks, meadows and forests from low elevations to 1200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+rubripes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,sacrorum,Russian Wormwood,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Widespread throughout China on hills, waysides, shrublands, slopes (where it is often dominant on southern slopes), roadsides and forest steppe from low to middle elevations.","E. Asia - from Afghanistan to India, Tibet, China and Mongolia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+sacrorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,schmidtiana,"Sagebrush, Silvermound, Wormwood, Mugwort",medium,5 to 8,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to November,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Bare soil in high mountains and also by the sea, C. and N. Japan[58, 187]. Grassy slopes in high mountains and on seashores.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+schmidtiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaSchmidtiana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,scoparia,Redstem wormwood,,3 to 7,0.6,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Waste ground in C. Japan.,C. Europe to W. Asia.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+scoparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,sibirica,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Grasslands on mountain slopes at elevations of 1500 - 2600 metres in northeastern China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,sieversiana,,,None to None,0.8,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Stony ground, especially in Ladakh, and also in dry areas of Nepal, 1500 - 4100 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to C. Nepal.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+sieversiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,stelleriana,"Beach Wormwood, Oldwoman, Dusty Miller",medium,3 to 9,0.5,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sand dunes and coastal cliffs, C. and N. Japan[58, 187]. Naturalized on sand near Marazion in Cornwall.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Siberia. Naturalized in Britain[17].",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+stelleriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaStelleriana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,stolonifera,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to November,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mountains in C. and S. Japan. Forest margins, roadsides, slopes, canyons and forest steppe at low elevations.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan and eastern Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,sylvatica,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Forest margins, shrublands, humid areas, slopes and roadsides at levaions of 100 - 1300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Mongolia and eastern Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,tilesii,"Wormwood, Tilesius' wormwood",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open rocky or gravelly wet or dry sites, mostly at rather high elevations in the mountains, but descending at times to sea level, N. Montana to Alaska.",E. Asia to North-western N. America.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+tilesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,tridentata,"Sage Brush, Big sagebrush, Bonneville big sagebrush",,4 to 10,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry plains and hills on calcareous soils. Found on slightly acid and on alkaline soils.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to California and Mexico, east to Nebraska.",3,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+tridentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaTridentata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,tripartita,"Threetip Sage Brush, 	Wyoming threetip sagebrush",,6 to 9,1.8,,Shrub,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry plains and hills, often in somewhat moister or more favoured sites or at slightly higher elevations than A. tridentata to which it is akin.",North-western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+tripartita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,umbelliformis,Alpine Wormwood,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountain rocks, moraines and river gravels.","Europe - Alps, N. Apennines.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+umbelliformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaUmbelliformis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,vestita,Russian Wormwood,,3 to 7,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hills, rocky slopes, grasslands, shrublands and outer forest margins at elevations of 2000 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia from Pakistan to China and Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+vestita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,vulgaris,"Mugwort, Common wormwood, Felon Herb, Chrysanthemum Weed, Wild Wormwood",fast,3 to 9,1.2,0.7,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Common on hedgebanks and waysides, uncultivated and waste land[4, 7, 17].","Throughout most temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, including Britain.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArtemisiaVulgaris.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Artemisia,wrightii,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+wrightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Arthrocnemum,fruticosum,Glasswort,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"By the seashore, especially in salt marshes[1, 50].",S. Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthrocnemum+fruticosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Arthrocnemum,subterminale,"Glasswort, Parish's glasswort",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Salt marshes, depressions in alkali sage scrub from sea level to 100 metres, occasionally to 400 metres.",South-western N. America - California and Baja California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthrocnemum+subterminale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArthrocnemumSubterminale.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Arthromeris,wallichiana,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Fern,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady places on mossy tree trunks, thick branches and rocks, at elevations of 1300 - 2800 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Nepal to China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthromeris+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asphodelaceae,Arthropodium,cirrhatum,Rock-lily,,7 to 10,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky cliffs near the sea, often in colonies, on North and South Islands north of latitude 42° 30´s",New Zealand,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthropodium+cirrhatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArthropodiumCirrhatum.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Arthropodium,milleflorum,Pale Vanilla Lily,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a variety of habitats from the coast to alpine areas. Eucalyptus forests, woodlands and sub-alpine meadows, favouring moist grassy sheltered slopes.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthropodium+milleflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArthropodiumMilleflorum.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Arthropodium,minus,Small Vanilla Lily,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a variety of habitats from the coast to alpine areas. Eucalyptus forests, woodlands and sub-alpine meadows, favouring drier habitats than A. milleflorum.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arthropodium+minus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Moraceae,Artocarpus,altilis,Breadfruit,fast,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Lowland humid tropics,"E. Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, western Pacific..",5,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+altilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus_altilis_1.jpg
Moraceae,Artocarpus,camansi,"Breadnut, Kamansi",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Alluvial forests in lowland areas, it is one of the first species to appear on the tops of frequently flooded banks of rivers[ 303 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia to Papua New Guinea.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+camansi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus camansi.jpg
Moraceae,Artocarpus,heterophyllus,Jackfruit,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests[ 303 ]. Evergreen forests at elevations of 450 - 1,200 metres[ 525 ].",E. Asia - Indian subcontinent.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+heterophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus heterophyllus1.jpg
Moraceae,Artocarpus,integer,Champedak,slow,11 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A common, sub-canopy tree in secondary forests and locally abundant in primary lowland rainforest, often on wet hillsides in Thailand[ 306 ]. Usually found at elevations up to 450 metres, occasionally to 1,200 metres[ 525 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+integer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus integer5_Low_Resolution.jpg
Moraceae,Artocarpus,mariannensis,"Seeded breadfruit, Marianas bread",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in tall native-canopy forest and secondary forest, in coral limestone and volcanic islands with steep slopes and ridges and ravine forests from coastal to lower mountain slopes[ 303 ].",Pacific - Palau.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+mariannensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus mariannensis.jpg
Moraceae,Artocarpus,odoratissimus,"Marang, Terap",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary forests up to 1,000 metres altitude on sandy clay soils in Thailand[ 306 ]. Evergreen forests[ 525 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artocarpus+odoratissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Artocarpus odoratissimus.jpg
Araceae,Arum,dioscoridis,,,7 to 10,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],October to July,May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges and rocky places, often on calcareous soils[90, 200].",S. Europe and N. Africa - E. Mediterranean.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arum+dioscoridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArumDioscoridis.jpg
Araceae,Arum,italicum,"Italian lords and ladies, Italian Arum",,5 to 9,0.4,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stony ground near the sea, hedges and among old walls, often on calcareous soils[17, 90, 200].","Southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arum+italicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArumItalicum.jpg
Araceae,Arum,maculatum,Cuckoo Pint,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgerows, woodlands, copses etc, especially on base-rich substrata[9, 17].","Most of Europe, south and east of Sweden, including Britain, south to N. Africa.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arum+maculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArumMaculatum.jpg
Rosaceae,Aruncus,dioicus,"Goat's Beard, Bride's feathers",fast,3 to 7,2.0,3.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods, shady places and by streams, usually in mountainous areas[50, 187].","Europe, N. America and Asia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aruncus+dioicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AruncusDioicus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Arundinaria,gigantea,"Canebrake bamboo, Cane Reed, Giant cane",,5 to 9,9.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms dense thickets along riverbanks, in swamps and low woods[43, 235]. Found on all types of soil from sea level to 600 metres.","Southeastern N. America - Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Oklahoma to North Carolina, Florida and Texas.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundinaria+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArundinariaGigantea.jpg
Poaceae,Arundinaria,spp,Running Bamboo,fast,4 to 10,10.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms dense thickets along riverbanks, in swamps and low woods[43, 235]. Found on all types of soil; at elevations from sea level to 600 metres.","Asia, North America",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundinaria+spp,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Arundinaria_spp1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Arundinella,hookeri,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open rocky places at elevations of 2400 - 3500 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Bhutan and Myanmar.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundinella+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Arundinella,nepalensis,,,6 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open places at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - northeastern India to China and southeastern Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundinella+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Arundo,donax,"Giant Reed, Giant Reed Grass",fast,6 to 10,6.0,4.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Ditches, riversides and marshland[7, 200].",S. Europe,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arundo+donax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArundoDonax2.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,arifolium,,,6 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Upland deciduous and mixed deciduous-conifer forests from sea level to 600 metres.,South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Louisiana.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+arifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,blumei,,,6 to 9,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Damp shady spots on mountain sides.,"E. Asia - China, Japan",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+blumei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,canadense,"Snake Root, Canadian wildginger, Canada Wild Ginger, Wild Ginger",slow,3 to 9,0.1,0.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist rich soils in woodlands, usually on calcareous soils[43, 159]. Understorey of deciduous (rarely coniferous) forests from sea level to 1300 metres.","Eastern N. America - Manitoba to New Brunswick, south to N. Carolina and Kansas.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+canadense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsarumCanadense.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,caudatum,"Wild Ginger, British Columbia wildginger",fast,6 to 10,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Flies'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Deep shade in moist pine woods and redwood forests[60, 187]. Understory of conifer forests, usually in mesic or wet places from sea level to 1200 metres and occasionally to 2200 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+caudatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsarumCaudatum.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,dilatatum,,,None to None,,,,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+dilatatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,europaeum,"Asarabacca, European Wild  Ginger",slow,4 to 8,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Flies'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woodland and waterside thickets[13, 19], especially in beech woodlands.","Central and southern Europe, east to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+europaeum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsarumEuropaeum.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,forbesii,Du Heng,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky ravines. Moist shady places in forests in valleys at elevations under under 800 metres.,E. Asia - C. China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+forbesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,heterotropoides,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist shady places in forests on mountain slopes or in valleys.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+heterotropoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,maximum,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in humus rich soils at elevations of 600 - 800 metres.,E. Asia - China in Hubei and E. Sichuan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsarumMaximum.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,nipponicum,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+nipponicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,reflexum,,,5 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist soils in woodlands, along the sides of streams and in river valleys, often forming large patches[43, 159, 235].","Eastern N. America - Connecticut and New York to Iowa, Michigan, North Carolina and Kansas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+reflexum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,shuttleworthii,"Asarabacca, Mottled Wild Ginger",fast,5 to 9,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Flies'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich mountain woods. Acidic soils, often along creeks beneath Rhododendron maximum , deciduous or mixed deciduous-conifer forests at elevations of 400 - 1300 metres.",South-eastern N. America - West Virginia to Alabama.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+shuttleworthii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HexastylisShuttleworthii.jpg
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,sieboldii,Wild Ginger,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Coniferous and mixed woods, dense shrub thickets. Forests in moist humus-rich soils at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,splendens,Chinese Wild Ginger,slow,5 to 9,0.2,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forest floors full to part shade.,Asia,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Asarum_splendens1.JPEG
Aristolochiaceae,Asarum,takaoi,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asarum+takaoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,asperula,"Antelope Horns, Spider milkweed, Trailing Milkweed",medium,7 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy or rocky calcareous soils.,South-western N. America.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+asperula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasAsperula.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,brachystephana,Bract milkweed,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry soils.,"Central and Southern N. America - Wyoming to Texas, Arizona and Mexico.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+brachystephana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasBrachystephana.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,californica,"California Milkweed, Greene's milkweed",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry slopes below 2200 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasCalifornica.jpg
Apocynaceae,Asclepias,currasavica,Blood Flower,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wasps', 'Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Occurs most frequently in pastures, wastelands and along roadsides at elevations from sea level to over 1,500 metres[305 ].","Tropical S. America, but widely naturalized in many areas of the Tropics.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+currasavica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Asclepias_currasavica1_Plants.JPEG
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,decumbens,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry open soils.,Eastern N. America - Illinois and Ohio to North Carolina and Florida..,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+decumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,eriocarpa,Woollypod Milkweed,,7 to 10,0.9,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry barren places below 2000 metres.,South-western N. America - California,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+eriocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasEriocarpa.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,erosa,Desert Milkweed,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry slopes and washes below 1500 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+erosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasErosa.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,galioides,Bedstraw Milkweed,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"Central and southern N. America - Kansas to Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico And Mexico",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+galioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasGalioides.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,hallii,"Purple Silkweed, Hall's milkweed",,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils of prairies and roadsides.,"Western N. America - Wyoming to Colorado, south to Nevada and S. Arizona.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+hallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,incarnata,"Swamp Milkweed, Swamp Butterfly Weed, Marsh Milkweed",medium,3 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps, wet thickets and shores.","N. America - Quebec to Manitoba and Wyoming, south to Texas and New Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+incarnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasIncarnata.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,involucrata,Dwarf Milkweed,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry plains and mesas, occasionally with pine, 1000 - 2000 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasInvolucrata.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,lanceolata,"Purple Silkweed, Fewflower milkweed",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swamps, mostly near the coast.",Eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Texas,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasLanceolata.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,latifolia,Broadleaf Milkweed,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry plains and prairies[43, 235].","Central and south-western N. America - Nebraska to Colorado, Texas and Arizona",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasLatifolia.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,mexicana,,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America - C. Mexico.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasMexicana.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,ovalifolia,Oval-leaf milkweed,,5 to 9,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy, gravelly or clayey soils of prairies and woodlands.",Central N. America.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+ovalifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasOvalifolia.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,pumila,"Low Milkweed, Plains milkweed",,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy, clayey or rocky calcareous or gypseous soils of prairies.","Western N. America - Iowa to South Dakota, Arkansas, Wyoming, Texas, Colorado and New Mexico.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasPumila.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,purpurascens,Purple Milkweed,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist thickets, woods and openings.","Eastern N. America - South Dakota to Minnesota, south to Tennessee.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+purpurascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasPurpurascens.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,quadrifolia,Fourleaf Milkweed,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open deciduous woods and forest margins.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to South Carolina, west to Kansas and Minnesota.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+quadrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasQuadrifolia.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,rubra,Red Silkweed,,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist soils.,"Eastern N. America - New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Missouri, Louisiana and Texas.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasRubra.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,speciosa,Showy Milkweed,,3 to 9,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies, in sandy and loamy, usually moist soils.","Western N. America - Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Kansas, Utah and California.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasSpeciosa.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,subulata,Rush Milkweed,,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Desert washes and sandy places below 600 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+subulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasSubulata.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,sullivantii,Prairie milkweed,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist lowland areas, in rich ground and on prairies.","N. America - Ontario to Ohio, Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+sullivantii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasSullivantii.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,syriaca,"Common Milkweed, Silkweed, Milkweed",medium,3 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, roadsides, dry fields and waste places[21, 43].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to N. Carolina, Kansas and Georgia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+syriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasSyriaca.png
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,tuberosa,"Pleurisy Root, Butterfly milkweed, Rolfs' milkweed, Indian Paintbrush",medium,3 to 9,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open sandy and gravelly soils and grassy places by the sides of roads[43, 187, 268].","N. America - S. Ontario and New York to Minnesota, south to Florida and Colorado.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasTuberosa.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Asclepias,viridiflora,"Green Milkweed,  Green comet milkweed",,None to None,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy, gravelly or calcareous soils in prairies[228, 274].",Eastern N. America - west and south to Arizona and Mexico.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asclepias+viridiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsclepiasViridiflora.jpg
Annonaceae,Asimina,triloba,Papaw,slow,5 to 8,4.5,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey tree of woodlands, growing in deep rich moist soils of river valleys and bottomlands, often forming dense thickets.","South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsiminaTriloba.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Aspalathus,linearis,Rooibos,,8 to 11,2.0,,Shrub,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Sandy hills and on the sides of mountains. Well-drained, sandy but moisture-retaining, non-acidic soils.",S. Africa - south and south-west Cape.,3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aspalathus+linearis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspalathusLinearis.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,abyssinicus,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Africa - Ethiopia,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+abyssinicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,acutifolius,,,7 to 10,1.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Bushy and dry sunny places, mainly on limestone[45, 89, 132].",Europe - Mediterranean.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+acutifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusAcutifolius.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,adscendens,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found especially in Sal forests in Uttar Pradesh.,"E. Asia - Afghanistan, Himalayas, Iran.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+adscendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,albus,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High plateaux in hedges and scrub[46, 50].",Europe - W. and C. Mediterranean. N. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusAlbus.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,aphyllus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedges and rocky limestone hills.,S. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+aphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,cochinchinensis,Chinese Asparagus,,6 to 9,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Near seashores all over Japan. Thinly forested slopes, roadsides and waste fields from near sea level to 1700 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+cochinchinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusCochinchinensis.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,dauricus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,May to June,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravelly steppes, stony slopes, rocks and rarely in sandy soils or fallows. Sandy wastelands and arid slopes from near sea level to 2200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+dauricus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,filicinus,Fern Asparagus,,7 to 10,0.7,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Loose humus rich soils in forests, 1700 - 2700 metres in the Himalayas. Forests, thickets, shady and moist places along valleys; 1200 - 3000 metres in western China.","E. Asia - China, India.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+filicinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,maritimus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sandy soils, mainly near the coast.",S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+maritimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,officinalis,"Asparagus, Garden asparagus",,2 to 9,1.5,0.8,Perennial,,['Bees'],,August,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Fertile and sandy soils by the seashore and along river banks[9, 132].","Western Europe, including Britain, from N. Germany to S. W. France.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusOfficinalis.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,racemosus,Shatavari,,8 to 11,7.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations up to 1,200 metres in the Himalayas, eastwards from Kashmir. Broad-leaved forests along streams or valleys at elevations of 2100 - 2200 metres in western China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",3,5,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+racemosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusRacemosus.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,sauveolens,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+sauveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,schoberioides,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and grassy slopes at elevations of 400 - 2300 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+schoberioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,setaceus,"Asparagus Fern, Common asparagus fern, Plumosa Fern",medium,9 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mainly found in moist forests from Southern Cape province to Natal and north to Malawi.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+setaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusSetaceus.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,stipularis,,,None to None,,,,,,,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places, vineyards.",S. Europe to N. Africa - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+stipularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,tenuifolius,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Groves and scrub.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+tenuifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusTenuifolius.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,verticillatus,,,5 to 9,4.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woody margins, scrub, stony places and shores.",Europe to W. Asia - Russia to Iran.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+verticillatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusVerticillatus.jpg
Rubiaceae,Asperula,cynanchica,Squinancy Wort,,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Dry calcareous pastures and calcareous dunes.,"Central and southeastern Europe, including Britain, to the Caucasus.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asperula+cynanchica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsperulaCynanchica.jpg
Rubiaceae,Asperula,tinctoria,Dyer's Woodruff,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry pastures. Meadows and rocky places.,Northern and Central Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asperula+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsperulaTinctoria.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Asphodeline,lutea,"King's Spear, Yellow Asphodel, Jacob's Rod",medium,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Dry grassland, rocky and stony places, usually on limestone.","Mediterranean in Southern and Eastern Europe, North Africa and east to the Caucasus.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asphodeline+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsphodelineLutea.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Asphodelus,aestivus,,,7 to 10,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky places, hills, dry places and on poor uncultivated ground.",S. Europe. N. Africa. W. Asia.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asphodelus+aestivus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsphodelusAestivus.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Asphodelus,albus,"Asphodel, Gamón-blanco",,5 to 9,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Ploughed fields, rough ground, dry hills and mountain meadows[45, 50].",S. Europe.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asphodelus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsphodelusAlbus.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Asphodelus,fistulosus,Onionweed,,7 to 10,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry sandy or rocky places in fields, track-sides and uncultivated ground.",S. Europe - Mediterranean. W. Asia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asphodelus+fistulosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsphodelusFistulosus.jpg
Convallariaceae,Aspidistra,elatior,"Aspidistra, Cast Iron Plant",slow,7 to 11,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Slugs', 'Snails']",,January to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An understory plant, found growing in forests beneath Ardisia crenata and Castanopsis sieboldii.","E. Asia - Japan - Kuroshima, Suwanose, and Uji Islands.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aspidistra+elatior,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspidistraElatior.jpg
Apocynaceae,Aspidosperma,album,Guatambu,medium,10 to 12,25.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dense forests [ 409 , 592 ].","S. America - Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aspidosperma+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aspidosperma album.jpg
Apocynaceae,Aspidosperma,eburneum,Eburneum,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests[ 409 ].,S. America - Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aspidosperma+eburneum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aspidosperma_eburneum1.jpg
Apocynaceae,Aspidosperma,polyneuron,Peroba Rosa,slow,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A species of tropical, lowland to submontane moist forest. It occurs in various forest types in moderately humid areas from low to medium elevations. It can be dominant in the understory of Araucaria forest[ 349 ].","S. America - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru and Colombia.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aspidosperma+polyneuron,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aspidosperma polyneuron1.jpeg.jpg
Apocynaceae,Aspidosperma,quebracho-blanco,Quebracho,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern South America.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aspidosperma+quebracho-blanco,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspidospermaQuebracho-blanco.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,adiantum-nigrum,Black Spleenwort,,5 to 9,0.5,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,June to October,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods, hedgebanks, shady walls and rocks.","Most of Europe south of the Faroes, including Britain, to the Himalayas, N. and S. Africa.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+adiantum-nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumAdiantum-nigrum.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,bulbiferum,"Hen And Chicken Fern, Parsley Fern, Mother Spleenwort",slow,10 to 11,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Riversides in lowland and lower montane forest in New Zealand.,"Australia, New Zealand.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+bulbiferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumBulbiferum.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,ceterach,Scale Fern,,7 to 10,0.2,,Fern,,,,,April to October,,"['light', 'medium']",Basic,['Basic'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: basic (mildly alkaline) soils,,Limestone rocks and mortared walls.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain, east to the Himalayas and Caucasus.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+ceterach,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumCeterach.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,ruta-muraria,"Wall Rue, Lance asplenium",slow,5 to 9,0.1,0.2,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,July to October,,"['light', 'medium']",Basic,['Basic'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: basic (mildly alkaline) soils,,"Old walls and basic rocks in hilly areas[7, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, Mediterranean, N. and S. Asia to the Himalayas, E. North America.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+ruta-muraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumRuta-muraria.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,scolopendrium,Hart's Tongue Fern,slow,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist banks and walls, rocks in damp shady places in woodlands[7, 9, 31], often on lime-rich soils.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and eastwards to Japan.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+scolopendrium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumScolopendrium.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,trichomanes,"Maidenhair Spleenwort, Dense spleenwort, Toothed spleenwort, Brightgreen spleenwort",,5 to 9,0.4,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,May to October,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Walls and crevices of mainly basic rocks.,"Most temperate regions of the world, including Britain, mountains in the Tropics.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+trichomanes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumTrichomanes.jpg
Asteliaceae,Astelia,alpina,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain moorlands, especially in boggy situations, in the alpine and sub-alpine zones.","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astelia+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteliaceae,Astelia,grandis,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Swampy, ± peaty soils from lowland to montane areas in North and South Islands, south to latitude 45°s",New Zealand,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astelia+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteliaceae,Astelia,nervosa,,,8 to 11,0.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Forest and grassland in the montane to sub-alpine zone between latitudes 37 and 47° south.,New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astelia+nervosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteliaceae,Astelia,solandri,,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet lowland forests, where it is epiphytic on tall trees[173, 200].",New Zealand,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astelia+solandri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,amellus,Ialian Aster,,4 to 8,0.7,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Scrub and wood margins. Marshy places and lake sides, mainly on limestone soils.",Europe to E. Asia.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+amellus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterAmellus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,cordifolius,Common Blue Wood Aster,,3 to 7,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+cordifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterCordifolius.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,diplostephioides,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine pastures, 3000 - 3800 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+diplostephioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,fastigiatus,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places, especially by rivers, in lowland C. and S. Japan. Swamps and wet grassland.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+fastigiatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,glehnii,,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy places in N. Japan. Grasslands and forest edges.,E. Asia - central to northern Japan,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+glehnii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,hauptii,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, stony slopes and shrubby formations, mainly in the mid-mountain zone.",E. Asia - Siberia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+hauptii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,kantoensis,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground along rivers, C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+kantoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,koraiensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+koraiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterKoraiensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,lanceolatus,White Panicle Aster,,4 to 8,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Low areas in Texas.,N. America. Naturalized in eastern and southern Britain[17].,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+lanceolatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterLanceolatus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,macrophyllus,Bigleaf Aster,,3 to 7,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist open woods, thickets and clearings. By rivers and streams in Britain.",Eastern N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+macrophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterMacrophyllus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,novae-angliae,New England Aster,medium,4 to 9,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Eastern N. America. Naturalized in several areas of Britain[17].,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+novae-angliae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterNovae-angliae.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,novi-belgii,"Michaelmas Daisy, New York Aster",medium,4 to 8,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Damp thickets, meadows and shores, usually within 100 miles of the sea[43, 187].",Eastern N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+novi-belgii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterNovi-belgii.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,puniceus,Purplestem Aster,,3 to 8,1.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Eastern N. America. Naturalized in several sites in northern Britain[17].,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+puniceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterPuniceus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,scaber,,,6 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Clearings in forest in warm temperate areas.,"E. Asia - China, Japan",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+scaber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterScaber.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,tataricus,Tartarian Aster,,3 to 7,2.0,1.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Subalpine meadows and wet places, C. and S. Japan[58, 187]. Marshy areas in mountains.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+tataricus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterTataricus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,tripolium,Sea Aster,,5 to 9,0.9,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Salt marshes and maritime cliffs.,"Coastal areas of Europe, including Britain, N. Africa and saline inland areas of Europe and C. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+tripolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterTripolium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Aster,yomena,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowlands, where the soil is moist, especially paddy fields, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aster+yomena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsterYomena.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Astilbe,chinensis,"Pumila Spirea,Chinese Astilbe",medium,4 to 8,0.7,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods and along shady streams. Open broad-leaved forests, forest edges and amongst shrubs. Forests, forest margins, meadows, valleys and riversides, 400 - 3600 metres.","E. Asia - E. China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astilbe+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstilbeChinensis.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Astilbe,longicarpa,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low to medium altitudes.,E. Asia - Taiwan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astilbe+longicarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Astilbe,thunbergii,Astilbe,medium,4 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny grassy slopes, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astilbe+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstilbeThunbergii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,aboriginorum,Indian Milkvetch,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine and sub-alpine knolls, scree and open places in valleys and plains, especially on limestone.",Western N. America - Canada and southwards.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+aboriginorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusAboriginorum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,adscendens,Persian Manna,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky mountain slopes and hillsides, 1700 - 2500 metres in Iraq.","W. Asia - N. Iraq, Turkey.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+adscendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusAdscendens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,boeticus,Swedish Coffee,,7 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy places and arable fields.,S.W. Europe - Spain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+boeticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusBoeticus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,brachycalyx,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places, 1800 - 3100 metres in Turkey.","W. Asia - Iraq, Turkey.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+brachycalyx,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,canadensis,"Canadian Milkvetch, Shorttooth Canadian milkvetch, Morton's Canadian milkvetch",,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shores and rich thickets. Rocky and sandy thickets in Texas.,"Central and eastern N. America - Quebec to Saskatchewan, New York, Louisiana, Nebraska and Utah.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusCanadensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,carduchorum,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky metamorphic mountain slopes and in the sub-alpine cushion-thorn zone.,W. Asia - Iraq.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+carduchorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,chartostegius,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,W. Asia - Iran.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+chartostegius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,chinensis,"Hua Huang Qi, Chinese milkvetch",,None to None,0.7,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Flood plain meadows, xerophytic scrub, fields, ruderal places, river banks and valleys on sand and pebbles.",E. Asia - Mongolia and the Far East of Russia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusChinensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,christianus,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, fields and roadsides, 1000 - 1600 metres.",W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+christianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,complanatus,Bei Bian Huang Qi,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes, meadows and gravelly soils at elevations of 1000-2400 metres in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, W Sichuan, Yunnan.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+complanatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,crassicarpus,"Ground Plum, Groundplum milkvetch",,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and plains.,Western N. America - Eastern Rocky mountains and eastward to Nebraska.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+crassicarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusCrassicarpus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,creticus,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains in the S. Balkans.,S.E. Europe.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+creticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusCreticus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,densissimus,,,None to None,0.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Steppe slopes to 2000 metres.,C. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+densissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,diphysus,"Specklepod Milkvetch, Freckled milkvetch",,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy plains, mesas and rocky slopes in canyons, sometimes on dunes or along sandy roadsides in yucca grassland or piñon or juniper forests, 1500 - 2200 metres.",South-western N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+diphysus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,echinus,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Tragacanth shrub vegetation on windward slopes of high mountains in northern Israel.,W. Asia - Syria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+echinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,edulis,Milkvetch,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland and the transitional zone on the edges of the Sahara dessert.,Europe to W. Asia - Mediterranean to Iran.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,exscapus,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Steppe and foothills, on limestone soils.",C. Europe - Moldavia and the Ukraine.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+exscapus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusExscapus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,floridus,Duo Hua Huang Qi,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Forests and alpine meadows at elevations of 3800-4400 metres in the Himalayan regions of Sikkim and western China.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+floridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,florulentus,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,W. Asia - Iran.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+florulentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,garbancillo,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland and amongst shrubs at elevations of 2000 - 4500 metres in the Andes of Peru.,"S. America - Argentine, Chile, Peru.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+garbancillo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,globiflorus,,,None to None,0.2,,Shrub,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Oak forests in the upper forest zone on rocky mountain slopes, 1400 - 1700 metres in Iraq.",W. Asia - Iraq.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+globiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,glycyphyllos,"Milk Vetch, Licorice milkvetch",,3 to 7,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rough grassy and bushy places[13, 17].","Much of Europe, including Britain, though rare in the south, east to the Caucasus and W. Asia.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+glycyphyllos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusGlycyphyllos.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,gummifer,"Tragacanth, Gum tragacanth milkvetch",,7 to 10,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sub-alpine slopes and valleys, occasionally below the tree line, 1200 - 2600 metres in Iraq. Upland forests and grassland.","W. Asia - Iraq, Kurdistan",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+gummifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusGummifer.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,hamosus,European milkvetch,,None to None,0.6,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassland. Semidesert areas in foothills and the low montane belt, on clay, loess, sand and rock debris.","Europe - Mediterranean to Armenia, Ukraine and the Caucasus.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+hamosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusHamosus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,henryi,Qin Ling Huang Qi,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy gravel, or low bush at elevations of 2200-2800 metres in NW Hubei and SE Shaanxi Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,hoantchy,Wu La Te Huang Qi,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Gravel in steppes, edges of forests at elevations of 1500-2200 metres in Gansu, W Nei. Mongol, Ningxia and Qinghai Provinces.","E. Asia - China, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+hoantchy,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,kurdicus,,,None to None,0.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky slopes, 1400 - 2900 metres in Turkey.","W. Asia - Turkey, Syria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+kurdicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,leioclados,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,W. Asia - Iran.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+leioclados,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,massiliensis,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy and rocky places by the sea.,S.W. Europe.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+massiliensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusMassiliensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,membranaceus,Huang Qi,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry sandy soils. Mountain thickets. Steppes, meadows, xerophytic shrubs, coniferous forests; montane belt at altitudes of 800 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Mongolia and Siberia.",0,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+membranaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusMembranaceus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,microcephalus,,,None to None,0.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky mountain slopes. 1200 - 2600 metres in Iraq.,"W. Asia - Iraq, Turkey.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+microcephalus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusMicrocephalus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,mongholicus,Mongolian Astragalus,,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Xerophytic scrub and larch forest, in the low and middle montane belts, on sand, stone, pebbles and rocky soils.",E. Asia - China and Mongolia.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+mongholicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,multiceps,,,None to None,0.4,,Shrub,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at elevations of 1300 - 3300 metres in Tibet.,"E. Asia - W. Himalayas, to 3,500 metres in Garhwal, Kumaon and Simla.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+multiceps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,parnassi cylleneus,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mountain rocks.,Europe - Greece.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+parnassi cylleneus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,pictus-filifolius,Painted Milkvetch,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sand dunes and prairies.,"Western N. America - C. Idaho and E. Montana, Dakota and Nebraska.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+pictus-filifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,piletocladus,,,None to None,0.9,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Gravelly and steep stony sites to 1800 metres.,W. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+piletocladus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,pycnocladus,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,W. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+pycnocladus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,reflexistipulus,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows in mountains.,"E. Asia - China, C. and N. Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+reflexistipulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,shinanensis,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and high mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+shinanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,sinicus,Chinese Milk Vetch,,None to None,0.2,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Naturalized in Japan where it grows around paddy fields. Meadows at elevations of 50 - 1800 metres, widespread in subtropical areas of China.",E. Asia - China.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+sinicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusSinicus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,sirinicus,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, often in exposed places.","S. Europe - Italy, Balkans, Corsica and Sardinia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+sirinicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstragalusSirinicus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,stenonychioides,,,None to None,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Stony and grassy dry mountain slopes among juniper groves to 2000 metres.,W. Asia - Caucasus,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+stenonychioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,strobiliferus,,,None to None,0.1,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - Western Himalayas at heights up to 4,000 metres from Kashmir to Kunawar.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+strobiliferus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,stromatodes,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky slopes, 1400 - 2900 metres in Turkey.","W. Asia - Iran, Turkey.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+stromatodes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,turkmenorum,,,None to None,0.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Steppe slopes to 1800 metres.,W. Asia,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+turkmenorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Astragalus,umbellatus,Tundra milkvetch,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arctic tundra in sandy, stony, mossy, shrubby and montane tundra, river banks etc.",N. America. N. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+umbellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Astrantia,major,Great Masterwort,fast,4 to 9,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Insects']",,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woodlands and the banks of streams.,C. and E. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astrantia+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstrantiaMajor2.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Astrebla,pectinata,Barley Mitchell Grass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Red loam or dark brown clay soils in Western Australia.,Australia,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astrebla+pectinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Astrebla,squarrosa,Bull Mitchell grass,fast,4 to 12,1.5,0.1,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Heavy, cracking clays on plains and river flats, sometimes with Lysiphyllum or Excoecaria, or in Dicanthium-Eulalia grassland and cleared Brigalow areas; flowers after rain.",Australasia.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astrebla+squarrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astrebla_squarrosa1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Astrocaryum,vulgare,"Tucuma. Awarra palm, Tucum palm.",medium,10 to 12,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforest[297 ]. Especially in disturbed sites[324 ]. Found in the rainforest of the Amazon and the savannahs of Surinam on flat to gently rolling terrain[418 ]. Occurs mainly on land that is not subject to periodic inundation[419 ].,S. America - northern Brazil and the Guyanas.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astrocaryum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astrocaryum_vulgare1_Plants.JPEG
Epacridaceae,Astroloma,conostephioides,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astroloma+conostephioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AstrolomaConostephioides.jpg
Epacridaceae,Astroloma,humifusum,Cranberry Heath,,7 to 10,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy loams in the mountain zone. In heathland and open forests[193, 200]. Also found on cleared land in a range of soils including sandstone, shale and heavy clay.","Australia - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astroloma+humifusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Astroloma,pinifolium,Pine Heath,,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"In heathland and open dry sclerophyll forests on sandy soils[200, 265].","Australia - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astroloma+pinifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Astroloma,serratifolium,Kondrung,,None to None,1.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Often on lateritic soilsin Western Australia.,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astroloma+serratifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Astronium,balansae,Astronium,,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"In southern Brazil it is found growing in almost pure stands on level basaltic outcrops that are almost devoid of soil[ 625 ]. Wet forests in Argentina and Paraguay, favouring well-drained, sandy soils[ 341 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astronium+balansae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astronium balansae.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Astronium,urundeuva,Urunday,medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rainforests in moist areas and open, stunted woodland in arid areas[ 419 ]. Dryland forests and savannahs[ 739 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, Paraguay, eastern, central and northeastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astronium+urundeuva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Astronium urundeuva_Candole.jpg
Campanulaceae,Asyneuma,pulchellum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stony slopes with stiff dwarf shrubs in the upper and central mountain zones.,W. Asia - Armenia to Northern Iran.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asyneuma+pulchellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Asyneuma,salignum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry, sub-alpine meadows.",Central Europe to the Caucasus.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asyneuma+salignum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Ateleia,glazioveana,TIMBO,fast,10 to 12,13.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broadleaved and Atlantic rainforest, usually in open areas and secondary growth, favouring moist soils and forest fringes[ 419 ].","S. America - Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ateleia+glazioveana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ateleia-glazioveana-1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Athamantha,cretensis,Candy Carrot,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places, mainly in mountains, S.E. Spain and E. France to Yugoslavia.",Europe - Mediterranean,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athamantha+cretensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AthamanthaCretensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Athamantha,sicula,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe - C. and S. Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athamantha+sicula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Athamantha,turbith,Candy Carrot,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Limestone screes and crevices.,Europe - Carpathian Alps and the Balkan Peninsula.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athamantha+turbith,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Atherospermataceae,Atherosperma,moschatum,Black Sassafras,,8 to 11,30.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Temperate rainforests and moist gullies up to the sub-alpine zone[11, 152, 154].","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atherosperma+moschatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtherospermaMoschatum.jpg
Cupressaceae,Athrotaxis,selaginoides,King William Pine,slow,7 to 10,30.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cool rainforests where snowfall is quite common in winter and rainfall is 1.5 - 2 metres per year.,Australia - S.W. Tasmania,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athrotaxis+selaginoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AthrotaxisSelaginoides.jpg
Dryopteridaceae,Athyrium,filix-femina,"Lady Fern, Common ladyfern, Subarctic ladyfern,  Asplenium ladyfern, Southern Lady Fern, Tatting Fer",medium,3 to 8,0.6,0.5,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist sheltered woods, hedgebanks and ravines, usually on acidic soils but also found in drier and more open habitats.","Throughout the N. Temperate zone, including Britain, to the mountains of India, tropical S. America.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athyrium+filix-femina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AthyriumFilix-femina.jpg
Dryopteridaceae,Athyrium,melanolepis,,,None to None,0.3,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountains, C. and N. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea and eastern Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athyrium+melanolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Athyrium,niponicum,"Painted Fern, Japanese Silver Painted  Fern",medium,3 to 8,0.3,0.3,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Shaded places in lowland all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athyrium+niponicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AthyriumNiponicum.jpg
Dryopteridaceae,Athyrium,rubripes,,,None to None,0.1,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Mixed woods on mountain slopes.,"E. Asia - Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athyrium+rubripes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Athyrium,squamigerum,,,None to None,0.3,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods in mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athyrium+squamigerum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Athyrium,yokoscense,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Woods in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Thin deciduous woods and thickets.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Athyrium+yokoscense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Atractylis,gummifera,,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Field verges and roadsides.,Mediterranean.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atractylis+gummifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtractylisGummifera.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Atractylodes,japonica,Japanese Atractylodes,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,August to October,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and mountains of central and southern Japan. Forests and forest margins at elevations of 200 - 800 metres in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces of eastern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atractylodes+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Atractylodes,lancea,Cang Zhu,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland, forests, thickets and rock crevices at elevations of 700 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Central China.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atractylodes+lancea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Atractylodes,macrocephala,Bai Zhu,,5 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pastures and waste ground. Grassland and forests at elevations of 600 - 2800 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atractylodes+macrocephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtractylodesMacrocephala.jpg
Polygonaceae,Atraphaxis,spinosa,,,5 to 9,0.6,1.2,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grassy plains in semi-desert or very dry soils. Slopes, deserts (including the Gobi), roadsides, margins of cultivated land at elevations of 400--1800 metres in northern China.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atraphaxis+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,argentea,"Silvery Orach, Silverscale saltbush, Stalked saltbush",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Alkaline flats. Dry or saline soils at elevations over 1000 metres[235, 270].",N. America - Manitoba and south to California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+argentea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexArgentea.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,argentea expansa,Silverscale Saltbush,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Alkaline places.,South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+argentea expansa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,californica,"California Orach, California saltbush",,7 to 10,0.1,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sea bluffs, sandy coasts, crevices in sea cliffs, coastal strands, edges of coastal salt marsh, coastal sage scrub from sea level to 50 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexCalifornica.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,canescens,"Grey Sage Brush, Fourwing saltbush",,6 to 9,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July,August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy or gravelly, commonly non-saline but in other situations obviously saline, sites in Joshua tree, blackbrush, greasewood, salt desert shrub, sagebrush, mountain brush communities.","Central and southwestern N. America - South Dakota to Kansas, Texas, California and Mexico.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexCanescens.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,carnosa,Thickleaf Orach,,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"By the coast and inland, especially on saline or alkaline soils.",Western N. America,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+carnosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,confertifolia,"Shadscale, Shadscale saltbush",,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Gravelly to fine-textured soils in greasewood, mat-atriplex, other salt desert shrub, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, and ponderosa pine communities, 600 - 2200 metres.",Western N. America,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+confertifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexConfertifolia.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,coronata,Crownscale,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Alkaline flats, especially in grassland in California. Alkaline sink scrub, growing with Atriplex polycarpa and other salt desert shrubs and forbs at elevations of 50 - 200 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+coronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,dimorphostegia,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,June to July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Deserts, dunes, sandy places, alluvial fans, sometimes in fields, in northern Tibet.",W. Asia - Arabia to Afghanistan and Tibet.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+dimorphostegia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,elegans,Wheelscale Saltbush,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Saline creosote bush scrub and deserts below elevations of 800 metres[71, 270].",South-western N. America - California to Texas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexElegans.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,glabriuscula,"Scotland orache,  Maritime saltbush, Frankton's saltbush, Northeastern saltbush",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,00 to July,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy or gravelly shores, at or somewhat above the high tide mark.","Coastal areas of N. W. Europe, including Britain.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+glabriuscula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,gmelinii,Gmelin's saltbush,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy seashores, central and northern Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan. Western N. America.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+gmelinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,halimus,"Sea Orach, Saltbush",medium,7 to 10,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Coastal sands by the sea[1, 100]. Saltmarshes.",S. Europe. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[200].,5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+halimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexHalimus.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,hastata,Hastate Orach,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Waste or disturbed ground, often near the sea, on sand, shingle and mud above the high-tide mark.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south from Scandanavia to N. Africa, east to Asia.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+hastata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexHastata.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,hortensis,"Orach, Garden orache",fast,5 to 9,1.8,0.3,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arable land, waste and disturbed ground, shingle etc.",Europe. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+hortensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexHortensis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,lapathifolia,,,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"By the coast and inland, especially on saline or alkaline soils.",Western N. America,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+lapathifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,lentiformis,"Quail Bush, Big saltbush, Quailbush,",,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to September,July to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Saline to essentially non-saline drainages, stream and canal banks, roadsides, warm desert shrub, saltbush, and riparian communities at elevations of 70 - 1000 metres.","South-western N. America - California, Arizona, Nevada, Texas and Mexico.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+lentiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexLentiformis.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,maximowicziana,Maximowicz's saltbush,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy and coral-rocky seashores; near sea level in Fujian Province, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+maximowicziana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,mucronata,,,None to None,0.4,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sandy coastal beaches and borders of salt marshes[43, 270].","Eastern N. America - Florida to Texas, north to southern New Hampshire.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+mucronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,nummularia,"Giant Saltbush, Bluegreen saltbush",,7 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Alkaline places, mainly below 600 metres in California.",Australia. Naturalized in South-western N. America.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+nummularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexNummularia.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,nuttallii,Nuttall's Saltbush,,5 to 9,0.9,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Strongly saline and dry soils[60, 235].","Western N. America - Manitoba to Saskatchewan, south to Nebraska, Colorado and Nevada",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexNuttallii.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,patula,"Spreading Orach, Spear saltbush",,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Waste and arable land near the coast, it is usually found on clays and heavy ground.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+patula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtriplexPatula.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,powellii,Powell's Saltweed,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Alkaline flats and badlands, Montana to S. Alberta, south to Arizona and New Mexico. 1500 - 1800 metres in Arizona, often on denuded land.",Central and western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+powellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,saccaria,Sack Saltbush,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mat-atriplex, shadscale, greasewood, and pinyon-juniper communities, on fine-textured saline substrates, at elevations of 1100 - 2200 metres.","South-western N. America - Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming and Utah.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+saccaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaranthaceae,Atriplex,semibaccata,"Australian Saltbush. Australian saltbush, Creeping saltbush",fast,9 to 11,0.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Naturalized in southwest N. America, growing in saline waste places, along roads and sidewalks, in marshes, in various plant communities; at elevations from 10 - 1,000 metres.  It grows best in coastal, light, well-drained soils.  It suits an open sunny position.  It is resistant to drought and frost.","Australia - Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Northern Territories",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+semibaccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Atriplex_semibaccata1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,serenana,"Bractscale, Davidson's bractscale",,7 to 10,3.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Alkaline valleys, marshy areas, valley grasslands, coastal sage scrub, sometimes as a ruderal weed at elevations of 70 - 1300 metres[71, 270].",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+serenana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,subcordata,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy seashores, central and northern Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+subcordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,tatarica,Tatarian orache,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,July to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Saline and alkaline deserts, sometimes also found in field margins and wet plains in the Gobi Desert.",C. and S. Europe to western and eastern Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+tatarica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Atriplex,truncata,Wedgescale Saltbush,,7 to 10,0.9,0.9,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Saline saltgrass-greasewood-rabbitbrush communities, and other pans or palustrine or lacustrine habitats at elevations of 400 - 2700 metres.",Western N. America - southern British Columbia to California.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+truncata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Atropa,acuminata,Indian Belladonna,,None to None,0.9,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at elevations between 1800 and 3600 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Baluchistan.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atropa+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Atropa,bella-donna,"Deadly Nightshade, Belladonna",,6 to 9,0.9,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, thickets and hedges, mainly on calcareous soils.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, south ad east to N. Africa and Iran.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atropa+bella-donna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AtropaBella-donna.jpg
Arecaceae,Attalea,butyracea,Wine Palm,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey tree of woodlands and forests, most commonly on edges and in areas of disturbance; also in grassland, sometimes in large stands; frequently in flat areas alongside streams; from the coastal plains to elevations of 1,000 metres[ 297 , 510 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; Caribbean - Trinidad; Central America - Panama to Mexico.",4,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Attalea+butyracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Attalea_butyracea_Jacquin.jpg
Arecaceae,Attalea,colenda,"Palma real, Chivila",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland rain forest or deciduous forest, especially common in disturbed or cleared areas, at elevations up to 900 metres[ 768 ]. It normally grows between 400-500 m altitude in Ecuador. It can grow up to 1300 m altitude.","S. America - Ecuador, Colombia.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Attalea+colenda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Attalea colenda-1.jpg
Arecaceae,Attalea,funifera,"Bahia Piassava, Conquilla Nut, Piassaba Palm",medium,10 to 12,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Flies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Mainly found in dry forests along the north-eastern coast of Brazil[ 314 ]. Stabilized sand dunes by the sea and Atlantic coastal forest[ 768 , ].",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Attalea+funifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Attalea_funifera_Martius_3.jpg
Arecaceae,Attalea,maripa,"Inaja, Maripa Palm",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry land forest and open areas[ 416 ]. Coastal swamps and lowlands[ 314 ]. Lowland wet forest and secondary forest derived from it, at elevations up to 500 metres[ 412 ]. Usually found in land not subject to seasonal inundation[ 419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Caribbean - Trinidad.",3,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Attalea+maripa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Attalea_maripa_Martius.jpg
Arecaceae,Attalea,speciosa,"Babassu, American Oil Palm, Motacu, Motacuchi",slow,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Primary rainforest, usually becoming the dominant species[ 419 ]. Lowland areas, sometimes forming thickets of thousands of plants in warm and damp areas[ 314 ]. The plant also regenerates vigorously in open areas[ 419 ].","Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Guyana, Surinam.",4,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Attalea+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Attalea_speciosa_Barbosa_Rodrigues.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Aubrieta,deltoidea,"Aubretia, Lilacbush,  False Rockcress",medium,4 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Amongst rocks, mainly in hilly areas.",Europe - S. Greece. A garden escape in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aubrieta+deltoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AubrietiaDeltoidea.jpg
Aucubaceae,Aucuba,japonica,"Spotted Laurel, Japanese laurel, Japanese Gold Dust Tree",medium,7 to 10,3.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to April,October to February,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods in lowland and mountains all over Japan. In rich forest soils of moist valleys, dense forests, thickets, by streams and near shaded moist rocks in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aucuba+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AucubaJaponica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Aurinia,saxatilis,"Golden Alyssum, 	Basket of gold",medium,4 to 10,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Stony places and amongst rocks.,E. Europe. A garden escape in Britain[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aurinia+saxatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AuriniaSaxatilis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,abyssinica,Abyssinian Oat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",N. Africa.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+abyssinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaAbyssinica.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,barbata,Slender Oat,fast,4 to 8,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils[74, 200].",Europe to Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+barbata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaBarbata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,brevis,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",Europe - Russia to Mediterranean.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+brevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,byzantina,Red Oat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils. Mainly found on dry or saline soils.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+byzantina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,fatua,Wild Oats,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A common weed of arable land and waste ground[1, 57].",Europe to Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+fatua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaFatua.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,ludoviciana,Oats,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils. A spreading weed in the Mediterranean where it is becoming a pest.","Europe - Mediterranean, to S.W. Asia. An introduced weed in Britain[17].",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+ludoviciana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,nuda,Naked Oat,,None to None,0.9,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",S. Europe.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+nuda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaNuda.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,nudibrevis,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+nudibrevis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,orientalis,Hungarian Oat,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",S. Europe?,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaOrientalis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,sativa,"Oats, Common oat",,None to None,0.9,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",N. Europe. A non-persistent relic of cultivation in Britain[17].,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaSativa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,sterilis,"Sterile Oats, Animated oat",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils[50, 200].",Europe - Mediterranean.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+sterilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaSterilis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,strigosa,"Bristle Oats, Black oats",,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Dry wasteland, cultivated ground and meadows, especially on heavier soils.",N. Europe. A casual in Britain[17].,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+strigosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AvenaStrigosa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Avena,wiestii,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry stony places and mounds.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Avena+wiestii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Oxalidaceae,Averrhoa,carambola,"Carambola, Star Fruit",slow,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Humid forests and woodland on sandy loam[ 307 ].,E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Averrhoa+carambola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Averrhoa carambola3.jpg
Meliaceae,Azadirachta,indica,Neem,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mixed forests. Evergreen lowland forests.,"E. Asia - India, Bagladesh, Myanmar.",2,4,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azadirachta+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Azadirachta indica1.jpg
Flacourtiaceae,Azara,microphylla,,slow,None to None,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Lakesides and along the edges of Nothofagus forests.,S. America - Chile and S. Argentina.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azara+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AzaraMicrophylla.jpg
Azollaceae,Azolla,filiculoides,"Azolla, Pacific mosquitofern",fast,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stagnant and slow moving waters.,Western N. America,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azolla+filiculoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AzollaFiliculoides.jpg
Azollaceae,Azolla,pinnata,"Water Fern, Ferny or Red Azolla",fast,11 to 12,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Ponds and backwaters of rivers at elevations of 3 - 1,000 metres[ 308 ].","Widespread in tropical Africa and southeast Asia through to the Pacific including Australia, New Zealand.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azolla+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Azolla_pinnata1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,caespitosa,,,None to None,0.2,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Sands, gravels and rocky areas, open grassland and dry Empetrum heath to 50 metres above sea level. Plants grow wild as far north as latitude 51°s in Chile and latitude 41°s in Argentina.","Southern S. America - Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+caespitosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AzorellaCaespitosa.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,diapensioides,Llareta,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky slopes at high altitude, generally around 3,500 - 4,500 metres, in areas of low rainfall, but generally in locations where there is some water seepage.",Western S. America - Chile and Peru,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+diapensioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,filamentosa,,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Gravels, rocks and peat, scrub and grassland from sea level to 100 metres. It extends northwards as far as latitude 51°south","Southern S. America - Chile, Falkland Islands.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+filamentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,fuegiana,,,None to None,0.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Empetrum heath, open Chiliotrichum scrub, open grassland, sands and rock crevices from sea level to 250 metres. Extends northwards as far as latitude 50°south.",Southern S. America - Chile.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+fuegiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,lycopodioides,,,None to None,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Gravels, rocks and peats in Magellanic moorland, feldmark, dwarf shrub heath and open scrub from sea level to 1000 metres. The range extends northwards as far as latitude 36° 30´south.","Southern S. America - Chile, Falkland Islands.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+lycopodioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,selago,,,None to None,0.6,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Feldmark, often with other cushion plants, 450 - 1100 metres.","Southern S. America - Chile, Falkland Islands.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+selago,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,trifurcata,,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Coastal sands and gravels, streambanks, dry Empetrum heath and forest margins to 200 metres in Tierra Del Fuego and north to latitude 37°south.","Southern S. America - Argentina, Chile",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+trifurcata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AzorellaTrifurcata.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Azorella,yareta,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Western S. America - Chile,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorella+yareta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AzorellaYareta.jpg
Campanulaceae,Azorina,vidalii,,,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sea cliffs.,Azores.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Azorina+vidalii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AzorinaVidalii.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Bacopa,monnieri,"Herb of Grace, Brahmi, Smooth Water Hyssop",fast,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mud flats in estuarine habitats[ 200 ]. Moist and wet places, such as the borders of water channels, wells, irrigated fields etc[ 304 ].",Found through most of the tropics.,3,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bacopa+monnieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bacopa_monnieri 1.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Balanites,aegyptiaca,"Desert Date. Desert date, Soapberry tree",slow,10 to 12,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in a variety of habitats, growing best in low-lying, level alluvial sites with deep sandy loam and uninterrupted access to water such as valley floors, riverbanks or the foot of rocky slopes[303 ].","Africa - most of the drier areas except the far south, extending to Arabia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Balanites+aegyptiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Balanites_aegyptiaca1_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,atra,Clumping Bamboo. Long pipe bamboo.,fast,10 to 12,8.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"It is a tropical plant.  It grows in the lowlands and usually in wet soil.  It can grow on limestone. River banks, margins of disturbed lower montane forest, and on lower hill slopes, often on limestone; at low elevations.","Southeast Asia - Philippines, Indonesia (Molukus) to New Guinea and northern Australia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+atra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_atra1.JPEG
Poaceae,Bambusa,bambos,Giant Thorny Bamboo,fast,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found most abundantly in mixed moist deciduous forest, and not so commonly in mixed dry deciduous forest and in semi-evergreen forest, growing best along river valleys and in other moist conditions, on hills at elevations up to 1,000 metres[ 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+bambos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa_bambos_Blanco.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,nutans,"Nodding Bamboo, Mai bong",fast,9 to 10,12.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist hill slopes and flat uplands in well-drained sandy loam to clayey loam soils at elevations from 700 - 1,500 metres[ 361 ].","E. Asia - India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa nutans_Camus.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,polymorpha,"Burmese bamboo, Jama Betua",fast,9 to 12,12.0,8.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Abundant throughout the more humid types of mixed deciduous forest, particularly on the lower slopes and in well-drained valleys. It flourishes best and reaches its largest dimensions on deep fertile loams[ 310 ].","Southeast Asia - northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+polymorpha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa polymorpha-Pai-horn-bamboo.jpg
Poaceae,Bambusa,vulgaris,Common Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,20.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Riversides and open forests in Yunnan[ 266 ].,"Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia. Ecuador, Venezuela.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bambusa+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bambusa vulgaris1_Low_Resolution.jpg
Sapindaceae,Blighia,sapida,"Akee, ackee apple or ayee",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Seasonally dry lowland woodland[307 ]. Forest outliers on the savannah and drier parts of forests[332 ].,Western and central tropical Africa - Senegal to Cameroon and Gabon.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blighia+sapida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Blighia_sapida3_Plants.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Borojoa,patinoi,Borojo,medium,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland rainforests, usually at elevations up to 700 metres but occasionally to 1,200 metres[ 418 ]..","Northwestern S. America - Colombia and Brazil, north through Central America to Nicaragua.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Borojoa+patinoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Borojoa patinoi 1.jpg
Bromeliaceae,Bromelia,pinguin,Pinuela. Pinguin,fast,9 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Common and widely distributed in the lowlands of Guatemala, forming wide and dense thickets on the plains[331 ]. Rocky hills in the West Indies[454 ].",Northern South America - Venezuela north to Central America and the West Indies.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromelia+pinguin,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bromelia_pinguin1_Plants.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,rigidus,Ripgut Brome,,6 to 9,1.0,,Annual,,"['Wind', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waste places on sandy shores in the Channel Islands, a casual in other parts of Britain.","Southern and western Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+rigidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusRigidus.jpg
Moraceae,Brosimum,alicastrum,Breadnut. Maya nut,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy tree in seasonally flooded or dry limestone woodland. Moist or wet forest, ascending to about 1,000 metres but mostly at 300 metres or less in Guatemala.","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+alicastrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_alicastrum2_Plants.JPEG
Moraceae,Brosimum,guianense,Bastard Breadnut,fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Forests that are not subject to inundation at elevations from sea level to 1,000 metres[ 420 ]. It is most commonly found in secondary forests, and sometimes in very dry or very humid terrains[ 420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north through Central America to Mexico.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brosimum+guianense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Brosimum_guianense_1.jpg
Boraginaceae,Buglossoides,arvensis,"Field Gromwell, Corn gromwell",,6 to 10,0.5,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Arable fields, rough ground and open grassy places.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, through Asia to the Himalayas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Buglossoides+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuglossoidesArvensis.jpg
Asphodelaceae,Bulbinella,hookeri,Maori Onion,,7 to 10,0.7,0.3,Bulb,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Northern slopes and damp places from lowland to sub-alpine pastures on North and South Islands south to latitude 42° south.,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bulbinella+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bunium,bulbocastanum,"Pig Nut, Earth-nut",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rough grassland and banks on chalk.,"Western and Southern Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands to Italy.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunium+bulbocastanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BuniumBulbocastanum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,atriplicifolia,Pale indian plantain,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Dry open woods, thickets and openings.","Eastern N. America - New York to Minnesota, south to Florida and Oklahoma.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+atriplicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CacaliaAtriplicifolia.jpg
Fabaceae,Calliandra,calothyrsus,"Red Calliandra, Powderpuff, Kaliandra",fast,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Secondary vegetation, often in thickets[ 303 ]. It is an aggressive colonizer on disturbed sites such as recent landslides and roadsides[ 303 ]. Dry to wet thickets, often on steep open slopes, at elevations of 300 - 1,800 metres[ 331 ].","Central America - central Panama, north to southern Mexico.",0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calliandra+calothyrsus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calliandra calothyrsus 1.jpg
Apocynaceae,Calotropis,gigantea,"Giant Milkweed, Crown Flower, Giant Calotrope, Swallow-wort",fast,10 to 12,5.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry coastal areas, along the sheltered shores of lagoons, overgrazed pasture land[ 307 ]. Woods of dry areas, stream banks from sea level to 1,400 metres in southern China[ 266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calotropis+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calotropis_gigantea_1.jpg
Apocynaceae,Calotropis,procera,"Auricula Tree, Dead Sea Apple, Sodom Apple",medium,8 to 11,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A weed along degraded roadsides, lagoon edges and in overgrazed native pastures[ 303 ]. It has a preference for and is often dominant in areas of abandoned cultivation, especially in sandy soils in areas of low rainfall.","Tropical Africa through Arabia to the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calotropis+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calotropis procera_1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,gerardiana,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found at elevations of 3700 - 4100 metres in Xizang Province in China.,"E. Asia - North-western Himalayas to southern Tibet at elevations up to 3,900 metres.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+gerardiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Caragana,microphylla,Littleleaf Peashrub,fast,4 to 9,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Consolidated and semiconsolidated sand dunes, rocky mountain slopes; at elevations from 1,000 - 2,000 metres","E. Asia - southern Siberia, Mongolia, northern and central China",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caragana_microphylla1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Carapa,guianensis,Andiroba,fast,10 to 12,35.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A canopy or subcanopy layer element of lowland rainforest, sometimes in pure stands, preferring marsh edge, swamp forests, alluvial riverbanks and periodically flooded plains[ 303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Guatemala; Caribbean - Trinidad to Dominican Republic.",0,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carapa+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carapa_guianensis_1.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,hirsuta,Hairy Bittercress,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,,,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open and cultivated ground, rocks, scree, walls etc.","Throughout most of the northern Hemisphere, including Britain.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineHirsuta.jpg
Caryocaraceae,Caryocar,brasiliense,"Pequi, Souari nut",slow,10 to 12,10.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Forms pure groves in the plateaux and valleys of the savannah, elsewhere it is usually found as scattered individuals[ 324 ]. Found in both primary and secondary formations[ 419 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, southern, eastern, central and northern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryocar+brasiliense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryocar_brasiliense_1.jpg
Ericaceae,Cassiope,tetragona,White Arctic Mountain Heather,,3 to 7,0.3,0.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dryish stony or sandy heaths or tundra, usually in mountainous areas.","N. Europe, Northern N. America, N. Asia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassiope+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaTetragona.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,torulosa,Forest Oak,,8 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal eucalyptus forests and on moist fertile soils in hilly eucalyptus forests. Experiences frost and snow in the south of its range.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+torulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AllocasuarinaTorulosa.jpg
Apocynaceae,Catharanthus,roseus,"Madagascar Periwinkle, Jasmine, Cayenne Old Maid Periwinkle",fast,9 to 12,0.7,0.7,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Butterflies'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,,Africa - eastern and southern Madagascar.,1,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catharanthus+roseus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Catharanthus roseus 1.JPG
Urticaceae,Cecropia,peltata,"Trumpet Tree, Snakewood, Congo pump, Wild pawpaw, Pop-a-gun",fast,9 to 12,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Moist limestone, cleared land[ 307 ]. Chiefly in pastures or second-growth, often in thickets or modified forest, at 900 metres or less[ 331 ].","S. America - Brazil and Colombia, north through Central America to Mexico and the Caribbean.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cecropia+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cecropia peltata 1.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Celosia,argentea cristata,"Lagos Spinach, Common Cockscomb",fast,9 to 12,0.5,0.5,Annual,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open moist places to elevations of 1600 metres in Nepal.,Pantropics.,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celosia+argentea cristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CelosiaArgenteaCristata.jpg
Ericaceae,Chamaedaphne,calyculata,Leather Leaf,,6 to 9,0.8,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Peaty swales, bogs, pine barrens, pond margins etc.","Europe, Asia, N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaedaphne+calyculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaCalyculata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chamaemelum,nobile,"Chamomile, Roman chamomile",,4 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to July,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy commons, pastures and grassy roadsides.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south to N. Africa and the Azores.",2,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaemelum+nobile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaemelumNobile.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,marmorea,Kan-Chiku,fast,5 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,This plant has long been cultivated in Japan and has been introduced elsewhere. Its original habitat is obscure.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+marmorea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,quadrangularis,Square Bamboo,,5 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests.,"E. Asia - S.E. China, Formosa. Naturalized in south-western England.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+quadrangularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Chrysopogon,zizanioides,"Vetiver, Vetiver Root, Khus Khus",fast,7 to 11,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Floodplains and the banks of streams and rivers[ 200 ]. Rich moist soils, often along water courses[ 454 ].","E. Asia - Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysopogon+zizanioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chrysopogon zizanioides 1.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Cimicifuga,racemosa (Actaea racemosa),"Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, Bugbane",medium,4 to 10,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, mixed deciduous forests, wooded slopes, ravines, creek margins, thickets, moist meadowlands, forest margins, and especially mountainous terrain from sea level to 1500 metres.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Ontario, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",1,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cimicifuga+racemosa (Actaea racemosa),https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CimicifugaRacemosa5.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Coelopleurum,gmelini,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, riverbanks and sub-alpine meadows in the arctic zone.",Northern N. America. N. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coelopleurum+gmelini,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araceae,Colocasia,esculenta,"Taro, Elephant Ears Taro, Dasheen, Eddo",medium,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, though it is often established in low lying areas along streams and river banks[ 200 ].","Widely cultivated in the tropics, its original range is uncertain but is probably tropical Asia.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colocasia+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Colocasia esculenta 1.jpg
Combretaceae,Combretum,imberbe,"Leadwood Tree, Ivory tree",slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open woodland and wooded savannah, especially along rivers; on a wide variety of soils from sandy to limestone outcrops, also on alluvial and black cotton soils, but only occasionally on heavy clay, from sea-level to 1,000 metres[ 299 ].","Southern and eastern Africa - Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and S. Africa.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Combretum+imberbe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Combretum imberbe_1.jpg
Arecaceae,Copernicia,prunifera,"Brazilian Wax Palm, Carnauba Palm, Carnauba Wax",slow,10 to 12,12.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry forest areas of Brazil, growing along rivers in valleys, often in areas subject to periodic inundation and periodic drought[419, 768].",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copernicia+prunifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copernicia_prunifera_Martius_1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Croton,tiglium,"Croton Oil Plant. Croton, Purging croton.",medium,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Montane sparse forests, limestone shrublands at elevations of 300 - 700 metres in southern China[266 ]. Occurs in a wide range of vegetation and soil types at elevations up to 1,500 metres[299 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Croton+tiglium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Croton_tiglium1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cyclospermum,leptophyllum,"Slender Celery, Marsh parsley",,None to None,0.7,,Annual,,,,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches and low areas, disturbed sites, in Texas. Basalt areas in Eastern Australia. A weed of cultivation and waste places.",Southern North America to South America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyclospermum+leptophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyclospermumLeptophyllum.gif
Poaceae,Cymbopogon,citratus,"Lemon Grass, Citronella grass",fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a wild situation.,"A tropical plant, not known in the wild, but probably originating in Sri Lanka or Malaysia.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymbopogon+citratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cymbopogon citratus1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,longipes,Longstalk Spring Parsley,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+longipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusLongipes.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,purpureus,Purple springparsley,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry ground, 1200 - 2100 metres in Colorado and Utah to New Mexico and Arizona.",Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+purpureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusPurpureus.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,cephalotes,"Bhada, Flat Sedges, Nut Sedges or Umbrella Sedge.",fast,10 to 12,0.3,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"On floating islands in tanks, the roots entangled in the mass of the decaying surface vegetation of plants such as Pistia sp. and Salvinia sp. Also found floating in rivers[451 ]. Found at low elevations up to 100 metres[451 ].","This species occurs in India, South East Asia, New Guinea and Queensland in northern Australia. In China, it has been report from in Fujian province only.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+cephalotes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyperus_cephalotes1.JPEG
Amaryllidaceae,Cyrtanthus,breviflorus,Fire Lily,,8 to 11,0.3,0.1,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Small streams, wet grassland or marshy slopes, to 3000 metres .",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyrtanthus+breviflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chrysobalanaceae,Dactyladenia,barteri,Monkey Fruit,medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Red ants', 'Bees', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forest with at least 1,200mm rainfall per year. In the forest-savannah transition zone, it is found along riverbanks, sometimes on the inland side of mangrove forest[ 303 ].","Western tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Nigeria, south to Gabon and Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dactyladenia+barteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dactyladenia-barteri.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,melanoxylon,"African Blackwood, Grenadilla, Mpingo",slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Grows under a wide range of conditions including semi-arid, subhumid and tropical lowland areas[ 303 ]. It is often found on dry, rocky sites but is most frequent in the mixed deciduous forests and savannahs of the coastal region[ 303 ].","Africa - drier areas from Senegal to Ethiopia, south to S. Africa.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+melanoxylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia_melanoxylon_small.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,nigra,Brazilian Rosewood,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hygrophilous forest on rich soils[ 338 ]. Well-drained soils on hillsides, both in the interior of dense, primary forests and also in secondary growth areas of the Atlantic rainforest[ 419 ].",S. America - Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-nigra.jpg
Fabaceae,Dalbergia,retusa,Cocobolo,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found only on the drier half of the isthmus, from Gambia south, but it is never common. Occasionally seen along roads in the Canal area, or in farmland woodlots[ 333 ]. Tropical moist forest and premontane moist forest[ 315 ].",Central America - Panama to Mexico.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalbergia+retusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dalbergia-retusa.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,asper,"Giant Bamboo, Dragon bamboo, Sweet bamboo",fast,10 to 12,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,"Africa - Madagascar; Southeast Asia - China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+asper,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendroc-asper.jpg
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,brandesii,"Velvet Leaf Bamboo, Clumping Bamboo",fast,9 to 10,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet, evergreen tropical forest, at elevations up to 1,300 metres.","E. Asia - southern China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Andamans.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+brandesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_brandesii1.JPEG
Poaceae,Dendrocalamus,strictus,Male Bamboo. Calcutta Stricta or Bamboo,fast,9 to 12,15.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Drier open deciduous forests in hill slopes, ravines and alluvial plains[361 ].","E. Asia - Pakistan, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendrocalamus+strictus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dendrocalamus_strictus1.JPEG
Dennstaedtiaceae,Dennstaedtia,punctilobula,Hay-scented fern,fast,3 to 8,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found in forest edges and canopy openings, along the sides of trails and roads, on hillsides, stream banks, and rocky slopes, and in meadows and old fields in part shade to full shade from sea level up to 1,200 m altitude..","Native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Alabama.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dennstaedtia+punctilobula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dennstaedtia_punctilobula1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Deschampsia,caespitosa,"Tussock Grass, Tufted Hair Grass, Hair Grass",medium,5 to 9,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods and meadows, usually on badly drained clay soils.","Temperate areas of Europe, including Britain, Asia, N. Africa, N. America and Australasia.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Deschampsia+caespitosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AiraCaespitosa.jpg
Fabaceae,Desmodium,triflorum,"Three-flower beggarweed, Three-flower tick-trefoil",fast,10 to 12,0.2,0.2,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found on a wide range of soils, and most commonly in heavily grazed or closely cut areas in pastures, plantations, roadsides and lawns[310 , 418 ].","Probably originated in tropical Asia, but is now Pantropical.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Desmodium+triflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Desmodium_triflorum1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Dictyosperma,album,"Hurricane Palm, Princess Palm, Red Palm",fast,10 to 12,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,Coastal forests[ 314 ]. Grows at low elevations generally up to 600 metres[ 299 ].,"Africa - Mauritius, Réunion.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dictyosperma+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dictyosperma-album4.jpg
Athyriaceae,Diplazium,esculentum,Vegetable Fern,fast,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"River banks, open places in wet ground, at elevations below 900 metres in Sri Lanka[667 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, through southeast Asia to Indonesia and Philippines.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diplazium+esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Diplazium_esculentum1.JPEG
Dipterocarpaceae,Dipterocarpus,gracilis,Tagalog: Panao,medium,10 to 12,50.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,A canopy tree of undisturbed mixed dipterocarp forests at elevations up to 1200 metres[359 ]. Found in various habitats on alluvial sites; dry hillsides and ridges; limestone[359 ]. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant tree[359 ],"E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipterocarpus+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipterocarpus_gracilis1.JPEG
Salicaceae,Dovyalis,abyssinica,Abyssinian Gooseberry,medium,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Highland forest over 1,800 metres[ 307 ]. Rain-forest to riparian forest and scrub; dry evergreen forest; sometimes in open wooded grassland; semi-evergreen or deciduous bushland; rocky limestone slopes; at elevations from 600 - 3,050 metres[ 328 ].","Eastern Africa - Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Malawi and Mozambique.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dovyalis+abyssinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dovyalis-abyssinica.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Drepanostachyum,falcatum,Ringal,slow,7 to 10,3.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms dense thickets in evergreen oak forests that are usually damp, to 3600 metres[11, 51].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Drepanostachyum+falcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apocynaceae,Dyera,costulata,Hill Jelutong,medium,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Primary evergreen lowland or hill forest up to 300 metres[ 338 ]. In undisturbed forests at elevations up to 400 metres. Usually on hillsides and ridges on clayey to sandy soils. In secondary forests usually present as a pre-disturbance remnant[ 359 ].,"Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dyera+costulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dyera-costulata-1.jpg
Meliaceae,Dysoxylum,acutangulum,Membalo,slow,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An upper canopy tree in undisturbed lowland and hill forest, growing on hillsides and ridges with sandy soils; at elevations up to 1,000 metres[ 334 , 359 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysoxylum+acutangulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dysoxylum_acutangulum_small.jpg
Meliaceae,Dysoxylum,fraserianum,"Australian rosewood, rose-mahogany, rosewood, turnipwood.",slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rain forests on richer soils, it is also found in more open situations[ 694 ]. Subtropical and dry rain forests, often on coastal ranges in New South Wales[ 365 ].",Australia - New South Wales. Southern Queensland.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysoxylum+fraserianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dysoxylum-fraserianum1.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Dysphania,anthelmintica,Wormseed,medium,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mainly found on dry wasteland and cultivated ground[ 204 , 268 ]. Sand dunes, pinelands, meadows, roadsides, and other waste areas; at elevations up to 1,100 metres in southern N. America[ 270 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; southern N. America.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dysphania+anthelmintica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dysphania-anthelmintica-1.jpg
Arecaceae,Elaeis,oleifera,American Oil Palm,slow,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"More or less open forest in moist, sandy soils that are often poorly drained[ 297 ]. Low-lying wet areas along the sides of rivers and streams, often persisting in cleared areas[ 768 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Honduras.",3,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elaeis+oleifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Elaeis-oleifera_Martius_1.jpg
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,divaricatus,,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"A rather rare plant, growing in the mountains all over Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+divaricatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,gracylistylus,Wu Jia Pi,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Wasted slopes or shrub thickets.,E. Asia - China.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+gracylistylus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleutherococcusGracylistylus.gif
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,innovans,Taka-No-Tsume,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Common in hills and mountains all over Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+innovans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,japonicus,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Rather common in the hills and mountains of Honshu and Kyushu.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,senticosus,Siberian Ginseng,slow,3 to 7,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming small undergrowth or groups in thickets and edges. Sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, very rarely in high forest riparian woodland.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",2,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+senticosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleutherococcusSenticosus.jpg
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,sessiliflorus,,,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Moist woods, wooded riverbanks, forest edges and clearings[51, 174].","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+sessiliflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EleutherococcusSessiliflorus.jpg
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,sieboldianus,"Ukogi, Five Leafed Aralia",slow,4 to 8,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Escaped from cultivation in Japan, where it grows wild in calcareous soils.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+sieboldianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eleutherococcusieboldianus.gif
Araliaceae,Eleutherococcus,trifoliatus,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Thickets. Mountainous areas in Vietnam, occasionally on the edges of forests.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+trifoliatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hydrocharitaceae,Elodea,canadensis,"Canadian Pondweed, Canadian waterweed",,None to None,,,,,['Water'],,May to October,July to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waters, mostly calcareous, of lakes and rivers from sea level to 2000 metres in America. Slow-moving fresh water throughout most of Britain.",N. America - Alaska to California east to Quebec and Virginia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elodea+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnacharisCanadensis.jpg
Poaceae,Elymus,hispidus,"Wild triga, Pubescent wheatgrass,",fast,6 to 9,0.8,0.4,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, on open stony and small-grained hillsides, among shrubs, up to the lower mountain belt; at elevations up to 2,300 metres.","Eurasia - Germany, south to Portugal and Spain, east through Turkey and the Caucasus to central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Western United States and Western Canada.",4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Elymus+hispidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Elymus_hispidus1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Entada,phaseoloides,St. Thomas Bean,fast,10 to 12,30.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from freshwater swamp and inland from the mangrove up to montane forest, at elevations up to 900 metres, occasionally to 1,700 metres[ 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines to the Pacific Islands.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Entada+phaseoloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Entada-phaseoloides.jpg
Fabaceae,Enterolobium,cyclocarpum,Devil's Ear. Earpod tree,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A climax, dominant species in subtropical, dry forest zones, restricted to disturbed areas in wetter forest types[303 ]. Dry lowland forests and savannahs[307 ]. Dry hillsides and by streams, usually below elevations of 300 metres in Guatemala[331 ]. A tropical plant. It is native to tropical America. It grows in dry, lowland forest and savannah. It can tolerate drought. It has some salt tolerance. In Costa Rica it grows from sea level to 1,300 m altitude. It can grow in arid places.","S. America - northwest Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia, north through Central America to Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Enterolobium+cyclocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Enterolobium_cyclocarpum1.JPEG
Poaceae,Eulaliopsis,binata,"Babui, Sabaigrass",fast,10 to 12,0.6,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry mountain slopes[266 ].,"Eastern Asia - Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent, China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eulaliopsis+binata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eulaliopsis_binata1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,tirucalli,"African Milkbush, Pencil Cactus, Milk Bush",slow,9 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Normally found in dry bushland thickets and naturalizes easily in brushwood, open woodland and grassland at elevations up to 2,000 metres[ 303 ].","Dry regions of tropical Africa, though widely grown and naturalised in many areas of the tropics.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+tirucalli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euphorbia-tirucalli.jpg
Asteraceae,Eurybia,divaricata,White wood aster,fast,4 to 8,0.9,0.9,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Found in dry open woods as well as along wood-edges and clearings.,"Native to eastern North America. It occurs in the eastern United States, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains, also present in southeastern Canada.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eurybia+divaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Eurybia_divaricata1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Faidherbia,albida,White Acacia. White-thorn. Apple ring acacia,fast,10 to 12,25.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Butterflies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Banks of seasonal and perennial rivers and streams on sandy alluvial soils or on flat land where Vertisols predominate[303 ].,"Africa, from South Africa north through eastern Africa to Sudan, Eritrea and on to Israel.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Faidherbia+albida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Faidherbia_albida1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Falcataria,moluccana,Batai,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Tree,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A pioneer species, occurring in primary but more usually in secondary lowland rainforest and light montane forest, grassy plains and along roadsides near the sea[ 303 ].","Pacific area - Indonesia, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Falcataria+moluccana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Falcataria-moluccana_1.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Fargesia,nitida,Fountain Bamboo,slow,4 to 8,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp semi-wooded regions. Found at altitudes up to 3000 metres on the northern sides of mountains.,E. Asia - C. and W. China in Szechwan and Kansu.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fargesia+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FargesiaNitida.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Foeniculum,vulgare,"Fennel, Sweet fennel",,3 to 10,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Found most often in dry stony calcareous soils near the sea[1, 16, 190].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Foeniculum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FoeniculumVulgare.jpg
Oleaceae,Forestiera,acuminata,"Swamp Privet, Eastern swampprivet",,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April,July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet river banks, by ponds and swamps.","South-eastern N. America - South Carolina to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Forestiera+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ForestieraAcuminata.gif
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,foetida,Mauritius Hemp,fast,9 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Tropical highlands,"Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas, north to Costa Rica and the Caribbean",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_foetida1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,hexapetala,"Fique, Cuban Hemp",fast,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Tropical highlands,"Northern S. America - Venezuela, Ecuador, Galapagos, north through the Caribbean and Mexico.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+hexapetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_hexapetala1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Galium,aparine,"Goosegrass, Coachweed, Catchweed, Stickywilly",,3 to 7,1.2,3.0,Annual,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hedgerows and as a weed of cultivated land. Moist and grassy places on most types of soil.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, N. and W. Asia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+aparine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumAparine.gif
Rubiaceae,Galium,odoratum,"Sweet Woodruff, Sweetscented bedstraw, Bedstraw",medium,5 to 9,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Woodland and shady areas[4, 14] on damp calcareous and base rich soils. Often found in beech woods.","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Siberia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Galium+odoratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaliumOdoratum.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,adenothrix,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Coniferous woods and sub-alpine thickets in N. and C. Japan. Edges of forests in more or less dry places at elevations of 400 - 1900 metres.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+adenothrix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaAdenothrix.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,mucronata,Prickly heath,,5 to 9,1.5,1.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,October to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Open wet Nothfagus and Drimys forest, dominant or co-dominant with Chiliotrichum in shrub communities fringing forests above high water mark and in transition to swamps and bogs from sea level to 700m","S. America - S. Chile, S. Argentina.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+mucronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaMucronata.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,pumila,,slow,6 to 9,0.1,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Heath, bogs, swamps, open wet places and woods to 900 metres, north to latitude 50° south in Chile.","S. America - Falklands, S. Chile.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,pumila leucocarpa,,,6 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Found as far south as latitude 42° south. Growing in the Andes, it is common on volcanic slopes where it grows up to the snow-line.",Southern S. America - S. Chile.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+pumila leucocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gentianaceae,Gentiana,lutea,Yellow Gentian,,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy alpine and sub-alpine pastures, usually on calcareous soils[9, 50].",C. and S. Europe.,1,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gentiana+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GentianaLutea.jpg
Orchidaceae,Geodorum,densiflorum,Nodding Swamp Orchid,fast,10 to 12,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dense forest, thickets, and clearings, on grassy slopes, and in pockets of soil on limestone at elevations from near sea level to 450 metres in Fiji[490 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, the Pacific.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Geodorum+densiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Geodorum-densiflorum.jpg
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,levis,"Bulo semilang, Buloh seremai, Bolo",fast,9 to 10,15.0,4.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Not known in the wild but naturalized in the Philippines where it grows in secondary forest and abounds in and around towns and villages in the lowland[310,345].",The orininal range is not known. The plant is naturalized in the Philippines and cultivated there and in Borneo.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+levis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_levis1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gigantochloa,verticillata,"Whorled bamboo, Giant stripy bamboo",fast,10 to 12,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild location.,Unknown - the plant is only known in cultivation and its origins are obscure.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gigantochloa+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gigantochloa_verticillata1.JPEG
Poaceae,Guadua,angustifolia,Clumping Bamboo. Guadua,fast,10 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"It is a tropical plant. Forms dominant colonies known as ""guaduales"" or guadua groves which reach their optimum development in the central region of the Andes.","Central to South America. Guadua angustifolia is only native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.",0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guadua+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guadua_angustifolia1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Gymnema,sylvestre,"Gurmar, Gymnema",medium,10 to 12,3.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary forest, riverine forest and dry shrub savannah, usually on sandy or loamy soils. It occurs scattered and is locally abundant and common[299 ].","Africa - Mauritania to Ethiopia, south to S. Africa; through Arabia to India, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnema+sylvestre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gymnema sylvestre 1.JPEG
Cystopteridaceae,Gymnocarpium,dryopteris,Northern oak fern,slow,2 to 7,0.3,0.3,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady, moist woods, streambanks and wet cliffs preferring mixed coniferous forests.  It is equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.","Widespread across much of North America and Eurasia. It has been found in Canada, the United States, Greenland, China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and most of Europe.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gymnocarpium+dryopteris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gymnocarpium_dryopteris1.JPEG
Poaceae,Gynerium,sagittatum,Uva Grass,fast,10 to 12,4.0,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Rocky thickets, gravel bars, along rivers, and in rocky, brushy stream beds, at elevations of 300 - 700 metres[331 ].","S. America - Argentina and Paraguay, north through S. America to the Caribbean and through Central America to Guatemala.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynerium+sagittatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gynerium_sagittatum1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Halimione,portulacoides,Sea Purslane,,None to None,0.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Salt marshes, especially fringing channels and pools, usually flooded at full tide[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia. Also in S. Africa.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Halimione+portulacoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HalimionePortulacoides.gif
Compositae,Heliopsis,helianthoides,"False sunflower, Oxeye sunflower",fast,3 to 9,1.5,1.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open woods, woodland borders and clearings, thickets, grassy meadows, savannas, limestone glades, tallgrass prairies, blackland prairies, stream banks and disturbed roadsides or railroad rights of way.","Native to eastern and central North America from Saskatchewan east to Newfoundland and south as far as Texas, New Mexico, and Georgia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heliopsis+helianthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Heliopsis_helianthoides1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,syriacus,"Rose Of Sharon, Althaea, Shrub Althea, Hardy Hibiscus",medium,5 to 9,3.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found wild on mountain slopes, though the original habitat is obscure.",E. Asia - China to India. Locally naturalized in S. Europe.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+syriacus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlthaeaFrutex.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,falconeri,,slow,7 to 10,6.0,1.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 2000 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+falconeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Himalayacalamus,hookerianus,Padang,fast,7 to 10,9.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool broad-leaved forests, 2000 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from E. Nepal to Sikkim and Bhutan.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himalayacalamus+hookerianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Honckenya,peploides,"Sea Sandwort, Seaside sandplant",medium,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Wind', 'Wind-blown sand']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,By sea coasts on mobile sand and sandy shingle.,"Coasts of temperate and arctic regions of Eurasia, including Britain, and N. America.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Honckenya+peploides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HonckenyaPeploides.jpg
Rubiaceae,Houstonia,caerulea,Azure bluet or Quaker ladies,fast,3 to 8,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Fields and open woods on moist acidic soils in shady areas, growing especially well among grasses.","Native to eastern Canada (Ontario to Newfoundland) and the eastern United States (Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Louisiana, with scattered populations in Oklahoma).",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Houstonia+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Houstonia_caerulea1.JPEG
Hypericaceae,Hypericum,hypericoides,St. Andrews Cross,,5 to 9,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy soils.,"Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hypericum+hypericoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HypericumHypericoides.jpg
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,aquifolium,"Holly, English holl, Christmas Holly, Common Holly, English Holly",slow,5 to 9,9.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to June,November to March,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Found in most well-drained soils in scrub, hedges and woodland where it is often the dominant under-storey shrub.","Western and central Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Germany south to the Mediterranean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+aquifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexAquifolium.jpg
Fabaceae,Indigofera,tinctoria,"Indigo, True Indigo, dye indigo",fast,5 to 12,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Probably originally from Malaysia, the plant now has a pantropical distribution.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Indigofera+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Indigofera_tinctoria_Trew_1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Inocarpus,fagifer,"Tahiti Chestnut, Polynesian Chestnut",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Common in coastal forests, margins of swampy places, along rivers, and even in dry forest[311 ]. Lowland secondary forest, stream banks, swamps and marshes, mangrove areas, and coconut plantations at elevations from sea level to 500 metres[312 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia to Australia and the southwest Pacific.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inocarpus+fagifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Inocarpus_fagifer_Roxburgh.JPEG
Fabaceae,Intsia,bijuga,"Moluccan Ironwood, Ipil",slow,11 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Often found on sand and coral beaches, but also in periodically inundated localities further inland[303 ]. It also occurs in dryland mangroves which are the final stage of mangrove forest succession and the transition to inland forests[303 ].","E. Africa; E. Asia - India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea to Australia and the Pacific Islands.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Intsia+bijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Intsia_bijuga_Rumphius.JPEG
Fabaceae,Intsia,palembanica,"Borneo Teak, Merbau",slow,10 to 12,80.0,60.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Forests, often occurring near the coast but also found inland at elevations up to 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Intsia+palembanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Intsia palembanica 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Inula,helenium,"Elecampane, Elecampane inula",,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, waysides, waste places, copses etc, often on moist soils in shade.",S.E. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Inula+helenium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/InulaHelenium.jpg
Cupressaceae,Juniperus,drupacea,Syrian Juniper,medium,6 to 9,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky slopes in forest or scrub, 1000 - 1500 metres in Turkey.","S. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Juniperus+drupacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JuniperusDrupacea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Kalimeris,pinnatifida,Japanese  Aster,medium,5 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hills and low mountains in C. Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalimeris+pinnatifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/KalimerisPinnatifida.jpg
Araliaceae,Kalopanax,sciadophylloides,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Hills all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Kalopanax+sciadophylloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Meliaceae,Lansium,domesticum,"Langsat, Lansa, Lanzon",slow,11 to 12,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests and humid river valleys[307 ].,"E. Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lansium+domesticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lansium domesticum2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Lythraceae,Lawsonia,inermis,"Henna, Mignonette Tree",fast,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, coastal secondary scrub wasteland[307 ]. Naturalized plants are often found in temporarily flooded river beds and riverine thickets, but also on hillsides and in rock crevices, at elevations up to 1,350 metres[299 ].",E. Asia - India.,0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lawsonia+inermis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lawsonia_inermis1.jpg
Fabaceae,Leucaena,diversifiolia,Ipil-ipil,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Brushy, rocky hillsides, at elevations of 200 - 400 metres[331 ].",Central America - Guatemala to Mexico.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucaena+diversifiolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leucaena_diversifiolia1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Leucaena,leucocephala,"Leucaena, Lead Tree, White Tamarind",fast,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry coastal regions, waste ground[307 ].","Central America, north to Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucaena+leucocephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leucaena _leucocephala_Blanco.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ligularia,japonica,,,4 to 8,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains in C. and S. Japan. Stream banks, grassland slopes and forest understories at elevations of 600 - 2300 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligularia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LigulariaJaponica.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Ligusticum,mutellina,"Mountain Lovage, Alpine lovage",,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and S. Europe.",Europe.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ligusticum+mutellina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AethusaMutellina.jpg
Alismataceae,Limnocharis,flava,"Sawah Lettuce, Sawah Flowering Rush",fast,10 to 12,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"In or at the edge of water[331 ]. Shallow swamps, ditches, pools and wet rice fields, occurring usually in stagnant fresh water[413 ].","Southern S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, north through Central America to Mexico.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Limnocharis+flava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Limnocharis_flava_small.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Lobularia,maritima,Sweet Alyssum,fast,6 to 9,0.2,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],April to October,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Dry sunny places in the Mediterranean. Grows by the coast in Britain.,Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lobularia+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlyssumMaritimum.jpg
Ericaceae,Lyonia,ovalifolia,,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Common in sunny places on hills, in scrub and on the edges of oak, pine and rhododendron woods.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lyonia+ovalifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaOvalifolia.jpg
Magnoliaceae,Magnolia,dodecapetala,Bwapen mawon,slow,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Generally distributed in the humid, many-storied forests at elevations between 420 - 750 metres. It develops best. in deep, rich, soils in valleys and on level sites at middle elevations in hot, humid climates. It is never found on ridges or slopes[378 ].","Caribbean - Trinidad and Tobago, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Magnolia+dodecapetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Magnolia_dodecapetala_Descourtilz.JPEG
Malvaceae,Malva,sylvestris,"Mallow, High mallow, French Hollyhock, Common Mallow, Tree Mallow, Tall  Mallow",fast,4 to 8,0.5,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, field verges and roadsides, avoiding acid soils[7, 9, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malva+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalvaSylvestris.jpg
Solanaceae,Mandragora,officinarum,Mandrake,,6 to 9,0.1,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],March to July,March to April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Open woodland, deserted fields and stony places[21, 89].",South-eastern Europe.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mandragora+officinarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MandragoraOfficinarum.jpg
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,bidentata,"Balata, bulletwood, bully tree",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist coastal and limestone forests to lower mountain forests at elevations from near sea level up to 600 metres[379 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama; Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+bidentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara bidentata 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Manilkara,zapota,"Sapodilla, Nispero",slow,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Lowland and coastal forests[200 , 307 ].",C. America - Panama to Mexico.,5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manilkara+zapota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Manilkara zapota1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Mansonia,altissima,Mansonia,fast,10 to 12,35.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dense semi-deciduous forest, extending to patches of dense forest in the savannah[299 ]. Adult trees are more common in logged or burnt forest than in undisturbed forest[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Guinea and Cote D'Ivoire to the Central African Republic and northern DR Congo.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mansonia+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mansonia_altissima_1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Mezilaurus,itauba,Itauba,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Primary forests of high terrain, with sandy or clayey-sandy soils, well-drained and of low fertility[420 ]. Humid tropical and subtropical forests in Bolivia[363 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mezilaurus+itauba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mezilaurus itauba 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Myrcianthes,pungens,Guabiyu,slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Semi-deciduous forests, the humid understorey of Araucaria forests and on open rocky slopes[416 , 419 ].","Southern S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern and eastern Brazil and Bolivia.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrcianthes+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Myrcianthes pungens 1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Neolamarckia,cadamba,"Amboina, Kadam",fast,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An early-succession species, it grows best on deep, moist, alluvial sites, often in secondary forests along riverbanks and in the transitional zone between swampy, permanently flooded and periodically flooded areas[303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, China, Malaysia through Indo-China to Australia.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Neolamarckia+cadamba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Neolamarckia cadamba 1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Ocotea,cymosa,Varongy,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Forests and coastal sands at elevations up to 1,000 metres[455 ].",Africa - eastern Madagascar.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocotea+cymosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocotea cymosa 1.JPEG
Onagraceae,Oenothera,albicaulis,Whitest Evening Primrose,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rather dry grassy and disturbed places, 800 - 2200 metres.",Western N. America - Arizona to S. Dakota and Montana.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+albicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraAlbicaulis.jpg
Olacaceae,Ongokea,gore,Boleko Nut,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dense evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forests[299 ]. It occurs on dry ground and in periodically inundated localities[299 ].,"West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to the Congo, south to Angola.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ongokea+gore,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ongokea gore 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,dictamnus,"Dittany Of Crete, Hop Marjoram",medium,7 to 9,0.2,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady rocks in dry places in high mountains[50, 148].",S. Europe - Crete.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+dictamnus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmaracusDictamnus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Origanum,x hybridum,,,7 to 10,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,W. Asia - Levant.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Origanum+x hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Paederia,foetida,Skunk Vine,fast,6 to 12,4.0,0.3,Climber,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A ruderal in thickets and woodland, also along forest edges, in secondary evergreen to deciduous forest and clearings in primary forest[310 ]. Also grows in montane vegetation up to 3,000 m, on steep, forested slopes, or on sandy or rocky sea coasts[310 ].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paederia+foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paederia foetida 1.JPEG
Araliaceae,Panax,ginseng,"Ginseng, Chinese ginseng",,5 to 9,0.8,0.7,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests[165, 178].","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+ginseng,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanaxGinseng.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,pseudoginseng,"Ginseng, Japanese ginseng",slow,5 to 9,1.0,0.7,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, 2100 - 4300 metres in C. Nepal in the Himalayas. Moist shady places at elevations of 2000 - 3300 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas and Burma.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+pseudoginseng,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panax_pseudoginseng.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,quinquefolius,American Ginseng,slow,3 to 7,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich cool woods.,"Eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Minnesota.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+quinquefolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanaxQuinquefolius.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,trifolius,"Ground Nut, Dwarf ginseng",,3 to 7,0.2,,Perennial,,,April to June,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and damp clearings.,"Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to Georgia, Indiana, Iowa and Minnesota.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+trifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanaxTrifolius2.jpg
Vitaceae,Parthenocissus,himalayana,,fast,8 to 11,18.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Climbing over rocks, 1200 - 3300 metres in W. China. Moist open places at elevations of 2100 - 3200 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenocissus+himalayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Parthenocissus,quinquefolia,"Virginia Creeper, Woodbine",fast,3 to 10,30.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Woods and rocky banks.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida and Mexico. A garden escape in Britain.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenocissus+quinquefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParthenocissusQuinquefolia.jpg
Vitaceae,Parthenocissus,tricuspidata,"Boston Ivy, Japanese Ivy, Japanese Creeper",fast,4 to 8,18.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woods in hills and mountains. Climbing over rocks or shrubs on hillsides at elevations of 100 - 1200 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. A garden escape in Britain.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenocissus+tricuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmpelopsisTricuspidata.jpg
Sapotaceae,Payena,leeri,"Balam suntei tree, Getah sundek",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland forest[334 ].,"Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Payena+leeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Payena_leeri1.JPEG
Poaceae,Pennisetum,purpureum,Napier grass. Elephant grass,fast,8 to 11,4.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,A tropical tall grass found along rivers and forest margins on more fertile soils.,A perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. Introduced to most tropical and subtropical countries where it has become naturalised.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+purpureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pennisetum_purpureum1.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Pentaglottis,sempervirens,Evergreen bugloss,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady places or by roads and in hedges near the sea.,W. Europe. Possibly native to S.W. England.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentaglottis+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnchusaSempervirens.jpg
Fabaceae,Pericopsis,angolensis,East African afrormosia,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous woodland (Brachystegia or Combretum and Terminalia associations), wooded grassland; in bushy stony places; at elevations from 200 - 1,700 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - southern DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pericopsis+angolensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pericopsis angolensis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pericopsis,elata,"African-teak, golden afrormosia, kokrodua",fast,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Tree,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Semi-deciduous forest, especially in swampy and flat, disturbed localities[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cote D'Ivoire to the Central African Republic, south to Dr Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pericopsis+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pericopsis elata 1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pimpinella,anisum,"Aniseed (Saunf - Hindi), Anise burnet saxifrage",,7 to 10,0.5,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. Europe - Greece.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimpinella+anisum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PimpinellaAnisum.jpg
Piperaceae,Piper,betle,Betel,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humid tropical climates. Not known in a truly wild situation.,Southeast Asia - probably originally from Malaysia.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piper+betle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piper_betle1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Piptadenia,gonoacantha,Pau jacaré - alligator stick,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Atlantic rainforest, most commonly along the coastal plain, favouring open and secondary growth areas, growing in both rich and poor soils[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, southern, eastern and northeastern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piptadenia+gonoacantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piptadenia gonoacantha 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pithecellobium,dulce,"Manila Tamarind, Madras Thorn",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, brushy or thinly forested plains or hillsides, often in coastal thickets, at elevations from sea level to 500 metres[331 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pithecellobium+dulce,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pithecellobium dulce3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Planchonella,australis,Black Apple,,11 to 12,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the coast and in gullies in adjacent plateaux.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Planchonella+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlanchonellaAustralis.jpg
Clusiaceae,Platonia,insignis,"Bakuri, Bacuri",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Seasonally flooded, humid forests[336 , 416 ]. Found mainly in open, transitional vegetation, being rare in the dense forest[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Surinam.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platonia+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Platonia_insignis_Martius.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,gramineus,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+gramineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusGramineus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,hindsii,Hinds' cane-bamboo,medium,6 to 9,3.5,1.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains or on hills near sea shores.,E. Asia - China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+hindsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusHindsii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,humilis,,,6 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,humilis pumilus,,,6 to 9,1.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+humilis pumilus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,pygmaeus,"Dwarf Fern-Leaf Bamboo, Pigmy Bamboo",fast,7 to 10,0.3,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Carpets the floors of forests.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+pygmaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusPygmaeus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,simonii,"Medake, Simon bamboo",fast,5 to 9,4.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan. Locally naturalized in Britain[50].",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+simonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusSimonii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,variegatus,"Dwarf White-Striped Bamboo, Chigo Zasa, Dwarf White Stripe Bamboo",fast,7 to 10,0.8,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+variegatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusVariegatus.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Plukenetia,conophora,"Conophor. Nigerian walnut. Awusa nut,",fast,10 to 12,18.0,0.4,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A tropical plant.  Rain-forest hedge in half-shady places; low bush; secondary forest; plantations at elevations from 250 - 1,400 metres.",Origin: Africa. Western and central tropical Africa - Togo to the Congo.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plukenetia+conophora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plukenetia_conophora1.JPEG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,divaricatum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Steppes and dry meadows. Thickets in valleys and on grassy slopes at elevations of 300 - 2100 metres in northern China.,"E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia, China and Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+divaricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,molle,,fast,6 to 9,2.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest, scrub and damp ground, often gregarious, 900 - 4250 metres[51, 187]. Slopes, forests, grassy places and thickets in valleys at elevations of 1300 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+molle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogonumMolle.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,polymorphum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+polymorphum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogonumPolymorpha.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,rumicifolium,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and alpine slopes, 2700 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to C. Nepal and Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+rumicifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,weyrichii,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Alpine slopes and gravelly places near the sea.,E. Asia - Japan on Sakhalin Island.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+weyrichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogonumWeyrichii.jpg
Araliaceae,Polyscias,fruticosa,"Ming Aralia, Chinese Ariala",slow,10 to 12,2.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in a truly wild location,The plant probably arose through cultivation - it is grown in many parts of tropical Asia.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polyscias+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Polyscias_fruticosa_Illustration.JPEG
Dryopteridaceae,Polystichum,munitum,"Giant Holly Fern, Western swordfern",,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"There are two distinct varieties, var. munitum grows in moist coniferous woods, var. imbricans grows in rock crevices and rocky soils in dry coniferous soils. Forms extensive colonies.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polystichum+munitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolystichumMunitum.jpg
Rutaceae,Poncirus,trifoliata,"Bitter Orange, Hardy orange, Trifoliat Orange, Japanese Hardy Orange",slow,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Hedgerows. Woods in mountains and hills in Korea.,"E. Asia - C. and S. China, Korea.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoncirusTrifoliata.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,anserina,Silverweed,fast,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Ditches and moist calcareous soils. A common weed of cultivation.,"Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Iran, the Himalayas, Manchuria, Japan.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+anserina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaAnserina.jpg
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,altissima,"Abam, Apotro, Gomu",medium,10 to 12,35.0,20.0,Tree,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in the driest types of semi-deciduous forest in west Africa; it can be common, locally even dominant, in rainforest in east Africa; found at elevations from 1,000 - 1,700 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea, through Cameroon to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to DR Congo, Zambia and Tanzania.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria altissima 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,caimito,"Abiu, Yellow Star Apple",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, especially in areas that are seasonally flooded, and by the coast, at elevations from sea level to 1,500 metres[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north to the Caribbean and through C. America to Costa Rica.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+caimito,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria caimito3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,pierrei,Aningeria,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Semi-deciduous forest and the transition zone to humid evergreen forest[299 ].,West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Cameroon and Central African Republic.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+pierrei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,sapota,"Sapote, Mamey Sapote",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Humid lowland woodland[307 ].,C. America - Panama to Mexico.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+sapota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria sapota 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,chilensis,"Chilean algarrobo, Chilean mesquite",medium,10 to 12,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A common ruderal weed, coming up singly and in groups along roadsides, round habitations, on refuse dumps and in other disturbed habitats; in arid and semi-arid regions[303 ].","S. America - Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_chilensis_1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,juliflora,"Mesquite, Honey Mesquite",fast,7 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Light, sandy or gravelly soils in arid or semi-arid areas where there is subterranean moisture[200 ]. Commonly found on over-grazed land[200 ].","Northern and western S. America - Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela; north through Central America to Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+juliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_juliflora_Descourtilz.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,pallida,Algaroba,fast,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Dry coastlines, often dominating in arid, saline soils[414 ].","S. America - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_pallida1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,armeniaca,Apricot,medium,5 to 7,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Most trees growing apparently wild have escaped from cultivation but there are pure stands of the trees in Tibet on mountain slopes in sparse forests at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+armeniaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusArmeniaca.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,besseriana,Dwarf Almond,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe to W. Asia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+besseriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,davidiana,Chinese Wild Peach,,4 to 8,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, thickets, slopes, mountain valleys and waste fields at elevations of 800 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+davidiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusDavidiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,fasciculata,Desert Almond,,6 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes and washes, 750 - 2000 metres in California.",South-western N. America - California to Arizona.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+fasciculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusFasciculata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,fenzliana,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky mountain slopes and rubble covered rock debris of the foothills, to 1500 metres in juniper forests.",W. Asia - Caucasus.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+fenzliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusFenzlianus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,kansuensis,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,January to February,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain areas at elevations of 1000 - 2300 metres in Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Sichuan Provinces.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+kansuensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,korshinskyi,,,None to None,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,1100 - 1800 metres in Turkey.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+korshinskyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mandshurica,Manchurian Apricot,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open well illuminated stony or rocky slopes. Mixed forests, thickets, mountain regions and open sunny slopes at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres.","E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mandshurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_mandschurica1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mira,Smoothpit Peach,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open hillsides to 4000 metres in the Himalayas. Slopes in mixed forests, mountain valleys and ravines at elevations of 2000 - 4000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - W. China to the Himalayas.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mira,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mume,"Japanese Apricot, Japanese Flowering, Apricot",medium,6 to 8,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in W. China, 300 - 2500 metres. Forested slopes, beside streams, slopes along trails, sparse forests, mountains at elevations of 1700 - 3100 metres.","E. Asia - Chine, Korea.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mume,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusMume.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pedunculata,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony mountain slopes and watersheds with steppe vegetation. Sunny pebbly slopes and steppes in Nei Mongol, Ningxia and Shaanxi Provinces of China.","E. Asia - northern China, Mongolia and Siberia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusPedunculata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,persica,"Peach, Flowering Peach,  Ornamental Peach,  Common Peach",fast,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly derived in cultivation from P. davidiana.",E. Asia - China.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+persica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPersica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,sibirica,Siberian Apricot,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny slopes amongst shrubs. Forests, thickets, hill grasslands, river valleys and dry sunny slopes at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Mongolia and eastern Siberia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSibirica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,tangutica,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny slopes, beside streams at elevations of 1500 - 2600 metres in S Gansu and NW Sichuan Provinces.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+tangutica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,triloba,"Flowering Almond, Flowering plum",,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and thickets at elevations of 600 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - China, N. Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+triloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusTriloba.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,x dasycarpa,Black Apricot,,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"The original habitat is obscure, this species is possibly a hybrid P. armeniaca x P. cerasifera.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x dasycarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x jacquemontii,Dwarf Bush cherry,medium,3 to 8,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,"Stony, rarely fine -earth mountain slopes, shrubby thickets.","Asia - Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x jacquemontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_jacquemontii1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pseudosasa,amabilis,Tonkin Bamboo,,5 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, forest margins and damp grasslands.",E. Asia - S. China,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudosasa+amabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pseudosasa,japonica,Metake - Bamboo,,5 to 9,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woodland and damp places, forming thickets in open country, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan. Frequently naturalized in Britain.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudosasa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudosasaJaponica.jpg
Fabaceae,Pterodon,emarginatus,"Faveiro, sucupira, sucupira-branca",medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Savannah and its transition to semideciduous forest, often in dense groups, characteristic of dry and sandy areas[419 ].","S. America - central, eastern and northern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterodon+emarginatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterodon emarginatus 1.JPEG
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,cernua,,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland in low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Grassy slopes in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+cernua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneCernua.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,patens,"Pasque Flower, Eastern pasqueflower, Cutleaf anemone",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sparse pine forests and dry sunny slopes. Grassy slopes, mountain slopes under forests at around 1100 metres in northern China.",N. Europe to Siberia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+patens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulsatillaPatens.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,vulgaris,"Pasque Flower, European pasqueflower",,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, sunny grassy calcareous slopes[17, 244, 268].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemonePulsatilla.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Reutealis,trisperma,"Otaheite Walnut, Lumbang Tree",fast,9 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests at low to medium elevations[327 ].,Southeast Asia - Philippines.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Reutealis+trisperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Reutealis trisperma 1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Rhododendron,periclymenoides,"Pink azalea, Pinxter flower",medium,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Birds', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Swamp margins, moist woods and open areas with full to partial sunlight or high, open shade.","Eastern United States, from southern New York south to Georgia, with isolated populations in Midwestern states.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhododendron+periclymenoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhododendron_periclymenoides1.JPEG
Saxifragaceae,Rodgersia,podophylla,,,None to None,1.3,2.0,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woods in the mountains of C. and N. Japan, 700 - 2000 metres. Shaded slopes in Jilin and Liaoning provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rodgersia+podophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RodgersiaPodophylla.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,acetosa,"Sorrel, Garden sorrel",,3 to 7,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, by streams and in open places in woodland[7, 17]. Often found as a weed of acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia, N. America, Greenland.",5,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+acetosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexAcetosa4.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,graminifolius,Grassleaf sorrel,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Coastal rocks and arctic regions in Newfoundland.,N. Europe. Northern N. America.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+graminifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexGraminifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,obtusifolius,"Round-Leaved Dock, Bitter dock",,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, hedgerows and field margins. A common weed of cultivated land on acid or calcareous soils.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Germany and Hungary.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+obtusifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RumexObtusifolius.jpg
Polygonaceae,Rumex,tenuifolius,Common sheep sorrel,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Widespread but uncommon, it is usually found in the poorest soils.","Central and northern Europe, including Britain, to the Arctic region.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rumex+tenuifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Saccharum,officinarum,"Sugarcane, Purple Sugar Cane",fast,8 to 12,6.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known as a wild plant.,Originated in cultivation.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Saccharum+officinarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Saccharum_officinarum_Kohler.JPEG
Fabaceae,Samanea,saman,"Rain Tree, False Powder Puff, Monkey Pod",fast,10 to 12,20.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Dry lowland grassland, coastal bushland and forest[307 ].","Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela; north through Central America to Nicaragua and El Salvador.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Samanea+saman,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Samanea saman 1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Sansevieria,hyacinthoides,African Bowstring Hemp,fast,10 to 12,0.5,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry karoo, bushveld or savannah, in well drained sandy or rocky soil.","Southern Africa - Namibia to Kenya and Tanzania, south to S. Africa.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sansevieria+hyacinthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sansevieria_hyacinthoides1.JPEG
Asparagaceae,Sansevieria,roxburghiana,"Indian Bowstring Hemp, Bowstring Hemp",fast,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Occasionally found on dry forested slopes, gravelly soil and rock crevices, less in the plains. Foothills upto 1000m. Coromandel coast. ",E. Asia - southern and eastern India.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sansevieria+roxburghiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sansevieria_roxburghiana1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,kurilensis,Chishima Zasa,,6 to 9,2.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forms compact clumps in thickets on high mountain slopes, C. and N. Japan[74, 58].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+kurilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sasa_kurilensis1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasa,palmata,"Broadleaf Bamboo, Bamboo",fast,7 to 9,2.5,5.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and damp hollows[162, 200].",E. Asia - Japan. Widely naturalized in Britain.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasa+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SasaPalmata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Sasaella,ramosa,Azuma-Zasa,fast,6 to 9,1.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sasaella+ramosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Semecarpus,anacardium,Marking Nut Tree. Oriental Cashew,medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"On hill slopes, usually at elevations between 500 - 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, east to Australia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semecarpus+anacardium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Semecarpus_anacardium1.JPEG
Ranunculaceae,Semiaquilegia,adoxoides,Tian Kui,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Damp and shady waste places in China. Forests and roadsides at elevations of 100 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semiaquilegia+adoxoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Semiarundinaria,fastuosa,"Narihiradake, Narihira bamboo",slow,6 to 9,7.5,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Light woodlands and moist places.,E. Asia - S. Japan. Locally naturalized in Britain and Ireland.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semiarundinaria+fastuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SemiarundinariaFastuosa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Semiarundinaria,murielae,Umbrella Bamboo,slow,6 to 9,4.0,1.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Found at altitudes up to 3000 metres in W. Hupeh.,E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Semiarundinaria+murielae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Senegalia,senegal,Gum Arabic,slow,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hot, dry regions[238 ]. Dry scrub and wooded grassland at elevations of 500 - 1,650 metres[396 ].","Drier regions of Africa - Senegal to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Natal; Arabian Peninsula; Indian subcontinent.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senegalia+senegal,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senegalia senegal 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Sesbania,bispinosa,Prickly Sesban,fast,10 to 12,2.0,1.0,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, ditches, river margins; also a weed in cultivations on alluvial land, especially in rice fields; often in saline areas; flood-plains, seasonally inundated depressions, sandbanks of brackish lagoons; occasionally in open miombo woodland[328 ].","Eastern tropical Africa; Afghanistan, Iran, Indian subcontinent, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+bispinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sesbania bispinosa 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Sesbania,grandiflora,"Vegetable Hummingbird, Agati,",fast,9 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Dry wasteland and roadsides[307 ].,"E. Asia - Probably originally from Malaysia and/or Indonesia, but original habitat is uncertain.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sesbania_grandiflora_Audubon.JPEG
Fabaceae,Sesbania,sesban,Sesban,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Shrub,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Common along streams, swamp banks and moist and inundated bottomlands[303 ].","Africa, through Arabia, southern Asia to Australia. Widely naturalised in other areas of the tropics.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sesbania+sesban,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sesbania_sesban_Blanco.JPEG
Poaceae,Setaria,palmifolia,Highland Pitpit. Palm Grass,fast,10 to 12,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open forests, thicket margins, shady path sides[266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indo-China.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+palmifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Setaria_palmifolia1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,canadensis,"Canadian Goldenrod, Shorthair goldenrod, Harger's goldenrod, Rough Canada goldenrod, Common Goldenro",medium,5 to 10,1.8,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to damp thickets, roadsides, slopes and clearings, avoiding acid soils.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Virginia. Naturalized in Britain[17].",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoCanadensis.jpg
Compositae,Solidago,flexicaulis,Zigzag goldenrod,medium,3 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Rich deciduous woods, wooded east and north facing slopes, rocky woods, edges of floodplain forests, shaded calcareous seeps, wooded stream banks, edges of limestone glades and cliffs.","Native to the eastern and central parts of the United States and Canada, from Nova Scotia west to Ontario and the Dakotas, and south as far as Alabama and Louisiana.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+flexicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solidago_flexicaulis1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Solidago,virgaurea,Goldenrod,,4 to 8,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods, grassland, rocks, cliffs, hedgebanks, dunes etc on acid or calcareous soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia and N. America.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solidago+virgaurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SolidagoVirgaurea.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,aria,"Whitebeam, Chess-apple",,4 to 8,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woods and scrub, usually on chalk or limestone[3, 9, 13, 17].","Central and S. Europe, from Britain and France to Spain, east to Macedonia and Transylvania.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+aria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAria.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Spergularia,rubra,"Sandwort, Red sandspurry",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open gravelly or sandy habitats. Sand dunes, heaths and coastal cliffs.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway to N. Africa and Asia. N. America,",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spergularia+rubra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpergulariaRubra.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,alsine,"Bog Stitchwort, Bog chickweed",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Streamsides, flushes, wet tracks and woodland ridges.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia and N. America.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+alsine,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StellariaAlsine.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,dichotoma,American chickweed,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Barren steppes and stony slopes. Slopes, stony and sandy hills and steppes at elevations of 200 - 3100 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Siberia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+dichotoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,graminea,Lesser stitchwort,fast,4 to 8,0.5,0.2,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Agricultural fields, roadsides, trail edges, gravel pits, waste areas. Part shade, sun; sandy or gravelly disturbed soil. In New Zealand in wetlands and margins of water bodies and wet grassland.",Native to Eurasia but it is widespread around other parts of the temperate world as an introduced species and a common weed.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+graminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stellaria_graminea1.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,jamesiana,tuber starwort,,4 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist woodland amongst shrubs, westwards from Wyoming and Texas.",Western N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+jamesiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StellariaJamesiana.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,media,"Chickweed, Common chickweed",fast,4 to 11,0.1,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Growing almost anywhere, it is a common garden weed[7, 17].","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world, including Britain.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlsineMedia.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Stellaria,pubera,Star chickweed,fast,5 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"High quality woodlands, especially where sandstone is close to the ground surface. Edges of rocky meadows, rocky wooded slopes, wooded bluffs, and the upper slopes of sandstone ravines or rich mesic woodlands.","Native to the eastern United States. Native distribution is from Illinois east to New York, south to Florida, west to Louisiana, and northeast to Kentucky; also in Nebraska and Minnesota. ",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stellaria+pubera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stellaria_pubera1.JPEG
Araliaceae,Stilbocarpa,polaris,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows in the sub-Antarctic islands south of New Zealand.,New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stilbocarpa+polaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/StilbocarpaPolaris.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Stipa,splendens,Chee Grass,,6 to 9,1.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Steppes.,E. Asia - Siberia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipa+splendens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Stipagrostis,pungens,Drinn,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common throughout the Sahara. Adapted to sandy habitats, represented by deep sandy clusters (dunes, ergs). ","Africa Europe, Asia",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stipagrostis+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stipagrostis_pungens1.JPEG
Leguminosae,Stylosanthes,biflora,Sidebeak pencilflower,fast,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky open woods, glades, prairies, usually on acid substrates.",Native to the Southeastern United States,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stylosanthes+biflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stylosanthes_biflora1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Stylosanthes,guianensis,Estilo,fast,10 to 12,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hot, humid climates, and is neither frost nor drought tolerant. It grows on all soil types, but is particularly well adapted to poor acid soils with high Al and Mn contents.","Native to Mesoamerica:  Belize, Costa Rica (north-east), Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (south), Nicaragua (east), Panama. South America:  Bolivia (north), Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela. Naturalised in many parts of the tropics and subtropics.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stylosanthes+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stylosanthes_guianensis1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,parthenium,"Feverfew, Matricaria",medium,5 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain scrub, rocky slopes, walls, waste places and a weed of gardens, avoiding acid soils.",S.E. Europe to Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+parthenium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumParthenium.jpg
Araliaceae,Tetrapanax,papyrifer,"Rice Paper Plant, Chinese Rice Paper Plant",fast,8 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides in mixed forests and shrub thickets at elevations of 100 - 2800 metres[147, 266]. Subtropical forests.","E. Asia - China, Taiwan.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetrapanax+papyrifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TetrapanaxPapyrifer.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,spathiflorus,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forming thickets in damp sites in cedar, oak and fir forests up to 3600 metres[51, 200]. Prefers growing on steeply sloping sites.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+spathiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Thamnocalamus,tessellatus,Bergbamboes,,None to None,3.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stream lines, damp rocky slopes and forest margins, 1500 - 2500 metres.",S. Africa.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thamnocalamus+tessellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Thespesia,populnea,"Portia Tree, Aden Apple, Indian Tulip Tree",fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sea coasts, often where sandy beaches covered by Casuarina equestifolia give way to coral outcrops[307 ]. Also on rocky coasts and occasionally on the inland edge of mangrove swamp[303 ].","Probably originating in the Asiatic tropics, the plant is now pantropical in range.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thespesia+populnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thespesia_populnea_Blanco.JPEG
Poaceae,Thysanolaena,latifolia,"Asian Broom Grass, Tiger Grass",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Valleys and lightly shaded slopes; ravines; river banks; forest margins; open grasslands. Usually in association with trees (often bamboo forests), solitarily or in small groups, not in full sunlight; at elevations from 150 - 2,000 metres[266 , 310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Japan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thysanolaena+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thysanolaena latifolia 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Toona,sinensis,Chinese Cedar,fast,6 to 11,20.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woodland.,"E. Asia - China, northern India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toona+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AilanthusFlavescens.jpg
Apocynaceae,Trachomitum,lancifolium,"Lance leaved Dogbane, Lance leaved Kendry",fast,4 to 9,3.0,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Boreal to warm temperate climates. Semi-arid areas.,"Siberia, Central Asia, Mongolia, N. China",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachomitum+lancifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trachomitum_lancifolium1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Trachomitum,sarmatiense,"Sarmatian Dogbane, Sarmatian Kendry",fast,4 to 9,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Boreal to warm temperate. Humidity: Semi-arid to humid.,Origin: C. Asia.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trachomitum+sarmatiense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trachomitum_sarmatiense1.JPEG
Moraceae,Treculia,africana,African Breadfruit or Breadnut,medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found near streams or in swampy areas in forests at an altitude up to 1,500 metres[303 ]. Riverine, mixed evergreen and swamp forests, woodlands, sea level to 1,300 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to southern Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, south to northern Angola, Zambia, Mal",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Treculia+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Treculia africana3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Pinaceae,Tsuga,canadensis,"Canadian Hemlock, Eastern hemlock",medium,4 to 7,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,November to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and swampy areas on cool moist sites, also in upland forests, often covering the north side of ridges.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Alberta and Minnesota.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesAmericana2.jpg
Pinaceae,Tsuga,chinensis,Chinese Hemlock,slow,5 to 9,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, especially on steep cliffs, 2300 - 3000 metres. Mountains, mixed forests, valleys and river basins at elevations of 1000 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tsuga+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TsugaChinensis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Turritis,glabra,Tower Cress,,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry banks, cliffs and rocks, roadsides and waste places, especially in E. England.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Turritis+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TurritisGlabra.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Urospermum,dalechampii,,,5 to 9,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated ground.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Urospermum+dalechampii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/UrospermumDalechampii.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,bracteatum,Sea Bilberry,,6 to 9,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Low elevations in mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests and thickets at elevations of 400 - 1400 metres,","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+bracteatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaChinensis.jpg
Fabaceae,Vachellia,karroo,Cape Thorn Tree,medium,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Woodland, wooded grassland, coastal scrub, often by rivers and in valleys, from near sea-level to 1,520 metres[308 ]. Found in riverine communities and even in arid environments, where it can do well provided there is an assured supply of groundwater[303 ].","Southern Africa, from the Cape as far north as Angola and Kenya.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+karroo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia karroo 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vachellia,nilotica,Gum Arabic Tree,fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Woodlands of various sorts, wooded grasslands, scrub and thickets[269 ]. Often found along river banks which are subject to periodic inundation[303 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to 1,300 metres[303 ].","Drier areas of Africa, Arabian Peninsula, western Asia to northern India.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+nilotica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia nilotica 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vachellia,seyal,Shittim Wood,fast,10 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"One of the most common trees in the savannah of Sudan, often occurring as a pure forest over quite large areas of country[303 ]. Frequently, it grows in groups or patches, sometimes of considerable size, in areas inhabited by Senegalia senegal[303 ].","Semi-arid areas of tropical Africa - Senegal to Egypt, Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Zambia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+seyal,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia seyal 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vachellia,tortilis,Umbrella Thorn,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Widespread in the Sahel, in woodlands and in the savannah[303 ]. It generally forms open, dry forests in pure stands or mixed with other species[303 ].",Africa - semi-arid areas from S. Africa to the Sahel and also to Israel and Arabia.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vachellia+tortilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vachellia tortilis 1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Vernicia,fordii,"Tung Tree, Tung Nut",medium,8 to 11,7.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Base of foothills esp. in rocky places, at elevations up to 1,000 metres in W. China[109 ]. Montane sparse forests at elevations of 200 - 1,500 metres, occasionally to 2,000 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - Central and Western China, Myanmar, Vietnam.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernicia+fordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vernicia fordii 1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Vernicia,montana,Abrasin oil tree,medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed places and margins of evergreen forest, or in depleted forest along the road, in dry, sandy soils, at elevations up to 1,200 metres in Laos[443 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernicia+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vernicia montana 1.JPEG
Compositae,Vernonia,noveboracensis,New York ironweed,medium,4 to 9,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist meadows, pastures & roadsides. Flourishes on slopes in the Edwards Plateau. Well-drained caliche and limestone.","Native to the eastern United States, from Florida to Massachusetts and west to Tennessee, Alabama, and West Virginia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vernonia+noveboracensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vernonia_noveboracensis1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,angularis,Adzuki Bean,fast,10 to 12,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Not known in the wild,"E. Asia - probably originated in Japan or southern China, but long cultivated and no longer known in",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+angularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna angularis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,mungo,"Black Gram, Urd Bean, Black Matpe, Black Mung Bean",fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - the exact original wild range is unknown.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+mungo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna mungo1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vigna,radiata,"Mung Bean, Thai Mung Bean",fast,10 to 12,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation[300 ]. Naturalized in open wastelands, roadsides, thicket margins, at elevations up to 500 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, New Guinea.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vigna+radiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vigna radiata1.JPEG
Verbenaceae,Vitex,negundo,"Huang Ping, Chinese chastetree, Cut Leaf Vitex, Cut-leaf Chastetree",medium,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Wasteland up to 2000 metres in the Himalayas. Mixed thickets on mountain slopes at elevations of 200 - 1400 metres in China.,E. Asia - Southwest China to the Himalayas.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+negundo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VitexNegundo.jpg
Lamiaceae,Vitex,payos,Chocolate Berry,medium,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Tree,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woodland, wooded grassland and on rocky outcrops at elevations from 50 - 1,500 metres[308 ]","Tropical Africa - DR Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+payos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex payos 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Vouacapoua,americana,"wacapou, acapu",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Primary rainforests, mainly in areas that are not seasonally inundated[420 ]. Found especially on forested slopes[422 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Surinam, French Guinea",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vouacapoua+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vouacapoua americana 1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Willughbeia,coriacea,"Heaven fruit, Borneo rubber, Akar gerit-gerit besi",fast,10 to 12,30.0,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Tropical, Sub-Tropical, Monsoonal. Terrestrial habitat (Primary Rainforest; Secondary Rainforest; Freshwater Swamp Forest)","Southeast Asia - Peninsula Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Willughbeia+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Willughbeia_coriacea1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Willughbeia,edulis,"Gedraphol, Kuy",fast,10 to 12,25.0,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland primary rain forests[334 , 555 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Assam, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Willughbeia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Willughbeia_edulis1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Wissadula,periplocifolia,White velvetleaf,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets near sea level, dry slopes, roadsides[266 ]. Moist thickets, wet forest, and brushy slopes in tropical America[382 ].",Tropical areas of the Americas and Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Wissadula+periplocifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Wissadula_periplocifolia1.JPEG
Blechnaceae,Woodwardia,areolata,Netted chain fern,medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.3,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found in acidic bogs, seeps, wet woods, meadows and fields, swamps, wetland margins; but rarely on rock of siliceous cliffs and ledges on northern edge of range.","Eastern and southern North America from Nova Scotia, Canada, south to Florida and Texas, USA. It is is most abundant on the coastal plain of the eastern United States, scattered in the Ouachita and Boston mountains, Ozark and Cumberland plateaus, and the Piedmont, but not in the high Appalachians, the heavy gumbo soils of the Mississippi Valley, or the limestone regions of the Interior Low Plateaus (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+).",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodwardia+areolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Woodwardia_areolata1.JPEG
Blechnaceae,Woodwardia,virginica,Virginia Chain Fern,medium,3 to 10,0.4,0.4,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Grows in anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), bogs, marshes, swamps, and wetland margins (New England Wild Flower Society 2011-2015). Wet soils of open wet swampy woods, acid bogs, and along streams and roadside ditches, avoiding calcareous substrates.An important constituent of the field layer of flatwoods, Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) swamp forest and bay (Magnolia virginiana) forests.",Endemic to eastern North America from Florida to Nova Scotia and west to Michigan and Illinois.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Woodwardia+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Woodwardia_virginica1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Yushania,anceps,Ringal,,8 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at heights of 3000 metres.,E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yushania+anceps,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Yushania,maling,,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Temperate forests and open grazing areas, 1600 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - N.E. Himalayas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yushania+maling,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Zingiberaceae,Zingiber,officinale,"Ginger: Common,Cooking Stem, Canton",fast,8 to 12,1.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Widely cultivated in Tropical areas, it probably originated in Tropical Asia.",4,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zingiber+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Zingiber officinale1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Pinaceae,Abies,balsamea,Balsam Fir,slow,3 to 6,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low swampy grounds where it is often the major component of forests. Also found on well-drained hillsides.,"North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Alberta, Michigan and Ohio.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+balsamea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesBalsamea2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,concolor,"Colorado Fir, White fir",fast,3 to 7,45.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found on a wide range of soils, but preferring moist soils with a humid climate and a long winter from 700 metres to 3,400 metres.","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, to Arizona and New Mexico.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+concolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesConcolor2.jpg
Pinaceae,Abies,fraseri,"She Balsam, Fraser fir, Southern Balsam Fir",fast,4 to 7,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Mountains, often forming forests of considerable extent at elevations of 1200 - 1800 metres[11, 82].",South-eastern N. America - Virginia and West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abies+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AbiesFraseri.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Acourtia,microcephala,Sacapellote,,7 to 10,1.4,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry sunny slopes.,South-western N. America - California.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acourtia+microcephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcourtiaMicrocephala.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,californica,"Californian Buckeye, California Horsechestnut",medium,6 to 10,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist stream borders, scrub and the edges of oak and pine woods in canyons and dry slopes below 1200 metres[71, 184, 229].",South-western N. America - California.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusCalifornica.jpg
Hippocastanaceae,Aesculus,indica,Indian Horse Chestnut,,6 to 9,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet temperate forests and shady ravines to 3,000 metres[51, 243].",E. Asia - North-western Himalayas.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aesculus+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AesculusIndica.jpg
Rosaceae,Amelanchier,sanguinea,"Roundleaf Serviceberry, Gaspé serviceberry",,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods, rocky slopes and river banks on neutral to slightly calcareous soils.","Eastern N. America - Maine to New Jersey, west to Minnesota and Iowa.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmelanchierSanguinea.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Anethum,graveolens,Dill,medium,2 to 11,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],May to November,April to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, waste places etc in the Mediterranean.",W. Asia. Naturalized in Europe in the Mediterranean[100].,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anethum+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnethumGraveolens.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Angelica,decursiva,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in woods in lowland and hills, C. and S. Japan. Damp soils in China. On slopes, forest edges by streams or shrubby thickets.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Angelica+decursiva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Aronia,arbutifolia,Red Chokeberry,,4 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Low woods, thickets, swamps, damp pine barrens etc.",Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Minnesota and south to Texas and Florida.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aronia+arbutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AroniaArbutifolia.jpg
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,sauveolens,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+sauveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Asparagus,setaceus,"Asparagus Fern, Common asparagus fern, Plumosa Fern",medium,9 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mainly found in moist forests from Southern Cape province to Natal and north to Malawi.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asparagus+setaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AsparagusSetaceus.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,scolopendrium,Hart's Tongue Fern,slow,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist banks and walls, rocks in damp shady places in woodlands[7, 9, 31], often on lime-rich soils.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and eastwards to Japan.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+scolopendrium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumScolopendrium.jpg
Fabaceae,Bauhinia,thonningii,"Camel's foot tree, monkey bread",medium,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woodland, wooded grassland and bushland, at elevations from sea level to 1,830 metres.","Tropical Africa - widespread from Sierra Leone to Ethiopia and Kenya, south to Angola, Botswana, northern S. Africa, Swaziland.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bauhinia+thonningii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bauhinia_thonningii1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Calamus,caesius,Rotan Sega,fast,10 to 12,100.0,7.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually in the lowlands on alluvial flats, seasonally flooded river banks, and margins of freshwater or peat-swamp forest, but not in permanent swamps. Occasionally found on drier sites up to 800 metres above sea-level[ 310 ].",Southeast Asia - Malaysia through Indonesia to the Philippines.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+caesius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus caesius 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,ovoideus,Egg-shaped Rattan. Rotan Ovoid,fast,10 to 12,70.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Well-drained slopes, where it is frequently found in forest gaps and other open sites, in lowland and lower montane rain forest areas below elevations of 1,500 metres[ 310 ].",E. Asia - Sri Lanka.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+ovoideus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus ovoideus 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,radiatus,Rotan Rays. Radial Leaf Rotan,fast,11 to 12,50.0,4.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp lowland forests at elevations below 300 metres[ 454 , 464 ].",E. Asia - Sri Lanka.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+radiatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pyrolaceae,Chimaphila,umbellata,Pipsissewa,slow,4 to 8,0.4,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry coniferous woods in Europe. Moist woods, particularly coniferous stands, and along mountain streams from the lower hills to about 2,500 metres in Western N. America.","N. Europe, N. America, E. Asia.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimaphila+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChimaphilaUmbellata.jpg
Capparidaceae,Cleome,lutea,"Yellow Spiderflower,  	Jones spiderflower",,3 to 8,1.2,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils on desert plains to lower montane valleys, it is also found on sandy flatland.",Western N. America - Nebraska to Washington and Arizona.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeLutea.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,bulbosus,Bulbous Springparsley,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills and plains at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres.,South-western N. America - Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+bulbosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,montanus,Mountain Spring Parsley,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry soils. Dry hills and valleys at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres.,"Central N. America - South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado and Texas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+montanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusMontanus.gif
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,paniculatum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes in hills and mountains all over Japan. Sunny meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 1000 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podocarpaceae,Dacrycarpus,dacrydioides,Kahikatea,slow,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forest, often dominant in swamp forests, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dacrycarpus+dacrydioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DacrycarpusDacrydioides.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,candida,White Prairie Clover,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres[43, 200]. Prairies and open wods on sandy, clayey and rocky soils.",Central N. America - southwards from Canada.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+candida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaleaCandida.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,candida oligophylla,White Prairie Clover,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres[43, 200]. Prairies and open wods on sandy, clayey and rocky soils.",Central N. America - southwards from Canada.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+candida oligophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,gattingeri,Purpletassels,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres[43, 200].",N. America - Tennessee to N.W. Alabama.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+gattingeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaleaGattingeri.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Dalea,purpurea,Purple Prairie Clover,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry desert and alluvial soils to 2000 metres. Sandy prairies in Texas.,Western N. America.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dalea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DaleaPurpurea.gif
Fabaceae,Daniellia,oliveri,African Copaiba Balsam Tree,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wooded grassland with Butyrospermum paradoxum; gregarious in deciduous forests; wooded savannah to open forest on sandy-clayey humid soil; sandy soils on laterite; granitic rocks; on alluvial terrace of large marigot[328 ].,"Tropical Africa - Senegal to Cote D'Ivoire, east to Sudan and Uganda.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daniellia+oliveri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Daniellia_oliveri1.JPEG
Saxifragaceae,Darmera,peltata,"Umbrella Plant, Indian rhubarb, Indian Rubarb, Indian Rubarb",medium,5 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],May to October,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,By the banks of mountain streams below 1800 metres. By or in cold mountain streams.,South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Darmera+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DarmeraPeltata.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Digitaria,sanguinalis,"Crab Grass, Hairy crabgrass",fast,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Arable ground and waste places in Britain.,Cosmopolitan. A rare casual in Britain[17].,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Digitaria+sanguinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DigitariaSanguinalis.gif
Rosaceae,Docynia,delavayi,,,7 to 10,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Riversides in valleys, mixed forests and mountainous areas at elevations of 1000 - 3000 metres in W Guizhou, W Sichuan and NW Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Docynia+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Dryopteris,sieboldii,,,7 to 10,0.5,,Fern,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Woods, C. and S. Japan. On the rather dry floor of mountain forests.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dryopteris+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DryopterisSieboldii.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Echinochloa,crus-galli,"Barnyard Millet, Barnyardgrass,",,5 to 9,1.2,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Ditches roadsides and waste places in S. Europe. Wet places and rich soils in India.,Native habitat is unknown but it is widespread in warmer regions occasionally introduced in Britain.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+crus-galli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinochloaCrus-galli.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Echinochloa,frumentacea,"Japanese Millet, Billion-dollar grass",,None to None,1.8,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Native habitat unknown, possibly derived in cultivation from E. crus-galli.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+frumentacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EchinochloaFrumentacea.gif
Ericaceae,Epigaea,asiatica,,,4 to 8,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Open woods in the mountains. In forest margins at elevations of 100 - 1700 metres.,E. Asia - C. and N. Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epigaea+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Fagopyrum,tataricum,Tartarian Buckwheat,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found at heights up to 4400 metres in the Himalayas from Pakistan to Bhutan.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum+tataricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FagopyrumTataricum.gif
Clusiaceae,Garcinia,gardneriana,"Bacupari, achacha",slow,10 to 12,8.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rainforests, usually on land that does not get inundated[416 ]. Often found in gallery forests[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, southern, eastern, central and northern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Garcinia+gardneriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Garcinia-gardneriana-1.jpg
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,insana,,,5 to 9,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Open fields or clearings in woods.,"S. America - S. Chile, Argentina.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+insana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,myrsinoides,,,8 to 11,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Not known,S. America - Costa Rica to the Andes of N. Chile.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+myrsinoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaMyrsinoides.gif
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,rigida,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Not known,Juan Fernandez Island.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Gillenia,stipulata,"American Ipecacuanna, American ipecac",,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods, thickets and rocky slopes.","Eastern N. America - New York to Indiana and Kansas, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Oklahoma.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gillenia+stipulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GilleniaStipulata.gif
Rosaceae,Gillenia,trifoliata,"Indian Physic, Bowman's root",medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rocky open woods. Rich woods.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario and New York, east to Michigan and south to Georgia and Missouri.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gillenia+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GilleniaTrifoliata.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Glehnia,littoralis,"Bei Sha Shen, American silvertop",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy banks by the sea, all around Japan.",E. Asia - Japan. N. America.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glehnia+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlehniaLittoralis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,borealis,Small floating mannagrass,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Wet places or shallow water.,"Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New York, Minnesota, Iowa and Oregon.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+borealis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaBorealis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Glyceria,fluitans,"Floating Manna Grass, Water mannagrass",,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water, either stagnant or slow flowing, or in wet soils whether acid or calcareous.","Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia the Caucasus and N. America.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Glyceria+fluitans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GlyceriaFluitans.gif
Cornaceae,Griselinia,littoralis,,medium,6 to 9,6.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Lowland to montane forests in North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Griselinia+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GriseliniaLittoralis.gif
Malvaceae,Gynatrix,pulchella,Hemp Bush,fast,7 to 10,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,River banks and in valleys.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynatrix+pulchella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GynatrixPulchella.gif
Orchidaceae,Habenaria,sparsiflora,Sparse-flowered bog orchid,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found mainly along the sides of streams or in boggy places in montane coniferous forests, 1200 - 3300 metres. Wet meadows, marshes, fens, stream banks, shores, seeping slopes; 0 - 3500 m.",Western N. America - Washington to Arizona and California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Habenaria+sparsiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/HabenariaSparsiflora.gif
Apocynaceae,Himatanthus,sucuuba,Plumeria sucuuba,medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rainforests, in both dense primary and the more open, secondary growth areas; favouring deep, well-drained sandy or loamy soils and avoiding areas subject to periodic inundation[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Himatanthus+sucuuba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Himatanthus sucuuba 1.JPEG
Flacourtiaceae,Idesia,polycarpa,Idesia,,4 to 8,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills and mountain forests above elevations of 2000 metres[58, 109].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Idesia+polycarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,glabra,Inkberry,slow,3 to 7,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Wet acid soils. Low sandy or peaty soils.,Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida and west to Montana.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ilex_glabra2.JPEG
Aquifoliaceae,Ilex,verticillata,"Winterberry, Common winterberry",slow,3 to 7,2.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps, pond margins and damp thickets.",Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to Georgia and Tennessee..,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IlexVerticillata.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,nil,"Japanese Morning Glory, Whiteedge morning-glory",fast,8 to 11,5.0,,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets on mountain slopes, waysides, fields and hedges from sea level to 1600 metres in China.",Pantropical.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+nil,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaNil.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,purpurea,"Common Morning Glory, Tall morning-glory",fast,6 to 9,2.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and waste places. Stream banks, disturbed or waste areas.",Central America - Mexico to the West Indies.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaPurpurea.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Isodon,japonicus,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hills, thickets and valleys from sea level to 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Isodon+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Jeffersonia,dubia,Twinleaf,slow,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests.,E. Asia - N. China to Siberia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jeffersonia+dubia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/JeffersoniaDubia.jpg
Cupressaceae,Libocedrus,uvifera,,slow,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist and boggy areas, especially near the sea, growing with Drimys and Nothofagus betuloides and not forming pure stands, from Tierra Del Fuego north to latitude 40°south[69, 139].","S. America - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Libocedrus+uvifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chrysobalanaceae,Licania,rigida,Oiticica,medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Dry, open forests, often in secondary formations, on low, alluvial floodplains, often near rivers[625 ].",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Licania+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Licania_rigida1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,densiflorus,Tanbark Oak,slow,6 to 9,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woody slopes below 1500 metres on fertile mountain slopes. It is found on a variety of soil types, but requires a humid atmosphere if it is to thrive[82, 229].",South-western N. America - Oregon and California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+densiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithocarpusDensiflorus.jpg
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,edulis,,,6 to 9,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LithocarpusEdulis.jpg
Fagaceae,Lithocarpus,glaber,Japanese Oak,,6 to 9,7.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed mesophytic forests, frequent on sunny slopes; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang","E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lithocarpus+glaber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lythraceae,Lythrum,portula,"Water Purslane, Spatulaleaf loosestrife",,None to None,0.2,0.3,Annual,,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Muddy margins of pools and puddles, but not in calcareous soils.","Europe, incl Britain, mainly central and northern areas but not the Arctic, east to the Caucasus.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lythrum+portula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LythrumPortula.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,baccata,"Chinese Crab, Siberian crab apple",medium,2 to 7,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open forested areas to elevations of 1800 - 3600 metres[51, 272].",E. Asia - N. China to the Himalayas.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusBaccata.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,floribunda,"Japanese Crab, Japanese flowering crab apple",medium,4 to 7,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,E. Asia - Japan? Probably not a truly wild species but a hybrid M. sieboldii x M. baccata or M. prun,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusFloribunda.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,ioensis,"Prairie Crab, Prairie crab apple, Texas crab apple, Prairie Crabapple",slow,3 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woods, thickets, pastures, along streams etc, with a preference for calcareous soils.","Central N. America - Indiana to Minnesota, south to Texas and Louisiana.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+ioensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusIoensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,pumila,"Paradise Apple, Common Apple, Apple Tree",medium,3 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Greece and S.W. Asia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusPumila.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,spectabilis,"Chinese Flowering Apple, Asiatic apple",,4 to 8,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Plains and mountain regions at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.,E. Asia - China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+spectabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusSpectabilis.jpg
Boraginaceae,Mertensia,maritima,Oyster Plant,,3 to 7,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects? self'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Shingle by the sea. Uncommon and declining.,"Throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres, including Britain.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mertensia+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MertensiaMaritima.jpg
Rosaceae,Mespilus,germanica,Medlar,medium,5 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and hedgerows[7, 17].",S.E. Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mespilus+germanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MespilusGermanica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Nabalus,albus,White Lettuce,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Rich woods and thickets.,"North-eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to N. Dakota.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nabalus+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NabalusAlbus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Nabalus,serpentarius,Lion's Foot,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Fields and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to New York, Florida, Alabama and Mississippi.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nabalus+serpentarius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NabalusSerpentarius.jpg
Fabaceae,Newtonia,buchananii,"East African Newtonia, Forest Newtonia",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy and subcanopy tree in highland forest areas at elevations from 1,100 - 1,800 metres in west Africa. In East and southern Africa it occurs in evergreen rainforest, often along watercourses and lakes, at elevations from 600 - 2,200 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, eastern DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Newtonia+buchananii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Newtonia_buchananii1.JPEG
Pyrolaceae,Orthilia,secunda,Sidebells Wintergreen,,4 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp coniferous woods and on damp rock ledges[17, 200].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to the Pyrenees and Asia. N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orthilia+secunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrthiliaSecunda.jpg
Oleaceae,Osmanthus,decorus,,,6 to 9,3.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed deciduous or mixed Fagus - Picea forests and the sides of gorges, 1000 - 1600 metres in Turkey[93, 184].",W. Asia - N.E. Turkey to Georgia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Osmanthus+decorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OsmanthusDecorus.jpg
Malvaceae,Pachira,glabra,"Saba Nut, American Chestnut",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Alluvial plains and lowland rainforest[307 ]. Not very common in the wild, it is found mainly in secondary formations in alluvial lowlands and near the base of hillsides, being rare in dense, primary forest[419 ].","S. America - southern, central and eastern Brazil.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachira_glabra1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Pachira,insignis,Malabar Chestnut,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humid upland rainforests, mainly in dense primary forest or late-stage secondary formations in Brazil[625 ]. Wet, lowland, tropical rainforests at elevations up to 500 metres[362 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Caribbean - West Indies.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachira insignis 1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Pachycereus,hollianus,"Baboso, Acompes",medium,9 to 11,4.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub,"Origin: Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico, endemic to the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley. ",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachycereus+hollianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachycereus_hollianus1.JPEG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Pachyphragma,macrophylla,,,6 to 9,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Wet beech forests to elevations of 1900 metres in Turkey,W. Asia - N.E. Turkey to W. Caucasus. Naturalized in Britain.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyphragma+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PachyphragmaMacrophylla.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pachyrhizus,ahipa,"Ahipa, Yam bean",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyrhizus+ahipa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Pachyrhizus,erosus,"Yam Bean, Jicama, Mexican Yam",fast,9 to 12,6.0,1.5,Climber Perennial,Climber,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,Central America - Mexico.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyrhizus+erosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachyrhizus erosus1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pachyrhizus,tuberosus,"Jicama, Ajipo",,9 to 11,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Growing into trees and shrubs, often in disturbed areas and usually near the coast, from sea level to 500 metres.",S. America - Peru.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyrhizus+tuberosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Buxaceae,Pachysandra,procumbens,Allegheny spurge,slow,5 to 8,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodland with acid, well drained soils in shade or semi-shade.","Native to the southeast United States from West Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida, and west to Louisiana.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachysandra+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachysandra_procumbens1.JPEG
Buxaceae,Pachysandra,terminalis,"Japanese Spurge, Japanese pachysandra, Pachysandra",medium,4 to 8,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist deciduous woods in valleys and low mountains to 2000 metres[187, 200].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachysandra+terminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PachysandraTerminalis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Packera,aurea,"Golden Groundsel - Life Root, Golden ragwort",,3 to 7,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich calcareous woods and bottoms and upland swamps. Damp thickets and prairies.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida, west to Texas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Packera+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PackeraAurea.jpg
Compositae,Packera,obovata,Roundleaf ragwort,fast,3 to 8,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist but well-drained calcareous soils, wooded slopes, and rocky areas in shaded or semi-shaded locations.","Native range: northern Mexico, the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, extending from Coahuila to Quebec and Ontario. ",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Packera+obovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Packera_obovata1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Paederia,foetida,Skunk Vine,fast,6 to 12,4.0,0.3,Climber,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A ruderal in thickets and woodland, also along forest edges, in secondary evergreen to deciduous forest and clearings in primary forest[310 ]. Also grows in montane vegetation up to 3,000 m, on steep, forested slopes, or on sandy or rocky sea coasts[310 ].","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paederia+foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paederia foetida 1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Paederia,scandens,,fast,None to None,5.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and thin woods in lowland and low elevations in mountains all over Japan. A common weed, in sunny meadows and thickets from the lowlands to elevations of 800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paederia+scandens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaederiaScandens2.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,anomala,"Anomalous peony, Common Peony",,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous woods, rocky hillsides amongst shrubs and in dry steppe grassland. Forest margins and clearings.",Europe to C. Asia.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+anomala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaAnomala.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,brownii,Brown's Peony,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sagebrush desert and ponderosa pine forest at altitudes of 900 - 1800 metres.,Western N. America - California to Nevada and Washington.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+brownii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaBrownii.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,caucasica,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, forest margins, short grass meadows and shrub thickets in the forest zone.",W. Europe to W. Asia.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+caucasica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaCaucasica.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,delavayi,"Tree Peony, Dian mu dan",,5 to 9,1.6,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady, moist areas of pine forests, in forest clearings and among scrub at altitudes of between 3,050 - 3,650 metres.",E. Asia - China in Yunnan and Likiang.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaDelavayi.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,emodi,,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest and scrub, often gregarious, 1800 - 2500 metres[51, 187].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to W. Nepal.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+emodi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaEmodi.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,hybrida,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Steppe meadows, open herb covered or stony slopes.",E. Asia - Siberia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+hybrida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaHybrida.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,japonica,Yama-Shakuyaku,,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and open deciduous woods in mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaJaponica.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,lactiflora,"Chinese Peony, Peony",medium,4 to 10,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open stony slopes, riverbanks and sparse woodland edges. Woods and grasslands at elevations of 400 - 2300 metres in China.",E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+lactiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaLactiflora.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,lutea,"Tree Peony, Dian mu dan",,6 to 9,1.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Spruce forests and the edge of scrub in open pastures at altitudes of 3,300 - 4,000 metres.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaLutea.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,mascula,,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Bushy places in meadows and hills. Oak, pine and beech forest, often amongst bracken, or on rocky limestone slopes that are north-facing.",N.W. Africa. Naturalized in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+mascula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaMascula.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,obovata,,,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and thickets in mountains all over Japan. Deciduous broad-leaved, mixed broad-leaved, and coniferous forests at elevations of 200 - 2800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+obovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaObovata.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,officinalis,"Peony, Common peony",medium,4 to 10,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky woodlands and meadows[1, 7], usually on limestone.",Europe - France to Albania.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaOfficinalis.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,ostii,Tree Peony,,6 to 9,1.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deciduous broad-leaved forests, thickets on slopes at elevations of 800 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - China in Shaanxi and Heenan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+ostii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaOstii.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,potaninii,Tree Peony,,6 to 9,0.6,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland edges and mountain slopes.,E. Asia - W. China to Tibet.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+potaninii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,suffruticosa,"Moutan, Moutan peony, Tree Peony, Japanese Tree Peony",slow,5 to 8,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Scrub in mountains. Cliffs at elevations around 300 metres.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+suffruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaSuffruticosa.jpg
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,szechuanica,Tree Peony,,6 to 9,1.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland edges in mountains at altitudes of 2,640 - 3,100 metres.",E. Asia - China in north-west Sichuan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+szechuanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Paeoniaceae,Paeonia,veitchii,,,7 to 10,0.8,0.8,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine meadows and scrub, also on mountain steppe, 2500 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaeoniaVeitchii.jpg
Sapotaceae,Palaquium,gutta,Gutta-Percha,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and hill forest[334 ]. Usually occurs scattered in lowland forest, but can be found at elevations up to 1,600 metres[418 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Palaquium+gutta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Palaquium gutta 1.JPEG
Rhamnaceae,Paliurus,ramosissimus,Ma Jia Zi,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Roadsides and riverbanks in W. Hupeh and Szechwan.,E. Asia - S. China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paliurus+ramosissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaliurusRamosissimus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Paliurus,spina-christi,"Christ's Thorn, Jeruselem thorn",medium,7 to 10,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Hedges, roadsides and thickets, in maquis and garigue on dry sandy hills to 3000 metres.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paliurus+spina-christi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaliurusSpina-christi.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,ginseng,"Ginseng, Chinese ginseng",,5 to 9,0.8,0.7,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain forests[165, 178].","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+ginseng,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanaxGinseng.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,japonicus,Japanese Ginseng,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Araliaceae,Panax,pseudoginseng,"Ginseng, Japanese ginseng",slow,5 to 9,1.0,0.7,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, 2100 - 4300 metres in C. Nepal in the Himalayas. Moist shady places at elevations of 2000 - 3300 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas and Burma.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+pseudoginseng,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panax_pseudoginseng.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,pseudoginseng notoginseng,San Qi,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and shrubberies, 2100 - 4300 metres in Central Nepal in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas and Burma.,1,5,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+pseudoginseng notoginseng,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panax_notoginseng2.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,quinquefolius,American Ginseng,slow,3 to 7,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich cool woods.,"Eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Minnesota.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+quinquefolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanaxQuinquefolius.jpg
Araliaceae,Panax,trifolius,"Ground Nut, Dwarf ginseng",,3 to 7,0.2,,Perennial,,,April to June,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and damp clearings.,"Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to Georgia, Indiana, Iowa and Minnesota.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panax+trifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanaxTrifolius2.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Pancratium,maritimum,Sea Daffodil,,7 to 10,0.5,0.3,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Maritime sands or just above the high tide mark, along the Atlantic coast[45, 90, 129].",S. Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pancratium+maritimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PancratiumMaritimum.jpg
Pandanaceae,Pandanus,amaryllifolius,Fragrant Pandan,medium,8 to 11,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild location.,"Cultivated in the Tropics, its original range is uncertain but is probably Indonesia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pandanus+amaryllifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pandanus_amaryllifolius1.JPEG
Pandanaceae,Pandanus,conoideus,"Marita, Red fruit, Pandan",medium,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A tropical plant.  It grows throughout PNG from sea level up to 1650 m altitude.  It becomes common above 500m.  It can be up to 2,500m above sea level.  ","Origin: New Guinea, Moluccas. Limited to New Guinea and some of the islands to the west (Ceram, Buru and Ternate) in Indonesia to West Pacific. A rare plant outside its native range.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pandanus+conoideus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pandanus_conoideus1.JPEG
Pandanaceae,Pandanus,julianettii,Karuka,fast,10 to 12,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Australasia - New Guinea.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pandanus+julianettii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pandanus_julianettii3.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,antidotale,"Blue Panic Grass, Blue panicum",,None to None,3.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Nepal, and the Upper Gangetic Plain.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+antidotale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumAntidotale.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,capillare,"Old Witch Grass, Witchgrass",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open sandy or stony soil or cultivated land in N. America. An occasional abundant weed of carrot crops in E. Anglia.,"N. America - Nova Scotia to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas. An occasional weed in Britain.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+capillare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumCapillare.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,decompositum,"Native Millet, Australian millet",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp sandy soils. Widespread on heavy soils, especially in drier areas.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+decompositum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Panicum,maximum,Guinea grass. Green panic grass,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grasslands, open woodlands and shady places[418 ].","Tropical and subtropical Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to S. Africa, the Arab Peninsula and islands in the west Indian Ocean",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panicum_maximum1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,miliaceum,European Millet,,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Waste places in Britain.,"Probably eastern Asia, but it has been in cultivation so long that the original range is obscure.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+miliaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumMilliaceum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,obtusum,Vine Mesquite,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp flats, shores and waste places. Usually found in dry soils according to another report. Sandy or gravelly soils, mainly along the banks of rivers and irrigation ditches.",Central and southern N. America - Missouri to Arizona and Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+obtusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumObtusum.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,sonorum,"Sauwi, Mexican panicgrass",,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Poor land.,Southern N. America - Northern Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+sonorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumSonorum.jpg
Poaceae,Panicum,turgidum,"Desert Grass. Turgid panic grass, Afezu",fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy soils[332 ]. Sandy deserts and semi-deserts, on dunes and seashores, and in sandy pockets in rocky outcrops, at elevations up to 3,200 metres[299 ].","Northern Africa - Morocco to Somalia, eastern Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+turgidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panicum_turgidum1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Panicum,urvilleanum,Desert Panicgrass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy places in deserts and creosote bush scrub in California.,"South-western N. America - California and Arizona. S. America - Peru, Chile, Argentina.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+urvilleanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PanicumUrvilleanum.jpg
Poaceae,Panicum,virgatum,Switch Grass,fast,10 to 12,1.8,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in both wet and dry soils in prairies and open woods, gravel bars and stream banks and along railroad tracks[352 ].","Found in many areas of the world, especially in the temperate and subtropical zones, but also in the tropics, especially in the Americas.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+virgatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panicum_virgatum1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Papaver,argemone,"Prickly Poppy, Long pricklyhead poppy",,7 to 10,0.4,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common weed of light soils in the south of Britain, becoming rare in the north.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver+argemone,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PapaverArgemone.jpg
Papaveraceae,Papaver,dubium,"Long-Head Poppy, Blindeyes",,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A weed of arable fields, especially amongst cereal crops, and of waste places.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver+dubium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PapaverDubium.jpg
Papaveraceae,Papaver,nudicaule,"Arctic Poppy, Icelandic poppy",medium,4 to 10,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes, river gravels and sandy meadows. Dry, exposed, rocky openings such as on steep slopes, screes, and outcrops at elevations of 300 - 1000 metres in Alaska.",Northern sub-arctic regions.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver+nudicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PapaverNudicaule.jpg
Papaveraceae,Papaver,orientale,Oriental Poppy,medium,3 to 9,1.0,0.8,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Meadows, usually in sub-alpine zones, but also on stony slopes in the lower mountain zone.","W. Asia - Armenia, N.E. Iran, Turkey.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PapaverOrientale.jpg
Papaveraceae,Papaver,rhoeas,"Corn Poppy, Field Poppy, Shirley Poppy",fast,4 to 8,0.6,0.2,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A common weed of cultivated land and waste places, avoiding acid soils. Becoming far less frequent on cultivated land due to modern agricultural practices.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver+rhoeas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PapaverRhoeas.jpg
Papaveraceae,Papaver,somniferum,Opium Poppy,,None to None,0.6,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Europe to Asia, though the original habitat is obscure. A rare casual in Britain.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Papaver+somniferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PapaverSomniferum.jpg
Fabaceae,Paraderris,elliptica,Derris,medium,10 to 12,16.0,2.0,Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest edges, roadsides and along rivers, usually at low elevations but up to 1,500 metres in Java[303 ]. It can occur as a weed in forest plantations of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Swietenia[303 ].","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paraderris+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paraderris elliptica 1.JPEG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Parajubaea,cocoides,Quito Palm,medium,None to None,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found at altitudes from 2000 to 3000 metres.,"S. America - Ecuador, Colombia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parajubaea+cocoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParajubaeaCocoides.jpg
Urticaceae,Parietaria,judaica,"Pellitory Of The Wall, Spreading pellitory",,None to None,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgebanks, cracks in rocks and dry walls[7, 17].","Western and southern Europe, including Britain.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parietaria+judaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParietariaJudaica.jpg
Urticaceae,Parietaria,officinalis,"Pellitory Of The Wall, Upright pellitory",,None to None,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Western Europe to Western Asia and the Caucasus.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parietaria+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParietariaOfficinalis.jpg
Chrysobalanaceae,Parinari,curatellifolia,"Mbola, Grys Appel",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Characteristic of wooded grassland with a high water-table and poor drainage[308 ]. Deciduous woodland; scattered in upland grassland, often persisting in secondary bushland and cultivated land, sea level to 2,100 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Kenya, south to northern SW. Africa, Botswana and the Transvaal.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parinari+curatellifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Parinari curatellifolia 1.JPEG
Trilliaceae,Paris,polyphylla,Herb Paris,,7 to 10,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Broad-leaved and mixed woodlands to 3000 metres in the Himalayas[51, 200]. Forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes and streamsides, 100 - 3500 metres in western China.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paris+polyphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParisPolyphylla.jpg
Trilliaceae,Paris,quadrifolia,Herb Paris,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp woods on calcareous soils[13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, Macedonia, Siberia and the Caucasus",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paris+quadrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParisQuadrifolia.jpg
Fabaceae,Parkia,biglobosa,African Locust Bean,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Particularly found on areas such as farm woodland which are subject to semi-permanent cultivation, also open woodlands on savannahs, rocky slopes, stony ridges etc[303 ].",Western central and northeastern tropical Africa.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parkia+biglobosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Parkia_biglobosa_Jacquin.JPEG
Fabaceae,Parkinsonia,aculeata,Jerusalem Thorn,fast,9 to 11,7.5,7.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Semi-desert vegetation, mainly in desert valleys and desert grassland zones, at elevations up to 1,300 metres in the subtropics and up to 2,400 metres in the tropics[418 ].","S. America - Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parkinsonia+aculeata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Parkinsonia_aculeata1.JPEG
Saxifragaceae,Parnassia,cabulica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in the montane to loer alpine zones.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Pakistan and Kashmir.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parnassia+cabulica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Parnassiaceae,Parnassia,palustris,"Grass Of Parnassus,  Marsh grass of Parnassus,  Mountain grass of Parnassus, Alaska grass of Parnass",,4 to 8,0.3,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet moorland, marshes and raised bogs to quite a high altitude[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Greece and temperate Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parnassia+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParnassiaPalustris.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Paronychia,argentea,Algerian Tea,,6 to 9,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky habitats.,S. Europe to S.W. Asia.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paronychia+argentea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParonychiaArgentea.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Paronychia,capitata,Algerian Tea,,4 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry rocky habitats.,Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paronychia+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParonychiaCapitata.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Paronychia,jamesii,"Nailwort, James' nailwort",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky or sandy hills in prairies and pastures, often where the soil is calcareous.",Western N. America - Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paronychia+jamesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParonychiaJamesii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Parosella,lanata,Woolly Parosella,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains and prairies. Gravelly or sandy soils in Texas.,"Southern N. America - Kansas to Texas, Utah and New Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parosella+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hamamelidaceae,Parrotiopsis,jacquemontiana,,,6 to 9,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest undergrowth, 1500 - 2100 metres. Abundant on north-facing slopes, often forming pure stands.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parrotiopsis+jacquemontiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParrotiopsisJacquemontiana2.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Parryella,filifolia,Common Dunebroom,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,South-western N. America.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parryella+filifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParryellaFilifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Parthenium,argentatum,Guayule,,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Limestone ridges and highly calcareous soils in arid and semi-arid habitats.,South-western N. America - Mexico to Texas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenium+argentatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PartheniumArgentatum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Parthenium,integrifolium,Wild Quinine,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Prairies, rock outcrops and roadsides in arid and semi-arid environments.","Eastern N. America - Maryland to Minnesota and Georgia, as far west as Wisconsin and Arkansas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenium+integrifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PartheniumIntegrifolium2.jpg
Vitaceae,Parthenocissus,himalayana,,fast,8 to 11,18.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Climbing over rocks, 1200 - 3300 metres in W. China. Moist open places at elevations of 2100 - 3200 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenocissus+himalayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Parthenocissus,quinquefolia,"Virginia Creeper, Woodbine",fast,3 to 10,30.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Woods and rocky banks.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida and Mexico. A garden escape in Britain.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenocissus+quinquefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ParthenocissusQuinquefolia.jpg
Vitaceae,Parthenocissus,tricuspidata,"Boston Ivy, Japanese Ivy, Japanese Creeper",fast,4 to 8,18.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and woods in hills and mountains. Climbing over rocks or shrubs on hillsides at elevations of 100 - 1200 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. A garden escape in Britain.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Parthenocissus+tricuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmpelopsisTricuspidata.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,actinia,Passion Flower,fast,8 to 11,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+actinia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,antioquiensis,Banana Passionfruit,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations of 2,000 - 3,000 metres[262 ].",Western S. America - Colombia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+antioquiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora_antioquiensis_small.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,caerulea,"Passion Flower, Bluecrown passionflower, Blue Passion Flower",fast,9 to 11,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Central and Western S. America - Brazil.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+caerulea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraCaerulea.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,edulis,"Passion Flower, Purple granadilla",fast,9 to 12,9.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraEdulis.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,herbertiana,,,None to None,9.0,,Climber,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along the edges of rainforests and partly cleared areas[262, 265].",Australia - New South Wales and Queensland.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+herbertiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraHerbertiana.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,incarnata,"Maypops - Passion Flower, Purple passionflower, Apricot Vine, Maypop, Wild Passion Flower, Purple Pa",fast,7 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy thickets and open soils. Fields, roadsides, fence rows and thickets.","Eastern N. America - Virginia and Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas.",3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+incarnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraIncarnata.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,laurifolia,Yellow Granadilla,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Climbing into trees and shrubs in tropical rainforests[262 ]. Thickets and forest borders[418 ].,"S. America - eastern Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Guyanas to the Caribbean.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+laurifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora_laurifolia_Descourtilz.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,ligularis,"Sweet Grenadilla, Passion Flower",fast,9 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Found at elevations from 1,000 - 3,000 metres[262 ].",Western and Northern S. America - Peru and Bolivia north through Central America to Mexico.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+ligularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora ligularis1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,membranacea,Passion Flower,fast,8 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High forest regions at altitudes up to 3,000 metres.",C. America - Southern Mexico to Panama and Costa Rica.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+membranacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraMembranacea.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,mollisima,Banana Passion Fruit,fast,5 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in the Andes to elevations of 3400 metres.,S. America - Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia and Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+mollisima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraMollissima.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,popenovii,Granadilla de Quijos,fast,10 to 12,8.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,Western S. America - Ecuador,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+popenovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora popenovii 1.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,quadrangularis,"Giant Granadilla, Badea",fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Flood plains in the rainforests[416 ].,"Original range unknown, it is widespread in the Tropics.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+quadrangularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora quadrangularis5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,species,Passion Flower,fast,None to None,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A range of hybrids of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraSpecies.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,tarminiana,"banana passionfruit, banana poka",fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Not known in a truly wild location, the plant probably arose in cultivation.",S. America - Colombia.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+tarminiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora tarminiana 1.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,tetrandra,,,None to None,9.0,,Climber,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forest, to the montane zone, in North and South Islands, south to 44°south.",New Zealand.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+tetrandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,tripartita mollissima,Banana Passionfruit,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations between 2,000 - 3,200 metres[262 ].",Western S. America - Andes.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+tripartita mollissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Passiflora tripartita mollissima 1.JPEG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,umbilicata,Passion Flower,fast,8 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows in the mountains at elevations of 2,500 - 3,000 metres.",South-western S. America - Argentina and Bolivia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+umbilicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraUmbilicata.jpg
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,x colvillii,Passion Flower,fast,6 to 9,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a wild situation,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. incarnata x P. caerulea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+x colvillii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Passifloraceae,Passiflora,x exoniensis,Passion Flower,fast,9 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a wild situation,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. antioquiensis x P. mollissima.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Passiflora+x exoniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PassifloraXExoniensis.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pastinaca,sativa,"Parsnip, Wild parsnip",,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Biennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides and grassy waste places, especially on chalk and limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to Spain, the Caucasus and Altai.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pastinaca+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PastinacaSativa.jpg
Valerianaceae,Patrinia,scabiosifolia,"Eastern Valerian, Scabious Patrinia",fast,5 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny grassy places in hills and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and eastern Siberia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Patrinia+scabiosifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PatriniaScabiosifolia.jpg
Valerianaceae,Patrinia,triloba,,,None to None,0.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places in the mountains of C. Japan[58, 187].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Patrinia+triloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PatriniaTriloba.jpg
Valerianaceae,Patrinia,villosa,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny hills and low elevations in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Patrinia+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PatriniaVillosa.jpg
Sapindaceae,Paullinia,cupana,Guarana,medium,10 to 12,10.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Tropical rainforest at elevations up to 800 metres[254 , 303 , 418 ].",Northern and western S. America - Brazil.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paullinia+cupana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paullinia cupana1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Paullinia,yoco,Yoco,medium,10 to 12,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paullinia+yoco,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Paullinia yoco 1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Paulownia,tomentosa,"Foxglove Tree, Princesstree, Empress Tree, Royal Paulownia,",fast,6 to 9,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,"Woods, 1300 - 2000 metres in W. China.",E. Asia - China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paulownia+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PaulowniaTomentosa.jpg
Rubiaceae,Pausinystalia,johimbe,Yohimbe,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A middle-storey tree of forests[254 , 303 ]. Occurs mainly in closed canopy forest, most commonly in coastal forest, although not widespread throughout its range[418 ].","West tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo..",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pausinystalia+johimbe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pausinystalia johimbe.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Pausinystalia,macroceras,False johimbe,slow,10 to 12,18.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An understorey tree in forests[332 ].,"West tropical Africa - southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, northern Angola.",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pausinystalia+macroceras,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pausinystalia macroceras 1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Pavonia,spinifex,Gingerbush,fast,8 to 11,1.2,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, shrublands, savannahs; 0–100 m; Fla.; West Indies; introduced in Bermuda. Sandy woods and hammocks (stands of trees, usually hardwood, that form an ecological island in a contrasting ecosystem.)","Origin: North America, tropical Americas.  Dominica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, USA: Florida. In Florida, US it is found in seven counties north of Lake Okeechobee, from Duval to Brevard and Highlands counties.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pavonia+spinifex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pavonia_spinifex1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Payena,leeri,"Balam suntei tree, Getah sundek",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland forest[334 ].,"Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Payena+leeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Payena_leeri1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pectis,angustifolia,"Narrowleaf Pectis, Lemonscent",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],May to November,July to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry uplands, usually on calcareous soils. Dry soils in sandy or gravelly mesas, 1000 - 2100 metres in Arizona.",Western N. America - Nebraska and Colorado to Arizona and Mexico.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pectis+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PectisAngustifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pectis,papposa,"Chinchweed,  Manybristle chinchweed",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy and clay flats from sea level to 1500 metres in deserts and creosote bush scrub in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pectis+papposa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PectisPapposa.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,arctica,Arctic lousewort,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, rocky ridges and slopes at moderate to high elevations.",Northern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+arctica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,bicornuta,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows in the montane to lower alpine zones.,"E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Pakistan, Kashmir and northwestern India.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+bicornuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,canadensis,Common Lousewort,,3 to 7,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry woods, thickets and clearings[43, 235].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to northern Mexico and east to Florida.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisCanadensis.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,gloriosa,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in the mountains of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+gloriosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,hirsuta,Hairy lousewort,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Damp stony tundra, sea shores and river banks.",N. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisHirsuta.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,kanei,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry stony tundra and alpine slopes at low to fairly high elevations.,North-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+kanei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisKanei.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,lanceolata,Swamp Lousewort,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich often calcareous meadows and shores. Swamps.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario to Connecticut, Manitoba, Ohio, Michigan and Nebraska.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisLanceolata.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,langsdorffii,"Lousewort, Langsdorf's lousewort, 	Arctic lousewort",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows, rocky ridges and slopes at moderate to high elevations.",N. Europe and N. America southwards from Alaska.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+langsdorffii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,longiflora tubiformis,,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,,,May to October,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine meadows, springs, seeps, along streams at elevations of 2700 - 5300 metres in western China..",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+longiflora tubiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisLongifloraTubiform.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,oliveriana,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry rocky places, sand dunes along rivers, open grassy mea-dows at elevations of 3400 - 4000 metres in E, S, and SE Xizang.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+oliveriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,pyramidata,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in the montane to upper alpine zones.,"E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Pakistan, Kashmir and northwestern India.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+pyramidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,resupinata,Lousewort,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and hills in mountains all over Japan. Open woods in E. Europe.,Europe to E. Asia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+resupinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,sceptrum carolinum,Lousewort,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fens, wet woods and river banks. Swampy places.",Europe.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+sceptrum carolinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisSceptrumCarolinum.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Pedicularis,sudetica,"Lousewort, Sudetic lousewort, Pacific lousewort",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bogs, flushes and mossy tundra in the arctic zone.",N. Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pedicularis+sudetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PedicularisSudetica.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Peganum,harmala,"Syrian Rue, Harmal peganum",,7 to 10,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,,,,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry steppes, especially where grazing is heavy, and dry waste places. It is often found in saline soils.",Europe - Mediterranean and Southeast Europe.,1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peganum+harmala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeganumHarmala.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,acetosum,,,None to None,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry cliffs and rocky slopes.,S. Africa - E. Cape.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+acetosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumAcetosum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,australe,Ivy Geranium,,8 to 11,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dunes by the sea or rocky granite outcrops inland.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumAustrale.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,bowkeri,,,None to None,,,,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+bowkeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumBowkeri.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,capitatum,Rose-Scented Geranium,,8 to 11,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dunes and sandy hills near the sea from the south-west Cape to southern Natal.,S. Africa.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+capitatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumCapitatum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,crispum,Lemon Geranium,,8 to 11,0.7,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry lower slopes in sandy soil amongst boulders in the south-west Cape.,S. Africa.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+crispum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumCrispum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,exstipulatum,Pennyroyal Geranium,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Growing in sandy rocky places in the Little Karoo near the Gauritz River.,S. Africa.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+exstipulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,fragrans,Nutmeg Geranium,,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A naturally occurring hybrid, P. exstipulatum. x P. odoratissimum, found in the highlands of the Karoo.",S. Africa.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumFragrans.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,fulgidum,,,8 to 11,0.7,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Sunbirds'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fixed dunes and rocky hills along the coast of the Western Cape, north to Orange River.",S. Africa.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+fulgidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,glutinosum,Pheasant's Foot Geranium,,8 to 11,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky places and by streams in the southern Cape and northern Transvaal.,S. Africa - S.W. Cape Province.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+glutinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumGlutinosum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,graveolens,"Rose Geranium, Sweet scented geranium",medium,10 to 11,1.2,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Near the Hex river in S.W. Cape province.,S. Africa.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumGraveolens.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,incrassatum,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Often common on gravelly or stony plains in the north-west Cape.,S. Africa.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+incrassatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,odoratissimum,Apple Geranium,,8 to 11,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shady places and under trees in forest margins in eastern and southern Cape areas.,S. Africa.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+odoratissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumOdoratissimum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,peltatum,"Ivy-Leaved Geranium, Hanging Geranium,  Ivy Geranium",medium,9 to 10,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows in scrub along the coast or on dry rocky hillsides.,S. Africa - Cape Province to East London.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+peltatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumPeltatum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,quercifolium,Oak-Leaved Geranium,,8 to 11,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp places in the hills of southern Cape Province. Grows in Fynbos on mountain slopes and along the sides of roads.,S. Africa.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+quercifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumQuercifolium.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,radens,Rasp-leaf pelargonium,,8 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sheltered valleys in the ruts of rough tracks, S.W. Cape province. Mountain scrub and by rocky streams.",S. Africa.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+radens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumRadens.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,tomentosum,Peppermint Geranium,,8 to 11,0.5,0.7,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Semi-shaded moist places. Sandy soils on the margins of forests along streams.,S. Africa - S.W. Cape Province.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+tomentosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumTomentosum.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,triste,,,8 to 11,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy or gravelly soils on hills or flats in the western Cape[73, 260].",S. Africa.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+triste,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumTriste.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,vitifolium,Grapeleaf geranium,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Somewhat damp places.,S. Africa.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+vitifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumVitifolium.jpg
Geraniaceae,Pelargonium,zonale,Horseshoe geranium,,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky hills, stony slopes and forest margins from the Southern Cape to Natal.",S. Africa.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pelargonium+zonale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PelargoniumZonale.jpg
Araceae,Peltandra,sagittifolia,White Arrow Arum,,6 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Non-alluvial swamps, especially on acid soils, and in shallow water at the edges of ponds.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltandra+sagittifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeltandraSagittifolia2.jpg
Araceae,Peltandra,virginica,Green Arrow Arum,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,,,June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Swamps, borders of ponds and slow streams[1, 43].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltandra+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeltandraVirginica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Peltaria,alliacea,Garlic Cress,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hills and woods.,E. Europe.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltaria+alliacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeltariaAlliacea.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Peltaria,turkmena,,fast,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,W. Asia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltaria+turkmena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,floribunda,"Purpleheart, pau-roxo, zapatero",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree, it occurs principally on moist, hard, red clay soils, though it also succeeds in dry sites[378 ].","S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana; Caribbean - Trinidad and Tobago.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+floribunda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne floribunda 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,paniculata,"Purpleheart, pau-roxo, amaranttrad",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rain and savannah forests, also in mountain savannah forest on granite[422 ]. Dry evergreen and swamp forests, rain and savannah formations[341 ].","S. America - northern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne paniculata 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,purpurea,"Purpleheart, Amaranth, Nazareno",medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in very humid climates, it grows best in the hills or in areas with good soil drainage at elevations from 50 - 500 metres[381 ].","Northern S. America - Colombia; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne purpurea 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltogyne,venosa,Purpleheart,medium,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforest, especially creek forest[422 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltogyne+venosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltogyne venosa 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltophorum,dasyrhachis,"Peltophorum, Soga",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Secondary, deciduous or evergreen forest, usually occupying the upper storey of secondary forest, and large openings in the forest or at forest margins. Usually found mixed with other broad-leaved species in evergreen broad-leaved forest[303 ].","Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltophorum+dasyrhachis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltophorum dasyrhachis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Peltophorum,pterocarpum,"Copperpod, Yellow Poinciana",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Preferring open or disturbed forest conditions, it is frequently found along beaches and in mangrove forests, especially the inner margins of mangroves[303 ]. It is also found growing wild in Imperata grassland fields and teak forests[303 ].","E. Asia - Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peltophorum+pterocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Peltophorum pterocarpum 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pennisetum,alopecuroides,"Chinese Fountain Grass, Fountain Grass, Swamp Foxtail Grass, Chinese Fountain Grass",fast,5 to 9,1.5,0.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,['Wind'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Grassy places and waste ground in lowland all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+alopecuroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PennisetumAlopecuroides.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pennisetum,cereale,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+cereale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pennisetum,glaucum,Pearl Millet,,None to None,3.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"River banks in sandy soils, common as a weed.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+glaucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PennisetumGlaucum2.jpg
Poaceae,Pennisetum,purpureum,Napier grass. Elephant grass,fast,8 to 11,4.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,A tropical tall grass found along rivers and forest margins on more fertile soils.,A perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. Introduced to most tropical and subtropical countries where it has become naturalised.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+purpureum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pennisetum_purpureum1.JPEG
Poaceae,Pennisetum,setaceum,Fountain grass,fast,8 to 11,1.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A densely tufted perennial up to 130 cm tall, growing in rocky hillsides and dry stony plains in grasslands, and occurs at altitudes of 600 to 3,000m. Native to open, scrubby habitats in East Africa, tropical Africa, Middle East and SW Asia.","Native range of this species is tropical Africa, it is found in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan and Sicily. It has also naturalized in North America, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Australasia, Namibia, South Africa, Micronesia, Fiji and New Caledonia.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+setaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pennisetum_setaceum1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Penstemon,acuminatus,"Sand-Dune Penstemon, Sharpleaf penstemon",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Dry, open, commonly sandy places at low elevations, often on dunes[60.",Western N. America - Washington and Oregon to Idaho.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Penstemon+acuminatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PenstemonAcuminatus.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Penstemon,confertus,Yellow Penstemon,,3 to 7,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fairly moist open or wooded places, often in meadows or by streams, in lowland and foothills to moderate elevations in the Rockies. Dry sandy pinewoods.",Western N. America.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Penstemon+confertus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PenstemonConfertus.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Penstemon,grandiflorus,Large Beard Tongue,,3 to 7,1.2,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and plains. Edges of sandy woods in Texas.,"Central N. America - Illinois to Minnesota, North Dakota, Kansas and Colorado.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Penstemon+grandiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PenstemonGrandiflorus2.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Penstemon,procerus,"Small-Flowered Penstemon, Littleflower penstemon, Pincushion beardtongue,  Tolmie's penstemon",,3 to 7,0.4,0.2,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry plains, prairies and open or wooded slopes at low to fairly high elevations.","North-western N. America - Alaska to Oregon, east to Wyoming and Colorado.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Penstemon+procerus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PenstemonProcerus.jpg
Epacridaceae,Pentachondra,pumila,,,7 to 10,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Boggy and peaty ground on heaths, tall alpine herb fields and sod-tussock grassland in the alpine and sub-alpine zones of Australia.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria. New Zealand.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentachondra+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Pentaclethra,macrophylla,"African Oil Bean. Oil Bean Tree, Owala Oil",fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mainly in lowland rainforest, but also sometimes in the high forest zone[303 ]. Often occurs near streams and on the edges of damp depressions, and is frequently seen as a small tree of untidy habit and large crown on roadsides and farms[303 ].","West tropical Africa - Senegal to Central African Republic, south to Angola and the Congo.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentaclethra+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pentaclethra_macrophylla1.JPEG
Pentadiplandraceae,Pentadiplandra,brazzeana,"Joy perfume tree, j'oubli",fast,10 to 12,12.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in upland primary forest dominated by Scorodophleus zenkeri, and also commonly occurs on river banks and in secondary forest. In Cameroon, the plant is mainly found in forest edges bordering savannah. It is nowhere gregarious[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo. Northern Angola.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentadiplandra+brazzeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pentadiplandra brazzeana 1.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Pentaglottis,sempervirens,Evergreen bugloss,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady places or by roads and in hedges near the sea.,W. Europe. Possibly native to S.W. England.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentaglottis+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnchusaSempervirens.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Penthorum,sedoides,"Virginian Stonecrop, Ditch stonecrop",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Low wet ground. Ditches and swamps.,"N. America - New Brunswick to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Penthorum+sedoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PenthorumSedoide2.jpg
Campanulaceae,Peracarpa,carnosa,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp woods in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan and Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peracarpa+carnosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeracarpaCarnosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Peraphyllum,ramosissimum,"Squaw Apple, Wild crab apple",,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Dry hillsides.,Western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peraphyllum+ramosissimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeraphyllumRamosissimum.jpg
Cactaceae,Pereskia,sacharosa,"Guayapa, Sacharosa, Cuguchi",fast,9 to 11,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"This species occurs in sotobosque, forest edges, and clearings. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,500 m above sea level.","Native to Brazil, Paraguay and lowland of the Andes in northwestern Uruguay region. It widely cultivated elsewhere around the world.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pereskia+sacharosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pereskia_sacharosa1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pericome,caudata,Mountain tail-leaf,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry stony canyons, 1200 - 2200 metres.",South-western N. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pericome+caudata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PericomeCaudata.jpg
Fabaceae,Pericopsis,angolensis,East African afrormosia,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous woodland (Brachystegia or Combretum and Terminalia associations), wooded grassland; in bushy stony places; at elevations from 200 - 1,700 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - southern DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pericopsis+angolensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pericopsis angolensis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pericopsis,elata,"African-teak, golden afrormosia, kokrodua",fast,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Tree,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Semi-deciduous forest, especially in swampy and flat, disturbed localities[299 ].","West tropical Africa - Cote D'Ivoire to the Central African Republic, south to Dr Congo.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pericopsis+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pericopsis elata 1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Perideridia,gairdneri,"Yampa, Gardner's yampah, Common yampah",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, dry and wet meadows and mountains.",Western N. America - Saskatchewan to California.,5,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perideridia+gairdneri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerideridiaGairdneri.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Perideridia,oregana,"Squaw Potato, Oregon yampah",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist or dry meadows and on open slopes to quite high elevations.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perideridia+oregana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerideridiaOregana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Perilla,frutescens,"Shiso, Beefsteakplant, Spreading Beefsteak Plant",fast,7 to 10,0.6,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hills and mountains of central and southern Japan. Sunny and fertile situations in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perilla+frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerillaFrutescens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Perilla,frutescens nankinensis,Purple Shiso,,None to None,0.6,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Banks of streams and wet places.,E. Asia - China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perilla+frutescens nankinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerillaFrutescensNankinensis.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Periploca,graeca,Silk Vine,,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, thickets and riverbanks.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Periploca+graeca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeriplocaGraeca.jpg
Acanthaceae,Peristrophe,japonica,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady places in woods and mountain gullies in China. More or less shady forests in lowland areas of Japan.,"E. Asia - China, central and southern Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peristrophe+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeristropheJaponica.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Perovskia,atriplicifolia,"Russian Sage, Azure Sage",medium,5 to 10,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open rocky places. Freely draining gravels and screes.,E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perovskia+atriplicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerovskiaAtriplicifolia.jpg
Lauraceae,Persea,americana,"Avocado, Alligator Pear",fast,9 to 12,15.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Humid lowland forests on limestone formations[307 ].,Central America - Mexico.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Persea americana1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Lauraceae,Persea,borbonia,"Red Bay, Sweetbay",medium,7 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy to rich moist soils of low woodlands, coastal forests, along the sides of bogs, streams and swamps. Sometimes found in dry sandy areas in Florida.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+borbonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerseaBorbonia.jpg
Lauraceae,Persea,duthiei,,,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ravines and banks of streams to 3000 metres[11, 146].",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+duthiei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Persea,edulis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, 1200 - 2400 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Sikkim and Bhutan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Persea,gammieana,,,None to None,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, 1500 - 2400 metres. Broadleaved forests at elevations of 2000 - 2600 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Sikkim and Nepal.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+gammieana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lauraceae,Persea,villosa,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,To 2100 metres,E. Asia - E. Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persea+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Persicaria,odorata,"Vietnamese coriander, Asian mint",fast,9 to 11,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet environments.,"Southeast Asia - Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persicaria+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Persicaria_odorata1.JPEG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,acerosa,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Heaths and dry sclerophyll forests in sandy stony soils[193, 265].",Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+acerosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,arborea,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Moist shady woods to the alpine and sub-alpine zones.,Australia - Victoria.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+arborea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,chamaepeuce,Dwarf Geebung,,8 to 11,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Forest country to the alpine and sub-alpine zones. Dry sclerophyll forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+chamaepeuce,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,curvifolia,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Grows in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland on sandstone, from 180 to 500 metres.",Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+curvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PersooniaCurvifolia.jpg
Proteaceae,Persoonia,fastigiata,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Heaths and woodlands in sandy and stony soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+fastigiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,gunnii,,,None to None,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Alpine and sub-alpine zones on sandy and stony soils.,Australia - Tasmania.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+gunnii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PersooniaGunnii.jpg
Proteaceae,Persoonia,juniperina,,,None to None,0.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Montane zone, usually on slopes or mountain sides.","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+juniperina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,levis,Broad-Leaved Geebong,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Heaths and dry sclerophyll forests on sandy and stony soils[193, 265].","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+levis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PersooniaLevis.jpg
Proteaceae,Persoonia,linearis,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Heaths and woodlands on sandy and stony soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+linearis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PersooniaLinearis.jpg
Proteaceae,Persoonia,mollis,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Heaths, wet and dry sclerophyll forests on sandy and stony soils.",Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PersooniaMollis.jpg
Proteaceae,Persoonia,oxycocceoides,,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Alpine and sub-alpine zone in sandy and stony soils. Dry sclerophyll forests and open ground.,Australia - Victoria.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+oxycocceoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,pinifolia,Pin-Leaf Geebung,,8 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Heaths and dry sclerophyll forests in sandy and stony soils[193, 265].",Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+pinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PersooniaPinifolia.jpg
Proteaceae,Persoonia,rigida,,,None to None,,,,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Montane zone in sandy and stony soils. Open forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Persoonia,subvelutina,,,None to None,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Sub-alpine zone in sandy and stony soils.,Australia - New South Wales.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Persoonia+subvelutina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,albus,Butterbur,fast,4 to 8,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground, roadsides, plantations and woods, often in damp soils.",N. and C. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+albus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesAlbus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,frigidus,"Sweet Coltsfoot, Arctic sweet coltsfoot,  Arrowleaf sweet coltsfoot, Golden Palms Coltsfoot, Butterb",fast,6 to 10,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Streamsides, moist woods, bogs and other wet places in N. America.",N. Europe to Northern N. America.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+frigidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesFrigidus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,hybridus,"Butterbur, Pestilence wort",fast,4 to 8,1.0,3.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],April to December,March to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and copses by streams to 1500 metres. The female form is rare or absent from much of Britain.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, north and west Asia.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+hybridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesHybridus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,hyperboreus,Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot,fast,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, swampy places and moist woods.",North-western N. America.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+hyperboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,japonicus,"Sweet Coltsfoot, Japanese sweet coltsfoot, Butterbur",fast,5 to 9,0.6,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February,March,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist woods and thickets.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea. Naturalized in Britain.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesJaponicus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,palmatus,"Sweet Butterbur, Golden Palms Coltsfoot, Sweet Coltsfoot, Butterbur",fast,6 to 10,0.4,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,February to April,April,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low woods, glades and damp clearings. Swamps and along the sides of streams.","N. America - Newfoundland to Massachusetts, west to Alaska and south to California.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+palmatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesPalmatus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,saggitatus,Arrowleaf Sweet Coltsfoot,fast,None to None,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places.,"North-western N. America - Labrador to Alaska, south to British Columbia and Colorado.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+saggitatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,speciosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, swampy places and moist woods.",North-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesSpeciosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Petasites,vitifolius,Arctic sweet coltsfoot,,None to None,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, swales and boggy woods.",N. America - southwards from Canada.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petasites+vitifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetasitesVitifolius.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Peteria,scoparia,Rush peteria,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry hills at elevations of 1200 - 1650 metres.,South-western N. America - western Texas to New Mexico and northern Mexico.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peteria+scoparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeteriaScoparia.jpg
Phytolaccaceae,Petiveria,alliacea,Guinea Hen Weed,fast,9 to 12,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"A weed of semi-shaded roadsides and rough, well-drained, undisturbed ground at elevations from near sea level to 360 metres in Jamaica[426 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, north through S. America to the Caribbean and Florida, through Central America to Mexico and Texas.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petiveria+alliacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Petiveria_alliacea_Jacquin.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Petroselinum,crispum,Parsley,medium,None to None,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy waste places on walls and rocks, especially on limestone and near the coast.",C. and S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,4,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petroselinum+crispum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetroselinumCrispum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Petroselinum,crispum tuberosum,Hamburg Parsley,,None to None,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A garden form of P. crispum.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petroselinum+crispum tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetroselinumCrispumTuberosum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Petroselinum,segetum,Corn Caraway,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedgerows and grassy places.,"Western and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petroselinum+segetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetroselinumSegetum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,cervaria,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,C. and S. Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+cervaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumCervaria.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,japonicum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sandy places near seashores, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and the Phillipines.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,multivittatum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine slopes, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+multivittatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,officinale,Hog's Fennel,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Banks near the sea and in grassland. Salt marshes.,"Europe, including Britain, from Germany south and east to Portugal, central Russia and the Balkans.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumOfficinale.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,oreoselinum,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Europe.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+oreoselinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumOreoselinum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,ostruthium,Masterwort,,4 to 8,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, damp fields, river banks and mountain meadows[17, 50].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+ostruthium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumOstruthium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,palustre,"Marsh Hog's Fennel, Hogfennel",,5 to 9,1.5,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fens and marshes, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Altai and Urals.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+palustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeucedanumPalustre2.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,praeruptorum,Qian Hu,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny places in damp thickets on hillsides and in waste places. Forest margins and grassy slopes at elevations of 200 - 2000 metres.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+praeruptorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Peucedanum,terebinthaceum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, shrubs, pine and broad-leaved forests and stony slopes. Mixed forests, forest margins, scrub and grassy slopes at elevations of 200 - 1200 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peucedanum+terebinthaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Monimiaceae,Peumus,boldus,"Boldu, Boldo",slow,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Dry sunny slopes in lightly wooded country.,S. America - Chile.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Peumus+boldus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PeumusBoldus.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Pfaffia,paniculata,Pfaffia,fast,10 to 12,1.0,0.2,Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"S. America - Amazon rainforest in Brazil to Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay Peru and Venezuela",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pfaffia+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pfaffia paniculata 1.JPEG
Hydrophyllaceae,Phacelia,ramosissima,Branching Phacelia,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky, occasionally wet, soils, usually in coastal habitats, from sea level to elevations of 3000 metres.",Western N. America,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phacelia+ramosissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhaceliaRamosissima.jpg
Hydrophyllaceae,Phacelia,tanacetifolia,"Fiddleneck, Lacy phacelia",,None to None,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Bees'],May to September,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open flats and slopes below 1200 metres.,South-western N. America in California. Often naturalized in Europe[50].,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phacelia+tanacetifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhaceliaTanacetifolia.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phalaris,arundinacea,"Canary Grass, Reed canarygrass, Gardener's Garter Grass, Ribbon Grass",fast,4 to 9,1.5,3.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places and shallow water.,"Most of Europe, including Britain but excluding the Mediterranean, W. N. and E. Asia, N. America.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phalaris+arundinacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhalarisArundinacea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phalaris,canariensis,"Canary Grass, Annual canarygrass",,5 to 9,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],May to October,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry open habitats. A casual of waste places in Britain.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phalaris+canariensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhalarisCanariensis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phalaris,minor,"Small Canary Grass, Littleseed canarygrass",,5 to 9,1.2,0.5,Annual,,['Wind'],May to October,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy soils.,"Europe - Mediterranean to northwest France. Naturalized, or perhaps native, in the Channel Islands.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phalaris+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhalarisMinor.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Phaseolus,coccineus,"Runner Bean, Scarlet runner",fast,1 to 12,3.0,1.0,Annual/Perennial,,['Bees'],May to October,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+coccineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhaseolusCoccineus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Phaseolus,lunatus,"Lima Bean, Sieva bean",,10 to 12,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along stream banks and in moist areas in deciduous tropical forests, usually in thickets and climbing over shrubs or small trees and often invading cut-over lands and along fences and paths; at elevations up to 1,600 metres[1555]","S. America. - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama to Mexico.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+lunatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhaseolusLunatus2.jpg
Fabaceae,Phaseolus,polystachios,Thicket Bean. Wild bean,fast,6 to 10,3.0,0.2,Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A temperate plant.  It grows in dry woods and sandy thickets. Climbing on shrubs and young trees in moist thickets, clearings and edges of deciduous forests, in deep swamps and sometimes on dry sandy, dry shale and rocky hillsides[1555 ].","North America, Mesoamerica. Eastern and southern N. America - Iowa to Maine, south to Texas and Florida",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+polystachios,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phaseolus_polystachios1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Phaseolus,vulgaris,"French Bean, Kidney bean",,2 to 11,2.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],May to October,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. America? Original habitat is obscure.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phaseolus+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhaseolusVulgaris.jpg
Rutaceae,Phellodendron,amurense,"Amur Cork Tree, Chinese Corktree",medium,3 to 8,12.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in valleys and on mountains.,E. Asia - N. China and Manchuria.,1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phellodendron+amurense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhellodendronAmurense.jpg
Rutaceae,Phellodendron,amurense sachalinense,,,3 to 7,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in mountains.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phellodendron+amurense sachalinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhellodendronAmurenseSachalin.jpg
Rutaceae,Phellodendron,chinense,Chinese Cork Tree,,4 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Central China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phellodendron+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Phellodendron,lavallei,Lavalle corktree,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in mountains.,E. Asia - N. and C. Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phellodendron+lavallei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhellodendronLavallei.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,coronarius,"Mock Orange, Sweet mock orange",fast,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Scrub and woodland on warm rocky hills and screes.,"Europe - S. Austria, Italy. Possibly occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+coronarius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusCoronarius.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,delavayi,,,5 to 9,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Scrub and by streams, 700 - 3800 metres in Sichuan and Xizang. Mixed forests, thickets, mountain slopes; 700 - 3800 metres in Sichuan,Xizang and Yunnan.",E. Asia - China to N.E. Burma.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusDelavayi.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,lewisii,"Mock Orange, Lewis' mock orange",,4 to 8,3.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Gullies, water courses, rocky cliffs, talus slopes and rocky hillsides of sagebrush deserts.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Oregon.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+lewisii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusLewisii.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,microphyllus,Littleleaf Mock Orange,,5 to 9,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry rocky places in sunny rocky canyons and piñon-juniper woodland, 1200 - 3000 metres[71, 184].",Western N. America - Utah and Colorado to California and New Mexico.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+microphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusMicrophyllus.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,pubescens,Hoary mock orange,,5 to 9,5.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wooded river bluffs in Texas.,South-eastern N. America.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusPubescens.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,purpurascens,,,5 to 9,4.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine scrub, 2750 - 3200 metres. Mixed forests, thickets and mountain slopes at elevations of 2200 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - China from W. Sichuan to N. Yunnan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+purpurascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusPurpurascens.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Philadelphus,x virginalis,Mock Orange,medium,5 to 8,3.0,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, though the parentage is not known[200].",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Philadelphus+x virginalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhiladelphusXVirginalis.jpg
Oleaceae,Phillyrea,latifolia,,slow,6 to 9,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Evergreen thickets and rocky slopes[45, 50], mainly on limestone.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phillyrea+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhillyreaLatifolia.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phleum,pratense,Timothy,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common in meadows throughout Britain, though rare in the north.",Britain.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phleum+pratense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhleumPratense.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Phlomis,fruticosa,"Jerusalem Sage, Shrubby Jerusalem sage",medium,4 to 7,1.3,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry cliffs and rocky places in limestone hills to 1000 metres.,Europe - Mediterranean.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlomis+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhlomisFruticosa1.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Phlomis,lychnitis,Lamwick Plant,,7 to 10,0.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places, garigue and open woods, mainly on calcareous soils.",S.W. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlomis+lychnitis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhlomisLychnitis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Phlomis,russeliana,Jerusalem Sage,medium,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woods, clearings and hazel scrub to 1700 metres in Turkey.",N. Africa to W. Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlomis+russeliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhlomisRusseliana.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Phlomis,samia,,,6 to 9,1.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Pine and cedar forests, usually on volcanic soils.","Europe, Greece to Yugoslavia, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlomis+samia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhlomisSamia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Phlomis,tuberosa,Tuberous Jerusalem sage,,5 to 9,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky ground amongst herbaceous vegetation[45, 50]. Wet grasslands and valleys at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres in northern China.",E. Europe to Siberia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlomis+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhlomisTuberosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Phlomis,umbrosa,,,6 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, grassy slopes, streamsides, thickets and wet areas at elevations of 700 - 3200 metres in China.","E. Asia - northern China, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlomis+umbrosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhlomisUmbrosa.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Phlox,divaricata,Wild blue phlox,medium,4 to 9,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Indigenous to rich deciduous woodlands, open moist to slightly dry woods, seasonal floodplains, stream banks and open areas near woodland paths.","Eastern North America in Quebec and Ontario, south to Vermont and Florida and west to South Dakota and New Mexico.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlox+divaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phlox_divaricata1.JPEG
Polemoniaceae,Phlox,nivalis,"Pine phlox, Trailing phlox",medium,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Sandhills, dry pinelands, dry deciduous woods, open slopes and flats in sandy ground.",Native to the southeastern United States.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlox+nivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phlox_nivalis1.JPEG
Polemoniaceae,Phlox,paniculata,"Garden Phlox, Fall phlox, Perennial Phlox, Tall Phlox, Summer Phlox",medium,4 to 9,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,,May to October,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods, scrub, sides of streams and on hillsides, often on limestone.","N. America - New Jersey to N. Carolina, west to Ohio and south to Louisiana.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlox+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhloxPaniculata.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Phlox,stolonifera,Creeping phlox,medium,4 to 9,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Indigenous to rich deciduous woodlands, stream banks, open woods and shaded rocky slopes mostly in the Appalachian Mountains.","Native to woodlands in the vicinity of the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania south to northern Georgia in the United States. Naturalized populations occur as far north as Québec, Canada.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlox+stolonifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phlox_stolonifera1.JPEG
Polemoniaceae,Phlox,subulata,Moss phlox,fast,4 to 9,0.1,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Indigenous to rocky and sandy barrens, savannas, rocky ledges, slopes, clearings and disturbed sites.","Native to eastern and central USA, and widely cultivated. ",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phlox+subulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phlox_subulata1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Phoenix,canariensis,Canary Island Date Palm,slow,8 to 11,12.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found at elevations from sea level to 1,200m in a range of habitats, from humid areas just below cloud forest to semi-arid areas where its presence usually indicates groundwater. ","Endemic to the Canary Islands found at elevations from sea level to 1,200m. This palm is naturalised across the world through its use as an ornamental plant.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoenix+canariensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phoenix_canariensis1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Phoenix,dactylifera,Date Palm,slow,8 to 12,25.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,The tree has been cultivated for so long that it is not known in a truly wild situation.,Original range is unknown.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoenix+dactylifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phoenix dactylifera5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Arecaceae or Palmae,Phoenix,reclinata,Senegal Date Palm,medium,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open forests, savannah woodland or low scrub thickets, usually in alluvial soils in positions such as near the banks of streams where there is permanent access to ground water, even if deep down.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoenix+reclinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhoenixReclinata.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Phoenix,sylvestris,"Wild Date Plum, India Date Palm",slow,9 to 11,15.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas from western India to Nepal and Myanmar.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoenix+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhoenixSylvestris.jpg
Viscaceae,Phoradendron,leucarpum,"False Mistletoe, Oak mistletoe",slow,5 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,February to April,November to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A parasite growing on deciduous trees, especially Acer rubrum and Nyssa spp.","N. America - New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois and Texas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoradendron+leucarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhoradendronLeucarpum.jpg
Agavaceae,Phormium,cookianum,Wharariki,,7 to 10,1.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Coastal cliffs to mountain slopes, locally dominant on shady faces in high country, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand. Naturalized in Britain on the Scilly Isles.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phormium+cookianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhormiumCookianum.jpg
Agavaceae,Phormium,tenax,"New Zealand Flax, Coastal Flax, New Zealand Hemp",fast,8 to 10,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Lowland swamps and intermittently flooded land, North South Stewart, Chatham and Auckland Islands.",New Zealand. Naturalized in Britain in S.W. England[17].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phormium+tenax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhormiumTenax.jpg
Rosaceae,Photinia,arbutifolia,Christmas Berry,,8 to 11,6.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August,November to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Semi-dry brushy slopes and in canyons below 1200 metres. It is usually found in the neighbourhood of streams or on dry hills, especially on north-facing slopes. Often on steep sea-cliffs.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+arbutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Photinia,arguta,,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain thickets, gullies, near watercourses at elevations of 300 - 2000 metres in Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces, China.","E. Asia - Himalayas, found at elevations of 900 - 1,500 metres in the Khasia Hills.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+arguta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Photinia,bodinieri,,,8 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest margins, thickets, valleys and rocky slopes at elevations of 300 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - C. China.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+bodinieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Photinia,davidiana,,,None to None,6.0,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - W. China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+davidiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhotiniaDavidiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Photinia,glabra,"Japanese Photinia, Red Top, Red Leaf  Photinia,",medium,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills in Szechwan. Slopes, mixed forests a elevations of 500 - 800 metres.",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhotiniaGlabra.jpg
Rosaceae,Photinia,parvifolia,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Thickets in W. Hupeh. Hills, mountain valleys, rocky slopes, fields, forests and thickets at elevations of 300 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China in Hupeh.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Photinia,serratifolia,"Taiwanese photinia , Chinese Photinia",medium,6 to 10,8.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests, roadsides, slopes, fields, low mountain regions and sea shores from sea level to 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+serratifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhotiniaSerratifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Photinia,villosa,Oriental photinia,,4 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods in W. Hupeh. Low mountains and hills all over Japan. Slopes, forests, thickets, streamsides, roadsides and waste places at elevations 100 - 1600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhotiniaVillosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Photinia,x fraseri,"Red Tip Photinia, Fraser Photinia",medium,7 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A hybrid of garden origin.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+x fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhotiniaXFraseri.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phragmites,australis,"Common Reed,  American common reed, Hybrid common reed,  European common reed, Subtropical common re",fast,4 to 10,3.6,3.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Maritime exposure,"Shallow water and wet soil, avoiding extremely poor soils and very acid habitats.","Cosmopolitan, in most regions of the world, including Britain, but absent from the Amazon Basin.",5,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phragmites+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhragmitesAustralis.jpg
Phrymaceae,Phryma,leptostachya,"Lopseed, American lopseed",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and thickets. Woods in hills and at low elevations in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Himalayas to China and Japan. Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Manitoba and Florida.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phryma+leptostachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhrymaLeptostachya.jpg
Verbenaceae,Phyla,nodiflora,"Frogfruit, Turkey tangle fogfruit",,8 to 12,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Near the coast in Australia. A ommon weed in the warmer areas of China, where it grows along stream banks and in grassy places at elevations of 300 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China to Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria. S. America.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyla+nodiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhylaNodiflora.jpg
Phyllanthaceae,Phyllanthus,emblica,"Emblica, Indian Gooseberry",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mixed forests[306 ]. Drier forests[307 ]. Dry open sparse forests or scrub, village groves at elevations of 200 - 2,300 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllanthus+emblica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllanthus emblica1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Podocarpaceae,Phyllocladus,alpinus,Alpine Celery Pine,slow,7 to 10,9.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine forest and scrub, 500 - 1500 metres, on North and South islands southwards from latitude 36° 50's.",New Zealand.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllocladus+alpinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllocladusAlpinus.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Phyllocladus,aspleniifolius,Celery Top Pine,slow,8 to 11,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rainforests and lighter Eucalyptus forests in rich humid situations[11, 156].",Australia - Tasmania.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllocladus+aspleniifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllocladusAspleniifolius.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Phyllocladus,trichomanoides,"Tanekaha, Celery pine",slow,8 to 11,8.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forests on North and South Islands, south to latitude 42°s.",New Zealand.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllocladus+trichomanoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllocladusTrichomanoides.jpg
Zosteraceae,Phyllospadix,scouleri,"Surf Grass, Scouler's surfgrass",,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,May to August,June to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Intertidal and sub-tidal levels on the Pacific coast.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllospadix+scouleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Zosteraceae,Phyllospadix,torreyi,"Sea Grass, Torrey's surfgrass",,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Intertidal zone; -15 m; B.C.; California., Oregon.; Mexico (Baja California).",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllospadix+torreyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,angusta,Stone Bamboo,medium,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+angusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllostachys_angusta240.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,arcana,Half-Black Bamboo,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+arcana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,aurea,"Golden Bamboo, Fishpole Bamboo",fast,6 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Woodland.,E. Asia - S.E. China.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysAurea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,aureosulcata,Yellow-Groove Bamboo,,5 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - N.E. China.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+aureosulcata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllostachys aureosulcata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,bambusoides,"Madake, Japanese timber bamboo",,6 to 9,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland and especially on lower cleared slopes. In open forest or bush-wood at elevations up to 1800 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+bambusoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysBambusoides.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,bissetii,,,4 to 8,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+bissetii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysBissetii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,dulcis,Sweetshoot Bamboo,fast,7 to 10,7.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllostachys_dulcis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,edulis,"Moso-Chiku, Tortoise shell bamboo",,6 to 10,8.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland. Mountain slopes at elevations up to 1600 metres or more.,E. Asia - China.,4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysEdulis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,flexuosa,"Zig-Zag Bamboo, Drooping timber bamboo",,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+flexuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysFlexuosa.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,glauca,,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,iridescens,,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows along stream banks.,E. Asia - China in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+iridescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,makinoi,"Kei-Chiku, Makino bamboo",,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open forest at elevations up to 1500 metres.,E. Asia - China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+makinoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,meyeri,Meyer Bamboo,fast,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open forest at elevations around 600 metres.,E. Asia - China in southern Hunan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+meyeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,nidularia,"Big-Node Bamboo, Broom bamboo",,6 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Usually in forest or bush at elevations up to 1300 metres.,E. Asia - N. and C. China.,5,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+nidularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,nigra,"Black Bamboo, Kuro-Chiku",fast,7 to 10,7.5,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile and moist places, also by streams. In open forests, on slopes or in valleys at elevations of 1100 - 1200 metres.",E. Asia - E. and C. China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysNigra.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,nigra henonis,Ha-Chiku,,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile and moist places, also by streams. Open forests on slopes at elevations around 1200 metres.","E. Asia - E. and C. China, Japan.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+nigra henonis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysNigraHenonis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,nigra punctata,Kurodake,,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile and moist places, also by streams.",E. Asia - E. and C. China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+nigra punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysNigraPunctata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,nuda,Nude Sheath Bamboo,,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Hunan.",E. Asia - China.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+nuda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllostachys nuda 240.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,parvifolia,,,None to None,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China in Zhejiang.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysParvifolia.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,praecox,Violet Bamboo,,6 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains.,E. Asia - China in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllostachys praecox240.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,propinqua,,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+propinqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,purpurata,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stream banks.,"E. Asia - China in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Hunan.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+purpurata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,rubromarginata,Reddish bamboo,fast,7 to 10,8.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China in Zhejiang and Guangxi.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+rubromarginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysRubromarginata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,sulphurea,"Ougon-Kouchiku, Sulphur bamboo",,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Not known in a truly wild state, this form arose from garden cultivation.",E. Asia - E. China.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+sulphurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysSulphurea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,sulphurea viridis,Kou-Chiku,,6 to 9,4.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - E. China.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+sulphurea viridis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,viridiglaucescens,Greenwax golden bamboo,,6 to 9,6.0,7.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woodland on mountains and plains.,E. Asia - E. China in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+viridiglaucescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllostachys_viridiglaucescens1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Phyllostachys,vivax,"Giant Timber Bamboo, Running giant bamboo",fast,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plains and mountains.,E. Asia - E. China in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllostachys+vivax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyllostachysVivax.jpg
Solanaceae,Physaliastrum,echinatum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes and forests at low elevations.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physaliastrum+echinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,acutifolia,Sharp-Leaf Ground Cherry,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A weed species found in agricultural land and disturbed soils from sea level to elevations of 220 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+acutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisAcutifolia.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,alkekengi,"Winter Cherry, Strawberry groundcherry,Ground Cherry, Chinese  Lantern",fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated ground and vineyards. Hedgerows and by damp paths, from the plains to the lower slopes of mountains.",Asia - Caucasus to China. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+alkekengi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisAlkekengi.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,alkekengi franchetii,Winter Cherry,,5 to 9,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and vineyards.,Asia - Caucasus to China. Occasionally naturalized in Britain.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+alkekengi franchetii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisAlkekengiFranchetii.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,angulata,Cutleaf Ground Cherry,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of woods and thickets, cultivated soil and waste places. Rich soils.","Southern N. America - Pennsylvania to Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri and Texas.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+angulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisAngulata.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,angustifolia,Coastal groundcherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sea beaches and coastal sand dunes.,South-eastern N. America - Missouri to Florida.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisAngustifolia.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,arenicola,Cypresshead groundcherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Pinelands, scrub, sandhills and cypress heads.",South-eastern N. America - Florida.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+arenicola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,carpenteri,Carpenter's groundcherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils on the coastal plain.,South-eastern N. America - N. Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+carpenteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,caudella,Southwestern groundcherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Canyons and wooded slopes, 1500 - 2000 metres.","Southern N. America - New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+caudella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,crassifolia,Yellow nightshade groundcherry,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy and rocky places below 1200 metres. Deserts, canyon floors and rocky hillsides.",South-western N. America - Arizona and the Mojave desert of California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+crassifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisCrassifolia.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,foetens,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous areas amongst junipers or pines, sometimes in open cultivated fields, 1500 - 2250 metres.",Southern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+foetens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,foetens neomexicana,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous areas amongst junipers or pines, sometimes in open cultivated fields, 1500 - 2250 metres.","Southern N. America - Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+foetens neomexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,greenei,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sea cliffs and coastal sage scrub[71, 170].",Southern N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+greenei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,hederaefolia cordifolia,Ground Cherry,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky and gravelly places, 1000 - 1600 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+hederaefolia cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,heterophylla,"Clammy Ground Cherry, Rowell's groundcherry",,7 to 10,0.9,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open woods. Rich soils, especially where the surface has been disturbed.","N. America - New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, Colorado and Texas.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisHeterophylla.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,ixocarpa,Tomatillo,,7 to 10,1.2,,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Waste places.,Southern and Central N. America as far north as southern Quebec.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+ixocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisIxocarpa.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,lanceolata,"Ground Cherry,  Sword groundcherry",,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open soil in old fields and waste places.,"N. America - South Carolina to Illinois, South Dakota, Wyoming, Kansas and New Mexico",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,latiphysa,Broadleaf groundcherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - S. Arizona.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+latiphysa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,macrophysa,"Bladder Ground Cherry, Longleaf groundcherry",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bottoms, clearings etc. Rich soils.","Southern N. America - Kansas to Arkansas, south to Texas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+macrophysa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisMacrophysa.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,minima,"Sunberry, Pygmy groundcherry",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy river flats in Australia. Field edges, waste ground near houses, roadsides etc, in porous organic-rich soils in the Himalayas.","E. Asia - China, Himalayas, to Australia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+minima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisMinima.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,missouriensis,Missouri groundcherry,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods, limestone barrens and cultivated ground.","Southern N. America - Mississippi, north-eastern Kansas, western Arkansas[43].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+missouriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisMissouriensis.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,obscura,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils.,"Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Illinois, Missouri, Florida and Mexico.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+obscura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,peruviana,"Goldenberry, Peruvian groundcherry",,10 to 12,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Wind']",,July to October,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Coastal regions and disturbed areas from sea level to 4500 metres.,S. America - Peru. Naturalized in C. and S. Europe.,5,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+peruviana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisPeruviana.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,philadelphica,"Wild Tomatillo, Mexican groundcherry",,6 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is found as a weed of cultivation.",N. America and S. America.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+philadelphica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisPhiladelphica.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,pruinosa,Strawberry Tomato,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open often sandy soils, old fields and wasteland.","Eastern N. America - Wisconsin, New York and south to Florida.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+pruinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisPruinosa.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,pubescens,"Ground Cherry, Husk tomato",,10 to 12,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp to dry open woods, sand dunes and disturbed soil","N. America - Wisconsin, Virginia, Ohio. Indiana and southwards.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisPubescens.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,pumila,"Prairie Ground Cherry, Dwarf groundcherry",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open slopes on plains and prairies[43, 170].",South-eastern N. America - Illinois to Colorado and Texas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisPumila.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,subglabrata,Longleaf groundcherry,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],May to October,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shores, meadows, fields, roadsides and waste places. Moist to medium dry soil of cultivated land and waste ground.",Eastern N. America - New York to Georgia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+subglabrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisSubglabrata.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,variovestita,Field groundcherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - S. Texas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+variovestita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,virginiana,Virginia Ground Cherry,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy or rocky woods, openings and clearings. Rich soils in open woods and prairies.","Eastern N. America - Ontario to Manitoba, Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana and Texas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisVirginiana.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,virginiana sonorae,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],May to October.,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bottoms, fields and cultivated ground.",N. America - Wyoming to Arkansas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+virginiana sonorae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Physalis,viscosa,"Sticky Ground Cherry, Starhair groundcherry",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal sand dunes, sandy woods near the coast, pinelands and prairies.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and Virginia.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+viscosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisViscosa.jpg
Solanaceae,Physalis,wrightii,Sharpleaf groundcherry,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Orchards, roadsides and waste places as a weed.","South-western N. America - Arizona, California and W. Texas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physalis+wrightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysalisWrightii.jpg
Rosaceae,Physocarpus,opulifolius,"Ninebark, Common ninebark, Atlantic ninebark, Ninebark",medium,3 to 7,3.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Banks of streams.,"Central and Eastern N. America - Quebec to South Carolina, west to Alabama, Arkansas and Minnesota.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Physocarpus+opulifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhysocarpusOpulifolius.jpg
Arecaceae,Phytelephas,aequatorialis,"Vegetable ivory, Corozo, Ivory palm",medium,10 to 12,12.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Beetles', 'Flies', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey palm of the rain forest, growing on wet lowlands, often near rivers, on the coastal plain; ascending to 1,500 metres[768 ]. It is often left in pastures when the forest is cleared[768 ].",S. America - western Ecuador.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytelephas+aequatorialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phytelephas aequatorialis 1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Phytelephas,macrocarpa,"Vegetable Ivory, Tagua, Nut Palm, Ivory nut palm",slow,10 to 12,3.5,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforest[314 ]. Lowland rainforests on alluvial soil[412 , 768 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytelephas+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phytelephas_macrocarpa_Houtte.JPEG
Campanulaceae,Phyteuma,japonicum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyteuma+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Phyteuma,orbiculare,Roundheaded Rampion,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Dry grassland and rocky ground.,Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyteuma+orbiculare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyteumaOrbiculare.jpg
Campanulaceae,Phyteuma,spicatum,Spiked Rampion,,None to None,0.7,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, thickets and meadows, usually in dry non-acid soils[17, 50].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, but absent from the Mediterranean.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyteuma+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhyteumaSpicatum.jpg
Phytolaccaceae,Phytolacca,acinosa,Indian Poke,,7 to 10,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Valleys, hillsides, forest understories, forest margins and roadsides at elevations of 500 - 3400 metres. It is also found in cultivated land houses, moist fertile lands and as a weed.",E. Asia - China to India.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytolacca+acinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhytolaccaAcinosa.jpg
Phytolaccaceae,Phytolacca,americana,"Pokeweed, American pokeweed, Garnet, Pigeon Berry, Poke",fast,4 to 8,2.0,1.5,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp rich soils in clearings, woodland margins and roadsides. Disturbed areas, pastures, clearings, thickets, woodland borders and roadsides from sea level to 1400 metres.",Northern and Central N. America. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytolacca+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhytolaccaAmericana.jpg
Phytolaccaceae,Phytolacca,dioica,Bella Sombra,,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Argentina.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytolacca+dioica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhytolaccaDioica.jpg
Phytolaccaceae,Phytolacca,dodecandra,"Endod, Pokeberry",medium,10 to 12,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a wide range habitats, including dry or moist forest; woodland; bushland; thickets; grassland; often on or near river banks; on old forest land; plantations; at elevations of 500 - 2,400 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea to Eritrea, south to Mozambique.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytolacca+dodecandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phytolacca_dodecandra_Dictionnaire.JPEG
Phytolaccaceae,Phytolacca,esculenta,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Valleys, hillsides, forest understories, forest margins and roadsides at elevations of 500 - 3400 metres. It is also found in cultivated land houses, moist fertile lands and as a weed.",E. Asia - China.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phytolacca+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhytolaccaEsculenta.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,abies,Norway Spruce,fast,2 to 7,30.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,Not known,N. and C. Europe.,2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+abies,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaAbies.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,asperata,Chinese Spruce,medium,None to None,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, forming extensive pure stands at 2000 - 3800 metres. Mountains and river basins at elevations of 2400 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+asperata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaAsperata.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,brachytyla,Sargent Spruce,fast,7 to 10,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woodlands, 1600 - 2000 metres. Mountain slopes, valleys and river basins at elevations of 1500 - 3800 mtres.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+brachytyla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Picea,breweriana,"Weeping Spruce, Brewer spruce",slow,5 to 9,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Usually on dry mountain ridges and peaks near the timber line, forming small groves around 2100 metres, though the best specimens are found in deep moist well-drained soils.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+breweriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaBreweriana.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,engelmannii,"Mountain Spruce, Engelmann spruce",medium,3 to 7,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Montane regions to the tree-line, especially by swamps. Often found on poor thin rocky soils, though the best specimens are growing in deep well-drained clay-loam soils.",Western N. America - Alberta and British Columbia to Arizona and New Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+engelmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaEngelmannii.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,glauca,"White Spruce, Black Hills Spruce, Canadian Spruce",fast,2 to 6,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods in good soils. Along streams and lakes and also on rocky hills and slopes, succeeding in a variety of soil conditions.",Northern N. America - Alaska to Newfoundland.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaGlauca.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,glehnii,Sakhalin Spruce,fast,4 to 7,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Bogs in N. and C. Japan. It is also found on very alkaline serpentine rocks.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+glehnii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaGlehnii.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,jezoensis,Yezo Spruce,medium,None to None,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,High mountains in N. Japan. Mountains and river basins at elevations of 300 - 1700 metres.,"E. Asia - Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, Japan.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+jezoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaJezoensis2.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,mariana,"Black Spruce, Swamp Spruce",slow,3 to 5,20.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Cool slopes and bogs. Found on well-drained soils in the north of its range and swamps in the south.Found on a variety of soil types, it grows best in those that are moist and acidic",Northern N. America - Alaska to Newfoundland and south to British Columbia and W. Virginia..,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+mariana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaMariana.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,omorika,Serbian Spruce,fast,4 to 7,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Plants are confined to a few stands on limestone mountains.,Europe - Serbia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+omorika,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaOmorika.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,orientalis,Caucasian Spruce,fast,4 to 7,20.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in pure stands or mixed with beech, pine and hornbeam, especially on shaded slopes, preferring deep protected ravines with adequate soil moisture at elevations of 300 - 2100 metres.",E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaOrientalis.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,pungens,"Blue Spruce, Colorado Spruce",medium,3 to 7,20.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Banks of streams or on first benches above them, singly or in small groves, 2000 - 3300 metres.",South-western N. America - Rocky Mountains.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaPungens.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,purpurea,Purple-Coned Spruce,medium,4 to 7,45.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, 3000 - 3600 metres in N.W. Sichuan and S. Ghansu. Mountains, predominantly on north facing slopes, at elevations of 2600 - 3800 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaPurpurea.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,rubens,Red Spruce,fast,6 to 7,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"At or near sea level in the northern part of its range, where it grows in swamps, along bogs or on well-drained slopes. In the south it is found in mountain ranges, usually in thin soils.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to New England and North Carolina, south to Tennessee and Georgia.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+rubens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaRubens.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,sitchensis,Sitka Spruce,fast,6 to 7,50.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist, sandy, often swampy soils, occasionally on wet rocky slopes in the far north of its range. Alluvial soils from sea level to 300 metres, usually close to the coast.",Western N. America - Alaska to N. California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+sitchensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaSitchensis.jpg
Pinaceae,Picea,smithiana,Morinda Spruce,slow,6 to 9,30.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found on N. and W. slopes inhabiting the drier upper areas often in association with silver fir or deodar, 2100 - 3600 metres from Afghanistan to Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picea+smithiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PiceaSmithiana.jpg
Simaroubaceae,Picrasma,excelsa,Jamaican Quassia,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill pastures, relict woodland and along the sides of roads at elevations from 90 - 825 metres[426 ]. Tropical forests and near water[254 ].",Northern S. America to Central America and the Caribbean.,2,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picrasma+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Picrasma_excelsa_Kohl.JPEG
Simaroubaceae,Picrasma,quassioides,Nigaki,,5 to 9,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland woods and hills. Forests in the higher hills of the W. Himalayas, in ravines under forests of deodar, oak, fir etc, 1800 - 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picrasma+quassioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PicrasmaQuassioides.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Picris,echioides,Bristly Ox-Tongue,,5 to 9,0.9,0.4,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Roadsides, hedgebanks, field margins and waste places, usually on stiff and calcareous soils.",S. Europe. Possibly native but certainly established in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picris+echioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Picris,hieracioides,Hawkweed Ox-Tongue,,5 to 9,0.9,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,July to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland and waysides on calcareous soils.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, the Balkans, W. and C. Asia.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picris+hieracioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PicrisHieracioides.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Picrorhiza,kurroa,Kuru,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in the higher mountain elevations at 2700 - 3600 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picrorhiza+kurroa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Picrorhiza,scrophulariiflora,Hu Huang Lian,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine grassland and gravelly areas at elevations of 3600 - 4400 metres in W Sichuan, S Xizang and NW Yunnan.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Tibet and western China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Picrorhiza+scrophulariiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Pieris,japonica,"Lily Of The Valley Bush, Japanese pieris, Japanese Andromeda, Lily of the Valley Shrub, Japanese Pie",slow,4 to 7,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Open forests in mountains. Thickets at elevations of 800 - 1200, occasionally to 1900 metres.","E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pieris+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaJaponica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pilosella,officinarum,Mouse-Ear Hawkweed,,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Upland pastures, meadows, heaths, banks, on walls etc, usually on dry soil[7, 9, 13]. It is also found as a weed of lawns.","Temperate and subarctic Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pilosella+officinarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PilosellaOfficinarum.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Pimelea,arenaria,,,8 to 11,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Coastal dunes and hollows all over North, South and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimelea+arenaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Pimelea,axiflora,,,8 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Humid valleys.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimelea+axiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Thymelaeaceae,Pimelea,ligustrina,,,8 to 11,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Mountainous tree-fern country and forests.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimelea+ligustrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PimeleaLigustrina.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Pimelea,microcephala,Mallee Riceflower,,8 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Mainly on sandy soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimelea+microcephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pimelea_microcephala1_small.JPEG
Thymelaeaceae,Pimelea,pauciflora,Poison Pimelea,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Silurian areas.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimelea+pauciflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PimeleaPauciflora.jpg
Thymelaeaceae,Pimelea,prostrata,,,8 to 11,0.1,0.4,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dry open places in coastal to sub-alpine rocky, stony or gravelly sites, river terraces, grassland, open shrubland and fell field in North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimelea+prostrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pimpinella,anisum,"Aniseed (Saunf - Hindi), Anise burnet saxifrage",,7 to 10,0.5,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. Europe - Greece.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimpinella+anisum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PimpinellaAnisum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pimpinella,diversifolia,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,,,June to September,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Humus-rich soils in moist rich woodlands and on shaded paths at elevations of 2200 - 2500 metres in Kashmir.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and the Himalayas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimpinella+diversifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pimpinella,major,"Greater Burnet Saxifrage, Hollowstem burnet saxifrage",,4 to 8,0.8,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks, woodland edges and other grassy places.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Portugal, the Balkans and Caucasus.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimpinella+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PimpinellaMajor.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pimpinella,saxifraga,"Greater Burnet Saxifrage, Hollowstem burnet saxifrage",,4 to 8,0.8,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks, woodland edges and other grassy places.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Portugal, the Balkans and Caucasus.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pimpinella+saxifraga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PimpinellaMajor.jpg
Rubiaceae,Pinckneya,pubens,"Bitter Bark, Fevertree, Pinckneya",medium,8 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy soils by streams or in swamps on the coastal plain[72, 229].",South-eastern N. America - W. Florida to S. Carolina.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinckneya+pubens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinckneyaPubens.jpg
Araceae,Pinellia,pedatisecta,Hu Zhang,,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Corm,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, in valleys or shady places below elevations of 1000 metres.",E. Asia - N. and W. China,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinellia+pedatisecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinelliaPedatisecta.jpg
Araceae,Pinellia,ternata,"Ban Xia, Crowdipper",,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Corm,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Cultivated fields and roadsides all over Japan. Shady and damp grass thickets on mountain sides and stream edges.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinellia+ternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinelliaTernata.jpg
Araceae,Pinellia,tripartita,,,5 to 9,0.5,0.2,Corm,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - S. Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinellia+tripartita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinelliaTripartita.jpg
Lentibulariaceae,Pinguicula,vulgaris,"Butterwort,  Common butterwort",,3 to 7,0.1,,Perennial,,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Boggy soils on wet rocks and damp places, avoiding shady places.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, Macedonia and N. Asia. N. America.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinguicula+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinguiculaVulgaris.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,albicaulis,White-Bark Pine,slow,4 to 8,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Often found on rocky ridges and bluffs, it is reduced to a prostrate gnarled mat at the highest elevations and exposures, but the best specimens are found at lower elevations in sheltered canyons",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+albicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusAlbicaulis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,aristata,Bristle-Cone Pine,slow,3 to 10,12.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry rocky slopes, often in pure stands, 2250 - 3450 metres in California. Trees grow right up to the tree line, where they are no more than gnarled shrubs.",South-western N. America - Colorado to New Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+aristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusAristata.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,armandii,"Chinese White Pine, Armand pine",medium,6 to 9,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moderate to high elevations. Mountains, river basins; 1000-3300 m. S Gansu, C and NW Guizhou, Hainan, SW Henan, W Hubei, S Shaanxi, S Shanxi, Sichuan, C Taiwan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.","E. Asia - W. China, Korea, Formosa.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+armandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusArmandii.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,ayacahuite,Mexican White Pine,,6 to 9,55.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Lower pine forests in cool mountains in Mexico. Sheltered valleys and mountain slopes at elevations of 2,400 - 3,300 metres.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+ayacahuite,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,banksiana,Jack Pine,fast,2 to 7,12.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Barren sandy or rocky soils, sometimes forming extensive forests. Fire successional in boreal forests, tundra transition, dry flats, and hills, sandy soils, sea level to 800 metres.","Northern N. America - Alaska to Northwest Territory, south to New York, Illinois and Minnesota.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+banksiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusBanksiana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,brutia,"Calabrian pine, Turkish pine",fast,7 to 11,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Relatively open conifer forests, sometimes in pure stands, open mixed woodland with other drought tolerant trees; at elevations from near sea level to 1,500 metres.","Origin: Mediterranean. Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, from the Balkans and Bulgaria to Greece, Turkey and Syria, and through the Caucasus",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+brutia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pinus_brutia1.JPEG
Pinaceae,Pinus,bungeana,"Lace-Bark Pine, Bunge's pine",slow,4 to 7,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mud and sandstone shales, 1000 - 1250 metres. Often found on limestone.",E. Asia - C. and N. China.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+bungeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusBungeana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,californiarum,,,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry low-montane or foothill pinyon-juniper woodland at elevations of 1000 - 2300 metres.,"South-western N. America - California, Mexico.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+californiarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,caribaea,Caribbean Pine. Caribbean pitch pine,fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Birds', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Hillsides and plains at low elevations from sea level to 600 metres[331 ]. Found in a wide range of forest and savannah habitats, often as a pioneer species, for instance after fires, where it can create pure stands[320 ].","Central America - Nicaragua to Mexico. Caribbean - Bahamas, Cuba",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+caribaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pinus_caribaea1.JPEG
Pinaceae,Pinus,cembra,"Swiss Stone Pine, Swiss Pine,  Arolla Pine",slow,3 to 9,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rarely found below elevations of 1500 metres, it grows with larch up to the tree line[11, 81].","Europe - Alps, running north to Russia and Siberia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+cembra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusCembra.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,cembra sibirica,Siberian Pine,slow,1 to 6,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Wet situations. Mountains, river basins; 800-2400 m. Heilongjiang (Tuqiang), Nei Mongol, Xinjiang (Kazakstan, Mongolia, E Russia].",E. Asia - Siberia to China.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+cembra sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusCembraSibirica.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,cembroides,"Mexican Pine Nut, Pinyon Pine",slow,5 to 8,8.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hot arid mountain slopes above 2000 metres, with juniper and scrub oak[82, 181]. Usually in poor, shallow, rocky or gravelly soils.","Southern N. America - Arizona to Texas, south to Mexico.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+cembroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusCembroides.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,cembroides orizabensis,Mexican Pine Nut,slow,7 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hot arid mountain slopes above 2000 metres, with juniper and scrub oak[82, 181].",Southern N. America.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+cembroides orizabensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pinus cembroides orizabensis 240.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,contorta,"Beach Pine, Lodgepole pine, Bolander beach pine, Beach pine, Sierra lodgepole pine, Yukon pine, Shor",fast,1 to 7,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Coastal dunes and sphagnum covered bogs to montane dry or moist areas[60, 82]. Trees growing inland are much larger than those growing near the coast.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+contorta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusContorta.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,contorta latifolia,Lodgepole Pine,fast,6 to 9,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Coastal dunes and sphagnum covered bogs to montane dry or moist areas[60, 82]. Trees growing inland are much larger than those growing near the coast.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+contorta latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusContortaLatifolia.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,coulteri,"Big-Cone Pine, Coulter pine",medium,8 to 10,18.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Scattered singly or in small groves in coniferous forests on dry rocky slopes and ridges to 2000 metres[71, 82] in the coastal mountains of California and N.W. Mexico.",South-western N. America - California to N.W. Mexico.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+coulteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusCoulteri.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,culminicola,Cerro Potosi Pinyon,,6 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found only in one site on a mountain in Nuevo Leon in Mexico, growing in cloud forest above 3,000 metres.",South-western N. America - Mexico.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+culminicola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,densiflora,Japanese Red Pine,medium,3 to 7,15.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hills and low mountains all over Japan. Coastal regions to mountains, lakesides and rocky hillsides from near sea level to 900 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+densiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusDensiflora2.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,discolor,Border pinyon,,7 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pinyon-juniper woodland, foothills, mesas and tablelands at altitudes of 700 - 2300 metres.","South-western N. America - Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,echinata,Short-Leaf Pine,slow,6 to 8,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Old fields and woods in dry or sandy soils[43, 222, 229]. The best specimens are found on fine sandy loam or silt loam soils.",Eastern N. America - New York to Florida and Texas.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+echinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusEchinata.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,edulis,"Rocky Mountain Piñon, Twoneedle pinyon, Nut Pine, Pinyon Pine, Rocky Mountain Pinyon Pine, Singlelea",slow,5 to 8,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Eastern foothills of the outer reaches of the Rockies on arid mesas in pure stands or with junipers.,South-western N. America - Rocky mountains.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusEdulis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,elliottii,Slash Pine,fast,10 to 12,25.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Shallow ponds and swamps, and in low grounds which are dry for part of the year[672 ].","Southeast N. America - Louisiana to South Carolina, south to Florida.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+elliottii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pinus_elliottii1.JPEG
Pinaceae,Pinus,flexilis,"Limber Pine, Rocky Mountain White Pine",medium,4 to 7,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Often forming open forests in the sub alpine to alpine zones, often in semi-arid areas[60, 82]. Usually found on dry rocky ridges and peaks.",Western N. America - Alberta to California.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+flexilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusFlexilis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,gerardiana,Chilghoza Pine,slow,6 to 9,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry inner valleys, usually on limestone, to 3000 metres. Gregarious on dry steep rocky slopes on granite or clay slate in areas beyond the reach of the S.W. monsoons.",E. Asia - Afghanistan and the N. W. Himalayas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+gerardiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusGerardiana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,halepensis,Aleppo Pine,medium,8 to 11,15.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,April,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky places and hills by the sea.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+halepensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusHalepensis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,henryi,,,6 to 9,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Forests to 2400 metres. Mountains at elevations of 1100 - 2000 metres.,E. Asia - C. China.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,jeffreyi,Jeffrey Pine,medium,5 to 8,25.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually found on dry and exposed slopes, 1800 - 2700 metres in California[71, 82]. Found on a variety of soils, but growing best in those that are deep and well-drained.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+jeffreyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusJeffreyi.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,johannis,Johann's pine,,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - N.E. Mexico.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+johannis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusJohannis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,koraiensis,"Korean Nut Pine, Chinese pinenut",medium,4 to 7,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry mountain slopes, especially those facing north, to 2600 metres[74, 120].","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria, Siberia.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+koraiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusKoraiensis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,lambertiana,Sugar Pine,fast,6 to 9,75.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Cool, usually fairly moist, mixed coniferous woods in mountainous areas, growing best on deep well-drained soils.",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+lambertiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusLambertiana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,leiophylla,"Smooth-Leaf Pine, Chihuahuan pine",,8 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,April,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountain ranges between 1800 to 2100 metres, usually as scattered individuals in pine forests.","Southern N. America - S. New Mexico, Arizona and Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+leiophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusLeiophylla.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,massoniana,Chinese Red Pine,,6 to 9,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Plains, hills, mountains; near sea level to 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, W Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SE Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, E Yunnan, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - C. and S.E. China.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+massoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusMassoniana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,merkusii,"Sumatran pine, Merkus Pine",fast,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A pioneer species, it inhabits a wide range of forest and savannah habitats[303 ].","E. Asia - China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+merkusii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pinus_merkusii1.JPEG
Pinaceae,Pinus,monophylla,"Single Leaf Piñon, Single Leaf PinyonPine, Stone Pine,  Pine Pinyon",,6 to 8,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid slopes at low elevations, growing in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Often forms extensive open forests at elevations of 1500 - 2100 metres.","Western N. America - Utah to Nevada, Arizona and California.",4,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+monophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusMonophylla.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,montezumae,Montezuma Pine,,8 to 11,20.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pine-oak forests, 2000 - 2700 metres in Mexico.",Southern N. America - Mexico to Guatemala.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+montezumae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusMontezumae.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,monticola,Western White Pine,fast,4 to 8,60.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountain forests. Found on a variety of soils, though the best specimens are growing in deep, well-drained, moisture-retentive soils.","Western N. America, British Columbia to California.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+monticola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusMonticola.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,mugo,"Dwarf Mountain Pine, Mugo pine, Mountain Pine",slow,2 to 7,4.5,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mountainous regions.,"Europe, from the Alps to S. E. Europe..",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+mugo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusMugo.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,muricata,Bishop's Pine,fast,7 to 10,20.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in 7 scattered locations on exposed bluffs and headlands, often drenched by salt spray[11, 200].",South-western N. America - California.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+muricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusMuricata.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,nelsonii,,,7 to 10,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - N.E. Mexico.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+nelsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusNelsonii.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,nigra,"Austrian Pine, Black Pine",fast,3 to 7,30.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountains, often on calcareous soils.",Europe - Austria.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusNigra.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,nigra laricio,Corsican Pine,fast,5 to 9,30.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mountains, often on calcareous soils.",Europe - Corsica.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+nigra laricio,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusNigraLaricio.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,oocarpa,"Oocarpa Pine, Pino amarillo",fast,10 to 12,20.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Widely distributed on mountain slopes and plains, sometimes forming almost pure stands, but often associated with oaks and sometimes with other pines, occurring at elevations of 1,000 - 2,700 metres[303 ].",Central America - Nicaragua to Mexico.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+oocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pinus_oocarpa1.JPEG
Pinaceae,Pinus,palustris,"Pitch Pine, Longleaf pine, Southern Pine",slow,7 to 10,30.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Poor acid soils that are low in organic matter on sandhills, flats and scrubland from sea level to 650 metres, but usually near the coast.",South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida and Texas.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPalustris.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,parviflora,"Japanese White Pine, Five-needle pine",medium,4 to 7,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mountains.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusParviflora2.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,patula,Mexican Weeping Pine,,7 to 10,50.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - C. and E. Mexico.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+patula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPatula.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,pinaster,Maritime Pine,fast,7 to 10,20.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,April,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Coastal sands and dunes, it is also found on mountains inland.",Europe - W. Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain in some parts of the New Forest[81].,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+pinaster,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPinaster.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,pinea,"Italian Stone Pine, Umbrella Pine, Stone Pine",medium,7 to 11,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,April,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Maritime sands and alluvium.,S. Europe around the Mediterranean.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+pinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPinea.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,ponderosa,"Ponderosa Pine, Washoe pine",medium,4 to 8,25.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in a variety of soils from sea level to 2800 metres, though mainly inland and in drier areas. The best growth is from trees growing in deep well-drained soils.",Western N. America - British Columbia to N. Mexico.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+ponderosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPonderosa.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,pumila,Dwarf Siberian Pine,slow,3 to 7,3.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Often forms extensive thickets in exposed situations or above the tree line. Mountains at elevations of 1000 - 2300 metres in northern China.,"N.E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPumila.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,pungens,"Prickle Pine, Table Mountain pine",slow,5 to 9,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Shale outcrops and dry rocky or gravelly soils. Usually found on or near exposed ridges at elevations to 1350 metres. Sometimes forming pure forests[82, 235].",Eastern N. America - New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia and Tennessee.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+pungens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusPungens.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,quadrifolia,"Parry Piñon, Parry's Pinyon Pine,  Four-leaved Pinyon",slow,5 to 8,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid mesas and low mountain slopes of lower California, to 1500 metres in the Santa Rosa mountains.",South-western N. America - California.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+quadrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusQuadrifolia.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,radiata,Monterey Pine,fast,3 to 11,65.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to March,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found only in a narrow belt a few kilometres wide near the California coast, in dry bluffs and slopes below 300 metres[71, 82].",South-western N. America - California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+radiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusRadiata.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,remota,Paper-Shell Piñon,,7 to 10,7.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pinyon-juniper woodland, foothills, mesas and tablelands at elevations of 700 - 2300 metres.",South-western N. America - Edwards Plateau inTexas.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+remota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,resinosa,Red Pine,medium,3 to 7,35.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry woods. The best stands are on light sandy well-drained and slightly acid soils, though it is also found on other soils including poor ones.",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+resinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusResinosa.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,rigida,"Northern Pitch Pine, 	Pitch pine",medium,4 to 7,15.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy or barren plains and dry gravelly uplands[43, 82], occasionally in cold deep swamps. It is most abundant in the coastal region south of Massachusetts.",Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Georgia and west to Kentucky.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+rigida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusRigida.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,roxburghii,Chir Pine,,8 to 11,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,April,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Forms extensive forests to 2700 metres. Does best on north slopes or on good soils.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Bhutan.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+roxburghii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusRoxburghii.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,sabiniana,"Digger Pine, California foothill pine, Bull Pine, Gray Pine, Digger Pine",fast,8 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Scattered singly or in small groups on dry rocky hillsides, 150 - 1200 metres[43, 82].",South-western N. America - California.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+sabiniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusSabiniana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,serotina,Pond Pine,medium,7 to 9,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Low, wet flats, pond margins, peaty swamps and sandy woods[43, 82].",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+serotina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusSerotina.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,strobiformis,Southwestern White Pine,medium,7 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist sheltered sites, usually on rich well-drained soils.","South-western N. America - Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+strobiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusStrobiformis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,strobus,"White Pine, Eastern white pine",,3 to 7,20.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods, especially on sandy drift soils or fertile well-drained soils, sometimes on river banks and rarely in swamps. Often forming dense forests.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+strobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusStrobus.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,sylvestris,"Scot's Pine, Scotch Pine",fast,3 to 7,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,March to June,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Forming woods in the mountains of Scotland[7, 9].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Albania and temperate Asia.",2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusSylvestris.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,tabuliformis,"Chinese Red Pine, Southern Chinese pine",medium,6 to 8,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hills, mountains; 100-2600 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, W Hubei, Hunan, S Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+tabuliformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusTabuliformis.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,taeda,Loblolly Pine,medium,6 to 9,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to May,October to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Flatlands or rolling hills from sea level to 700 metres. Found on a variety of soil types from low poorly drained areas to well drained soils, but usually on poor upland soils.",South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Texas.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+taeda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusTaeda.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,teocote,Twisted Leaf Pine,,7 to 10,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+teocote,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusTeocote.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,thunbergii,Japanese Black Pine,medium,6 to 9,15.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,January to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sand dunes by the coast in E. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusThunbergii.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,torreyana,"Soledad Pine, Torrey pine, Santa Cruz Island Torrey pine, Soledad pine, Torrey  pine",fast,8 to 11,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,January to March,November to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Low coastal bluffs. This species is only found in one narrow belt by the coast just north of San Diego and on Santa Rossa Island.,South-western N. America - California.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+torreyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusTorreyana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,veitchii,,medium,7 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - Central Mexico.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pinaceae,Pinus,virginiana,"Scrub Pine, Virginia pine, Jersey Pine,",medium,5 to 8,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Barrens and sterile soils at low elevations from 50 - 850 metres. Found in a variety of soils, the best specimens grow in moderate to well-drained clay, loam or sandy soils.",Eastern N. America - New York to Alabama and Georgia.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusVirginiana.jpg
Pinaceae,Pinus,wallichiana,"Himalayan Blue Pine, Bhutan pine, Himalayan  Pine",fast,5 to 7,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The dominant species in drier areas, it is also found in secondary forest in wetter areas to 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to S.E. Tibet.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+wallichiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PinusWallichiana.jpg
Piperaceae,Piper,betle,Betel,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humid tropical climates. Not known in a truly wild situation.,Southeast Asia - probably originally from Malaysia.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piper+betle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piper_betle1.JPEG
Piperaceae,Piper,nigrum,Black Pepper,fast,10 to 12,6.0,1.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Indian Subcontinent.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piper+nigrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piper nigrum1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Piperaceae,Piper,sarmentosum,"Betel Leaf, Wild Betel",medium,9 to 12,10.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests or wet places near villages from near sea level to 1,000 metres [266 ]. Edges of semi-evergreen type forests at or near sea level in the Andamans [477 ].","E. Asia - China. India, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piper+sarmentosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piper_sarmentosum1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Piptadenia,gonoacantha,Pau jacaré - alligator stick,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Atlantic rainforest, most commonly along the coastal plain, favouring open and secondary growth areas, growing in both rich and poor soils[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, southern, eastern and northeastern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piptadenia+gonoacantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piptadenia gonoacantha 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Piptadenia,stipulacea,Piptadenia bearing stipules,fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Semi-arid forests, in both the more dense, primary formations and also in more open areas, along roadsides etc[625 ].",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piptadenia+stipulacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Piptadenia stipulacea 1.JPEG
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,atlantica,"Betoum, Mt. Atlas mastic tree, Mount Atlas  Mastic",slow,6 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry hillsides, cemeteries, field edges and roadsides from sea level to 1500 metres in Turkey.",S. Europe to N. Africa.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+atlantica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PistaciaAtlantica.jpg
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,atlantica cabulica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Arid stony hills and dry watercourses, 1200 - 2250 metres in Baluchistan.",W. Asia to Afghanistan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+atlantica cabulica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,chinensis,"Chinese Pistache, Chinese Pistachio",slow,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Riversides and in cultivated areas up to 2400 metres in the Himalayas. Forest on stone hills at elevations of 140 - 3550 metres in southern and western China.,E. Asia - China.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PistaciaChinensis.jpg
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,chinensis integerrima,,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry slopes and in valleys along rivers, to 2400 metres[146, 240].",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+chinensis integerrima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,lentiscus,Mastic Tree - Pistachier Lentisque,slow,8 to 9,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Open woods and scrub on dry hillsides, usually by the coast.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+lentiscus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PistaciaLentiscus.jpg
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,terebinthus,"Terebinth, Cyprus turpentine",slow,8 to 11,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry open woods and scrub, usually in calcareous soils.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+terebinthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PistaciaTerebinthus.jpg
Pistaciaceae,Pistacia,vera,"Pistachio, Pistachio Nut",medium,7 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hilly and mountainous regions, especially on sandstone soils, with a temperature range from -10°c in the winter to 40°c in the summer, to 1500 metres",W. Asia.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pistacia+vera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PistaciaVera.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pisum,sativum,Garden Pea,,None to None,2.0,,Annual,,['Occasionally bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Plants are not known in a genuinely wild condition.,E. Asia.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pisum+sativum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PisumSativum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pisum,sativum arvense,Field Pea,,None to None,2.0,,Annual,,['Occasionally bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Waste ground.,S. Europe? An occasional escape from cultivation in Britain.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pisum+sativum arvense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PisumSativumArvense.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pisum,sativum elatius,Wild Pea,,None to None,2.0,,Annual,,['Occasionally bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Plants are not known in a genuinely wild condition.,E. Asia.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pisum+sativum elatius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pisum-sativum-elatius.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pisum,sativum macrocarpon,Sugar Pea,,None to None,2.0,,Annual,,['Occasionally bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Plants are not known in a genuinely wild condition.,E. Asia.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pisum+sativum macrocarpon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Pithecellobium,dulce,"Manila Tamarind, Madras Thorn",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, brushy or thinly forested plains or hillsides, often in coastal thickets, at elevations from sea level to 500 metres[331 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pithecellobium+dulce,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pithecellobium dulce3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,balansae,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June,August to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, thickets, river banks and stream sides at elevations of 1500 - 1800 metres in W Guangdong, SW Guangxi and Hainan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+balansae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,bicolor,Banyalla,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,November to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+bicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,crassifolium,"Karo, Stiffleaf cheesewood",,8 to 11,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Forest margins and by streams on North and Kermadec Islands.,New Zealand. Naturalized in Britain in the Scilly Isles[17].,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+crassifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumCrassifolium.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,eugenioides,Tarata,,8 to 11,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and montane forests, North and South Islands[44, 173].",New Zealand.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+eugenioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumEugenioides.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,phillyreoides,"Weeping Pittosporum, Narrow-leaf  Pittosporum",slow,9 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry land away from the coast. Often in extremely dry areas.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+phillyreoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumPhillyreoides.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,ralphii,Ralph's desertwillow,,8 to 11,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Lowland to lower montane forest margins and streamsides between latitudes 37° 30' south and 40°south on North Island.,New Zealand.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+ralphii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumRalphii.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,resiniferum,Petroleum nut,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not very abundant in any part of the Philippines, but it is widely distributed and usually found on high mountain ridges[345 ]. Found in mossy forests at elevations from 600 - 2,400 metres[360 , 418 ]. Found among other trees like oak and other mossy forest species. It can also grow well with pine trees.","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Philippines.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+resiniferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pittosporum_resiniferum1.JPEG
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,tenuifolium,Tawhiwhi,medium,7 to 10,7.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal to lower montane forests, North and South Islands, especially from North Cape and southwards.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+tenuifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumTenuifolium.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,tobira,"Tobira, Japanese cheesewood, Australian Laurel, Mock  Orange, Japanese Pittosporum",fast,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky hillsides by the coast. Forests, limestone areas, slopes, sandy seashores and roadsides from sea level to 1800 metres.","E. Asia - southern China, southern Japan, southern Korea.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+tobira,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumTobira.jpg
Pittosporaceae,Pittosporum,undulatum,"Cheesewood, Australian cheesewood, Cheesewood, Pittosporum,  Orange Berry Pittosporum, Victorian Box",,9 to 11,12.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sheltered situations and rainforests[167, 265].","Australia - New South Wales, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pittosporum+undulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PittosporumUndulatum.jpg
Fabaceae,Pityrocarpa,moniliformis,Necklace Pityrocarpa,fast,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Atlantic rainforest and dryland forest, growing mainly in secondary formations and open areas, favouring fertile, alluvial soils, often with a high content of silica[420 ].","S. America - eastern and northeastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pityrocarpa+moniliformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pityrocarpa moniliformis 1 (1).JPEG
Malvaceae,Plagianthus,regius,,,7 to 10,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forests on North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plagianthus+regius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Boraginaceae,Plagiobothrys,fulvus campestris,Fulvous Popcornflower,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open gravelly or sandy places in California.,South-western N. America,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plagiobothrys+fulvus campestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapotaceae,Planchonella,australis,Black Apple,,11 to 12,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along the coast and in gullies in adjacent plateaux.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Planchonella+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlanchonellaAustralis.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,affra,Psyllium,,None to None,0.6,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],May to October.,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry places in S. Europe.,S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+affra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoAffra.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,amplexicaulis,,,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry places in S. Spain, S. Italy and the Aegean.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+amplexicaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,arenaria,French Psyllium,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Disturbed ground, dunes and grassy places.",S. Europe to S.W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+arenaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoArenaria.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,asiatica,Che Qian Zi,,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and waste ground in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoAsiatica.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,australis,Mexican Plantain,,None to None,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoAustralis.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,camtschatica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Sandy sea shores all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+camtschatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,coronopus,Buck's-Horn Plantain,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sandy or gravelly soils and cracks in rocks, in sunny places in dry soils usually near the sea[4, 17].","Coasts of west and south Europe, including Britain, south and east from Sweden to N. Africa, W. Asia",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+coronopus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoCoronopus.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,crassifolia,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Salty or brackish waste places in Greece.,S. Europe.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+crassifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,cunninghamii,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+cunninghamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,debilis,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open forests and grassland. Sandy soils in moist areas.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+debilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,decipiens,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Headlands, cliffs and dry beaches. Salt marshes and sea shores.",Eastern N. America - Labrador to New Jersey.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+decipiens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,depressa,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found under tree shade on waste ground, 1700 - 1900 metres in the Himalayas.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Himalayas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+depressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,hakusanensis,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet alpine slopes on the Japan sea side of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+hakusanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,juncoides,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Headlands, cliffs and dry beaches.",Eastern N. America.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+juncoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,lanceolata,"Ribwort Plantain, Narrowleaf plantain",,5 to 9,0.5,0.2,Perennial,,"['Wind', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,April to August,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grassland, roadsides etc, a common weed of lawns and cultivated ground, on neutral and basic soils[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, northern and central Asia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoLanceolata.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,major,"Common Plantain, Cart Track Plant,White Man's Foot ,Plantain",medium,3 to 12,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"A common garden weed, particularly in lawns[1, 4, 13]. Rarely in grassy places.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to northern and central Asia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoMajor.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,maritima,"Sea Plantain, Goose tongue, California goose tongue",,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Short turf in salt marshes near the sea and by streams in mountains, usually in saline or wet soils.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Hungary and Russia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoMaritima.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,media,Hoary Plantain,,5 to 9,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,"['Wind', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Bees']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Fields, meadows and lawns. A common weed of lawns and cultivated land, especially on dry or calcareous soils.","Southern Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoMedia.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,oliganthus,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Salt marshes, saline and brackish shores.",Eastern N. America - southwards from Canada.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+oliganthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,ovata,"Blond Psyllium, Desert Indianwheat",,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open places.,Europe - Mediterranean to E. Asia - India.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoOvata.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,psyllium,Fleawort,,None to None,0.6,0.3,Annual,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry places in S. Europe. Found wild on most well-drained soils.,Europe - Mediterranean to E. Asia - India.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+psyllium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoPsyllia.jpg
Plantaginaceae,Plantago,rugelii,Blackseed Plantain,,None to None,0.1,,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp shores, roadsides and waste places.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to North Dakota, south to Florida.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+rugelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlantagoRugelii.jpg
Orchidaceae,Platanthera,bifolia,Butterfly Orchid,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy hills and open woods on base-rich and especially on calcareous soils.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, N. Asia, the Caucasus.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanthera+bifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatantheraBifolia.jpg
Orchidaceae,Platanthera,dilatata,"White Bog-Orchid, Scentbottle, Sierra bog orchid",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet soils of swamps, bogs, banks of springs and streams. Wet meadows, tundra, marshes, fens, stream banks, shores, ditches, seeping slopes, roadsides from sea level to 3100 metres.","Western and eastern N. America - Alaska to California and New Mexico, Quebec to New York.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanthera+dilatata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatantheraDilatata.jpg
Platanaceae,Platanus,occidentalis,"Buttonwood, American sycamore,  American Planetree, Sycamore,  American Sycamore",fast,4 to 9,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,October to March,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Rich soils on the borders of streams and lakes[43, 82]. Often abundant on alluvial soils near streams and lakes and in moist ravines, sometimes on uplands, sometimes on limestone soils.","Eastern N. America - New England to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatanusOccidentalis.jpg
Platanaceae,Platanus,orientalis,"Oriental Plane, Oriental planetree",fast,6 to 9,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May,October to February,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,By rivers in forests in the hills.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanus+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatanusOrientalis.jpg
Clusiaceae,Platonia,insignis,"Bakuri, Bacuri",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Seasonally flooded, humid forests[336 , 416 ]. Found mainly in open, transitional vegetation, being rare in the dense forest[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Surinam.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platonia+insignis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Platonia_insignis_Martius.JPEG
Juglandaceae,Platycarya,strobilacea,,,6 to 9,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and woods from sea level to 1300 metres. Mixed forests on mountain slopes, sometimes on limestone, at elevations of 400 - 2,200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platycarya+strobilacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatycaryaStrobilacea.jpg
Campanulaceae,Platycodon,grandiflorus,Balloon Flower,medium,4 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes in hills and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platycodon+grandiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatycodonGrandiflorus.jpg
Hydrangeaceae,Platycrater,arguta,,,7 to 10,1.0,0.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Humid rocks. Sparse forests or thickets in valleys, stream banks and mountain slopes at elevations of 400 - 1800 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platycrater+arguta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatycraterArguta.jpg
Fabaceae,Platymiscium,trinitatis,"Macacauba, Macawood, Hormigo, Orange Agate",medium,10 to 12,22.0,18.0,Tree,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in a wide variety of habitats; in savannah, forest transition to savannah, periodically inundated forests, humid deciduous forests; sometimes dominant in thorn scrub. Mainly found on clayey soils at elevations up to 550 metres[904 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Caribbean - Trinidad.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platymiscium+trinitatis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Platymiscium trinitatis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Platymiscium,ulei,"Macacauba, Macawood, Hormigo, Orange Agate",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rain forests and forested slopes[422 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, the Guyanas.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platymiscium+ulei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Platymiscium ulei 1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Platystemon,californicus,Creamcups,,7 to 10,0.3,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],May to October,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open grassy clay or sandy places, also on burns, usually below 900 metres in California.","South-western N. America - Oregon to California, Arizonia, Utah and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platystemon+californicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatystemonCalifornicus.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Plectranthus,kameba,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in mountains, C. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plectranthus+kameba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae,Plectranthus,rotundifolius,"Chinese Potato, Hausa Potato",fast,10 to 11,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Plants are sometimes found in a more or less wild setting, growing in grassland in the savannah at elevations up to 2,200 metres .","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; widely cultivated in tropical Africa",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plectranthus+rotundifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plectranthus_rotundifolius1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,gramineus,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - E. China, Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+gramineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusGramineus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,hindsii,Hinds' cane-bamboo,medium,6 to 9,3.5,1.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains or on hills near sea shores.,E. Asia - China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+hindsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusHindsii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,humilis,,,6 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,humilis pumilus,,,6 to 9,1.0,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - C. Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+humilis pumilus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,intermedius,,,None to None,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Secondary forests in valleys or along river banks, 400 - 800 metres in Zhejiang.",E. Asia - China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+intermedius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,juxianensis,,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hillsides and roadsides at lower elevations.,E. Asia - China in Zhejiang.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+juxianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,maculatus,,,6 to 9,4.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Often found growing in dense forests.,E. Asia - China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+maculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,pygmaeus,"Dwarf Fern-Leaf Bamboo, Pigmy Bamboo",fast,7 to 10,0.3,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Carpets the floors of forests.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+pygmaeus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusPygmaeus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,pygmaeus distichus,"Pigmy Bamboo, Dwarf Fern Leaf Bamboo",fast,7 to 10,0.8,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+pygmaeus distichus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,simonii,"Medake, Simon bamboo",fast,5 to 9,4.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan. Locally naturalized in Britain[50].",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+simonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusSimonii.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pleioblastus,variegatus,"Dwarf White-Striped Bamboo, Chigo Zasa, Dwarf White Stripe Bamboo",fast,7 to 10,0.8,2.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleioblastus+variegatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleioblastusVariegatus.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pleurospermum,austriacum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Meadows and damp rocks in valleys and mountains.,C. and E. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleurospermum+austriacum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PleurospermumAustriacum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pleurospermum,camtschaticum,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains in N. and C. Japan. Forest glades, mixed coniferous forests and riparian meadows in Siberia.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleurospermum+camtschaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pleurospermum,condollei,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at elevations of 3,000 - 4,500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleurospermum+condollei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pleurospermum,uralense,,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coniferous forests, forest edges, pine forest, birch-aspen forests and felled forests, rarely in sub-alpine meadows, ravines and near swamps.",N. Europe to E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pleurospermum+uralense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Plinia,cauliflora,Jaboticaba,slow,10 to 12,13.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,"S. America - eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plinia+cauliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plinia cauliflora 1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Plinia,edulis,"Cambuca, ambucazeiro, Cambuca-verdadeiro",slow,10 to 12,7.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland on alluvial plains and at the base of moist slopes, usually in dense, primary rainforests[416 , 419 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, southern Brazil.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plinia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plinia edulis 1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Plukenetia,conophora,"Conophor. Nigerian walnut. Awusa nut,",fast,10 to 12,18.0,0.4,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A tropical plant.  Rain-forest hedge in half-shady places; low bush; secondary forest; plantations at elevations from 250 - 1,400 metres.",Origin: Africa. Western and central tropical Africa - Togo to the Congo.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plukenetia+conophora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plukenetia_conophora1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Plukenetia,volubilis,Inca peanut,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.2,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Occurs in disturbed areas or forest edges of lowland moist or wet forest, at elevations below 900 metres[674 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam; Caribbean - Windward Isles.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plukenetia+volubilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plukenetia_volubilis1.JPEG
Plumbaginaceae,Plumbago,europaea,Plumbago,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,,,September.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocks, hills, maritime sands, roadsides etc[50, 100].",S. Europe.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plumbago+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlumbagoEuropaea.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Poa,annua,"Annual Meadow Grass, Annual bluegrass,  Low Spear Grass,  Meadow Grass, Six Week Grass,  Annual Blue",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Annual,,"['Wind', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,February to November,April to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, cultivated land, grassland etc.","Cosmopolitan, throughout the whole world, including Britain, but only on mountains in the tropics.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poa+annua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoaAnnua.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Poa,fendleriana,Mutton Grass,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sagebrush desert to wooded areas at mid elevations on mountains and occasionally on dry ridges in the south of its range.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to Manitoba, south to California, Texas and Mexico.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poa+fendleriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoaFendleriana.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Poa,flabellata,Tussock grass,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal rocks and peats, often in coastal bogs.","Southern S. America - Chile, Falkland Islands. Naturalized in Britain in the Shetland Islands[50].",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poa+flabellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoaFlabellata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Poa,pratensis,"Kentucky Blue Grass, Spreading bluegrass",medium,3 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and grassy places, it is also found on dunes. Common and widespread in Britain, but it is only found on mountains in the south of its range.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa, temperate Asia and N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poa+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoaPratensis.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Poa,scabrella,Pine Bluegrass,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sagebrush desert to montane forest and ridges. Meadows, open woods, rocks and hills at low and medium altitudes.",Western N. America - Yuhon and British Columbia southwards to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poa+scabrella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoaScabrella.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,oldhamii,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets in C. and S. Japan. Forests on mountain slopes, streamsides, thickets and rocky places at elevations of 100 - 1700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+oldhamii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,podocarpum,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides, grassy slopes, grasslands on high mountains, mountain slopes, forests, thickets, forest margins and ditches at elevations of 100 - 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+podocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,podocarpum fallax,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to November,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets throughout Japan. Roadsides on mountain slopes, thickets, sparse forests and forest margins at elevations of 300 - 1400 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+podocarpum fallax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Podocarpium,podocarpum japonicum,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and thickets throughout Japan. Oak groves and shrubby thickets, gravelly soils of mountain slopes.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpium+podocarpum japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,alpinus,Tasmanian Podocarp,slow,6 to 9,2.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Screes and ridges in alpine and subalpine areas.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+alpinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusAlpinus.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,elatus,Australian Plum,,9 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Coastal scrub forest. Once a common tree in Australia, it is now rare due to the destruction of the rainforests.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+elatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusElatus.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,lawrencei,,,6 to 9,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known,New Zealand - South Island.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+lawrencei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,macrophyllus,"Kusamaki, Yew plum pine,  Buddhist Pine, Chinese Podocarpus, Chinese Yew Pine, Japanese Yew, Souther",slow,8 to 11,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountains, C. and S. Japan. Forests, open thickets and roadsides from near sea level to 1000 metres.","E. Asia - S. China, Japan.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+macrophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusMacrophyllus.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,neriifolius,"Oleander Podocarp, Brown Pine",medium,9 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A subcanopy to occasional canopy tree in evergreen broadleaved forests[266 , 404 ]. Hill and montane forests[334 ]. Hot, humid forests, coastal and lowland swamp forests, on volcanic soils[307 ].","E. Asia - India, Sikkim, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+neriifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Podocarpus_neriifolius.JPEG
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,nivalis,Alpine Totara,medium,7 to 11,3.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Upper forest margins, sub-alpine slopes and occasionally in lowland forests of North and South Islands southwards from latitude 36° 50'",New Zealand.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+nivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusNivalis.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,nubigenus,Chilean Podocarp,slow,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Grows in moist forests, where annual rainfall can be up to 5,000 millimetres, in association with Fitzroya cupressoides and Nothofagus dombeyi.","S. America - S. Chile, S.W. Argentina.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+nubigenus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusNubigenus.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,salignus,Willowleaf Podocarp,slow,7 to 10,12.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Temperate rain forests.,Southern S. America - S. Chile.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+salignus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusSalignus.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Podocarpus,totara,Totara,slow,8 to 11,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland, montane and sub-alpine forest on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podocarpus+totara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodocarpusTotara.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Podolepis,jaceoides,Copperwire Daisy,,8 to 11,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils, especially around the margins of salt marshes, up to the alpine zone. Open forests and grasslands.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podolepis+jaceoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodolepisJaceoides.jpg
Podophyllaceae,Podophyllum,aurantiocaule,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous and mixed forests, often in wet areas beneath Rhododendrons and conifers, at 2,750 - 3350 metres. Also open stony alpine pastures amongst dwarf scrub at 3350 - 3950 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podophyllum+aurantiocaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Podophyllaceae,Podophyllum,hexandrum,Himalayan May Apple,,5 to 9,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub forests and alpine meadows, usually in humus rich soils, 2000 - 3500 metres in the Himalayas[130, 145]. Very abundant in fir forests in Kashmir.",E. Asia - Afghanistan to China.,2,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podophyllum+hexandrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodophyllumHexandrum.jpg
Podophyllaceae,Podophyllum,peltatum,"American Mandrake, Mayapple, Ground Lemon, Mandrake, Mayapple",medium,3 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,April to October,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist soils in rich woods, thickets and pastures[43, 130].","Eastern N. America - Southern Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podophyllum+peltatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodophyllumPeltatum.jpg
Podophyllaceae,Podophyllum,pleianthum,,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Valleys and hillsides under shrubs, on wet slopes and moist places below 1500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and South-eastern China.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podophyllum+pleianthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PodophyllumPleianthum.jpg
Podophyllaceae,Podophyllum,versipelle,,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woodland areas on mountains.,"E. Asia - China, Tibet.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Podophyllum+versipelle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pogogyne,douglasii parviflora,Mesamint,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low places below 1000 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pogogyne+douglasii parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pogontherum,crinitum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky cliffs and road banks in lowland areas of central and southern Japan. Open places in sandy soils at elevations of 500 - 1700 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and India.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pogontherum+crinitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PogonatherumCrinitum.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Polemonium,caeruleum,"Jacob's Ladder, Charity",,None to None,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Margins of woods and swamps, by streams, especially on turf and usually in limestone hills[4, 17].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to Siberia and the Caucasus.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polemonium+caeruleum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolemoniumCaeruleum.jpg
Polemoniaceae,Polemonium,reptans,"Abcess Root, Greek valerian",,4 to 8,0.3,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woods, damp ground and along shady river banks[4, 43].","Eastern N. America - New York to Minnesota, south to Kansas and Georgia.",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polemonium+reptans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolemoniumReptans.jpg
Agavaceae,Polianthes,tuberosa,Tuberose,,8 to 11,1.0,0.2,Bulb,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polianthes+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolianthesTuberosa.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Poliomintha,incana,"Rosemary Mint, Frosted mint",,None to None,1.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Around 1600 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poliomintha+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoliominthaIncana.jpg
Polygalaceae,Polygala,amara,Bitter Milkwort,,5 to 9,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland and damp mountain pastures, especially on chalk and limestone[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Norway.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+amara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygalaAmara.jpg
Polygalaceae,Polygala,japonica,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes in lowland and hills all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygalaJaponica.jpg
Polygalaceae,Polygala,reinii,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in hills and low mountains, C. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+reinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygalaceae,Polygala,senega,Senega Snake Root,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky hills and woods on dry and mainly calcareous soils[4, 21, 43].","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Hudson Bay, south to North Carolina, Missouri and Arkansas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+senega,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygalaSenega.jpg
Polygalaceae,Polygala,sibirica,Yuan Zhi,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry calcareous slopes in Ukraine. Open slopes in the Himalayas from Pakistan to Tibet at 1600 - 3600 metres.,E. Europe to E. Asia.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygalaceae,Polygala,tenuifolia,Yuan Zhi,,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hillsides, roadsides and meadows. Dry meadows and stony slopes.","E. Asia - Korea, Mongolia, Manchuria.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygalaTenuifolia.jpg
Polygalaceae,Polygala,theezans,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+theezans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygalaceae,Polygala,vulgaris,"Milkwort, Common milkwort",,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,,,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland on heaths, dunes etc, on acidic and alkaline soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygala+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygalaVulgaris.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,biflorum,Small Solomon's Seal,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist sandy, loamy or rocky deciduous woods and thickets, usually in upland areas.","N. America - New Brunswick to Michigan, south to Tennessee and Florida",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+biflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumBiflorum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,cirrhifolium,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, shrubberies and open slopes, 1500 - 3700 metres westwards from Himachel Pradesh.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+cirrhifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,commutatum,"King Solomon's Seal, Smooth Solomon's seal",,4 to 8,2.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist woodland and copses, often by streams[43, 235]. Plants are rarely found in dry soils.","Eastern N. America - Rhode Island to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Georgia, New Mexico and Arizona.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+commutatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumCommutatum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,cyrtonema,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, thickets and shaded slopes at elevations from 500 - 2100 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+cyrtonema,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,falcatum,,,4 to 8,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Woods in hills and low mountains all over Japan[58, 187].","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+falcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumFalcatum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,humile,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and thin woods in lowland, C. and N. Japan. Forests and grassy slopes at elevations from 800 - 2200 metres.","E. Asia - N. China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+humile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumHumile.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,inflatum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains of S. Japan. Forests and forest margins in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, from near sea level to 1000 metres.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+inflatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,involucratum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows in mountains all over Japan. Forests, shaded and moist slopes at elevations from 700 - 1400 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+involucratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumInvolucratum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,kingianum,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,,,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, thickets, shaded moist grassy slopes and rocks at elevations from 700 - 3600 metres in Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+kingianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,lasianthum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thin woods in low mountains and hills.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+lasianthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumLasianthum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,macropodum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shaded slopes at elevations of 400 - 1500 metres.,E. Asia - Manchuria.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+macropodum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,maximowiczii,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet grassy places in lowland areas of N. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,multiflorum,"Solomon's Seal, Eurasian Solomon's seal",,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woodland, usually on limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, and temperate Asia to Japan.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+multiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumMultiflorum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,odoratum,Solomon's Seal,medium,4 to 8,0.9,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Limestone woods and rocky places[17, 100].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia, China, Himalayas.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+odoratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumOdoratum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,odoratum thunbergii,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wet grassy places in lowland areas all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+odoratum thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,pubescens,Hairy Solomon's Seal,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich shady woods. Rich moist wooded slopes and coves from sea level to 1100 metres.,"Eastern to Central N. America - Nova Scotia, Manitoba and southwards.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumPubescens.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,sibiricum,Huang Jing,,3 to 7,1.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods and sandy places near the sea. Forests, thickets and shaded slopes at elevations of 800 - 2800 metres in China.","E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia and Siberia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,stenanthum,,,6 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains and woods all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+stenanthum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,verticillatum,Whorled Solomon's Seal,,4 to 8,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Margins of woods, clearings and shady rocky places, usually on acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, W. Asia, Himalayas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+verticillatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumVerticillatum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,alaskanum,Alaska Wild Rhubarb,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sub-alpine to alpine meadows, talis slopes and ridges. Montane slopes above treeline, steep hillsides, steep cut banks or sandy loam of rivers; 100-1300 metres.",Northwestern N. America - Alaska to Yukon and eastern Russia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+alaskanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogononAlaskanum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,alpinum,"Alpine Knotweed, Alaska wild rhubarb",,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp meadows, wood margins and mixed grass steppes. Open humus-rich slopes, 2200 - 2700 metres in Kashmir.",Europe to E. Asia.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogononAlpinum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,amphibium,"Willow Grass, Water knotweed, Longroot smartweed,  Water smartweed",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Lakes, ponds, slow-flowing rivers and canals, also on banks by the river[17, 187].","Most of Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia, N. America and S. Africa.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+amphibium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumAmphibium.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,arenastrum,"Small-Leaved Knotweed, Oval-leaf knotweed",,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Waste places and roadsides, common throughout Britain.","Throughout Europe, including Britain.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+arenastrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumArenastrum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,aviculare,"Knotweed,  Prostrate knotweed",,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Waste places, roadsides, railway embankments and the coast. A common garden weed.","Throughout Europe, including Britain, to Temperate Asia.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+aviculare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumAviculare.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,barbatum,Joint Weed,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Depressions in shaded situations, 1700 - 1900 metres in the western Himalayas. Streamsides, wet areas and the sides of water from sea level to 1300 metres in wesern and southern China.",E. Asia - Himalayas to western and southern China,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+barbatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,bistorta,"Bistort, Meadow bistort, Snakeweed",fast,4 to 7,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp meadows and by water, especially on acid soils[13, 17].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, mountains of S. Europe, western and central Asia.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+bistorta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumBistorta.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,bistortoides,American Bistort,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist or wet meadows and swamps, seldom below 2500 metres[43, 85].",Western N. America - Canada to California.,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+bistortoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumBistortoides.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,bungeanum,Bunge's smartweed,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sands amongst osier beds, near rice field canals, cultivated land etc. Grassy valleys, near fields and roadsides at elevations of 50 - 1700 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+bungeanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,coccineum,Water Smartweed,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Ponds and damp ground by streams, lakes etc.",Western N. America - Quebec to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+coccineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumCoccineum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,conspicuum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet sunny places in lowland, C. and S. Japan. Streamsides and riverbanks from sea level to 1500 metres in eastern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+conspicuum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumConspicuum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,convolvulus,Black Bindweed,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places, arable land and gardens.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+convolvulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumConvolvulus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,divaricatum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Steppes and dry meadows. Thickets in valleys and on grassy slopes at elevations of 300 - 2100 metres in northern China.,"E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia, China and Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+divaricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,douglasii,"Knotweed, Douglas' knotweed, Austin knotweed, Engelmann's knotweed,  	Johnston's knotweed, Large kno",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky slopes and dry soils all over N. America[43, 60].","N. America - Northwest Territory to British Columbia, south to Vermont, New Mexico and Oklahoma.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumDouglasii.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,dumetorum,Climbing false buckwheat,,None to None,1.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Hedges and thickets.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, northern and western Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+dumetorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumDumetorum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,equisetiforme,,,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Chiefly ruderale. Gardens, bluffs, ditches, weed-infested and slightly saline places, pastures and wormwood steppes in irrigated areas.",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+equisetiforme,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumEquisetiforme.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,fugax,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist tundra, meadows and streambanks to alpine slopes.",N. Europe to Northern N. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+fugax,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,hydropiper,"Smartweed, Marshpepper knotweed",,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow water in ponds, ditches etc and in wet places on land[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+hydropiper,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumHydropiper.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,japonicum,"Japanese Knotweed, Mexican Bamboo,  Japanese  Knotweed",fast,4 to 10,3.0,5.0,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet grassy places in lowland all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan. Commonly naturalized in S. England.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,lapathifolium,Curlytop Knotweed,,4 to 8,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swampy thickets, shores, damp clearings and cultivated fields in N. America.","Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, including Britain. S. Africa.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+lapathifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumLapathifolium.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,limosum,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bottomlands in river valleys. Mountain slopes, forest margins and thickets in valleys at elevations of 400 - 1800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+limosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,longisetum,Oriental lady's thumb,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,May to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet grassy sunny places in lowland all over Japan. Moist valleys, along streambanks, shaded places along ditches and water sides from sea level to 3100 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+longisetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumLongisetum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,maackianum,,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places along ditches, river banks and rice fields in lowland C. and S. Japan. Shaded grassy places in valleys at elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+maackianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,manshuriense,Asian Bistort,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy slopes, forest margins and valleys at elevations of 800 - 1800 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Korea and eastern Siberia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+manshuriense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,microcephalum,,,None to None,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist open places at elevatins of 1200 - 1800 metres in Nepal. Mixed forests on mountain slopes, grassy places in valleys, grassy slopes at elevations of 500 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+microcephalum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,minus,Pygmy smartweed,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet marshy places and besides lakes and ponds.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain and temperate Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+minus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumMinus.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,molle,,fast,6 to 9,2.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest, scrub and damp ground, often gregarious, 900 - 4250 metres[51, 187]. Slopes, forests, grassy places and thickets in valleys at elevations of 1300 - 3500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+molle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogonumMolle.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,multiflorum,"He Shou Wu, Tuber fleeceflower",,6 to 9,4.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, north to latitude 42° 30' north. Along the banks of streams and in valley shrub thickets.",E. Asia - China.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+multiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumMultiflorum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,nepalense,Nepalese smartweed,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually common in damp shaded situations, 1700 - 2000 metres in Srinagar. Damp woods in mountains all over Japan. Exposed rocky slopes, 1200 - 4000 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+nepalense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumNepalense.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,orientale,"Prince's Feather, Kiss me over the garden gate",,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, near houses and wastelands, also commonly cultivated in gardens, from sea level to 3000 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+orientale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumOrientale.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,pensylvanicum,Pennsylvania Smartweed,,None to None,0.7,,Annual,,,,April to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground in moist soils. Moist, disturbed places, ditches, riverbanks, cultivated fields, shorelines of ponds and reservoirs from sea level to 1800 metres","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Texas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+pensylvanicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumPensylvanicum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,perfoliatum,Asiatic tearthumb,,None to None,1.8,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet thickets and by rivers in lowland all over Japan. Moist, open, uncultivated land at elevations of 900 - 1400 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, India.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumPerfoliatum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,persicaria,"Red Leg, Spotted ladysthumb",,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,,,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp shady places. A common weed of cultivated land, avoiding shade.","Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, including Britain.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+persicaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumPersicaria.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,polymorphum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+polymorphum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogonumPolymorpha.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,polystachyum,"Himalayan Knotweed, Cultivated knotweed",fast,5 to 9,1.8,1.5,Perennial,,,,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, shrubberies and open slopes, often gregarious, 2000 - 4000 metres from Afghanistan to S.W. China.","E. Asia - Himalayas. Occasionally naturalized in Britain, it is common in S.W. England[17].",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+polystachyum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumPolystachyum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,pubescens,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in C. and S. Japan. Moist ground at elevations of 800 - 2100 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,rigidum,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Near fields or roadsides, shaded grassy places in valleys at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces.","E. Asia - China, Mongolia, Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+rigidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,rumicifolium,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and alpine slopes, 2700 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to C. Nepal and Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+rumicifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,runcinatum,,,7 to 10,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cliffs and roadside banks, 1000 - 3800 metres. Moist shady places at elevations of 1600 - 3600 in Nepal. Grassy slopes, mountain slopes, wet valleys, thickets in valleys; 800--3900 m.",E. Asia - Himalayas in Bhutan and Sikkim.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+runcinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,sachalinense,Giant Knotweed,fast,4 to 8,3.6,3.0,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along ravines and by streams in montane areas of Sakhalin Island.,E. Asia - Japan. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+sachalinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumSachalinense.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,sagittatum,"False Buckwheat, Arrowleaf tearthumb",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet soils. Ditches in Kerry.,"N. America - Newfoundland to Northwest Territory, south to Florida. Naturalised in Ireland.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+sagittatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumSagittatum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,salicifolium,Knotweed,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places and river banks in S. Europe.,Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+salicifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,sibiricum,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, saline deserts and sands, saline riverbanks and lakeshores from sea level to 5100 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to China, north to Monglia and Russia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,taquettii,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet sandy places along rivers in the lowlands of Japan. Wet valleys, along ditches and the sides of water at elevations of 50 - 400 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+taquettii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,thunbergii,,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet grassy places in lowland and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+thunbergii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumThunbergii.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,tinctorium,,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Weed infested places. Moist valleys and along streambanks at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres in China.,E. Europe to E. Asia.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+tinctorium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,truellum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+truellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,virginianum,"Jumpseed, Fleece Flower, Smartweed, Knotweed",medium,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and thickets in lowland and hills all over Japan. Woods, stream bottoms and lower slopes in Texas.","E. Asia - Japan to the Himalayas. N. America - Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Florida and Texas.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumVirginianum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,viviparum,Alpine Bistort,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountain grassland and wet rocks.,"Arctic and northern regions of Europe, including Britain, Asia and America. On mountains in south.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+viviparum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonumViviparum.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,weyrichii,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Alpine slopes and gravelly places near the sea.,E. Asia - Japan on Sakhalin Island.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+weyrichii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AconogonumWeyrichii.jpg
Polygonaceae,Polygonum,yokusaianum,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,June to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods in foothills all over Japan. Mixed forests on mountain slopes, moist valleys at elevations of 100 - 3000 metres in China.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonum+yokusaianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Polymnia,edulis,Yacon Strawberry,fast,7 to 10,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"S. America - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru in the Andes.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polymnia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolymniaEdulis3.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Polymnia,uvedalia,Bearsfoot,,None to None,2.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - New York to Indiana, Tennessee, Florida and Texas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polymnia+uvedalia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolymniaUvedalia.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Polypodium,glycyrrhiza,Licorice Fern,,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Fern,,,,,November to March,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Rocks, mossy tree trunks, logs etc, below 600 metres in coniferous and mixed forests in California. Cliffs and rocky slopes along coasts, often epiphytic, on a variety of substrates.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polypodium+glycyrrhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolypodiumGlycyrrhiza.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Polypodium,lineare,,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Epiphytic on tree trunks and rocks in lowland and low mountains all over Japan. Often found on old brick walls.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polypodium+lineare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polypodiaceae,Polypodium,vulgare,"Polypody,  Adders Fern, Golden Maidenhair Fern,  Wall Fern, Common Polypod Fern",fast,3 to 6,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocks, walls and trees, as well as on the ground, in a variety of habitats but especially in humid shady conditions.","All of Europe, the Mediterranean, temperate Asia and eastern N. America.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polypodium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolypodiumVulgare.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Polypogon,monspeliensis,"Annual Beardgrass, Annual rabbitsfoot grass",,7 to 10,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Damp pastures near the sea in southern England and the Channel Islands. A casual in other parts of the country.,"Southwestern Europe, including Britain, Mediterranean, Ethiopia, Azores, S. Africa..",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polypogon+monspeliensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlopecurusMonspeliensis.jpg
Araliaceae,Polyscias,fruticosa,"Ming Aralia, Chinese Ariala",slow,10 to 12,2.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in a truly wild location,The plant probably arose through cultivation - it is grown in many parts of tropical Asia.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polyscias+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Polyscias_fruticosa_Illustration.JPEG
Araliaceae,Polyscias,sambucifolia,Elderberry Panax,medium,8 to 11,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet and dry sclerophyll forests and the margins of rainforests.,"Australia - Queensland, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polyscias+sambucifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolysciasSambucifolia.jpg
Dryopteridaceae,Polystichum,acrostichoides,Christmas Fern,medium,4 to 9,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet woods and rocky slopes[43, 159]. Forest floor and shady, rocky slopes from sea level to 1500 metres.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polystichum+acrostichoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolystichumAcrostichoides.jpg
Dryopteridaceae,Polystichum,aculeatum,Hard Shield Fern,,4 to 8,0.8,0.5,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deciduous woodland, often on limy soils, and sometimes on shaded limestone outcrops. Especially in the wetter areas of Britain.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, S.W. Asia to China, Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polystichum+aculeatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolystichumAculeatum.jpg
Dryopteridaceae,Polystichum,munitum,"Giant Holly Fern, Western swordfern",,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"There are two distinct varieties, var. munitum grows in moist coniferous woods, var. imbricans grows in rock crevices and rocky soils in dry coniferous soils. Forms extensive colonies.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polystichum+munitum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolystichumMunitum.jpg
Polytaenia,Polytaenia,nuttallii,Nuttall's prairie parsley,medium,4 to 6,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies, plains, savannas, open woods",Native to the central and midwestern United States.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polytaenia+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Polytaenia_nuttallii1.JPEG
Polytrichaceae,Polytrichum,commune,"Common haircap, Great golden maidenhair,",slow,2 to 10,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Typically grows in bogs, wet heathland and along forest streams.","Widely distributed throughout temperate and boreal latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and also found in Mexico, several Pacific Islands including New Zealand, and also in Australia.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polytrichum+commune,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Polytrichum_commune1.JPEG
Polytrichaceae,Polytrichum,juniperinum,"Hair-Cap Moss, Juniper polytrichum moss",,None to None,,,,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Dry acidic soils on heaths, rocks and walls.",Britain.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polytrichum+juniperinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolytrichumJuniperinum.jpg
Rutaceae,Poncirus,trifoliata,"Bitter Orange, Hardy orange, Trifoliat Orange, Japanese Hardy Orange",slow,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Hedgerows. Woods in mountains and hills in Korea.,"E. Asia - C. and S. China, Korea.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PoncirusTrifoliata.jpg
Fabaceae,Pongamia,pinnata,"Pongam, Karum Tree, Poonga-Oil Tree, Indian Beech",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Occurs naturally in lowland forest on limestone and rocky coral outcrops on the coast, along the edges of mangrove forest and along tidal streams and rivers, often with its roots in fresh or saltwater[303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, through south-east Asia to north-eastern Australia, Fiji and Japan.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pongamia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pongamia_pinnata_Ventenat.JPEG
Pontederiaceae,Pontederia,cordata,Pickerel Weed,medium,3 to 11,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Marshes and borders of muddy ponds.,Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida andTexas. A garden escape occ naturalized in Britain[17],3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pontederia+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PontederiaCordata.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,alba,White Poplar,fast,3 to 9,20.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Woods and watersides.,C. Europe to Asia. Frequently planted in Britain but not naturalized[17].,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusAlba.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,angustifolia,Narrowleaf Cottonwood,fast,3 to 7,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Streambanks in dry mountains, foothills and dry plains.",Western N. America - Alberta to Mexico.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusAngustifolia.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,'Balsam Spire',Tacatricho 32,fast,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid, P. balsamifera x P. trichocarpa.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+'Balsam Spire',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Populus,balsamifera,"Balsam Poplar, Black cottonwood",fast,None to None,30.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Deep moist sandy soils of river bottomlands, stream banks, borders of lakes and swamps.","Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New England, Iowa and Colorado.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+balsamifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusBalsamifera.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,ciliata,Himalayan Poplar,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests with oak, deodar and pine, 1200 - 3000 metres. Secondary forests and by streams, usually on light soils.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas - Kashmir to Bhutan and Western China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Populus,deltoides,"Eastern Cottonwood, Plains cottonwood, Rio Grande cottonwood, Necklace Poplar",fast,3 to 9,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist soils, mainly along riverbanks, bottoms and rich woods[43, 227].","N. America - Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+deltoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusDeltoides.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,deltoides monilifera,Plains Cottonwood,fast,None to None,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Streamsides in the eastern foothills of the Rockies.,"Central N. America - Saskatchewan to Manitoba, south to Texas and New Mexico.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+deltoides monilifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusDeltoidesMonilifera.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,deltoides wislizenii,Rio Grande Cottonwood,fast,None to None,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Streambanks and valleys, 750 - 2,000 metres in Texas.","Southern N. America - Texas, Colorado, Mexico.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+deltoides wislizenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Populus,euphratica,,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Especially found on rich soils, often inundated for part of the year, to 4000 metres. Plains, valleys and basins at elevations of 200 - 2400 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - Southwest Asia to the Himalayas, Mongolia and China.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+euphratica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusEuphratica.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,fremontii,"Cottonwood, Fremont cottonwood, Fremont Poplar, Western Cottonwood",fast,2 to 9,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March to April,April,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Banks of streams and other moist places[71, 82].",South-western N. America - California to Texas.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+fremontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusFremontii.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,grandidentata,"Canadian Aspen, Bigtooth aspen",fast,2 to 5,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March,April,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich moist sandy soils near streams and the borders of swamps from sea level to 900 metres[43, 229].","North-eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to North Carolina.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+grandidentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusGrandidentata.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,heterophylla,Swamp Cottonwood,fast,None to None,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,March,April to May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found mainly on heavy waterlogged clay soils on the edges of swamps and bottom lands[43, 229].","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Georgia, west to Louisiana, Ohio, Indiana and Arkansas.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusHeterophylla.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,hybrids,Hybrid poplar,fast,2 to 10,50.0,30.0,Tree,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,,"Origin: N. Temperate. Widely distributed throughout the northern temperate regions, ranging from North America through Eurasia and northern Africa.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Populus_hybrids1.JPEG
Salicaceae,Populus,maximowiczii,"Doronoki, Japanese poplar",fast,4 to 8,30.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny fluvial plains and river banks, C. and N. Japan. Woods at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusMaximowiczii.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,nigra,"Black Poplar, Lombardy poplar",fast,3 to 9,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist ground in woods and by streams[9, 17].","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, Mediterranean, temperate Asia to the Himalayas.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusNigra.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,pseudosimonii,,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain slopes, valleys and along rivers at elevations below 2300 metres in China.",E. Asia - western and northern China.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+pseudosimonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Populus,sieboldii,Japanese Aspen,fast,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusSieboldii.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,simonii,"Simon poplar, Chinese Poplar",fast,2 to 5,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to June,May to July,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River valleys, by streams etc, often in sandy soils. Mountains, plains, alluvial deposits and valleys from near sea level to 3000 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+simonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusSimonii.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,tremula,"Aspen Poplar, European aspen, Aspen",fast,2 to 5,18.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Found in open woodlands and scrubby heathland, usually on poorer soils where it is sometimes dominant.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to N. Africa, temperate Asia to Japan.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+tremula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusTremula.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,tremuloides,"American Aspen - Poplar, Quaking aspen",fast,2 to 5,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A pioneer species of old fields, logged or burnt land, it is found in a range of soils from shallow, rocky or clay soils to rich sandy ones. It grows best in rich porous soils with plenty of lime","N. America - Alaska to Newfoundland, south to Mexico.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+tremuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusTremuloides.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,trichocarpa,"Western Balsam Poplar, Black cottonwood",fast,4 to 8,40.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,May to June,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist woods, ravines, shores, prairies and park lands.",Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+trichocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusTrichocarpa.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,x canadensis,"Canadian Poplar, Carolina Poplar",fast,4 to 9,40.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,A group of naturally occurring hybrids between P. nigra and P. deltoidea.,N. America.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+x canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusXCanadensis.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,x canescens,Grey Poplar,fast,4 to 9,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,February to March.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Probably native in damp woods in S. C. and E. England.,"Europe, from Britain and France east to S. Russia, south to Italy and Macedonia.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+x canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PopulusXCanescens.jpg
Salicaceae,Populus,x jackii,Balm Of Gilead,fast,None to None,30.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,May,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,The origin of this tree is obscure.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+x jackii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Icacinaceae,Poraqueiba,sericea,Umari,fast,10 to 12,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rainforest, on land that does not become inundated[416 ]. Usually found in deep, clayey, well-drained soils[420 ].",S. America - northern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poraqueiba+sericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Poraqueiba sericea 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Porteresia,coarctata,Wild rice. Uri. Tropical wild rice,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.1,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,It is a tropical plant.  It grows in mangrove forests and in saline estuaries.  It grows in coastal places.,"Origin: S. Asia. Native to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Porteresia+coarctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Porteresia_coarctata1.JPEG
Portulacaceae,Portulaca,grandiflora,Rose Moss,,None to None,0.2,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Roadsides and waste places in Europe.,S. America - Brazil. Occasionally established in S. and S.C. Europe.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Portulaca+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PortulacaGrandiflora.jpg
Portulacaceae,Portulaca,oleracea,"Green Purslane, Little hogweed",fast,3 to 12,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, waste ground, roadside verges, cultivated ground and by the sea.",S. Europe. A not infrequent casual in Britain.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Portulaca+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PortulacaOleracea.jpg
Portulacaceae,Portulaca,oleracea sativa,Golden Purslane,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A cultivated form of P. oleracea, grown for its edible leaves.",4,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Portulaca+oleracea sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PortulacaOleraceaSativa.jpg
Portulacaceae,Portulaca,retusa,Little hogweed,,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky glades, sands etc. The plants often grow in large patches a metre or more in diameter.","Eastern N. America - Missouri to Arkansas and Texas, west to Nevada.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Portulaca+retusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PortulacaRetusa.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,cheesemanii,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"In and by quiet waters, North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+cheesemanii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotamogetonCheesemanii.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,crispus,Curly Pondweed,fast,None to None,,,,,,,May to October,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lakes, ponds, streams, canals etc. Found in fresh and in saline water.","Europe, including Britain, to Asia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+crispus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotamogetonCrispus.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,cristatus,,fast,None to None,,,,,,,May to September,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Ponds in C. Japan. Ponds and paddy fields in northeastern China.,"E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+cristatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,distinctus,,fast,None to None,,,,,,,May to October,May to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Ponds and paddy fields all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+distinctus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotamogetonDistinctus.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,natans,"Broad-Leaved Pondweed, Floating pondweed",fast,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lakes, ponds and ditches, especially on a highly organic substratum, usually in water less than 1 metre deep.","Much of the northern hemisphere, including Britain.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+natans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotamogetonNatans.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,oxyphyllus,,fast,None to None,,,,,,,July to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds and shallow rivers all over Japan. Ponds and streams, usually in slightly acid waters in northeastern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+oxyphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotamogetonOxyphyllus.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,pectinatus,Fennel-Leaved Pondweed,fast,None to None,,,,,['Water'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, rivers, canals, ditches etc, especially in base-rich waters in lowland areas, avoiding acid conditions and shade[13, 17].","An almost cosmopolitan plant, found in most areas of the world including Britain.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+pectinatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotamogetonPectinatus.jpg
Potamogetonaceae,Potamogeton,suboblongus,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ponds, swamps and boggy places in North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potamogeton+suboblongus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,anserina,Silverweed,fast,4 to 8,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Ditches and moist calcareous soils. A common weed of cultivation.,"Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Iran, the Himalayas, Manchuria, Japan.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+anserina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaAnserina.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,bicolor,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. atrosanguinea x P. argyrophylla.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+bicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,chinensis,Chinese Cinquefoil,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to October,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy sunny places, especially along the banks of rivers, C. and S. Japan. Meadows on mountain slopes, grassland, ravines, forest edge, thickets or sparse forest; 400-3200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,cryptotaeniae,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in mountains all over Japan. Valleys, ravines, meadows, grassland and forest edges at elevations of 1000 - 2500 metres in China.","E. Asia - N. China, Japan.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+cryptotaeniae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,discolor,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Virgin wilds, mountain slopes and uplands in open ground. Valleys, ravines, meadows on mountain slopes, meadows and sparse forests in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+discolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,egedei,Pacific Silverweed,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Coastal dunes, beaches, sand flats, marsh edges and streambanks, occasionally inland, from Alaska to California.",E. Asia. Western N. America - Alaska to California..,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+egedei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,erecta,"Tormentil, Erect cinquefoil",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland, heath, bog, fens, mountain tops and open woods, especially in light acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, W. Asia, Siberia.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+erecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaErecta.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,fragarioides,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny slopes and waste ground in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Bank of field, ditches, meadows, thickets and thinned forest at elevations of 350 - 2400 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+fragarioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaFragarioides.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,fruticosa,"Shrubby Cinquefoil, Potentilla",medium,2 to 6,1.2,1.2,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Damp rocky ground, usually on limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to the Pyrenees, N. and C. Asia to Japan.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaFruticosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,glandulosa,"Gland Cinquefoil, Sticky cinquefoil, Arizona cinquefoil, Ashland cinquefoil, Ewan's cinquefoil, Hans",,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky hillsides, Black Hills on Sioux quartzite in eastern South Dakota.",Western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+glandulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaGlandulosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,hippiana,Woolly Cinquefoil,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry soils. Open grassland sagebrush, often on saline soils, to juniper scabland and pine forests of the foothills and lower elevations in the mountains.","Western N. America - Minnesota to British Columbia, south to New Mexico and Arizona.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+hippiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaHippiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,kleiniana,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to September,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grass thickets, field edges, roadsides and gardens. Field sides, meadows and grassland on mountain slopes at elevations of 400 - 3000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+kleiniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,multifida,,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous regions in Europe. Alpine valleys, meadows on mountain slopes, sandy riverbanks, ravines and forest edges at elevations of 700 - 5000 metres in northern China.",Europe to E. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+multifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaMultifida.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,nepalensis,"Nepal Cinquefoil, Cinquefoil",medium,5 to 10,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grazing grounds and cultivated areas, 2100 - 2700 metres from Pakistan to C. Nepal.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+nepalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaNepalensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,norvegica,Norwegian Cinquefoil,,3 to 7,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste ground, southwards from Inverness but mainly in south-eastern England.","Northern Temperate zones, through Asia, Europe to N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+norvegica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaNorvegica.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,palustris,Marsh Cinquefoil,,3 to 7,0.5,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, bogs, acid fens and wet heaths.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to the Pyrenees, temperate Asia and Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaPalustris.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,recta,"Rough-Fruited Cinquefoil, Erect cinquefoil",,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,More or less naturalized in waste or grassy places in Britain.,C. and S. Europe to W. Asia. More or less naturalized in Britain. Casual in Eastern N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+recta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,reptans,"Cinquefoil, Creeping cinquefoil",,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny locations in meadows, pastures and waste ground[4, 9], usually on basic or neutral soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to the Mediterranean, Siberia, Himalayas.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+reptans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaReptans.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,rupestris,Rock Cinquefoil,,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Basic rocks and woody slopes in mountains. Dry sunny rocky slopes in the mountains.,"Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, W. and C. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+rupestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaRupestris.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,simplex,"Old Field Cinquefoil, Common cinquefoil",,3 to 7,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Locally common in dry open woods, prairie hillsides, roadsides, old fields and waste places.","Eastern and Central N. America - Nova Scotia to North Carolina, Alabama, Minnesota and Missouri.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaSimplex.jpg
Rosaceae,Potentilla,supina,,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dampish waste ground and ditches, 200 - 2500 metres in Turkey.",C. Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+supina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaSupina.jpg
Urticaceae,Pourouma,cecropiifolia,Amazon Grape,fast,10 to 12,15.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests, in areas that do not usually become inundated[420 ].","S. America - Western Amazon in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pourouma+cecropiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pourouma_cecropiifolia_Karsten.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,altissima,"Abam, Apotro, Gomu",medium,10 to 12,35.0,20.0,Tree,,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in the driest types of semi-deciduous forest in west Africa; it can be common, locally even dominant, in rainforest in east Africa; found at elevations from 1,000 - 1,700 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea, through Cameroon to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to DR Congo, Zambia and Tanzania.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+altissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria altissima 1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,caimito,"Abiu, Yellow Star Apple",medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, especially in areas that are seasonally flooded, and by the coast, at elevations from sea level to 1,500 metres[420 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north to the Caribbean and through C. America to Costa Rica.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+caimito,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria caimito3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,campechiana,"Canistel, Eggfruit",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist or wet mixed forest, sometimes in pine forests, often on limestone, at elevations that are mostly below 1,400 metres[331 ].","Central America - Panama, north to Mexico.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+campechiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria caimito3_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,guianensis,Asepoko.,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests[422 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas and north to Trinidad.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria_guianensis1.JPEG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,pierrei,Aningeria,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Semi-deciduous forest and the transition zone to humid evergreen forest[299 ].,West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Cameroon and Central African Republic.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+pierrei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,sapota,"Sapote, Mamey Sapote",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Humid lowland woodland[307 ].,C. America - Panama to Mexico.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+sapota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria sapota 1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Prangos,pabularia,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony slopes in the Himalayas, 2100 - 3300 metres from Afghanistan to Kashmir.",W. Asia to E. Asia - Iran to India.,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prangos+pabularia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Pratia,angulata,,fast,6 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp places in open forests, grassland, streamsides and herbfield from the lowland up to the sub-alpine zone in North and South Islands[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pratia+angulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Prenanthes,altissimus,Rattlesnake Root,,4 to 8,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Moist woods.,Eastern N. America - southwards from Quebec.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prenanthes+altissimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrenanthesAltissimus.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,auricula,,,3 to 7,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Rock crevices or wet alpine grassland.,Europe - Alps and Carpathian mountains.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+auricula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrimulaAuricula.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,denticulata,Drumstick Primula,,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and open slopes in moist situations, often along drains, 1500 - 4500 metres[51, 145].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+denticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrimulaDenticulata.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,elatior,Oxlip,,3 to 7,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and meadows on chalky boulder clay[17, 50].","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden to the Alps and S. Russia.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+elatior,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrimulaElatior.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,involucrata,,,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows in abundance in moist meadows flushed with melt water from snow and glaciers, 4,000 - 5,000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to S. W. China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Primula,macrophylla,,,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy mountain slopes, rock crevices, wet meadows and marshes at elevations of 4000 - 5200 metres..",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Primula,parryi,Parry's primrose,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp shady rocky mountain habitats, in cliff crevices and often by alpine streams.","Western N. America - Montana to New Mexico, west to Nevada and Idaho.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+parryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrimulaParryi.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,reticulata,,,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and open slopes, 3300 - 4800 metres. Thickets on mountain slopes around 3000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from C. Nepal to S.E. Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Primulaceae,Primula,sieboldii,,,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],March to August,May,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet grassy places, especially by rivers, in lowland all over Japan. Wet areas in forests in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrimulaSieboldii.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,veris,"Cowslip, Cowslip primrose",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places, fields and woods with calcareous soils[7, 9, 13, 24].","Europe, including Britain but absent from the extreme north, to temperate Asia.",3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+veris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/primulaVeris.jpg
Primulaceae,Primula,vulgaris,"Primrose, Common Primrose, English Primrose",medium,5 to 10,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,December to May,April to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Woods and hedgerows on acid and calcareous soils[4, 17]. Also found in the open on north-facing slopes in south-western England.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Primula+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrimulaVulgaris.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Pringlea,antiscorbutica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Antarctic regions.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pringlea+antiscorbutica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PringleaAntiscorbutica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prinsepia,sinensis,Cherry prinsepia,medium,4 to 8,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In the shade of mixed forests and in shrubberies, especially on pebbly or alluvial soils. Mixed forests, forests of shady slopes, open places on slopes and beside streams in northern China.",E. Asia - Northern China to Manchuria.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prinsepia+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrinsepiaSinensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Prinsepia,uniflora,Rui Ren,,4 to 8,1.8,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Loess plateaux, areas intermediate between woodland and steppe. Sunny slopes, ravines in valleys, base of hills at elevations of 800 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prinsepia+uniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrinsepiaUniflora.jpg
Rosaceae,Prinsepia,utilis,Cherry prinsepia,,6 to 9,3.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,February,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest, scrub and hedges, 1200 - 2700 metres. Usually found in sunny open places on dry hillsides near any spring or water-course[146, 158].",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to W. China.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prinsepia+utilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prinsepia_utilis_fruit.jpg
Martyniaceae,Proboscidea,fragrans,"Sweet Unicorn Plant, Ram's horn",,9 to 11,0.6,0.3,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America - Texas to Mexico.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Proboscidea+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ProboscideaFragrans.jpg
Martyniaceae,Proboscidea,louisianica,"Unicorn Plant,  Ram's horn",,9 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,River banks and waste places. Naturalized as a weed in Portugal and S.E. Russia.,"Southern N. America - Indiana to Iowa, Utah, Texas and New Mexico.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Proboscidea+louisianica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ProboscideaLouisianica.jpg
Fabaceae,Prosopis,africana,Pau Carvão. Mesquite. Iron tree,slow,10 to 12,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Frequently on fallow land, on sandy clayey soils over laterite[418 ]. Savannah land, especially in mesophytic woodland[491 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Chad, Sudan and Uganda. Also in Saudi Arabia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_africana1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,alba,"White carob tree, Algarrobo blanco",medium,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid and semi-arid regions with groundwater, such as drainage channels and along groundwater sinks. A common ruderal weed, coming up singly and in groups along roadsides, around habitations, on refuse dumps and in other disturbed habitats[418 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and Peru.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_alba1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,chilensis,"Chilean algarrobo, Chilean mesquite",medium,10 to 12,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A common ruderal weed, coming up singly and in groups along roadsides, round habitations, on refuse dumps and in other disturbed habitats; in arid and semi-arid regions[303 ].","S. America - Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_chilensis_1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,cineraria,"Jandi, Ghaf",medium,10 to 12,6.5,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A characteristic tree of secondary dry deciduous forest, desert thorn forest, ravine thorn forest, Zizyphus scrub, and desert dune scrub[303 ].","W. Asia - Arabia, Afghanistan, Iran to India and Pakistan.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+cineraria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_cineraria1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,glandulosa,Honeypod mesquite. Glandular mesquite,fast,8 to 11,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Plains and dry ranges, growing in dense thickets near desert washes but also found at the base of sand dunes and other areas where the water table is close to the surface; at elevations up to 1,800 metres[277 , 418 ]. It is a warm temperate plant.  It grows on sandy plains and sandhills.  It can grow in desert grassland.  It can grow on slightly salty soils.  In the SE region of the USA it grows to 1700 m altitude.  It can grow in arid places.","North America, Mesoamerica. Southwestern N. America - California to Kansas, south to southern Mexico",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+glandulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_glandulosa1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,juliflora,"Mesquite, Honey Mesquite",fast,7 to 12,10.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Light, sandy or gravelly soils in arid or semi-arid areas where there is subterranean moisture[200 ]. Commonly found on over-grazed land[200 ].","Northern and western S. America - Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela; north through Central America to Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+juliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_juliflora_Descourtilz.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,pallida,Algaroba,fast,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Dry coastlines, often dominating in arid, saline soils[414 ].","S. America - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_pallida1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,tamarugo,Tamarugo,fast,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid salt flats, sometimes with salt incrustation of 10 - 60cm thickness at the surface and the water table at a depth of 20 metres[418 ].",S. America - northern Chile.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+tamarugo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_tamarugo1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Prostanthera,cineolifera,,,None to None,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandstone hills.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prostanthera+cineolifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Prostanthera,rotundifolia,Mint Bush,,8 to 11,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sheltered hillsides, usually in sylvan habitats[152, 154]. Sandy soils over sandstone on rainforest edges and sheltered spots in sclerophyll forest.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prostanthera+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ProstantheraRotundifolia.jpg
Proteaceae,Protea,cynaroides,King Protea,,8 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,,"Moist areas in poor sandy soils at elevations of 100 - 1,000 metres. Plants have also been found growing in rock crevices at elevations up to 1,500 metres.",S. Africa - Cape Province.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Protea+cynaroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ProteaCynaroides.jpg
Proteaceae,Protea,mellifera,Sugar Bush,,8 to 11,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,,Mountain slopes to 300 metres.,S. Africa.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Protea+mellifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Proteaceae,Protea,repens,Sugar Bush,,8 to 11,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. Africa - Cape Province,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Protea+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ProteaRepens.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Prumnopitys,andina,Plum-Fruited Yew,slow,7 to 10,15.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Humid woods between the coast and the hills, between latitudes 36 and 40°south.",S. America - S. Chile.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prumnopitys+andina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrumnopitysAndina.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Prumnopitys,ferruginea,Miro,slow,8 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forests, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prumnopitys+ferruginea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrumnopitysFerruginea.jpg
Podocarpaceae,Prumnopitys,taxifolia,Matai,slow,8 to 11,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forests, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prumnopitys+taxifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrumnopitysTaxifolia.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Prunella,grandiflora,,,4 to 8,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland, usually in calcareous soils.",Europe.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunella+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunellaGrandiflora2.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Prunella,vulgaris,"Self-Heal, Common selfheal, Aleutian selfheal, Lance selfheal",,3 to 7,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground, grassland, woodland edges etc, usually on basic and neutral soils[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunella+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunellaVulgaris.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,africana,Pygeum,fast,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Upland rain-forest, montane and riverine forests; moist evergreen forest; on termitaria in Brachystegia woodland; edge of dry gallery forest; mixed Podocarpus latifolius forest with Olea capensis subsp. hochstetteri, Zyzygium, etc[328 ].","E. Africa - Sudan, Ethiopia, south to Zambia, Zimbabwe and S. Africa. Also in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Angola in West Africa.",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Psidium guajava4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,alabamensis,Alabama Cherry,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rare and local on the summits of low mountains.,Southern N. America - Georgia and Alabama.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+alabamensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,alleghaniensis,"Allegheny Plum, 	Davis' plum",fast,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and woodland edges[43, in low moist soils and on dry ridges, especially limestone bluffs. It forms large thickets in open sites, or grows as individual trees in woodland shade.","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Pennsylvania, south to Tennessee.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+alleghaniensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusAlleghaniensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,americana,"American Plum, American Wild Plum,  Wild Plum",medium,3 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils in mixed deciduous woodland, by streams, on the borders of swamps and in hedgerows[43, 62, 82].","N. America - New York to Florida, extending westwards as far as the Rocky Mountains.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusAmericana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,americana lanata,,,3 to 7,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hillsides and river bottom lands.,"Central and Southern N. America - Indiana to Illinois, south to Texas.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+americana lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,andersonii,Desert Peach,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes and mesas, 1000 - 2200 metres in California.",Western N. America.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+andersonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusAndersonii.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,angustifolia,"Chickasaw Plum, Watson's plum, Hally Jolivette Cherry",medium,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in sandy soils, occurring along fence rows, in pastures, fields, stream banks, sand dunes and disturbed sites, often forming thickets.","South-eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusAngustifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,angustifolia watsonii,Sand Plum,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets in low sandy places near streams.,Central N. America.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+angustifolia watsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_angustifolia_watsonii.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,apetala,Clove Cherry,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Low mountains in C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+apetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusApetala.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,arabica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry steppe and open oak woodland.,W. Asia - Iran.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+arabica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,armeniaca,Apricot,medium,5 to 7,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Most trees growing apparently wild have escaped from cultivation but there are pure stands of the trees in Tibet on mountain slopes in sparse forests at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia.",4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+armeniaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusArmeniaca.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,armeniaca mandschurica,Manchurian apricot,medium,3 to 9,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Temperate. Most trees growing apparently wild have escaped from cultivation but there are pure stands of the trees in Tibet on mountain slopes in sparse forests at elevations of 700 - 3000 metres.,"E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+armeniaca mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_armeniaca_mandschurica1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,avium,"Wild Cherry, Sweet cherry",fast,3 to 7,18.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Better soils in hedgerows and woods, especially in beech woods[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+avium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusAvium.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,besseriana,Dwarf Almond,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe to W. Asia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+besseriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,besseyi,Western Sand Cherry,medium,3 to 6,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy hills, open plains, rocky slopes or shores.",Central N. America - Manitoba and Minnesota to Kansas and Utah.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+besseyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusBesseyi.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,bifrons,,,None to None,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in the upper subtropical to montane zones.,W. Asia - Afghanistan to E. Asia - India.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+bifrons,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,bokharensis,Bokhara Plum,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+bokharensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,brigantina,Briançon Apricot,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony slopes in the Maritime and Cottian Alps[11, 50].",Europe - S.E. France.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+brigantina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusBrigantina.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,buergeriana,,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hillsides and mountains in C. and S. Japan. Dense forests on slopes, along trails and sunny places on slopes at elevations of 1000 - 3400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+buergeriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusBuergeriana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,campanulata,Taiwan Cherry,medium,7 to 9,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hill forests below 600 metres. Forests in ravines, forest margins at elevations of 100 - 1300 metres.","E. Asia - S. China, S. Japan.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+campanulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCampanulata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,canescens,Greyleaf Cherry,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cliffs.,E. Asia - W. China.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCanescens.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,capsica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,W. Asia - N. Iran.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+capsica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,caroliniana,"American Cherry Laurel, Carolina laurelcherry, Laurel Cherry,",fast,7 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deep, well-drained rich moist bottomlands, bluffs or streambanks[82, 229].","South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCaroliniana2.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasifera,"Cherry Plum, Myrobalan Plum, Newport Cherry Plum, Pissard Plum",medium,5 to 8,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,March,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,W. Asia? Original habitat is obscure. Often planted in hedgerows in Britain but rarely naturalized.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCerasifera.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasifera divaricata,,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mountain slopes in woody or shrubby thickets, on stony slopes, ravine bottoms, near water and montane river valleys to 2000 metres.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasifera divaricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasoides,Wild Himalayan Cherry,,7 to 10,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, 1200 - 2400 metres. Forests in ravines at elevations of 700 - 3700 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Himachel Pradesh to S.W. China and Burma.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCerasoides.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasus,Sour Cherry,,3 to 7,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Hedges in S. England.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCerasus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasus austera,Morello Cherry,,3 to 7,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasus austera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasus caproniana,Kentish Red Cherry,,3 to 7,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasus caproniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasus frutescens,Bush Sour Cherry,,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasus frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_cerasus_frutescens.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasus marasca,Maraschino Cherry,,3 to 7,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasus marasca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,cocomilia,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedgerows in the mountains of N. Italy and the Balkans.,Europe - N. Italy.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cocomilia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,consociiflora,Chinese Wild Peach,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+consociiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,cornuta,Himalayan Bird Cherry,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous forests on shady slopes at elevations of 2100 - 3500 metres[51, 272]. Also found on grazing grounds.",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China and Burma.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cornuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,cortapico,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cortapico,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,davidiana,Chinese Wild Peach,,4 to 8,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, thickets, slopes, mountain valleys and waste fields at elevations of 800 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+davidiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusDavidiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,dawyckensis,Dawyck Cherry,,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+dawyckensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,dielsiana,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, ravines and stream banks at elevations of 500 - 1400 metres.",E. Asia - C. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+dielsiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,domestica,"Plum, European plum",medium,4 to 9,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found in hedges in Britain.,Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain. A hybrid P. spinosa x P. cerasifera divaricata.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+domestica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusDomestica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,domestica italica,"Gages, Greengage",medium,5 to 8,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation,"A cultivated plant, not known in the wild.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+domestica italica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_domestica_italica1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,dulcis,"Almond, Sweet almond",,6 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cultivated ground, thickets, hedges and rocky places near cultivation.",Europe - E. Mediterranean to C. Asia.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusCommunis.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,emarginata,Bitter Cherry,medium,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist woods or by watercourses in grassland and sagebrush desert at medium elevations in mountains.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California and New Mexico.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+emarginata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusEmarginata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,fasciculata,Desert Almond,,6 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes and washes, 750 - 2000 metres in California.",South-western N. America - California to Arizona.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+fasciculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusFasciculata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,fenzliana,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky mountain slopes and rubble covered rock debris of the foothills, to 1500 metres in juniper forests.",W. Asia - Caucasus.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+fenzliana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusFenzlianus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,fruticosa,"Mongolian Cherry, European dwarf cherry",,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and dry grassland. Forest-steppes and steppe zone, broad-leaved forest margins, shrubby thickets, steppes and open dry slopes in Tibet.",Europe to western and central Asia.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusFruticosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,glandulosa,"Korean Cherry, Dwarf Flowering Almond",medium,5 to 8,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open stony dry slopes and rocks, open sunny places, solitary or in small groves. Mountain slopes, sides of ravines and thickets at elevations of 800 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+glandulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusGlandulosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,gracilis,"Sour Plum, Oklahoma plum",,5 to 9,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry sandy soils in sunny positions. Sandy open woods or open ground.,South-western N. America - North Texas to Tennessee and Kansas.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusGracilis.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,grayana,"Japanese Bird Cherry, Japanese Bird Cherry",medium,6 to 7,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and mountains of N. Japan[11, 58]. Mixed forests in valleys, shady places on slopes and along trailsat elevations of 1000 - 3800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+grayana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusGrayana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,gymnodonta,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - Manchuria.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+gymnodonta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,hortulana,"Hog Plum, Hortulan plum",,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Bottomlands, thickets and woodland edges, in rich moist soils.","Southern and Central N. America - Indiana to Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Texas.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+hortulana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusHortulana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,humilis,Bush Cherry,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, mountain slopes and sunny sandy slopes at elevations of 400 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,ilicifolia,Holly-Leaved Cherry,medium,8 to 11,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,November to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Borders of streams and moist sandy soils, where it makes a small tree. It is also found on dry hillsides where it is only a shrub.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+ilicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusIlicifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,incana,,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky limestone slopes and cliffs, 360 - 2400 metres.",W. Asia - Turkey to Iran.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,incisa,Fuji Cherry,slow,5 to 7,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in the mountains of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusIncisa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,insititia,Damson,medium,5 to 9,6.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Thickets, hedges and open woods[4, 17].",S. W. Asia. Naturalized and often considered a native of Britain.,5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+insititia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusInsititia.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,iranica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,E.W. Asia - Iran.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+iranica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,jamasakura,Yamazakura,,4 to 8,18.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+jamasakura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusJamasakura.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,japonica,"Korean Cherry, Japanese bush cherry",,4 to 8,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodlands in mountain valleys. Forest on mountain slopes, thickets and sunny mountain slopes at elevations of 100 - 200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusJaponica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,japonica nakai,Japanese Plum,,4 to 8,0.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open country and roadsides. Sunny mountain slopes at elevations of 100 - 200 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+japonica nakai,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_japonica_nakai1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,jenkinsii,,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September to October,December to March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, mountain regions and ravines at elevations of 1000 - 1800 metres in SW Yunnan, China.","E. Asia - Himalayas, from northern India to Assam and western China.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+jenkinsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,kansuensis,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,January to February,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain areas at elevations of 1000 - 2300 metres in Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Sichuan Provinces.",E. Asia - N.W. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+kansuensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,korshinskyi,,,None to None,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,1100 - 1800 metres in Turkey.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+korshinskyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,lannesiana,Oshima Cherry,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,E. Asia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+lannesiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusLannesiana2.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,laurocerasus,"Cherry Laurel, English Laurel",medium,6 to 8,6.0,10.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Woods in Britain.,E. Europe to W. Asia. More or less naturalized in Britain[17].,4,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+laurocerasus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusLaurocerasus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,lusitanica,Portugal Laurel,,6 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests in the mountains of the Iberian peninsula.,"W. Europe - S.W. France, Spain and Portugal. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].",3,1,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+lusitanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusLusitanica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,lyonii,"Catalina Island Cherry, Hollyleaf cherry",,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in all situations from the fertile valleys and canyons at the waters edge up to altitudes of 1,000 metres on the dry interior ridges.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+lyonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mahaleb,Mahaleb Cherry,,4 to 8,9.0,9.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry hillsides, thickets and open woods.",C. and S. Europe.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mahaleb,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusMahaleb.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,mandshurica,Manchurian Apricot,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open well illuminated stony or rocky slopes. Mixed forests, thickets, mountain regions and open sunny slopes at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres.","E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mandshurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_mandschurica1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,maritima,"Beach Plum, Graves' plum",,3 to 7,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Light gravelly or sandy soils near the coast[43, 182].",Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Virginia.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusMaritima.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,maximowiczii,"Miyama Cherry, Korean cherry",,4 to 8,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady mountain forests, stony places with humus soil, sometime escaping on open mountain slopes with shrubby or herbaceous vegetation at elevations of 1000 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusMaximowiczii.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,media,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,W. Asia - Iran.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mexicana,Mexican Plum,,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open woods, rich bottoms and upland prairies in the coastal plain and adjacent provinces of south-eastern N. America. Grows on a wide range of soils.",Southern and Central N. America - south to Mexico.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusMexicana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,microcarpa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry stony and pebbly mountain slopes amongst shrubs.,W. Asia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+microcarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mira,Smoothpit Peach,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open hillsides to 4000 metres in the Himalayas. Slopes in mixed forests, mountain valleys and ravines at elevations of 2000 - 4000 metres in western China.",E. Asia - W. China to the Himalayas.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mira,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,mume,"Japanese Apricot, Japanese Flowering, Apricot",medium,6 to 8,9.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in W. China, 300 - 2500 metres. Forested slopes, beside streams, slopes along trails, sparse forests, mountains at elevations of 1700 - 3100 metres.","E. Asia - Chine, Korea.",3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+mume,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusMume.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,munsoniana,Wild Goose Plum,fast,5 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich soils along the banks of streams, floodplains, pastures, roadsides and edges of woodlands, often forming thickets.",Central N. America.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+munsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_munsoniana1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,napaulensis,,,6 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests at elevations of 1800 - 3000 metres[146, 272]. Broad-leaved evergreen or deciduous mixed forests and open places beside streams at elevations of 1200 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Bhutan to Sikkim and western China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+napaulensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,nigra,Canadian Plum,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets, stream banks and woodland edges, in alluvial soils of river valleys and on limestone hills.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Iowa, Ohio and Connecticut.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusNigra.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,nipponica,Japanese Alpine Cherry,medium,6 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"High mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusNipponica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,orthosepala,Hybrid plum,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly a hybrid P. americana x P. watsonii.",N. America.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+orthosepala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,padus,"Bird Cherry, European bird cherry",fast,3 to 6,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By streams and in moist open woods, usually on alkaline soils but also found on acid soils in upland areas.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Siberia and the Himalayas.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+padus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPadus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pedunculata,,,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Stony mountain slopes and watersheds with steppe vegetation. Sunny pebbly slopes and steppes in Nei Mongol, Ningxia and Shaanxi Provinces of China.","E. Asia - northern China, Mongolia and Siberia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusPedunculata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pensylvanica,Pin Cherry,fast,None to None,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods in moist rather rich soils[43, 82]. Prefers wet woodlands, old tamarack bogs and interdunal swamps.","Northern and Eastern N. America - British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Georgia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPensylvanica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,persica,"Peach, Flowering Peach,  Ornamental Peach,  Common Peach",fast,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly derived in cultivation from P. davidiana.",E. Asia - China.,5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+persica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPersica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,persica nucipersica,Nectarine,,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly derived in cultivation from P. davidiana.",E. Asia - China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+persica nucipersica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPersicaNucipersica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pilosiuscula,,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in W. Hupeh, 1000 - 1300 metres. Forests or thickets on mountain slopes at elevations of 800 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pilosiuscula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,prostrata,Mountain Cherry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocks on mountains.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+prostrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusProstrata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pseudocerasus,Cambridge Cherry,,5 to 9,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, though it is often found on sunny mountain slopes and the sides of ravines, usually as a result of cultivation, at elevations of 300 - 600 metres in China.",E. Asia - China.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pseudocerasus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPseudocerasus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pumila,"Dwarf American Cherry, Sandcherry, Western sandcherry, Eastern sandcherry, Great Lakes sandcherry",,3 to 8,0.6,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dunes and sand, or on calcareous rocky shores.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to Manitoba, Maine, New Jersey, Indiana and Wisconsin.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPumila.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pumila besseyi,"Sand cherry, Rocky Mountain cherry",medium,3 to 6,2.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,"Sandy hills, open plains, rocky slopes or shores. Sandy prairies, oak savannahs, rock outcrops; at elevations from 200 - 1,700 metres.","Central N. America - Saskatchewan to Ontario, south to Colorado, Kansas and Ohio",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pumila besseyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_pumila_besseyi1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,pumila susquehanae,Dwarf American Cherry,,None to None,0.6,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy beaches, dunes and calcareous shores and ledges.","Eastern N. America - Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pumila susquehanae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,rivularis,Creek Plum,,7 to 10,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Usualy found on calcareous clay soils or limestone outcrops.,Southern N. America - Texas.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+rivularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,rufa,Himalayan Cherry,,7 to 10,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sub-alpine forests and shrubberies, 3000 - 3800 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from W. Nepal to S.E. Tibet and Burma.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+rufa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusRufa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,salicifolia,"Capulin Cherry, Mexican Bird Cherry",fast,3 to 10,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico to S. America - Peru.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,salicina,Japanese Plum,medium,5 to 8,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sparse forests, forest margins, scrub, along trails in mountains, beside streams in valleys, thickets at elevations of 200 - 2600 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+salicina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSalicina.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,sargentii,Sargent Cherry,medium,4 to 7,10.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+sargentii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSargentii.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,serotina,"Rum Cherry - Wild Cherry, Black  Cherry, Wild Black  Cherry",fast,3 to 9,18.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a variety of soils, preferring moist fertile conditions on north or east facing slopes or protected coves. Dry woods.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also in Arizona and Mexico.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+serotina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSerotina.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,serrula,"Birch Bark Cherry, Japanese flowering cherry",medium,5 to 6,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in the mountains of Yunnan around 3300 metres. Mountain slopes, forest in ravines, forest margins and grassy mountain slopes at elevations of 1200 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+serrula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSerrula.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,serrulata,"Yamazakura, Japanese Flowering Cherry, Oriental  Cherry",medium,5 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest in ravines, forests on mountain slopes at elevations of 400 - 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSerrulata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,sibirica,Siberian Apricot,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny slopes amongst shrubs. Forests, thickets, hill grasslands, river valleys and dry sunny slopes at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Mongolia and eastern Siberia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSibirica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,simonii,Apricot Plum,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,E. Asia - N. China.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+simonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSimonii.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,sogdiana,,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, beside streams in valleys and gravelly slopes at elevations of 800 - 2000 metres in Tibet.",S. Europe to eastern Asia.,4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+sogdiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,spinosa,Sloe - Blackthorn,medium,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Hedgerows and woods, usually in sunny positions, on all soils except acid peats[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to the Mediterranean, Siberia and Iran.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSpinosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,ssiori,Japanese Bird Cherry,,4 to 8,23.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in mountains, C. and N. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+ssiori,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,subcordata,"Pacific Plum, Klamath plum, Kellogg's Klamath plum, Oregon Klamath plum",,6 to 9,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"By streams, on dry hillsides and in open pine forests[60, 82].",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+subcordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSubcordata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,subhirtella,"Rosebud Cherry, Higan Cherry, Winter-flowering cherry",fast,5 to 8,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,November to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly a hybrid P. incisa x P pendula.",E. Asia - C. Japan.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+subhirtella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSubhirtella.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,takesimensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+takesimensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,tangutica,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sunny slopes, beside streams at elevations of 1500 - 2600 metres in S Gansu and NW Sichuan Provinces.",E. Asia - W. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+tangutica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,tenella,Dwarf Russian Almond,,None to None,0.8,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassland. Grasslands, valleys, hollows and dry slopes at elevations up to 1200 metres in Tibet.",C. and S.E. Europe to western Asia and Tibet.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+tenella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusNana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,tomentosa,Nanking Cherry,,3 to 9,1.5,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes and in ravines, 1700 - 2400 metres in the Himalayas. Forest on mountain slopes, forest margins, thickets and meadows at elevations of 100 - 3700 metres.",E. Asia - N. and W. China to the Himalayas.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusTomentosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,triloba,"Flowering Almond, Flowering plum",,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and thickets at elevations of 600 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - China, N. Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+triloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AmygdalusTriloba.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,triloba simplex,Flowering Almond,,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and thickets at elevations of 600 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - China, N. Korea.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+triloba simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,umbellata,"Black Sloe, Hog plum, Flatwoods Plum",medium,8 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, often sandy woods and river banks on the coastal plain. River swamps and hammocks.","South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusUmbellata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,undulata,,,5 to 9,12.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,August to October,December to March,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes in broad-leaved evergreen and mixed coniferous forests, beside streams at elevations of 500 - 3600 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Bhutan to Sikkim and China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+undulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,ursina,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woodland, steep slopes and amongst rocks in Turkey.",W. Asia - Turkey to Syria.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+ursina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusUrsina.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,ussuriensis,,,None to None,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forest marginsand beside streams at elevations of 400 - 800 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Siberia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+ussuriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,virens,Wild Cherry,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain ranges, 1,500 - 2,400 metres.","Southern North America - Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+virens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,virginiana,"Chokecherry, Western chokecherry, Black chokecherry",fast,None to None,3.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich, rather moist soils, in thickets, borders of woods and on shores.","N. America - British Columbia to California, east to Newfoundland and North Carolina.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+virginiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusVirginiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,virginiana demissa,Western Chokecherry,,None to None,3.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Prairies and valleys.,Western N. America - Washington to California and Texas.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+virginiana demissa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusVirginianaDemissa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,virginiana melanocarpa,Rocky Mountain Chokecherry,,None to None,3.6,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies and valleys. Moist soils along creeks in valleys and on hills and mountainsides to about 2,500 metres.","Western N. America - N. Dakota to British Columbia, south to California and New Mexico.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+virginiana melanocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x cistena,Purple-Leaf Sand Cherry,slow,4 to 8,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. 'Pissardii' x P. pumila or P. besseyi.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x cistena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusXCistena.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,x dasycarpa,Black Apricot,,4 to 8,4.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"The original habitat is obscure, this species is possibly a hybrid P. armeniaca x P. cerasifera.",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x dasycarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x eminens,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species, P. cerasus x P. fruticosa.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x eminens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x fontanesiana,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, possible P. avium x P. mahaleb[11].",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x fontanesiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x gondouinii,Duke Cherry,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. avium x P. cerasus.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x gondouinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_x_gondouinii1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x jacquemontii,Dwarf Bush cherry,medium,3 to 8,1.5,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,"Stony, rarely fine -earth mountain slopes, shrubby thickets.","Asia - Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x jacquemontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_jacquemontii1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x sultana,,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. salicina x P. simonii[200].",3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x sultana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x utahensis,,,4 to 8,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. angustifolia watsonii x P. besseyi[200].",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x utahensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,x yedoensis,Tokyo Cherry,,4 to 8,9.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. x subhirtella x P. speciosa.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x yedoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusXYedoensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Pseudocydonia,sinensis,"Chinese Quince, Quince",slow,5 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations around 1000 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudocydonia+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudocydoniaSinensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pseudognaphalium,obtusifolium,"White Balsam, Rabbit-tobacco",,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Pine woods and clearings in dry open habitats.,Eastern N. America - Ontario to Georgia and Alabama.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudognaphalium+obtusifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudognaphaliumObtusifolium.jpg
Pinaceae,Pseudolarix,amabilis,"Golden Larch, Chinese golden-larch",slow,5 to 7,40.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Evergreen and deciduous, broad-leaved mixed, forests; 100-1500 metres.",E. Asia - E. China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudolarix+amabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudolarixAmabilis.jpg
Araliaceae,Pseudopanax,arboreus,Puahou,,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and open scrub from sea-level to 760 metres from North Cape to Southland.,New Zealand.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudopanax+arboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudopanaxArboreus.jpg
Araliaceae,Pseudopanax,edgerleyi,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to lower montane forests, North, South and Stewart Islands southwards from latitude 35°c.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudopanax+edgerleyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pseudosasa,amabilis,Tonkin Bamboo,,5 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, forest margins and damp grasslands.",E. Asia - S. China,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudosasa+amabilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Pseudosasa,japonica,Metake - Bamboo,,5 to 9,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woodland and damp places, forming thickets in open country, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan. Frequently naturalized in Britain.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudosasa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudosasaJaponica.jpg
Pinaceae,Pseudotsuga,menziesii,"Douglas Fir, 	Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir",fast,3 to 6,75.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to May,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Moist to very dry areas from sea level to near the tree-line in the Rocky mountains. The best specimens are found on well-drained deep loamy soils with plenty of moisture.,Western N. America - Canada to California. Occasionally self-sows in Britain[17].,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudotsuga+menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudotsugaMenziesii.jpg
Winteraceae,Pseudowintera,axillaris,Heropito,,None to None,7.5,7.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Lowland and lower montane forests between latitudes 35 and 42°south in North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudowintera+axillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Psidium,cattleianum,Strawberry Guava,,9 to 12,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,"Southern S. America - Uruguay, southern and eastern Brazil.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psidium+cattleianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsidiumCattleianum.jpg
Myrtaceae,Psidium,cattleianum littorale,Yellow Strawberry Guava,,9 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Brazil.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psidium+cattleianum littorale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Psidium,guajava,"Guava, Tropical Guava, Goiaba, Araçá-goiaba",medium,9 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common in disturbed places often forming thickets in pastures, plantations and other similar habitats in the Pacific Islands[311 ].",S. America from Peru north to Mexico and the Caribbean.,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psidium+guajava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Psidium_guajava4_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psophocarpus,tetragonolobus,Winged Bean,,8 to 12,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in the wild.,"Original habitat is obscure, probably Tropical Africa.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psophocarpus+tetragonolobus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsophocarpusTetragonolobus.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,argophylla,Silverleaf Scurf Pea,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry prairies and plains; at elevations up to 1,500 metres[43 ].","Central N. America - Alberta to Manitoba, south through the central belt to New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+argophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaArgophylla.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,californica,California Indian breadroot,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes, 500 - 1600 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaCalifornica.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,canescens,Buckroot,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy woods.,"Eastern N. America - Florida, north to Vancouver.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+canescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,castorea,Beaver Indian breadroot,,None to None,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy flats and washes, 500 - 900 metres in California.",Western N. America.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+castorea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaCastorea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,corylifolia,Bu Gu Zhi,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Warm valleys in Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, China.","Asia, from Iran to China, Africa and the Middle East.",1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+corylifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,cuspidata,"Indian Breadroot, Largebract Indian breadroot",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry plains and calcareous hills. Clayey, rocky or sandy prairies in Texas.","South-eastern N. America - South Dakota to Kansas, Arkansas and Texas.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+cuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaCuspidata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,esculenta,"Breadroot, Large Indian breadroot",,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods and prairies, on calcareous soils.","N. America - Manitoba to North Dakota and Wisconsin, south to Missouri and Texas.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaEsculenta.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,glandulosa,Culen,,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Humid areas between Coquimbo and Valdivia in Chile, but it is never abundant.","S. America - Peru, Chile.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+glandulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,hypogaea,Small Indian Breadroot,,4 to 8,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky or sandy prairies, bluffs and stream valleys.","Western N. America - Great Plains, east to Nebraska and south to Oklahoma.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+hypogaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaHypogaea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,lanceolata,Lemon scurfpea,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry prairies and hills.,"Eastern N. America - Iowa to North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Kansas, Arizona and British Columbia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaLanceolata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,macrostachya,Large Leather Root,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places, especially along the borders of streams and salt marshes.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+macrostachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaMacrostachya.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,mephitica,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,900 - 1600 metres in Arizona.,Western N. America - S.W. Rockies.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+mephitica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,orbicularis,Roundleaf Leather Root,,5 to 9,0.1,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist places below 1500 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+orbicularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaOrbicularis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,pedunculata,Sampson's Snakeroot,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp or dry sandy soils in open woods, clearings and fields[43, 274].","Eastern N. America - Virginia to Ohio, Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaPedunculata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,subacaulis,Whiterim scurfpea,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky limestone soils and cedar glades.,South-eastern N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+subacaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Psoralea,tenuiflora,"Slender Scurfy Pea, Slimflower scurfpea",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry prairies, open woods and rocky banks.","N. America - Illinois to South Dakota, Texas, Colorado and Montana.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psoralea+tenuiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsoraleaTenuiflora.jpg
Rubiaceae,Psychotria,loniceroides,,,None to None,3.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rainforests and wet sclerophyl forests along the coast and adjacent plateaux.,Australia - New South Wales.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Psychotria+loniceroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PsychotriaLoniceroides.jpg
Rutaceae,Ptaeroxylon,obliquum,Sneezewood,medium,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Dry evergreen forest, often together with Podocarpus and Juniperus, and in bushland, at elevations from sea-level up to 2,000 metres.","Southern Africa - Tanzania, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland and S. Africa.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptaeroxylon+obliquum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ptaeroxylon obliquum 1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Ptelea,baldwinii,Common hoptree,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy places.,South-eastern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptelea+baldwinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Ptelea,trifoliata,"Hop Tree, Common hoptree, Pallid hoptree",slow,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Carrion flies'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places, rocky slopes, edges of woods, alluvial thickets and gravels. It is found in many different soil types.","Eastern N. America - Quebec and New York to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptelea+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PteleaTrifoliata.jpg
Rutaceae,Ptelea,trifoliata mollis,Hop Tree,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places, rocky slopes, edges of woods, alluvial thickets and gravels.",Eastern N. America - North Carolina and Georgia to Indiana.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptelea+trifoliata mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polypodiaceae,Pteridium,aquilinum,"Bracken, Western brackenfern, Decomposition brackenfern, Hairy brackenfern",fast,4 to 7,1.2,2.0,Fern,,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,Maritime exposure,"Heath, woodland and grassland. A common and highly invasive weed of acid soils, it is rarely found on limestone or wet peats.","Most areas of the globe, including Britain, but absent from the Arctic and temperate S. America.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pteridium+aquilinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PteridiumAquilinum.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Pteridium,aquilinum esculentum,Bracken,,4 to 8,1.2,,Fern,,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Forests, heaths and paddocks.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. New Zealand.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pteridium+aquilinum esculentum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Pterocarpus,angolensis,Ambila,medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Found in all types of woodland and wooded savannah[349 ]. Typically found in so-called miombo woodland with Brachystegia and other deciduous trees, in wooded grassland and savannah, at elevations from sea-level up to 1,650 metres[299 ].","Africa - Tanzania to Angola, south to S. Africa.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarpus+angolensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterocarpus angolensis 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pterocarpus,dalbergioides,"Andaman padauk, East Indian-mahogany,",medium,10 to 12,35.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in deciduous and semi-moist deciduous forests, usually on or near riverbanks, at elevations up to 100 metres[316 ].",E. Asia - Andaman and Nicobar Islands.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarpus+dalbergioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterocarpus dalbergioides 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pterocarpus,erinaceus,African Kino,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open country, wooded savannah, woodland; also edges of dense humid forest; sometimes on shallow soils; gravelly and lateritic soils, often at foot of slopes; at elevations from 200 - 1,030 metres[328 ].",West tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Central African Republic.,0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarpus+erinaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterocarpus erinaceus 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pterocarpus,indicus,"Amboyna, Indian Padauk, Burmese Rosewood, Narra, Bloodwood",fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Honey bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"A widespread tree found in lowland primary and some secondary forest, mainly along tidal creeks and rocky shores at elevations up to 750 metres[338 , 349 ]. Also found in beach forest, on coral sand and on rocky shores[349 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and the western Pacific Islands.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarpus+indicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterocarpus indicus 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pterocarpus,soyauxii,African Coralwood,fast,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Evergreen or deciduous forests on firm-ground, rain-forest; at elevations from 50 - 500 metres[328 ].","West tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Zaire and Angola.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarpus+soyauxii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterocarpus soyauxii 1.JPEG
Juglandaceae,Pterocarya,fraxinifolia,Caucasian Wingnut,,6 to 9,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June,October to December,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed woods near rivers in boggy or inundated places.,W. Asia - Iran and the Caucasus.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarya+fraxinifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Pterocarya,rhoifolia,Japanese Wingnut,,5 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June,October to December,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Valleys and mountains all over Japan. Wet areas along riverbanks and mountain streams in eastern Shandong, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarya+rhoifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PterocaryaRhoifolia.jpg
Juglandaceae,Pterocarya,stenoptera,Chinese wingnut,,6 to 9,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,June,October to December,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed deciduous forests on mountain slopes or riverbanks, often forming pure stands in small patches in the openings of deciduous oak forests, from sea level to 1500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterocarya+stenoptera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PterocaryaStenoptera.jpg
Ulmaceae,Pteroceltis,tatarinowii,,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,March to May,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mountainous regions on limestone, river and stream banks at elevations of 100 - 1500 metres.",E. Asia - northern and central China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pteroceltis+tatarinowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Pterodon,emarginatus,"Faveiro, sucupira, sucupira-branca",medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Savannah and its transition to semideciduous forest, often in dense groups, characteristic of dry and sandy areas[419 ].","S. America - central, eastern and northern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterodon+emarginatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pterodon emarginatus 1.JPEG
Pyrolaceae,Pterospora,andromedea,Woodland Pinedrops,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Pine woods,N. America,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterospora+andromedea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PterosporaAndromedea.jpg
Styracaceae,Pterostyrax,corymbosa,Epaulette Tree,fast,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Thickets around 1300 metres in Kiangsi. Damp shaded areas along streams in forests at elevations of 400 - 1600 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pterostyrax+corymbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PterostyraxCorymbosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ptiloria,exigua,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptiloria+exigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Olacaceae,Ptychopetalum,olacoides,"Muira Puama, marapuama",medium,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Native to the Amazon rainforest.,Northern S. America - Brazil.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptychopetalum+olacoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ptychopetalum olacoides 1.JPEG
Olacaceae,Ptychopetalum,uncinatum,Muira Puama,medium,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Northern S. America - Brazil.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ptychopetalum+uncinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ptychopetalum uncinatum 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Puccinellia,distans,"Sweet Grass, Weeping alkaligrass, Hauptian alkaligrass",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Salt marshes, muddy estuaries and occasionally on sandy ground inland.","Europe, including Britain, to Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Puccinellia+distans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PuccinelliaDistans.jpg
Fabaceae,Pueraria,montana,Kudzu Vine,fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Deciduous Perennial Climber,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and thin woods all over Japan[58 ].,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines. New Guinea,th the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.",4,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pueraria montana 1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,montana chinensis,Mealy Kudzu,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,"E. Asia - eastern Himalayas from Sikkim to the Khasia Hills at an elevation of 1,500 - 2,100 metres.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+montana chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,montana lobata,Kudzu Vine,fast,5 to 9,10.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Thickets and thin woods all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+montana lobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PuerariaMontanaLobata.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,phaseoloides,Tropical Kudzu,fast,10 to 12,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Found in broadleaved forests growing over rocks and into trees in the upper tropical and lower subtropical zones.,"E. Asia - Himalayas to China, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.",2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+phaseoloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PuerariaPhaseoloides.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,pseudohirsuta,Tropical kudzu,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Hillsides and roadsides.,"E. Asia - China, Korea.",3,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+pseudohirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Pueraria,tuberosa,,,None to None,1.0,,Climber,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and streamsides, 300 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - Pakistan to C. Nepal and India.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pueraria+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Pugionium,cornutum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Salt marshes.,E. Asia - Russia to China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pugionium+cornutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pulicaria,dysenterica,"Fleabane, Meadow false fleabane",,6 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, wet meadows, ditches etc, avoiding calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south and east to N. Africa, Caucasus and W. Asia.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulicaria+dysenterica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulicariaDysenterica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pulicaria,odora,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy ground, pine woods and bushy places.",South-western Europe - Spain and Portugal.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulicaria+odora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulicariaOdora.jpg
Boraginaceae,Pulmonaria,officinalis,"Lungwort, Common lungwort, Jerusalem Sage, Jerusalem Cowslip",fast,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,March to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Moist grasslands, damp woods and hedgerows in Britain, avoiding acid soils[13, 17, 244]. Usually found on limestone.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulmonaria+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulmonariaOfficinalis.jpg
Boraginaceae,Pulmonaria,saccharata,"Jerusalem Sage, Bethlehem lungwort, Lungwort",slow,4 to 8,0.3,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Woods and scrub. Shaded positions in deep humus-rich soils.,Central and southern Europe.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulmonaria+saccharata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulmonariaSaccharata.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,cernua,,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland in low mountains, C. and S. Japan. Grassy slopes in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+cernua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemoneCernua.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,chinensis,Bai Tou Weng,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassy places and rocky hillsides[74, 187]. Forest margins and slopes at elevations of 200 - 3200 metres in China.",E. Asia - N. China to E. Siberia.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,dahurica,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River pebbles, open or shrub-covered. Alpine meadows.","E. Asia - N. China, Japan, E. Siberia.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+dahurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,koreana,Korean Pasque Flower,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open wastelands and grassy places.,E. Asia - Korea.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+koreana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulsatillaKoreana.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,patens,"Pasque Flower, Eastern pasqueflower, Cutleaf anemone",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sparse pine forests and dry sunny slopes. Grassy slopes, mountain slopes under forests at around 1100 metres in northern China.",N. Europe to Siberia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+patens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulsatillaPatens.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,pratensis,Pasque Flower,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Open fields.,C. and E. Europe.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PulsatillaPratensis.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Pulsatilla,vulgaris,"Pasque Flower, European pasqueflower",,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,April to May,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry, sunny grassy calcareous slopes[17, 244, 268].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, to W. Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pulsatilla+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnemonePulsatilla.jpg
Punicaceae,Punica,granatum,"Pomegranate,  Dwarf Pomegranate",medium,8 to 12,5.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry limestone soils to 2700 metres in the Himalayas.,S.E. Europe to E. Asia - Himalayas.,4,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Punica+granatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PunicaGranatum.jpg
Bromeliaceae,Puya,chilensis,,,8 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Birds'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Arid hillsides in the Andes, often spreading across large areas.",S. America - Chile.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Puya+chilensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PuyaChilensis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,albescens,Whiteleaf Mountain Mint,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods and thickets. Low woods, along the sides of streams in Texas.",Eastern N. America - Northwest Florida and Texas to Oklahoma and southern Virginia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+albescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumAlbescens.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,flexuosum,"Mountain Mint, Appalachian mountainmint",,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Upland prairies, pastures, meadows, open woodland and roadsides.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, New York, Minnesota, Kansas and Texas.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+flexuosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumFlexuosum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,incanum,Hoary Mountain Mint,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry woods and thickets.,"Eastern N. America - New Hampshire to New York, south to New Carolina and Tennessee.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+incanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumIncanum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,muticum,Cluster Mountain Mint,,4 to 8,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sandy soils. Dry open woods in Texas.,"Eastern N. America - Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to Pennsylvania and Missouri.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+muticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumMuticum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,pilosum,"Mountain Mint, Whorled mountainmint",,4 to 8,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist woods, thickets and clearings.","Eastern N. America - Ontario and Michigan south to Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+pilosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumPilosum.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Pycnanthemum,virginianum,Virginia Mountain Mint,,4 to 8,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Gravelly shores, meadows, dry to wet thickets etc.","Eastern N. America - Virginia to New England, north to North Dakota.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthemum+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PycnanthemumVirginianum.jpg
Myristicaceae,Pycnanthus,angolensis,African Nutmeg,medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Upland and wet evergreen forest and semideciduous forest, especially abundant in old fallows and secondary forest; riverine and swamp forest in the south of its range. Mostly found in small groups or solitary, at elevations up to 1,400 metres[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Uganda, south to Angola, Zambia and Tanzania.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pycnanthus+angolensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pycnanthus angolensis 1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,angustifolia,"Narrowleaf firethorn, Pyracantha",fast,6 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Thickets on slopes, at roadsides at elevations of 1600 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaAngustifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,coccinea,"Firethorn, Scarlet firethorn, Pyracantha, Firethorn",fast,6 to 9,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Woods and hedges.,S. Europe. Occasionally found more or less naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+coccinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaCoccinea.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,crenato-serrata,,,6 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,September to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Hillsides, roadsides and waste places. Thickets, streamsides and roadsides at elevations of 500 - 2800 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+crenato-serrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaCrenato-serrata.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,crenulata,"Nepalese White Thorn, Nepalese firethorn",,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Shrubberies, open slopes, cultivated areas, 1000 - 2400 metres from Kashmir to S.W. China. Slopes, roadsides, streamsides, among shrubs, grassy places, valleys.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+crenulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaCrenulata.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,koidzumii,Formosa firethorn,,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Rocky valley areas, seashores, thickets, among shrubs.",E. Asia - Taiwan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+koidzumii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaKoidzumii.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,rogersiana,,,7 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,October to February,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Scrub and hedges to 2500 metres.,E. Asia - China in N.W. Yunnan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+rogersiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,'Wateri',,,None to None,2.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, probably P. atalantioides x P. rogersiana.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+'Wateri',https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrocydonia,danielii,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A graft hybrid of garden origin, Cydonia oblonga x Pyrus communis 'Williams Bon Cretien'",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrocydonia+danielii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Pyrolaceae,Pyrola,asarifolia,"Bog Wintergreen, Liverleaf wintergreen, Pink wintergreen",,4 to 8,0.3,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Wet soils of bogs, stream courses and around springs, mostly in shady areas and especially in coniferous woodlands, from the plains to around 2,700 metres in the mountains.","N. America - Alaska to Newfoundland, south to New York, California and New Mexico.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrola+asarifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrolaAsarifolia.jpg
Pyrolaceae,Pyrola,chlorantha,Green-Flowered Wintergreen,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist coniferous woods, 2000 - 3000 metres in Texas[60, 155].","Western N. America - Labrador to British Columbia, south to Illinois, Nebraska and Arizona.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrola+chlorantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrolaChlorantha.jpg
Pyrolaceae,Pyrola,elliptica,Waxflower Shinleaf,,3 to 7,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich, mainly dry woods[222, 235].",Northern N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska and south to Virginia and Nebraska.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrola+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrolaElliptica.jpg
Pyrolaceae,Pyrola,minor,"Wintergreen, Snowline wintergreen",,4 to 8,0.1,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coniferous woods, moors, damp rock ledges and dunes, on acid and calcareous soils in full sun or deep shade[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, N. Asia to Japan. North N. America",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrola+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrolaMinor.jpg
Pyrolaceae,Pyrola,rotundifolia,Round-Leaved Wintergreen,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bogs, fens and woods, especially beech woods, often on limestone, and in dune slacks. Avoids acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to Spain, N. and W. Asia. N. E. N. America.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrola+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrolaRotundifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyronia,veitchii,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, Cydonia oblonga var. 'Portugal' x Pyrus communis 'Bergamotte Esperen'.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyronia+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Pyrrhopappus,carolinianus,"Carolina False Dandelion, Carolina desert-chicory",,None to None,0.9,,Annual/Biennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry fields and clearings. Sandy soils, wodlands and fields in Texas.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and north to Delaware and South Indiana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrrhopappus+carolinianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrrhopappusCarolinianus.jpg
Santalaceae,Pyrularia,edulis,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,December to April,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open forested areas at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres in the Himalayas[146, 272].",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrularia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Pyrularia,pubera,"Oil Nut, Buffalo nut",,4 to 8,3.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rich woods, where it is parasitic on the roots of deciduous trees and shrubs, most commonly on Tsuga carolina.",Eastern N. America - W. Vancouver to Alabama.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrularia+pubera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrulariaPubera.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,acidula,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+acidula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,amygdaliformis,,,5 to 9,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry rocky places in Bulgaria and the Mediterranean.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+amygdaliformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,autumnalis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+autumnalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,balsanae,,,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Forests and shrub thickets.,W. Asia - Caucasus.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+balsanae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,betulaefolia,Birch-Leaved Pear,,4 to 8,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open slopes and plains from sea level to 1800 metres.,E. Asia - N. China.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+betulaefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,bretschneideri,Chinese white pear,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Slopes, dry cold regions at elevations of 100 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - N. China.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+bretschneideri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusBretschneideri.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,calleryana,Callery Pear,fast,5 to 9,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],April to November,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets and streamsides to 1500 metres. Slopes, plains, mixed valley forests and thickets at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres.","E. Asia - China, central and southern Japan.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+calleryana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusCalleryana.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,calleryana dimorphophylla,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mixed deciduous forests.,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+calleryana dimorphophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusCalleryanaDimorphophylla.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,communis,"Wild Pear, Common pear",fast,4 to 9,13.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hedges, woodland margins etc in Britain.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusCommunis.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,communis sativa,Pear,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A garden cultivar, probably derived from P. communis, P. cordata and P. nivalis[11].",5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+communis sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusCommunisSativa.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,cordata,"Plymouth Pear, Pear",medium,8 to 10,,,,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hedges in S.W. England, mainly around Plymouth.",Western Europe in western France and also possibly in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,elaeagnifolia,,,4 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry places in S. Europe. Deciduous and coniferous forests, forest remnants etc, from sea level to 1700 metres in Turkey.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+elaeagnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusElaeagnifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,elaeagnifolia kotschyana,,,4 to 8,,,,,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky limestone slopes and forests, 1000 - 1850 metres in Turkey.",W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+elaeagnifolia kotschyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,faurei,,,8 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+faurei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusFaurei.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,glabra,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,W. Asia - Iran.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,macrostipes,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+macrostipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,maximowicziana,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+maximowicziana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,nivalis,Snow Pear,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sunny slopes and dry open woods in S. Europe.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+nivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusNivalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,pashia,Indian Wild Pear,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Shrubberies in the Himalayas to 2700 metres.,E. Asia - Afghanistan to W. China.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+pashia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusPashia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,persica,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+persica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,phaeocarpa,,,4 to 8,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Slopes, mixed hillside forests of the Loess Plateau at elevations of 100 - 1200 metres,",E. Asia - N. China.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+phaeocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,prematura,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+prematura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,pyraster,,,5 to 9,7.0,5.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Thickets and open woods.,C. and S.W. Europe.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+pyraster,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusPyraster.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,pyrifolia,"Sand Pear, Chinese pear",,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Warm rainy regions at elevations of 100 - 1400 metres in China. Naturalized in low mountains and around villages in C. and S. Japan.,E. Asia - China.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+pyrifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusPyrifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,pyrifolia culta,Asian Pear,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,A cultivated form of P. pyrifolia.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+pyrifolia culta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusPyrifoliaCulta.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,regellii,,,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry stony slopes, rocks, sometimes in valleys on deeper moist soils, 1000 - 2000 metres.",W. Asia - Turkestan.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+regellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,salicifolia,Willow-Leaved Pear,,4 to 8,7.5,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry stony sites, forest edges etc.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+salicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusSalicifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,serrulata,,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets in W. Hupeh, 600 - 1600 metres. Among shrubs, forest margins and thickets at elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,sohayakiensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+sohayakiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,syriaca,,,6 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry stony slopes, forest remnants and field edges, 500 - 2000 metres in Turkey.","W. Asia - Turkey, Iran, Caucasus.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+syriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusSyriaca.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,turcomanica,,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry stony slopes, occasionally in valleys, on deep alluvial soils.",E. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+turcomanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,ussuriensis,"Harbin Pear, Chinese pear, Ussurian Pear",fast,3 to 7,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Forests and river valleys in lower mountain zones.,"E. Asia - N.E. China, Korea.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+ussuriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyrusUssuriensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyrus,ussuriensis ovoidea,,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Forests and river valleys in lower mountain zones.,E. Asia - N. China.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+ussuriensis ovoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,x lecontei,Le Conte Pear,,5 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, P. communis x P. pyrifolia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+x lecontei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Pyrus,x salvifolia,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation but it is found naturalized in dry open woods and on sunny slopes in W. and S. Europe.,"A garden hybrid, possibly P. nivalis x P. communis.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+x salvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Raphanus,sativus caudatus,Rat-Tail Radish,,7 to 10,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"This plant's origin is uncertain, it possibly arose out of cultivation[200].",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Raphanus+sativus caudatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Salicaceae,Salix,bonplandiana,"Sauce, Bonpland willow",fast,9 to 11,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet soils along streams mostly in mountains, also in deserts; with oaks, pinyons, and junipers.","Origin:Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico. Widely distributed from the southwestern United States (California, Utah, Arizona), reaching Guatemala through most of the Mexican territory.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Salix+bonplandiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Salix_bonplandiana1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,canadensis,"American Great Burnet, Canadian burnet",,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and swamps. Peaty or boggy soils.,North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Michigan and south to Georgia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaCanadensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,minor,"Salad Burnet, Small burnet",,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Grassland, usually on calcareous soils[9, 17, 37].","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to France, Armenia and Iran.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaMinor.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,officinalis,Great Burnet,,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows and wet grassy places by streams. Moist shady sites in grassland, on siliceous soils[7, 13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from celand south and east to Spain, temperate Asia to Iran, China, Japan",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaOfficinalis.jpg
Rosaceae,Sanguisorba,tenuifolia,,,4 to 8,1.2,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and wet places along streams in lowland and mountain areas all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sanguisorba+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SanguisorbaTenuifolia.jpg
Crassulaceae,Sedum,spurium,Caucasian Stonecrop,,6 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocks in moist regions in the middle and upper alpine zones.,E. Europe - Caucasus. A garden escape in Britain[50].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sedum+spurium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SedumSpurium.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Setaria,italica,Foxtail Millet,,10 to 12,0.5,0.1,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Asia? The plant was derived through cultivation and its origin is obscure.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Setaria+italica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SetariaItalica.jpg
Smilacaceae,Smilax,laurifolia,Laurel Greenbrier,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and low ground. Moist woods and thickets. Bays, bogs, pocosins, swamp margins, marshy banks.",South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Texas.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Smilax+laurifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SmilaxLaurifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbopyrus,auricularis,Bollwyller Pear,,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],May to November,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A bi-generic hybrid of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbopyrus+auricularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,aucuparia,"Mountain Ash, European mountain ash",medium,3 to 6,15.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Woods, scrub and mountain rocks, mainly on lighter soil, rare or absent on clays or soft limestones. It is found at higher elevations than any other native tree.","Europe, including Britain, south and east from Iceland to Spain, Macedonia and the Caucasus.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+aucuparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusAucuparia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,japonica,,,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills and mountains, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusJaponica.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,lanata,,medium,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests to 3400 metres. Characteristic of high-level grazing pastures.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+lanata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,pohuashanensis,,fast,4 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes and mixed forests in valleys at elevations of 900 - 2500 metres in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong and Shanxi Provinces.",E. Asia - N. China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+pohuashanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,thibetica,Tibetan whitebeam,,5 to 9,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dense forests on slopes or in valleys, rocky slopes, streambanks and shrubby thickets at elevations of 2400 - 3800 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - E. Himalayas to Burma.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+thibetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusThibetica.jpg
Apocynaceae,Tabernaemontana,hystrix,Tabernaemontana,fast,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Broadleaved, semideciduous forest, where it is found mainly in open places and secondary forest formations, though it is also sometimes found in dense primary formations[419 ].",S. America - eastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tabernaemontana+hystrix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tabernaemontana hystrix 1.JPEG
Combretaceae,Terminalia,arjuna,"Arjuna, Terminalia",fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet, marshy areas and on riverbanks[254 ]. Banks of streams and rivers in central India[146 , 303 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Terminalia+arjuna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Terminalia arjuna 1.JPEG
Cupressaceae,Thuja,orientalis,Biota,slow,5 to 9,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Steep dry rocky valley slopes[11, 200].","E. Asia - W. China, N. Korea. A small wild population is also found in N.E. Iran.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thuja+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThujaOrientalis.jpg
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,ashei,Rabbiteye Blueberry,,7 to 10,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,Drought,"Swamps and barren pine land[3, 72].",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+ashei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumAshei.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,longifolia,"Garden Speedwell, Long-Leaf  Speedwell",medium,4 to 10,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, grassy mountain slopes, meadows at forest edges and birch forests below 1500 metres in northwest China.","N. E. and C. Europe to S.W. Asia, Mongolia, Korea and N. China.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+longifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VeronicaLongifolia.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Veronica,spuria,bastard speedwell,,3 to 7,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountain slopes and steppes around. 1100 metres in NW Xinjiang province, China.",S.E. Europe to central Asia. A rare garden escape in Britain[17].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Veronica+spuria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apocynaceae,Vinca,major,"Greater Periwinkle, Bigleaf periwinkle, Myrtle, Large Periwinkle, Big Periwinkle",medium,7 to 9,0.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,Copses and hedgerows in S. England.,"C. and S. Europe, N. Africa. Naturalized in Britain.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vinca+major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VincaMajor.jpg
Apocynaceae,Vinca,minor,"Lesser Periwinkle, Flower of Death, English Holly,  Creeping Myrtle, Creeping Vinca, Common Periwink",medium,4 to 9,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Fields, woodland edges, copses and hedgerows[7, 13, 17]. Ash and oak-hornbeam woods on better soils in central Europe.","Europe, possibly also including Britain, from Denmark south and east to Spain and W. Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vinca+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VincaMinor.jpg
Lamiaceae,Vitex,pinnata,Keleban,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Comparatively dry regions in lowland forest, especially in more open habitats, secondary forests and river banks. Occurs gregariously in secondary forest and is a pioneer species in Imperata cylindrica vegetation and recently burnt grasslands[303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vitex+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vitex pinnata 1.JPEG
Solanaceae,Withania,somnifera,"Ashwagandha - Indian Ginseng, Withania",,10 to 12,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places, disturbed areas etc. An undershrub in stony places.","Mediterranean Europe, most of Africa, through W. Asia to Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka.",1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Withania+somnifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/WithaniaSomnifera2.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Youngia,chelidoniifolia,,,None to None,0.4,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Humus-rich soils in deciduous forests.,"E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Youngia+chelidoniifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Zannichelliaceae,Zannichellia,palustris,Horned Pondweed,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Water'],,May to July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Still or slow-flowing fresh water, or in brackish water.","A cosmopolitan plant, found in most areas of the world, including Britain.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zannichellia+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ZannichelliaPalustris2.jpg
Malvaceae,Abutilon,ochsenii,,,7 to 10,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abutilon+ochsenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Acinos,alpinus,Alpine Calamint,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry sunny habitats in mountains and rocky places[50, 148].",C. and S. Europe,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acinos+alpinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcinosAlpinus.jpg
Araceae,Acorus,calamus,Sweet Flag - Calamus,medium,4 to 11,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Found in moist soils and shallow water in ditches, marshes, river edges and ponds[1, 100, 187, 244].","Europe, Asia and N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acorus+calamus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AcorusCalamus.jpg
Rutaceae,Aegle,marmelos,"Bael Tree, Golden Apple, Bengal Quince",slow,10 to 12,10.0,5.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry forests on hills and plains, also in mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forests .","E. Asia - India, Nepal, Myanmar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.",3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aegle+marmelos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Aegle marmelos (L.).jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Agastache,cana,"Hoary Balm Of Gilead, Mosquito plant",,None to None,0.8,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes in the mountains.,South-western N. America - Texas to New Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Agastache+cana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/agastacheCana.jpg
Lardizabalaceae,Akebia,trifoliata,"Akebia, Threeleaf  Akebia",fast,5 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky places in woods and thickets to 1800 metres. Semideciduous forest margins, open forest along valleys, scrub on hillsides and by streams at elevations of 200 - 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Akebia+trifoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AkebiaTrifoliata.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Allocasuarina,littoralis,"Black She Oak, Bull Oak, Wayetuck",fast,9 to 11,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy coastal heaths[ 200 ], especially on poor sandstone soils[ 167 ]. Widespread on heath and in open forests[ 265 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres[ 707 ].","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allocasuarina+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AllocasuarinaLittoralis.jpg
Betulaceae,Alnus,nitida,West Himalayan Alder,,7 to 10,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,September.,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By rivers and streams, 600 - 1200 metres, occasionally to 2700 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alnus+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AlnusNitida.jpg
Araceae,Amorphophallus,rivieri,"Devil's Tongue, Umbrella Arum, Leopard Palm, Snake Palm",,10 to 11,0.8,0.6,Perennial,,['Flies'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Loose leafy detritus in moist shady habitats. Forest margins and thickets at elevations of 830-1200 metres in western Yunnan.,"E. Asia - Cochin China, East Indies.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amorphophallus+rivieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Ampelopsis,humulifolia,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October,Monoecious,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and thickets, 900 - 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ampelopsis+humulifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Anthriscus,cerefolium,"Chervil, Garden chervil",,6 to 9,0.5,0.3,Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgebanks, roadsides and waste places[9, 17].",South-eastern Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthriscus+cerefolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthriscusCerefolium.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Anthriscus,sylvestris,"Cow Parsley, Wild chervil",,6 to 9,1.2,0.6,Biennial,,['Bees'],,April to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A very common plant of roadsides, hedges etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Siberia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anthriscus+sylvestris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AnthriscusSylvestris.jpg
Ulmaceae,Aphananthe,aspera,,,6 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowlands and hills, C. and S. Japan. Hills, valleys, stream sides and slopes at elevations of 100 - 600 metres (500 - 1000 metres in E and N China).","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Aphananthe+aspera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AphanantheAspera.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Argyranthemum,foeniculaceum,,,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,January to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry cliffs, occasionally on high mountains, in the south and south-western regions of Tenerife.",N. Africa - Canary Islands.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Argyranthemum+foeniculaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ArgyranthemumFoeniculaceum.jpg
Polypodiaceae,Asplenium,ceterach,Scale Fern,,7 to 10,0.2,,Fern,,,,,April to October,,"['light', 'medium']",Basic,['Basic'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: basic (mildly alkaline) soils,,Limestone rocks and mortared walls.,"Central and southern Europe, including Britain, east to the Himalayas and Caucasus.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asplenium+ceterach,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AspleniumCeterach.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Barbarea,vulgaris,"Yellow Rocket, Garden yellowrocket",,5 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees', 'Beetles']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist places, roadsides, stream banks and hedges.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barbarea+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BarbareaVulgaris.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Bassia,scoparia,"Summer Cypress, Burningbush",,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,September,October,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, ditches and wasteland in western N. America.",Europe to Western N. America.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bassia+scoparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BassiaScoparia.jpg
Gentianaceae,Blackstonia,perfoliata,Yellow Wort,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Calcareous grassland and on dunes.,"Europe, including Britain, south from Holland and Germany east to Morocco and W. Asia.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Blackstonia+perfoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BlackstoniaPerfoliata.jpg
Fabaceae,Bowdichia,virgilioides,Alcornoco,fast,10 to 12,20.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rain and savannah forests, favouring more open positions in well-drained soils[ 341 , 419 ].","The root tubercles and the bark are antirheumatic, astringent, depurative, febrifuge and hypoglycaem",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bowdichia+virgilioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bowdichia_virgilioides_1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Brachyglottis,repanda,Bushman's Toilet Paper,slow,8 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal to montane forest and scrub.,New Zealand.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Brachyglottis+repanda,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BrachyglottisRepanda.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Bromus,carinatus,Californian Brome,,4 to 8,0.8,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Wind', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Various habitats from moist woods to dry open meadows or sagebrush covered hills, sometimes to the timber line. Found naturalized along the Thames at Kew and Oxford.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California and New Mexico. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bromus+carinatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/BromusCarinatus.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bunium,ferulaceum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Exposed stony mountain slopes in the forest belt.,Europe - Mediterranean to the Balkans and the Crimea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunium+ferulaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Bunium,persicum,"Black Caraway, Black Cumin",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Gentle exposed mountain slopes in C. Asia. Dry scrubby slopes in the Himalayas.,"South-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and Western Asia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Bunium+persicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Bunium-persicum2.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Butia,capitata,"Jelly Palm, South american jelly palm",slow,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassland plains near the coast.,Southern S. America - South Brazil and Uruguay.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Butia+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ButiaCapitata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,atriplicifolia,Pale indian plantain,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Dry open woods, thickets and openings.","Eastern N. America - New York to Minnesota, south to Florida and Oklahoma.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+atriplicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CacaliaAtriplicifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,auriculata,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Humus rich soils in deciduous woods in the mountains of central and northern Japan[58, 275].","E. Asia - Japan, Manchuria, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+auriculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,delphiniifolia,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Humus-rich soils in deciduous forests in mountains all over Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+delphiniifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,farfarifolia,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moist humus-rich soils inn deciduous forests in the mountains of central and southern Japan[58, 275].",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+farfarifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,firma,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mountain forests.,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+firma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,hastata orientalis,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods in mountains, N. Japan. Grassy fields at the forest edges in mountainous areas.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+hastata orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,hastata tanakae,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods in mountains, N. Japan. Wet sandy ground in ravines.",E. Asia - central to northern Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+hastata tanakae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,kiusiana,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Humus-rich soils in deciduous forests.,E. Asia - S. Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+kiusiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,nikomontana,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Humus-rich soils in deciduous forests.,E. Asia - central Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+nikomontana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,peltifolia,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods, along streams and in ravines, in the mountains of C. Japan. Sandy soil in or along small streams in deciduous forests.",E. Asia - central Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+peltifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cacalia,pseudo-taimingasa,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mountain woods.,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cacalia+pseudo-taimingasa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caesalpinia,decapetala,"Mysore Thorn, Shoofly",,7 to 10,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedges and open bushy places. Swampy localities and ravines to 1800 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+decapetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaesalpiniaDecapetala.jpg
Fabaceae,Caesalpinia,digyna,"Teri pods, Udakiryaka",fast,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rather dry open habitats up to 250 metres in Indonesia[310 ]. Thickets, light forests and forest borders, in Indo-China up to 1,200 metres[303 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Malaysia to Indonesia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+digyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caesalpinia_digyna_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Caesalpinia,echinata,"Pau Brasil, Brazil Wood, Indian Savin",medium,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Arid limestone thickets[ 307 ]. Littoral forest and woodland, generally on sandy or sand-clay soils that are well drained, preferring open less dense forest, frequently in dry high, escarpments[ 349 ].",S. America - eastern and northeastern Brazil.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+echinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caesalpinia_echinata_Chaumeton.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caesalpinia,gilliesii,"Bird Of Paradise, Bird-of-paradise shrub",,7 to 10,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Escaped from cultivation where it grows wild in pastures and dry habitats in Texas.,Southern South America - Argentina and Uruguay.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+gilliesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaesalpiniaGilliesii.jpg
Fabaceae,Caesalpinia,sappan,Sappanwood. Rainbow wood,fast,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Secondary forest; near roadsides; at the forest-edges; limestone hills[598 ]. Grows mostly at low and medium altitudes in hilly areas with clayey soil and calcareous rocks[299 ].,"E. Asia - China, southern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+sappan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caesalpinia_sappan1_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Caesalpinia,spinosa,"Spiny Holdback, Tara",fast,9 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Forests and semi desert areas of the Interandine region, along the higher, cooler, inner slopes of both Cordilleras of Ecuador[ 303 ].","S. America - Argentina, northern Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesalpinia+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caesalpinia spinosa_1.jpg
Liliaceae,Caesia,calliantha,Blue Grass Lily,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Loamy soils or open woods in all parts of the country.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesia+calliantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Liliaceae,Caesia,parviflora,Blue Grass Lily,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in a range of open habitats.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesia+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaesiaParviflora.jpg
Liliaceae,Caesia,vittata,Blue Grass Lily,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Loamy soils or open woods in all parts of the country.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caesia+vittata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Cajanus,cajan,"Pigeon Pea, Puerto Rico Bean, Gandul, Dhal, Congo Pea",fast,9 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Not known in a truly wild situation. It is , however, sometimes found in grassy habitats in savannahs, shrubland and waste land[ 404 ].",E. Asia - India.,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cajanus+cajan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cajanus cajan6_Low_Resolution.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cakile,edentula,"Sea Rocket,  American searocket,  Harper's searocket",,5 to 9,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Sandy or gravelly beaches from S. Labrador to S. Carolina and also around the Great Lakes.,N. Europe. Eastern and South-western N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cakile+edentula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CakileEdentula.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cakile,maritima,"Sea Rocket, European searocket",,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Sandy and shingly places all around the coast.,"Coastal areas of Europe, including Britain, the Mediterranean, Baltic and Black Seas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cakile+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CakileMaritima.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Calamintha,grandiflora,Large-Flowered Calamint,,5 to 8,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Damp woods and scrub, often on limestone.",S. Europe.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamintha+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalaminthaGrandiflora.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Calamintha,nepeta,Lesser Calamint,,5 to 9,0.6,0.8,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry banks, usually on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, south from France and S. Russia to N. Africa and to Iran in W. Asia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamintha+nepeta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalaminthaNepeta.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Calamintha,sylvatica,"Calamint,  Woodland calamint",,5 to 9,0.6,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry grassy banks, usually on calcareous soils, from southern Britain north to Durham and Yorkshire[5, 17].","Western Europe, including Britain, from France and W. Germany south to Spain, Algeria and N. Syria.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamintha+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalaminthaSylvatica.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,caesius,Rotan Sega,fast,10 to 12,100.0,7.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually in the lowlands on alluvial flats, seasonally flooded river banks, and margins of freshwater or peat-swamp forest, but not in permanent swamps. Occasionally found on drier sites up to 800 metres above sea-level[ 310 ].",Southeast Asia - Malaysia through Indonesia to the Philippines.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+caesius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus caesius 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,manan,Rotan Manau,fast,10 to 12,100.0,7.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually confined to hill dipterocarp forest, it is rarely found in lowland dipterocarp forest, and then mainly near steep slopes[ 310 ]. It is most abundant at elevations between 600 - 1,000 metres, with a total range between 50 - 1,000 metres[ 310 ].",Southeast Asia - Malaysia through to Indonesia and Borneo.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+manan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus manan 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,ovoideus,Egg-shaped Rattan. Rotan Ovoid,fast,10 to 12,70.0,6.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Well-drained slopes, where it is frequently found in forest gaps and other open sites, in lowland and lower montane rain forest areas below elevations of 1,500 metres[ 310 ].",E. Asia - Sri Lanka.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+ovoideus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus ovoideus 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,radiatus,Rotan Rays. Radial Leaf Rotan,fast,11 to 12,50.0,4.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp lowland forests at elevations below 300 metres[ 454 , 464 ].",E. Asia - Sri Lanka.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+radiatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae,Calamus,rotang,"Rattan, Rotang, Rattan Cane",fast,11 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in coastal fresh water swamp forests, frequent along fresh water streams of lower hill valleys.","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+rotang,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus_rotang_Buchoz.jpg
Arecaceae,Calamus,spp.,Rattan Palm,medium,10 to 12,50.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,,"Native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calamus+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calamus_spp1.JPEG
Portulacaceae,Calandrinia,balonensis,,,None to None,0.1,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid areas, often around salt lakes.",Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+balonensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Portulacaceae,Calandrinia,ciliata,"Redmaids, Fringed redmaids",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open grassy places and cultivated fields below 1800 metres in California, mainly in grassland.",South-western N. America - California. S. America - Peru.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalandriniaCiliata.jpg
Portulacaceae,Calandrinia,ciliata menziesii,Redmaids,,None to None,0.1,0.2,Annual,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open grassy places and cultivated fields.,South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+ciliata menziesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalandriniaCiliataMenziesii.jpg
Portulacaceae,Calandrinia,polyandra,Parakeelya,,None to None,0.1,,Annual/Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Arid areas, often around salt lakes. Floodplains and stony plains in andy and loamy soils in Western Australia.",Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+polyandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Portulacaceae,Calandrinia,remota,,,None to None,0.1,,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy soils. Arid areas, often around salt lakes.",Australia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calandrinia+remota,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Marantaceae,Calathea,allouia,"Sweetcorn Root, Guinea Arrowroot",medium,10 to 12,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or wet, mixed forest, at elevations of 1,400 meters or less, most frequent at low elevations[ 331 ].","S. America, north to Mexico and the Caribbean.",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calathea+allouia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calathea allouia 1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Calceolaria,arachnoidea,,,8 to 11,0.5,,Perennial,,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calceolaria+arachnoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Scrophulariaceae,Calceolaria,thyrsiflora,,,8 to 11,0.7,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Chile.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calceolaria+thyrsiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Calendula,arvensis,Field Marigold,,5 to 9,0.3,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to November,August to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Fields, vineyards and waste ground.",Europe. A garden escape in Britain[17].,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calendula+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalendulaArvensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Calendula,officinalis,"calendula, Pot Marigold",medium,2 to 11,0.6,0.5,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to November,August to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"The original habitat is obscure but it is found as a garden escape on waste, cultivated and arable land and along roadsides.",S. Europe. A garden escape in Britain[17].,3,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calendula+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalendulaOfficinalis3.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Calicotome,spinosa,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry stony habitats in evergreen scrub near the coast. It is especially common in areas after woodland clearance.,Europe - W. Mediterranean.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calicotome+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalicotomeSpinosa.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Calicotome,villosa,,,7 to 10,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry stony habitats in evergreen scrub near the coast. It is especially common in areas after woodland clearance.,Europe - Mediterranean.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calicotome+villosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalicotomeVillosa.jpg
Araceae,Calla,palustris,Water Arum,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Forest swamps, moorland marshes, by ponds and streams.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calla+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallaPalustris.jpg
Fabaceae,Calliandra,calothyrsus,"Red Calliandra, Powderpuff, Kaliandra",fast,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Bats']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Secondary vegetation, often in thickets[ 303 ]. It is an aggressive colonizer on disturbed sites such as recent landslides and roadsides[ 303 ]. Dry to wet thickets, often on steep open slopes, at elevations of 300 - 1,800 metres[ 331 ].","Central America - central Panama, north to southern Mexico.",0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calliandra+calothyrsus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calliandra calothyrsus 1.jpg
Verbenaceae,Callicarpa,americana,"American Beautyberry, Beautyberry, French  Mulberry, American  Beautyberry",slow,7 to 10,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich woods and thickets.,South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas and north to Oklahoma and Arkansas.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicarpa+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallicarpaAmericana.jpg
Verbenaceae,Callicarpa,japonica,"Beautyberry, Japanese callicarpa, Japanese Beautyberry",medium,5 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A pioneer species of cut-over lands. Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys at elevations of 200 - 900 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria..",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicarpa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallicarpaJaponica.jpg
Verbenaceae,Callicarpa,macrophylla,,,8 to 11,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Swampy localities and ravines. Waste places and roadsides to 1800 metres. Mixed forests at elevations of 100- 2000 metres in China.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicarpa+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallicarpaMacrophylla.jpg
Verbenaceae,Callicarpa,mollis,,,7 to 10,2.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rich woods and thickets. In forests from the lowlands to elevations of 500 metres.,"E. Asia - Central and S. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicarpa+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallicarpaMollis.jpg
Verbenaceae,Callicarpa,pedunculata,,,9 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Alpine forests.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicarpa+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallicarpaPedunculata.jpg
Cunoniaceae,Callicoma,serratifolia,Black Wattle,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,March to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lighter types of rainforest, or moister Eucalyptus forests. Damp places along the sides of streams.",Australia - Queensland and New South Wales.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicoma+serratifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallicomaSerratifolia.jpg
Polygonaceae,Calligonum,aphyllum,,,4 to 8,1.2,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Sandy soils in dry arid regions[1, 50].",Europe to Asia - Caspian Sea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calligonum+aphyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Malvaceae,Callirhoe,digitata,"Finger Poppy Mallow, Winecup",,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry plains and barrens.,Central and Southern N. America - Illinois and Missouri to Kansas and Texas,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callirhoe+digitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallirhoeDigitata.jpg
Malvaceae,Callirhoe,involucrata,"Poppy Mallow,  Purple poppymallow, Winecup, Finger Poppy Mallow",medium,4 to 8,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Grows in dry soils on the plains[43, 235]. Sandy, eroding dry ground and roadsides in Texas.","Central N. America - Minnesota and Iowa to Texas, Utah and New Mexico.",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callirhoe+involucrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallirhoeInvolucrata.jpg
Malvaceae,Callirhoe,leiocarpa,Tall Poppy-Mallow,,5 to 9,0.9,,Annual,,,,August,September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Prairies, plains, woods and mesquite groves.",Southern N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callirhoe+leiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallirhoeLeiocarpa.jpg
Myrtaceae,Callistemon,citrinus,"Crimson Bottlebrush, Red Bottlebrush, Lemon Bottlebrush",medium,8 to 11,4.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Swamps and along the sides of rocky streams.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callistemon+citrinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallistemonCitrinus.jpg
Callitrichaceae,Callitriche,hermaphroditica,"Water Starwort, Northern water-starwort",,5 to 9,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Water'],,May to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Ponds and lakes to 380 metres in Yorkshire.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, north to Finland and N. E. Russia.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callitriche+hermaphroditica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallitricheHermaphroditica.jpg
Callitrichaceae,Callitriche,palustris,"Common Waterwort, Vernal water-starwort",,None to None,0.3,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Water'],,July to August,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Springheads, rills, quiet waters and wet shores in northern N. America.","Most of Europe, but extinct in Britain, most of N. America and Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callitriche+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallitrichePalustris.jpg
Cupressaceae,Callitris,columellaris,White Cypress-Pine,,9 to 11,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Light soils, occasionally near the coast, but usually in dry inland areas up to the montane zone.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callitris+columellaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallitrisColumellaris.jpg
Cupressaceae,Callitris,endlicheri,Red Cypress-Pine,,8 to 11,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Poor sandy soils.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callitris+endlicheri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallitrisEndlicheri.jpg
Ericaceae,Calluna,vulgaris,"Heather, Scotch Heather",,4 to 7,0.6,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Wind']",,July to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,Maritime exposure,"Acid soils in open woodlands, moors and marshy ground. Often the dominant plant on well-drained acid moors and heaths.","Much of Europe, including Britain, to N. W. Morocco. Less abundant in the east of its range..",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calluna+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CallunaVulgaris.jpg
Cupressaceae,Calocedrus,decurrens,"Incense Cedar, California Incense Cedar",slow,5 to 8,15.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found on a variety of soils, usually on western slopes at an altitude of 700 - 2500 metres. The best specimens are found on deep well-drained slightly acidic sandy loam soils.",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calocedrus+decurrens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalocedrusDecurrens.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,aureus,"Mariposa Lily, Golden mariposa lily",,3 to 7,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy--clayey places at elevations of 1200 - 2000 metres. Mesas, slopes and open pine forests in Arizona.","South-western N. America - Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+aureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusAureus.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,barbatus,,,3 to 7,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassland, open oak and pine woods below 2,500 metres.",South-western N. America - Mexico,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+barbatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,clavatus,"Clubhair mariposa lily, Arroyo de la Cruz mariposa lily",medium,8 to 10,1.0,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, often rocky slopes below 1200 metres, usually on serpentine soils.",South-western N. America - California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+clavatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusClavatus.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,elegans,"Star Tulip, Elegant mariposa lily",,3 to 7,0.2,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy hillsides and open coniferous woods at elevations of 1500 - 2500 metres[60, 270].","South-western N. America - Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Washington.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+elegans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusElegans.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,gunnisonii,"Mariposa Lily, Gunnison's mariposa lily",,3 to 7,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy hillsides and open coniferous woods. Found in a variety of habitats from moist meadows and open woods to sandy and rocky hillsides and dry gulches between 1,200 and 3,300 metres.",South-western N. America - Rocky Mountains.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+gunnisonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusGunnisonii.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,luteus,"Yellow Mariposa, Yellow mariposa lily",,3 to 7,0.3,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Heavy soils in open places below 600 metres. Also found in pine, evergreen oak and mixed woodlands.",South-western N. America - California,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+luteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusLuteus.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,macrocarpus,"Sagebrush Mariposa Lily,  Nez Perce mariposa lily",,3 to 7,0.5,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry hills, usually in loose soil. In sagebrush scrub and open coniferous forests to 2000 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Nevada.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+macrocarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusMacrocarpus.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,nuttallii,Sego Lily,,3 to 7,0.2,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry soils with grass and scrub, 1500 - 2800 metres.",South-western N. America - California to New Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusNuttallii.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,pulchellus,"Mount Diablo Globelily, Mt. diablo fairy-lantern",,3 to 7,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woody and brushy slopes in chaparral and pine and oak forest above 200 metres[71, 90].",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+pulchellus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusPulchellus.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,tolmiei,Tolmie Startulip,,3 to 7,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry, usually rocky, soils on brushy slopes. Open stony places in montane coniferous forests, 1000 - 2200 metres.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+tolmiei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusTolmiei.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,uniflorus,"Large-Flowered Star Tulip, Monterey mariposa lily",,3 to 7,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low moist meadows on the eastern side of the Cascades from sea level to 200 metres[60, 270].",South-western N. America - Oregon to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+uniflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusUniflorus.jpg
Calochortaceae,Calochortus,venustus,Butterfly Mariposa Lily,,3 to 7,0.6,0.1,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Light sandy soil, often decomposed granite, below 2400 metres[71, 90]. In grassland and in mixed evergreen forests[90, 200].",South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calochortus+venustus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalochortusVenustus.jpg
Clusiaceae,Calophyllum,brasiliense,Brazil Beauty-Leaf,fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in subtropical moist forests, lowland evergreen rainforests and lower montane rainforests, where it forms part of the canopy[ 303 ].",Northern S. America from Brazil northwards to Mexico and the West Indies.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calophyllum+brasiliense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calophyllum_brasiliense_1.jpg
Fabaceae,Calopogonium,caeruleum,Wild jicama,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Widely planted and naturalised throughout the humid tropics.,"Eastern tropical S. America, north through C. America to Mexico and the West Indies.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calopogonium+caeruleum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calopogonium_caeruleum1_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Calopogonium,mucunoides,"Calopo, Wild ground nut",fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.3,Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Tropical America and the West Indies.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calopogonium+mucunoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calopogonium_mucunoides1_Plants.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Calotropis,gigantea,"Giant Milkweed, Crown Flower, Giant Calotrope, Swallow-wort",fast,10 to 12,5.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry coastal areas, along the sheltered shores of lagoons, overgrazed pasture land[ 307 ]. Woods of dry areas, stream banks from sea level to 1,400 metres in southern China[ 266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calotropis+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calotropis_gigantea_1.jpg
Apocynaceae,Calotropis,procera,"Auricula Tree, Dead Sea Apple, Sodom Apple",medium,8 to 11,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A weed along degraded roadsides, lagoon edges and in overgrazed native pastures[ 303 ]. It has a preference for and is often dominant in areas of abandoned cultivation, especially in sandy soils in areas of low rainfall.","Tropical Africa through Arabia to the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calotropis+procera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calotropis procera_1.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Caltha,leptosepala,"Western Marsh Marigold, Howell's marsh marigold,  Sulphur marsh marigold",,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Flies']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Open, wet, subalpine and alpine marshes, wet seepages and marshy meadows at elevations of 750 - 3900 metres[60, 85, 270].",Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caltha+leptosepala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalthaLeptosepala.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Caltha,leptosepala howellii,,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Flies']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Wet alpine and sub-alpine places. Bogs and wet ground by streams, 1500 - 3000 metres.",Western N. America - Alaska to California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caltha+leptosepala howellii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalthaLeptosepalaHowellii.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Caltha,natans,Floating marsh marigold,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Flies']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Floating or on moist mud, ponds, lakes, slow-moving rivers and streams at elevations of 25 - 1500 metres. Wet meadows, marshes and in water in China.","North-western N. America - Alaska to Canada. E. Asia - N. China, Mongolia, Siberia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caltha+natans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalthaNatans.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Caltha,palustris,"Marsh Marigold, Yellow marsh marigold",,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Flies']",,March to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Wet areas in marshes, fens, ditches and wet alder woods[17, 19]. Rare on very base poor peat.","Much of the northern Temperate zone in Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia..",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caltha+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalthaPalustris.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Caltha,sinogracilis,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Wet soil,,"Grasslands, by streams at elevations of 3200 - 4100 metres in SE Xizang and NW Yunnan.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caltha+sinogracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Calycanthaceae,Calycanthus,floridus,"Carolina Allspice,  Eastern sweetshrub, Strawberry Bush, Sweetshrub, Carolina Allspice",medium,5 to 10,2.7,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich low shady woodlands[4, 43]. Deciduous or mixed woodlands, along streams and rivers, margins of woodlands from sea level to1850 metres.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Alberta and West Virginia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calycanthus+floridus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalycanthusFloridus.jpg
Calycanthaceae,Calycanthus,floridus glaucus,Eastern Sweetshrub,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woodlands. Deciduous or mixed woodlands, along streams and rivers, margins of woodlands from sea level to 1850 metres.","South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calycanthus+floridus glaucus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Calycanthaceae,Calycanthus,occidentalis,"Californian Allspice, Western sweetshrub",,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to September,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of streams, ponds and other wet places below 1200 metres[11, 184].",South-western N. America - California.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calycanthus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Calycanthusoccidentalis.jpg
Orchidaceae,Calypso,bulbosa,Fairyslipper,,4 to 8,0.1,0.1,Perennial,,['Insects'],October to July,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Soils rich with decaying leaves and wood, in moist pine or spruce woods and by cool shady streams from sea level to the mid-montane zone[60, 155].","N. Europe, N. America - Alaska to California, east to New York.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calypso+bulbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalypsoBulbosa.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Calystegia,hederacea,Japanese false bindweed,,4 to 8,5.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny grassy places and thickets in lowland and hills of C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calystegia+hederacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalystegiaHederacea.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Calystegia,pellita,,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassy places and mountain slopes, sometimes a weed of cultivation, at elevations of 300 - 1700 metres.","E. Asia - Korea, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calystegia+pellita,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convolvulaceae,Calystegia,pubescens,Japanese Bindweed,,4 to 8,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny grassy places and thickets in lowland all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calystegia+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalystegiaPubescens.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Calystegia,sepium,"Hedge Bindweed, Hedge false bindweed, Appalachia false bindweed, Bingham's false bindweed",fast,4 to 8,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedges, fences, edges of woods, waste ground etc.","Most of Europe, excluding the north but including Britain, W. Asia, N. Africa and N. America.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calystegia+sepium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalystegiaSepium.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Calystegia,soldanella,"Sea Bindweed, Seashore false bindweed",,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy and shingly sea shores and dunes[1, 17].","Coastal areas of Europe, including Britain, N. Africa, Asia, N. and S. America and Australasia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calystegia+soldanella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CalystegiaSoldanella.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Calystegia,subvolubilis,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A hybrid, C. pellita x C. sepium, it is not known in a truly wild situation.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calystegia+subvolubilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asparagaceae,Camassia,cusickii,Cussick's camas,medium,3 to 11,0.9,0.6,Bulb,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp meadows at subalpine and alpine elevations (4,000–6,000 feet (1,200–1,800 m) and tolerates pond edges, rich soils, and bloom well in either sun or shade.",A Pacific Northwest U.S. native that’s been cultivated commercially in the Netherlands.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camassia+cusickii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Camassia_cusickii1.JPEG
Hyacinthaceae,Camassia,leichtlinii,"Wild Hyacinth,  Large camas, Suksdorf's large camas",,3 to 7,1.0,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],March to August,June to July,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, prairies and hillsides that are moist, at least in early spring.",Western N. America - British Columbia to S. California.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camassia+leichtlinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamassiaLeichtlinii.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Camassia,quamash,"Quamash, Small camas, Utah small camas, Walpole's small camas",,3 to 7,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal mountain forests and wet meadows inland[60, 62]. Marshy meadows in coniferous forest, to 2300 metres.","Western N. America - Washington to California, east to Montana and Utah.",5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camassia+quamash,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamassiaQuamash.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Camassia,scilloides,Atlantic Camas,,6 to 9,0.6,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low fields, meadows and open woods. Prairies at elevations of 100 - 1000 metres.",Eastern N. America. - Ontario to Wisconsin and southwards.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camassia+scilloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamassiaScilloides.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Camelina,sativa,Gold Of Pleasure,,6 to 9,0.6,0.1,Annual,,,,June to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,A weed of corn and flax fields in Britain.,E. Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camelina+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelinaSativa.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,biflora,,,None to None,9.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Luxuriant woods and thickets at elevations of 500 - 1800 metres.,"E. Asia - Japan, Taiwan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+biflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,chekiangoleosa,Camellia,,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"High mountains, 500 - 1300 metres. Forests and thickets at elevations of 600 - 1300 metres in N Fujian, E Hunan, E and W Jiangxi and S Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+chekiangoleosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,gracilis,Camellia,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to January,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodlands and thickets, especially by streams at elevations of 400 - 1400 metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Taiwan Provinces.",E. Asia - Taiwan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+gracilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,japonica,"Camellia, Common Camellia, Japanese Camellia",slow,7 to 9,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Woods in hills and down to sea level near the coast in C. and S. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaJaponica.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,kissi,,,7 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests and shrubberies in evergreen forests, 1000 - 2100 metres. Moist ground in hill forests at elevations of 900 - 2100 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - C. Nepal to S.W. China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+kissi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,oleifera,"Tea-Oil Plant, Tea Oil Camellia",slow,6 to 9,4.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests, thickets, banks of streams and foothills at elevations of 500 - 1300 metres[109, 266].",E. Asia - China,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+oleifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaOleifera.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,pitardii,,,7 to 10,7.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests and thickets, on slopes and by rivers, 1000 - 2800 metres in Yunnan[180, 266].",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+pitardii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaPitardii.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,polyodonta,,,7 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres in W Guangdong, E and NE Guangxi and S Hunan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+polyodonta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,reticulata,To-tsubaki,,7 to 10,10.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Sparse forests, open pine forests, scrub and thickets on dry often stony hillsides, 1800 - 2700 metres in Yunnan[1, 180].",E. Asia - S.W. China in Yunnan.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaReticulata.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,sasanqua,"Camellia, Sasanqua camellia",slow,7 to 9,3.0,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,October to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Thickets and grassy slopes in mountains, S. Japan. Forest openings.",E. Asia - Southern Japan in Kyushu and the Islands southwards.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+sasanqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaSasanqua.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,semiserrata,,,7 to 10,12.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,January to March,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests, forests along river valleys at elevations of 200 - 500 metres in W Guangdong and E Guangxi Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+semiserrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Theaceae,Camellia,sinensis,"Tea Plant, Assam tea, Tea Tree Camellia",slow,7 to 9,4.0,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,March to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Shaded areas at an elevation of 2100 - 2700 metres in Yunnan.,E. Asia - China? Exact origin is uncertain.,4,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaSinensis.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,sinensis assamica,"Tea Plant, Assam Tea",slow,8 to 10,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies', 'Wasps']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Cool, humid, tropical highlands[ 307 ]. Evergreen broad-leaved forests at elevations of 100 - 1,500 metres, occasionally to 1,900 metres in southern China[ 266 ].",E. Asia - China? Exact origin is uncertain.,4,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+sinensis assamica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Camellia sinensis assamica 1.jpg
Theaceae,Camellia,yunnanensis,,,7 to 10,3.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,July to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mixed forest and open scrub, open thickets, pine forests and lauraceous woods, 2000 - 2600 metres in Yunnan.",E. Asia - South-western China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camellia+yunnanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamelliaYunnanensis.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,alliariifolia,Cornish Bellflower,medium,3 to 7,0.7,0.5,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",April to November,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open scrub and conifer forests, occasionally on cliffs but frequently on steep banks. Naturalized on banks and rough ground, especially by railways, in southern England.","E. Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain, in Cornwall.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+alliariifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaAlliariifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,carpatica,"Tussock Bellflower, Carpathian Bellflower, Carpathian Harebell",slow,3 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. E. Europe - Carpathian Mountains.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+carpatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaCarpatica.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,carpatica turbinata,,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. E. Europe - Carpathian Mountains.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+carpatica turbinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Campanula,cochleariifolia,Fairies Thimbles,,5 to 9,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Cracks in rocks in mountains throughout most of temperate Europe.,Europe.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+cochleariifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaCochleariifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,edulis,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Cracks in rocks in mountainous areas.,N. Africa - Arabia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Campanula,fenestrellata,Adriatic Bellflower,medium,5 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,S. Europe - Adriatic Coast.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+fenestrellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaFenestrellata.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,garganica,Adriatic Bellflower,,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. Europe - Italy.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+garganica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaGarganica.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,glomerata,"Clustered Bellflower, Dane's blood, Clustered Bellflower",medium,4 to 9,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places on calcareous soils, particularly in chalk grassland, less commonly on sea-cliffs or in woods.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to temperate Asia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+glomerata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaGlomerata.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,lactiflora,Milky Bellflower,,4 to 8,1.0,0.8,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Naturalized in Britain in waste and rough ground, often in damp places.",Europe - Caucasus. Naturalized in Britain.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+lactiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaLactiflora.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,lasiocarpa,Mountain harebell,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Gravelly and sandy slopes in C. and N. Japan. Crevices in rocks and on rocky slopes in alpine areas at elevations of 1600 - 3100 metres on Honshu, 1000 - 2000 metres on Hokkaido.","E. Asia - China, Japan to Western N. America - Rocky Mountains.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+lasiocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaLasiocarpa.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,latifolia,"Large Campanula, Giant bellflower",,3 to 7,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woodlands, lush meadows and hedgerows, frequently on slightly acid soils[1, 5, 31, 271].","Much of Europe, including Britain, north to Norway east to Siberia and W. Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaLatifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,latiloba,,medium,3 to 7,0.9,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,Europe - Siberia.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+latiloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Campanula,medium,"Canterbury Bells, Cup and Saucer, Canterbury Bells",medium,6 to 8,1.2,0.3,Evergreen Biennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Railway banks in the S.E. and E. Midlands of Britain. Stony banks amongst calcareous rocks in Europe.,S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+medium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaMedium.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,parryi,"Parry's Bellflower, Idaho bellflower",fast,4 to 8,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Moist sub-alpine meadows and other open places in mountains, 2100 - 3000 metres.",South-western N. America.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+parryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaParryi.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,persicifolia,"Harebell, Peachleaf bellflower",,3 to 7,1.0,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Commons and open woods[13, 17].",Europe to western and northern Asia. Locally naturalized in Britain.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+persicifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaPersicifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,portenschlagiana,Adria Bellflower,fast,3 to 7,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Naturalized on walls and rocky banks in central and southern England.,S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+portenschlagiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaPortenschlagiana.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,poscharskyana,Trailing Bellflower,fast,3 to 7,0.3,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Naturalized on walls and rocky banks in central and southern England.,Europe - N. Yugoslavia. Naturalized in Britain.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+poscharskyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaPoscharskyana.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,punctata,"Chinese Rampion, Spotted bellflower",fast,5 to 9,0.4,0.8,Perennial,,,,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes in lowland and low mountains all over Japan. Waste places such as roadsides and stony slopes on hills from the lowlands to elevations of 1700 metres.,"E. Asia - Japan, Siberia.",4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaPunctata.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,pyramidalis,Chimney Bellflower,,7 to 10,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Naturalized on walls in southern England and the Channel Islands.,Europe - Italy and Yugoslavia. Naturalized in southern Britain.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+pyramidalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaPyramidalis.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,rapunculoides,"Creeping Bellflower, Rampion bellflower",fast,3 to 7,1.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Fields and woods. Naturalised in Britain where it grows in fields and more or less disturbed grassy areas such as railway banks, occasionally in woods, usually near to houses.","Europe, north to 65°N., east to W. Asia and the Caucasus. Introduced in Britain.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+rapunculoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaRapunculoides.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,rapunculus,Rampion,,4 to 8,0.9,0.3,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Hedgerows, woodland edges, fields etc, usually on gravelly soils in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. Introduced in Britain[17].,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+rapunculus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaRapunculus.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,rotundifolia,"Harebell, Bluebell bellflower",medium,4 to 9,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry grassy places and on fixed dunes, often in poor shallow soils throughout most of Britain.","Northern Temperate regions of the world, including Britain, to latitude 70° N.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaRotundifolia.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,takesimana,Korean Bellflower,,4 to 8,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+takesimana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaTakesimana.jpg
Campanulaceae,Campanula,versicolor,,,7 to 10,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Rocky places in the lower wood region.,Europe - Greece.,5,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campanula+versicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampanulaVersicolor.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Camphorosma,monspeliaca,,,7 to 10,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Saline soils and dry waste places, north to latitude 53°north in eastern central Russia.","Southeastern Europe - Mediterranean to Siberia, western and eastern Asia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camphorosma+monspeliaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CamphorosmaMonspeliaca.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Campsis,grandiflora,Trumpet Creeper,fast,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,June to October,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Hillsides and roadsides in China. Climbs into trees and grows on rocks.,"E. Asia - C. China, Japan.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campsis+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampsisGrandiflora.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Campsis,radicans,"Trumpet Vine, Trumpet creeper",fast,4 to 10,12.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,June to October,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low woods and thickets. An aggressive weed of arable fields.,Southeast N. America - Florida to Texas and north to New Jersey and Michigan..,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Campsis+radicans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CampsisRadicans.jpg
Cornaceae,Camptotheca,acuminata,"Happy Tree, Cancer Tree",fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A tropical tree. Native to warm, humid stream banks south of the Yangtse River in China and Tibet.",Southern China and Tibet,0,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Camptotheca+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Camptotheca_acuminata1.JPEG
Annonaceae,Cananga,odorata,"Ylang Ylang, Perfume Tree",fast,10 to 12,20.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Moist evergreen forests and teak forests[ 303 ]. From sea level to mid-montane elevations[ 311 ]. Common in secondary forest formations and along forest edges in Vietnam[ 598 ].,"E. Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea to northern Australia.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cananga+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cananga_odorata_Blanco.jpg
Burseraceae,Canarium,album,Chinese White Olive,,10 to 13,15.0,,Tree,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Native to the subtropics of Asia.,E. Asia - China.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canarium+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CanariumAlbum.jpg
Burseraceae,Canarium,indicum,"Canarium Nut, Ngali, Galip nut, kenari nut",fast,10 to 12,35.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy or subcanopy tree in low elevation rainforests[ 324 , 388 ]. Usually found near the coast and up to elevations of 450 metres[ 658 ].","Eastern Indonesia, Papua, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canarium+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Canarium indicum_1.jpg
Burseraceae,Canarium,luzonicum,Manila Elemi,,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Lowland rainforest[ 307 ]. Primary forests at low and medium elevations[ 338 ].,Southeast Asia - Philippines.,4,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canarium+luzonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Canarium luzonicum 1.jpg
Burseraceae,Canarium,ovatum,Pili Nut,medium,10 to 12,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Forests where rainfall is abundant[ 63 ]. Low to medium elevations in primary and secondary forests[ 303 ].,,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canarium+ovatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Canarium ovatum 1.jpg
Burseraceae,Canarium,schweinfurtii,African elemi,medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Riverine forest and forest patches or remaining as isolated trees, probably because of the destruction of other forest species. Rain forest, gallery forest and transitional forest.","Africa - Senegal to west Cameroon and extending to Ethiopia, Tanzania and Angola.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canarium+schweinfurtii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Canarium_schweinfurtii1.JPEG
Burseraceae,Canarium,vulgare,"Java Almond, Kenari Nut",fast,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree that occurs locally, often gregariously, in dense primary forest on limestone or in rather dry rain forest[ 303 , 388 ].",Southeast Asia - Indonesia to New Guinea.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canarium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Canarium vulgare_1.jpg
Fabaceae,Canavalia,gladiata,Sword Bean,fast,10 to 12,10.0,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in the wild.,Tropical Asia and Africa.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canavalia+gladiata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Canavalia_gladiata1_Plants.JPEG
Cannaceae,Canna,edulis,"Achira, Indian shot",,7 to 10,3.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,August to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,By the coast and in temperate valleys of the Andes. Usually found at the edges of moist thickets or in ditches.,S. America. W. Indies.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canna+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CannaEdulis.jpg
Cannaceae,Canna,glauca,"Louisiana Canna, Maraca amarilla",,9 to 11,1.5,,Perennial,,,,August to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Margins of marshes, swamps, ponds, and wet ditches; 0--100 metres.",S. America. W. Indies.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canna+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CannaGlauca.jpg
Cannaceae,Canna,indica,Indian Shot,,7 to 10,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,August to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Original habitat is obscure, but it is found by the coast and in temperate valleys of the Andes.",S. America. W. Indies. Locally naturalized in the warmest parts of S. Europe[50].,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Canna+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CannaIndica.jpg
Cannabidaceae,Cannabis,sativa,"Hemp, Marijuana",,8 to 11,2.5,0.8,Annual,,['Wind'],,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fluvial deposits on crags and stony slopes. It is occasionally found as a casual on waste ground in Britain. It is especially found as a weed of nitrogen-rich soils near human habitations,W. Asia - Iran to India. A casual in Britain[17].,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cannabis+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CannabisSativa.jpg
Icacinaceae,Cantleya,corniculata,Daru,fast,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A canopy tree in primary forest[ 384 ]. Lowland forest, often under swampy conditions[ 334 ]. Drier parts of primary freshwater swamp forest, or drier hill forest, at elevations up to 300 metres, apparently local and scattered, on marshy or sandy soil[ 451 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cantleya+corniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cantleya corniculata 1.jpg
Capparidaceae,Capparis,spinosa,"Caper,Common Caper, Caper Bush",fast,8 to 10,1.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"On rocks, affecting the hottest localities, to 3600 metres in the Himalayas. Old walls, cliffs and rocky hillsides in the Mediterranean.",Europe - Mediterranean to E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capparis+spinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapparisSpinosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Capsella,bursa-pastoris,Shepherd's Purse,,6 to 10,0.3,0.1,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, gardens, waste places etc, it is a common weed of cultivated soil[9, 17].","A virtually cosmopolitan plant, found in most regions of the world including Britain.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsella+bursa-pastoris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsellaBursa-pastoris.jpg
Solanaceae,Capsicum,annuum,"Sweet Pepper,  Cayenne Pepper, Chili Pepper, Christmas Pepper,  Red Pepper, Ornamental Chili  Pepper",medium,10 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Probably native of the Tropics, but the original habitat is obscure.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsicum+annuum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsicumAnnuum.jpg
Solanaceae,Capsicum,baccatum,"Locoto,  	Aji",,8 to 11,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Ecuador and the Andes,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsicum+baccatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsicumBaccatum.jpg
Solanaceae,Capsicum,chinense,"Bonnet Pepper, Chinese capsicum",fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A tropical plant.,Western S. America - Brazil to the West Indies.,3,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsicum+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Capsicum chinense 1.jpg
Solanaceae,Capsicum,frutescens,"Tabasco Pepper,  Cayenne pepper",,8 to 11,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Probably native of the Tropics, but the original habitat is obscure.",3,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsicum+frutescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsicumFrutescens.jpg
Solanaceae,Capsicum,pubescens,"Tree Pepper, Rocoto",,8 to 11,3.0,2.0,Perennial,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Andes.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsicum+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CapsicumPubescens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,arborescens,"Siberian Pea Tree, Siberian peashrub",fast,2 to 7,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"River banks, pebbles, sands, open forests and forest edges, gully slopes and stony slopes.",E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia. Occasionally naturalized in Europe in France[50].,5,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+arborescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaArborescens.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,boisii,Siberian peatree,fast,2 to 9,2.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - China.,4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+boisii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaBoisii.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,brevispina,Long-Stalked Pea-shrub,,4 to 9,2.5,1.8,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Higher forests, in the undergrowth of fir and oak forests or in open glades on dry ridges from 1500 - 2700 metres.",E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas..,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+brevispina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caragana_brevispina_shrub.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,decorticans,,,5 to 9,5.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Afghanistan to northern Pakistan.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+decorticans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Caragana,frutex,Russian pea shrub,slow,2 to 7,1.2,1.2,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Shrub thickets among feather-grass steppes and steppelike meadows, dry slopes, riverside terraces, shore cliffs, forest margins, and mixed or pine forests.","Eurasia - European Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Russian Caucasus, western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, western China",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+frutex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caragana_frutex1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,fruticosa,"Siberian Peashrub,",fast,None to None,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Korea.",3,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+fruticosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaFruticosa.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,gerardiana,,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Found at elevations of 3700 - 4100 metres in Xizang Province in China.,"E. Asia - North-western Himalayas to southern Tibet at elevations up to 3,900 metres.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+gerardiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,jubata,Shag-Spine,,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry gravel slopes above the sub-alpine forest belt.,E. Asia - Siberia to Mongolia and Tibet.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+jubata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaJubata.jpg
Fabaceae,Caragana,microphylla,Littleleaf Peashrub,fast,4 to 9,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Consolidated and semiconsolidated sand dunes, rocky mountain slopes; at elevations from 1,000 - 2,000 metres","E. Asia - southern Siberia, Mongolia, northern and central China",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caragana_microphylla1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,pygmaea,Pygmy Peashrub,slow,3 to 7,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Desert land at high altitudes with virtually no rain in the growing season, 3600 - 4800 metres[145, 146].","E. Asia - China, Himalayas, Siberia",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+pygmaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaPygmaea.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Caragana,sinica,Chinese Pea Shrub,,5 to 9,1.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open slopes on mountains in Korea.,"E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caragana+sinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaraganaSinica.jpg
Meliaceae,Carapa,guianensis,Andiroba,fast,10 to 12,35.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A canopy or subcanopy layer element of lowland rainforest, sometimes in pure stands, preferring marsh edge, swamp forests, alluvial riverbanks and periodically flooded plains[ 303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Guatemala; Caribbean - Trinidad to Dominican Republic.",0,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carapa+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carapa_guianensis_1.jpg
Rubiaceae,Carapichea,ipecacuanha,Ipecac,medium,10 to 12,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An understory shrub of rainforests[ 238 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador; through Central America to Nicaragua.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carapichea+ipecacuanha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carapichea_ipecacuanha_1.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,amara,Large Bittercress,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By springs, in fens and on streamsides, preferring a peaty soil. Often found in trickling water. Often the dominant ground flora in alder woods with moving damp water.","Most of Europe, including Britain, north to 64° N., east to the Balkans and W. Asia.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+amara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineAmara.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,amaraeformis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+amaraeformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,bonariensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern S. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+bonariensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,bulbifera,"Coral Root, Coralroot bittercress",,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Very local in woods, usually on calcareous soils, in Devon, S.E. England, the Chilterns and Ayr. A characteristic species of base-rich beech woodlands.","Central Europe from Britain and France to Sweden, east to the Balkans, W. Asia and the Caucasus.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+bulbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineBulbifera.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,bulbosa,Bulbous Bittercress,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By springs, bottomland woods and meadows.","Eastern N. America - Vermont to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+bulbosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineBulbosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,debilis,Roadside bittercress,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp places in lowland forest and scrub, North, South and Stewart Islands[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+debilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,fauriei,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Streams and ravines in mountains.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+fauriei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,flexuosa,"Wavy Bittercress,Woodland bittercress",,4 to 8,0.5,,Annual/Perennial,,,,April to September,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist shady places by streams and occasionally on cultivated ground.,"Much of Europe, including Britain, east through Asia to China and Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+flexuosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineFlexuosa.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,glacialis,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist places in most communities, from sea level to 1100 metres.","Southern S. America - Chile, Argentina.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+glacialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,heptaphylla,,,None to None,0.4,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western and Central Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+heptaphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineHeptaphylla.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,hirsuta,Hairy Bittercress,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,,,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open and cultivated ground, rocks, scree, walls etc.","Throughout most of the northern Hemisphere, including Britain.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineHirsuta.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,impatiens,Narrowleaf bittercress,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Very local in shady woods, especially ash, and on moist limestone rocks and cliffs, especially in the west.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden to C. Spain, eastwards through Asia to Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+impatiens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineImpatiens.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,kitaibelii,,,5 to 9,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"Europe - southern Switzerland, northern Italy and Yugoslavia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+kitaibelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,komarovii,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Streamsides and moist areas, usually in shady places, at elevations of 700 - 1000 metres[200, 266].","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+komarovii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,leucantha,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places by ponds and streams, in mountains all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+leucantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineLeucantha.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,loxostemonoides,Cuckoo Flower,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places at elevations of 2900 - 5500 metres in Tibet.,E. Asia - Himalayas from India to China and Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+loxostemonoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,lyrata,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to June,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places and paddy fields in lowland and foothills, C. and S. Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+lyrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineLyrata.png
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,macrophylla,,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests and streamsides, 2100 - 3600 metres from Pakistan to S.W. China, most common in the west of its range.","E. Asia - China, Himalayas, Siberia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,nasturtioides,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist shady places.,S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+nasturtioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,nipponica,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Alpine slopes in central and northern Japan.,E. Asia - Japan[58].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+nipponica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,oligosperma,"Spring Cress,  Little western bittercress, Umbel bittercress",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Widespread in wet places.,Western N. America - Alaska to California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+oligosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineOligosperma.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,pennsylvanica,Bittercress,,4 to 8,0.6,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found in moist or wet soils, it grows in most soils and habitats in eastern N. America.","N. America - Newfoundland to Minnesota and Montana, south to Florida, Tennessee and Kansas.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+pennsylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardaminePennsylvanica.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,pentaphyllos,,,None to None,0.3,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountainous areas.,Western and Central Europe.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+pentaphyllos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardaminePentaphyllos.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,pratensis,Cuckoo Flower,,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, slightly shady places in meadows and by streams[13, 31, 187], usually in acid soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, N. Asia and N. America.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+pratensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardaminePratensis.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,prorepens,,,4 to 8,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Banks of streams and river beds.,E. Asia - E. Siberia to Manchuria.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+prorepens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,raphanifolia,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp places and streamsides in mountains.,"Europe - France, Spain and Italy. Occasionally established in Britain.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+raphanifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineRaphanifolia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,rotundifolia,"American Water Cress, American bittercress",,5 to 9,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Cold springs and brooksides[43, 235].","Eastern N. America - New York to Ohio, Missouri, North Carolina and Kentucky.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineRotundifolia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,schinziana,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in N. Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+schinziana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,scutata,,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Valleys, shady slopes, damp sites, along ditches, rock crevices, mountain slopes, roadsides, streamsides, sea level to 2100 metres.",E. Asia - Japan,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+scutata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineScutata.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,trifolia,,,6 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist shady woods, especially on calcareous substrata.",C. and S. Europe. An occasional garden escape in Britain.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+trifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardamineTrifolia.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,violacea,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist places in forested areas at elevations of 2500 - 3600 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Bhutan and Nepal.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+violacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardamine,yezoensis,,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist shady places all over Japan[58, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardamine+yezoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cardaria,draba,"Hoary Cress, Whitetop",,5 to 9,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A weed of arable fields, it is spreading rapidly in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardaria+draba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardariaDraba.jpg
Liliaceae,Cardiocrinum,cordatum,,,6 to 9,1.8,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Conifer, oak and bamboo woods in mountains in cool moist situations, especially in N. Japan[47, 90].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardiocrinum+cordatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardiocrinumCordatum.jpg
Liliaceae,Cardiocrinum,giganteum,,,6 to 9,1.8,0.3,Bulb,,['Insects'],,August,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland clearings at an altitude of 1,500 - 2,400 metres and as high as 3,600 metres around Simla.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Nepal to Assam and Sikkim.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardiocrinum+giganteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardiocrinumGiganteum.jpg
Sapindaceae,Cardiospermum,halicacabum,"Heart Seed, Balloon vine",,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist thickets and waste ground in Eastern N. America.,E. Asia - India. N. America. Africa. Locally naturalized in S. Europe[50].,1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cardiospermum+halicacabum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CardiospermumHalicacabum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carduus,cernuus,,,None to None,0.9,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Siberia.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carduus+cernuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carduus,crispus,"Welted Thistle, Curly plumeless thistle",,6 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Waste ground, cultivated fields and roadsides in Japan.",Europe to Asia. A rare casual in Britain[17].,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carduus+crispus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarduusCrispus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carduus,nutans,"Musk Thistle, Nodding plumeless thistle",,6 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Pastures, arable fields and waste places on calcareous soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, north to Norway, south and east to N. Africa, Siberia and W. Asia",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carduus+nutans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarduusNutans.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,acutiformis,"Swamp Sedge, Lesser pond sedge",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open swamps, wet, open thickets, marsh edges, sedge meadows and lakeshores from sea level to 300 metres. Saline marshes in E. Massachusetts.","Europe, Asia and N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+acutiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexAcutiformis.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,aquatilis,"Water sedge, Sitka sedge",,3 to 7,1.0,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Margins of lake and streams in mountainous districts in west and northern Britain.,"Northern Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Sweden, Finland, N. Russia and Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+aquatilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexAquatilis.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,arenaria,Sand Sedge,fast,6 to 9,0.5,2.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sandy sea shores, especially on fixed dunes and wind-blown sand[1, 9, 17].","Coastal areas of Europe, including Britain, the Black Sea, Siberia and N. America.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+arenaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexArenaria.png
Cyperaceae,Carex,brizoides,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady places.,C. and S. Europe.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+brizoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexBrizoides.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,buxbaumii,Buxbaum's sedge,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet spongy bogs.,"Local in many areas of Europe, including Britain, south to Algeria in N. Africa, N. Asia, N. America",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+buxbaumii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexBuxbaumii.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,dispalata,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet places in lowland by ponds and rivers all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+dispalata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexDispalata.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,disticha,Tworank sedge,,4 to 8,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp grassy places, fens, marshes and wet meadows.","Central and northern Europe, including Britain, ocasional in S. Europe, east to Siberia.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+disticha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexDisticha.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,eburnea,Bristleleaf sedge,slow,2 to 8,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Commonly occurs in conifer or mixed forests crevices of limestone bluffs in the Ozark, US. It is also known to grow in drier sandy soils, particularly on limestone outcroppings and glades. ",Eastern and central North America,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+eburnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_eburnea1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Carex,elata,"Tufted Sedge, Golden Variegated Sedge, Tufted Sedge",medium,5 to 9,1.2,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By fen ditches and in wet places by rivers and lakes in base-rich soils[17, 50].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to Algeria and east to the Caucasus.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+elata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexElata.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,hachijoensis,Japanese sedge,medium,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,E. Asia.,"Native to low alpine areas in Japan. Most sedges are found in wetlands – such as marshes, calcareous fens, bogs and other peatlands, pond and stream banks, and riparian zones.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+hachijoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_hachijoensis1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Carex,hirta,Hammer sedge,,5 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rough grassy places, woods, damp meadows and damp sandy hollows.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south to N. Africa and east to temperate Asia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexHirta2.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,kobomugi,Japanese sedge,,6 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Sand dunes along the seacoast all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+kobomugi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexKobomugi.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,macrocephala,Largehead sedge,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,April to May,June to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Sand dunes along the seacoast, N. Japan. Sandy beaches along seacoasts, sounds, bays, and inlets, especially on dunes in N. America.",E. Asia - Japan. Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+macrocephala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexMacrocephala.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,meyeriana,"Sedge, Wu la cao ",fast,9 to 12,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Most sedges are found in wetlands – such as marshes, calcareous fens, bogs and other peatlands, pond and stream banks, and riparian zones.",E. Asia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+meyeriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_meyeriana1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Carex,morrowii,"Iwashiba, Japanese Sedge ",fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Native to low alpine areas in Japan. Most sedges are found in wetlands – such as marshes, calcareous fens, bogs and other peatlands, pond and stream banks, and riparian zones.",E. Asia.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+morrowii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_morrowii1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Carex,nebrascensis,Nebraska sedge,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows from sea level to 2500 metres.,Western N. America.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+nebrascensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexNebrascensis.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,nubigena,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in mountains, C. and S. Japan. (This report refers to the sub-species C. nubigena franchetiana. Ohwi.)",E. Asia - Himalayas to Japan.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+nubigena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Carex,paniculata,,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to June,June to July,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet, often shady places, on peaty base-rich soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, north to 62° N., W. Asia and N. America.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+paniculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexPaniculata.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,pensylvanica,Pennsylvania sedge,medium,4 to 8,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"A shade-loving perennial sedge that is native to thickets and dry woodland areas. dry to mesic upland forests and shaded bluff ledges. It typically grows in loose colonies with a creeping habit. Roots are reddish brown. It is often found in areas with oak trees, hence the additional common name of oak sedge [368-1].","Native to North America, especially eastern Canada and the eastern United States.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_pensylvanica1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Carex,riparia,Great Pond Sedge,fast,5 to 9,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"By slow flowing rivers, in ditches and ponds and occasionally on drier ground.","Much of Europe, excluding the north but including Britain, N. Africa, W. Asia and the Caucasus.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+riparia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexRiparia.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,rostrata,"Beaded Sedge, Beaked sedge",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to July,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet peaty places with a high water table.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, north to 71° N., W. Asia and N. America.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+rostrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexRostrata.jpg
Cyperaceae,Carex,sylvatica,Wood sedge,fast,3 to 8,0.6,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Deciduous woodlands on heavy soils; Sometimes found in unwooded areas.,"Europe, Asia, and far east to Iran.Introduced to North America, and New Zealand.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+sylvatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carex_sylvatica1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Carex,utriculata,"Sedge, Northwest territory sedge",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,July to August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Open swamps, wet thickets, marshes, sedge meadows, bogs, fens, stream, pond, and lakeshores from sea level to 3500 metres.",N. America - Newfoundland and southwards.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+utriculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarexUtriculata.jpg
Caricaceae,Carica,papaya,"Papaya, Mamo, Melon Tree",fast,9 to 12,8.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Moths', 'Wind']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known as a truly wild plant,"The original habitat is believed to be Central America and southern Mexico, but is not known for certain.",5,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carica+papaya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carica papaya5.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carlina,acanthifolia,,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Stony places, pastures and rocks on poor soils in mountainous areas.",S. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carlina+acanthifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarlinaAcanthifolia.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carlina,acaulis,Stemless Carline Thistle,,4 to 8,0.2,0.3,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Poor soils in dry sandy pastures and on rocky slopes[7, 21, 100], especially on limestone.",Europe.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carlina+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarlinaAcaulis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carlina,vulgaris,Carline Thistle,,5 to 9,0.5,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Poor soils on dry banks and pastures, especially on chalk[13, 17].","Europe, including Britain, north to 60° N., east to Siberia, Caucasus and W. Asia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carlina+vulgaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarlinaVulgaris.jpg
Cyclanthaceae,Carludovica,palmata,"Panama Hat Plant, Carludovica Palm",fast,10 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist or usually wet, mixed, lowland or mountain rainforest, sometimes in open places, especially in areas of secondary growth, at elevations below 800 metres[ 331 , 521 ].","Western S. America - Peru, north through Central America to southern Mexico.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carludovica+palmata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carludovica_palmata_1.jpg
Boraginaceae,Carmona,retusa,"Fukien Tea, Philippine tea tree",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open, dry, sunny habitats, such as thickets, shrub vegetation and teak forest at low and moderate elevations[ 310 ]. Sandy soils and scrub forests[ 305 ]. Usually occur in non-wetlands, but may occur in wetlands.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia and the Solomon Islands.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carmona+retusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carmona retusa 1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carpesium,abrotanoides,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to November,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods all over Japan. Waste places and grassy fields in lowlands, also along forest edges.","S. Europe to E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Himalayas.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpesium+abrotanoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carpesium,divaricatum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cool, shady and damp waste places, roadsides and hillsides in China. Grassy fields in partial shade in forests in Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpesium+divaricatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carpesium,glossophyllum,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, central and southern Japan. Common on dry slopes in deciduous forests.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpesium+glossophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carpesium,triste,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in humus-rich soils in deciduous forests in all regions of Japan[58, 275]. Leafy mixed forests in Siberia.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpesium+triste,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Carpinus,betulus,"Hornbeam,  European hornbeam, Common Hornbeam, European Hornbeam",medium,5 to 7,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands and hedgerows on sandy or clay loams, preferring heavier soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden to the Pyrenees east to Iran in W. Asia.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpinus+betulus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpinusBetulus.jpg
Betulaceae,Carpinus,caroliniana,"American Hornbeam, Blue Beech, Ironwood,  American Hornbeam",slow,3 to 9,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Usually found as an understorey tree in rich woods and the borders of streams and swamps in deep rich moist soils[43, 82, 229].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpinus+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpinusCaroliniana.jpg
Betulaceae,Carpinus,cordata,,slow,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests on moist mountain slopes at elevations of 200 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpinus+cordata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Carpinus,laxiflora,,,4 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed deciduous forests all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpinus+laxiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpinusLaxiflora.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,acinaciformis,Hottentot Fig,,8 to 11,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy and rocky places near the sea. Naturalized on cliffs and banks by the sea in Cornwall and S. Devon.,S. Africa - Cape Province. Naturalized in Britain[1].,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+acinaciformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpobrotusAcinaciformis.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,aequilaterus,Sea Fig,,7 to 10,0.2,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Naturalised in California where it grows along the coastal strand and in coastal sage scrub at elevations up to 100 metres.,"Southern N. America - California, Mexico. Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+aequilaterus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,deliciosus,Sweet Hottentot Fig,,7 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. Africa - Cape Province and Riversdale districts.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+deliciosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,edulis,"Hottentot Fig,",,7 to 10,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Sandy and rocky places by the sea. Naturalized on cliffs and banks by the sea in Cornwall and S. Devon.,S. Africa - Cape Province. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carpobrotus-edulis3.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,glaucescens,Pigface,,8 to 11,0.3,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grows near the sea.,"Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+glaucescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpobrotusGlaucescens.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,modestus,Inland Pigface,,8 to 11,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,White or grey sands and also clay soils.,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+modestus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,rossii,Karkalla,,8 to 11,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Coastal dunes on white or grey sands.,Western Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+rossii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpobrotusRossii.jpg
Aizoaceae,Carpobrotus,virescens,Coastal Pigface,,8 to 11,0.5,2.0,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Coastal limestone cliffs & dunes on white, grey or brown sands.",Western Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carpobrotus+virescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarpobrotusVirescens.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carthamus,lanatus,Distaff Thistle,,6 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Amongst rocks, in dry hills and uncultivated ground.",S. Europe. A casual in Britain[17].,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carthamus+lanatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarthamnusLanatus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Carthamus,tinctorius,Safflower | Koosumbha | Hoang-tchi,,None to None,1.0,0.4,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Poor dry soils in full sun.,N. Africa - Egypt. A rare casual in Britain[17].,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carthamus+tinctorius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarthamnusTinctorius.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Carum,carvi,Caraway,,3 to 9,0.6,0.3,Biennial,,['Bees'],,June to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist meadows, arable land and waste places from lowland to mountain elevations[9, 165, 244].",Europe. Rarely naturalized in Britain. Perhaps native in S.E. England[17].,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carum+carvi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CarumCarvi.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,aquatica,Water Hickory,slow,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bottomlands and swamps, in ground that is often inundated for at least part of the year. The best specimens grow on deep well-drained alluvial soils.","South-eastern N. America - Florida to Texas, north to Illinois.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaAquatica.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,buckleyi,Black hickory,slow,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry sandy uplands.,Central N. America - Texas and Oklahoma.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+buckleyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaBuckleyi.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,carolinae-septentrionalis,"Southern Shagbark, Southern shagbark hickory",,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry limestone hills, river bottoms and low flat often inundated woods, especially in clay soils. Wet bottomlands, rocky hillsides, and limestone outcrops at elevations of 150 - 200 metres.",South-eastern N. America - Delaware to Georgia and Tennessee.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+carolinae-septentrionalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaCarolinae-septentrionalis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,cathayensis,Chinese Hickory,slow,5 to 9,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Narrow moist valleys and the foot of mountains. Forests on mountain slopes, valleys, and riverbanks at elevations of 400 - 1500 metres.",E. Asia - E. China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+cathayensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carya-cathayensis1.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,cordiformis,"Bitternut, Bitternut hickory, Swamp Hickory",slow,4 to 9,25.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Low wet to dry woods, stream banks and borders of swamps[43, 82], tolerating a range of soils.",Eastern N. America - Maine to Quebec and south to Florida.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+cordiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaCordiformis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,floridana,Scrub Hickory,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Confined largely to the scrub vegetation of coastal dunes and dry sandy ridges.,South-eastern N. America - Florida.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+floridana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Carya,glabra,"Sweet Pignut, Pignut hickory, Broom Hickory, Pignut Hickory",slow,4 to 9,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods and on slopes[43, 229]. The best specimens are found in deep moist well-drained soils.",Eastern N. America - Ontario to Florida.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaGlabra.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,glabra megacarpa,Coastal Pignut Hickory,slow,4 to 8,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry woods and slopes.,Eastern N. America - New York to Illinois and Florida.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+glabra megacarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Juglandaceae,Carya,hybrids,Hybrid and neohybrid hickories,medium,4 to 11,40.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not native,Hybrid origin.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+hybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Carya_hybrids1.JPEG
Juglandaceae,Carya,illinoinensis,Pecan,medium,5 to 9,50.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist soils of bottomlands, especially along the sides of streams.",Southern N. America - mainly along the Mississippi river valley.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+illinoinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaIllinoinensis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,laciniosa,Shellbark Hickory,slow,5 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Deep rich soils of floodplains and bottomlands[43, 62]. It grows best on neutral or slightly alkaline soils and tolerates shallow flooding in early spring.","Eastern N. America - New York and Pennsylvania to Indiana, Iowa and Kansas.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+laciniosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaLaciniosa.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,myristiciformis,Nutmeg Hickory,slow,8 to 11,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Banks of rivers and swamps in rich moist soils, occasionally on higher ground and often on limestone.",South-eastern N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+myristiciformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaMyristiciformis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,ovalis,Sweet Pignut,slow,5 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woodlands and on hillsides[43, 82].","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Michigan, Virginia, Illinois, Georgia and Missouri.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+ovalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaOvalis.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,ovata,Shagbark Hickory,slow,4 to 8,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,June,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry upland slopes, rich deep moist soils and well drained soils of lowland and valleys[43, 62, 82].","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaOvata.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,pallida,Sand Hickory,slow,5 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry sandy or gravelly soils in woods[82, 137, 229].",Eastern N. America - Oklahoma to Texas.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaPallida.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,texana,Black Hickory,slow,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry sandy woods or rocky slopes[43, 137]. Bottomlands and low wet woods. Lowland and upland woods, usually on sandy soils but also sometimes on limestone.",Southern N. America - Texas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+texana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaTexana.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,tomentosa,"Mockernut,White Heart Hickory, Mockernut  Hickory",medium,4 to 9,30.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to November,June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mainly along ridges, dry hills and hillsides, growing best in rich well-drained soils.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaryaTomentosa.jpg
Juglandaceae,Carya,x laneyi,,slow,4 to 8,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],June to October,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A naturally occurring hybrid.,Eastern N. America - New York State.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+x laneyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryocaraceae,Caryocar,brasiliense,"Pequi, Souari nut",slow,10 to 12,10.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Forms pure groves in the plateaux and valleys of the savannah, elsewhere it is usually found as scattered individuals[ 324 ]. Found in both primary and secondary formations[ 419 ].","S. America - northern Argentina, southern, eastern, central and northern Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryocar+brasiliense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryocar_brasiliense_1.jpg
Caryocaraceae,Caryocar,nuciferum,Souari Nut. Butter Nut,medium,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Deep loams and fertile sandy soils in riverside forests[200 ].,Northern S. America - Brazil to Guyana.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryocar+nuciferum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryocar_nuciferum3_Plants.JPEG
Caryocaraceae,Caryocar,villosum,Piquia,slow,10 to 12,30.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found in both primary and secondary rainforests on land that is not subject to periodic inundation[419 ].,Northern S. America - Brazil to Guyana.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryocar+villosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryocar_villosum1_Plants.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Caryodendron,orinocense,"Taccy Nut, Nuez de Barinas",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in dense rain forests; at elevations from sea level to 2,300 metres[418 , 521 ].","Northern and western S. America - Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryodendron+orinocense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryodendron_orinocense1_Plants.JPEG
Arecaceae,Caryota,urens,"Jaggary Palm, Toddy Palm, Fishtail Wine Palm",medium,9 to 12,12.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Limestone areas and valley forests at elevations of 370 - 1,500 metres in southern China[ 266 ]. An understorey tree in moist lowland and submontane forests[ 303 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caryota+urens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Caryota urens 1.jpg
Rutaceae,Casimiroa,edulis,"White Sapote, Mexican Apple",medium,8 to 11,16.0,16.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Subtropical deciduous woodlands and low forests[ 303 ]. Dryish highland forests at elevations of 600 - 1,000 metres[ 307 ].",Central America north to Mexico.,5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casimiroa+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Casimiroa edulis 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Cassia,fistula,"Golden Shower, Purging Cassia, Golden Chain Tree, Indian Laburnum",slow,9 to 11,18.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,Dry deciduous forest at lower altitudes[ 303 ].,"E. Asia - Indian subcontinent. Naturalized in other areas of the tropics, including east Africa.",1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassia+fistula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cassia fistula 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Cassia,grandis,"Coral shower, Horse Cassia",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open, brushy or forested hillsides or on thinly forested plains, often about dwellings or along roadsides and in pastures, at elevations below 900 metres[331 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north to the Caribbean and through Central America to Mexico.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassia+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cassia_grandis1_Plants.JPEG
Fabaceae,Cassia,leiandra,Marimari,fast,9 to 11,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests of the floodplains and seasonally flooded forests near lagoons and canals[ 416 ]. Most commonly found in secondary formations[ 420 ].,S. America - eastern and northern Brazil.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassia+leiandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cassia leiandra 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Cassia,sieberiana,West African Laburnum,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Wooded grassland and savannah; secondary bush; lateritic soils; roadsides; gravel and concrete colluvium with clay; gallery forest; wet sites in short and long grass savannah; thickets; secondary (closed) forest; coastal scrub; sandstone plateaux[ 774 ].,"E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia and the Pacific Islands.",1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassia+sieberiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cassia Sieberiana 1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cassinia,fulvida,,,8 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Lowland grassy scrub to sub-alpine latitudes to 1400 metres.,New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassinia+fulvida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Cassiope,tetragona,White Arctic Mountain Heather,,3 to 7,0.3,0.2,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dryish stony or sandy heaths or tundra, usually in mountainous areas.","N. Europe, Northern N. America, N. Asia.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassiope+tetragona,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaTetragona.jpg
Lauraceae,Cassythia,glabella,Devil's Twine,,None to None,,,,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Heath and mountainous areas near the coast.,"Australia - Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cassythia+glabella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanea,alnifolia,Bush Chinkapin,,6 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy soils[11, 82, 229] in open woodlands or in thickets, also in rich upland deciduous woodlands.",South-eastern N. America - N. Carolina to Arkansas.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+alnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanea,crenata,Japanese Chestnut,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Foothills.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+crenata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaCrenata.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,dentata,American Sweet Chestnut,,4 to 8,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, gravelly or rocky, mostly acid soils. This species is virtually extinct in America due to chestnut blight.","Eastern N. America - Maine and Ontario to Michigan, Georgia and Arkansas.",3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+dentata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaDentata.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,henryi,,,5 to 9,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mixed mesophytic forests on mountain slopes at elevations of 100 - 1800 metres.,E. Asia - W. and C. China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+henryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanea,mollissima,Chinese Chestnut,medium,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods and forests to 2500 metres. Mountain slopes from near sea level to 2,800 metres.",E. Asia - China.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+mollissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaMollissima.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,ozarkensis,Ozark Chinkapin,,5 to 9,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Woods and rocky slopes. Deciduous forest at elevations of 150-600 metres.,Central N. America - Mississippi to Oklahoma.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+ozarkensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaOzarkensis.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,pumila,"Chinquapin, Ozark chinkapin",slow,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy ridges and rich hillsides where it forms thickets, also in woods and on the borders of swamps[43, 82].","Eastern N. America - New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Missouri and Texas.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaPumila.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,pumila ashei,Chinquapin,,6 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"By the coast, in dry thickets woods and borders of swamps[43, 200].",Eastern N. America. - Virginia to Texas.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+pumila ashei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanea,sativa,"Sweet Chestnut, European chestnut",medium,5 to 7,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Woods in mountains.,S. Europe. Long naturalized in Britain[17].,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+sativa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaSativa.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,seguinii,Chinese Chinquapin,medium,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mixed mesophytic forests and thickets at elevations of 400 - 2000 metres.,E. Asia - E. and C. China.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+seguinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaSeguinii.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,species,Chestnut Hybrids,fast,4 to 9,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a wild situation.,Hybrid origin,4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastaneaSpp2.jpg
Fagaceae,Castanea,x neglecta,Chinknut,slow,4 to 8,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A natural hybrid, C. dentata x C. pumila, found on well-drained soils.",Eastern N. America - N. Carolina.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanea+x neglecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,acuminatissima,"Castanopsis chestnut, White oak",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An upper canopy tree of primary or relict forest, mostly on hillsides and ridges and often on loamy sandy soil; at elevations from 300 - 2,500 metres[451 , 653 ].","E. Asia - China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+acuminatissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Castanopsis_acuminatissima2_Plants.JPEG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,cuspidata,Japanese Chinquapin,,6 to 9,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods and ravines, especially near the sea in western China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+cuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastanopsisCuspidata.png
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,delavayi,,,7 to 10,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,April to May,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests at elevations of 1500 - 2800 metres.,E. Asia - S.W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+delavayi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,hystrix,,,None to None,30.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Forests in the eastern Himalayas to 2400 metres. Broad-leaved evergreen forests from near sea level to 1600 metres in China.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+hystrix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,inermis,"Braided Chestnut, Berangan",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, mostly in the hills, also found in bamboo forest, and in groves on a river-bank at elevations up to 600 metres[451 ].",Southeast Asia - Malaysia to Indonesia.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+inermis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Castanopsis_inermis1_Plants.JPEG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,javanica,"Spiny oak, Java chinkapin tree",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Primary, sometimes secondary forests, at elevations up to 1,650 metres, occasionally to 2,000 metres[451 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+javanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Castanopsis_javanica1_Plants.JPEG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,orthacantha,,,7 to 10,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Mixed and broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1500-3200 metres in W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, Yunnan.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+orthacantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,sclerophylla,,,None to None,,,,,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods, at an altitude of 600 - 1500 metres in W. Hupeh. Broad-leaved evergreen forests at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - E. and C. China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+sclerophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,tibetana,,,None to None,,,,,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1500 metres in S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, SW Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, SE Yunnan, S Zhejiang.","E. Asia - China, Tibet.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+tibetana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Castanopsis,tribuloides,,,None to None,8.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,May to June,October to November,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Broad-leaved evergreen forests around 1300 metres in western China. Found at elevations up to 1800 metres in the Himalayas.,E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanopsis+tribuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Castanospermum,australe,Moreton Bay Chestnut,slow,8 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Birds'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Subtropical and tropical gallery-type rainforests and on the banks of creeks[ 144 , 303 ], usually in good rich moist soils[ 167 ].","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castanospermum+australe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastanospermumAustrale.jpg
Moraceae,Castilla,elastica,Panama Rubber Tree. Mastate blanco,fast,10 to 12,40.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Openings in moist lowland forest[307 ].,"Northern S. America, north to southern Mexico.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castilla+elastica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Castilla_elastica_1_Plants.JPEG
Moraceae,Castilla,ulei,Caucho Negro,medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Clearings and other open spots in primary forests, generally in company with Cecropia species; or in the fertile, sparsely wooded alluvial flats of valley bottoms[684 ]. Rainforests, where it is found at elevations from sea level to 500 metres in Ecuador.","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castilla+ulei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Castilla_ulei1.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Castilleja,linariaefolia,Wyoming Indian Paintbrush,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry plains and hills, usually with sagebrush, and in hills to 3,000 metres.",South-western N. America.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Castilleja+linariaefolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CastillejaLinariaefolia.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,cristata,Belah,fast,8 to 11,12.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Drier areas, usually on heavier soils and avoiding ridges.","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+cristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CasuarinaCristata.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,cunninghamiana,River She-Oak,,8 to 11,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May to June,September to December,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found by freshwater streams[156, 167] in alluvial sands and loams. It experiences severe frosts in some parts of its range.","Australia - New South Wales, Northern Territories, Victoria.",0,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+cunninghamiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CasuarinaCunninghamiana.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,equisetifolia,"She Oak, Common Ru, Australian Pine, Horsetail Casuarina",fast,9 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Confined to a narrow strip adjacent to sandy coasts, rarely extending inland to lower hills. Found on sand dunes, in sands alongside estuaries and behind fore-dunes and gentle slopes near the sea[ 303 ]","E. Asia - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia and th",1,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+equisetifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Casuarina equisetifolia 1.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,glauca,"Swamp Oak, Gray sheoak",,8 to 11,18.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Usually found in swampy localities. Near salt water estuaries, along sluggish creeks and occasionally on rising ground.","Australia - New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CasuarinaGlauca.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,littoralis,"Black She Oak, Bull Oak, Wayetuck",fast,9 to 11,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy coastal heaths[ 200 ], especially on poor sandstone soils[ 167 ]. Widespread on heath and in open forests[ 265 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to 1,200 metres[ 707 ].","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AllocasuarinaLittoralis.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,oligodon,"She-oak, kilu",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forms extensive pure stands along river beds and on ridge tops at elevations up to 2,500 metres[ 303 ].",Australasia - Papua New Guinea.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+oligodon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Casuarina oligodon 1.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,torulosa,Forest Oak,,8 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal eucalyptus forests and on moist fertile soils in hilly eucalyptus forests. Experiences frost and snow in the south of its range.,"Australia - New South Wales, Queensland.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+torulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AllocasuarinaTorulosa.jpg
Casuarinaceae,Casuarina,verticillata,Drooping she-oak,,8 to 11,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Calcareous sands by the coast, inland on poor rocky soils and on sand overlying clay.","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Casuarina+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AllocasuarinaVerticillata.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Catabrosa,aquatica,Water WhirlGrass,,3 to 7,0.7,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Shallow streams and ditches, at the muddy margins of ponds and in wet sandy places near the sea all over Britain.","Most of Europe, including Britain but absent in Spain and Portugal, N. and W. Asia, Algeria.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catabrosa+aquatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CatabrosaAquatica.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Catalpa,bignonioides,"Indian Bean Tree, Southern catalpa",medium,5 to 9,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Rich moist soils by the sides of streams and rivers.,"South-eastern N. America - Florida, Alabama, Missouri and Louisiana.",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catalpa+bignonioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CatalpaBignonioides.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Catalpa,bungei,,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Roadsides in. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - C. China.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catalpa+bungei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Bignoniaceae,Catalpa,ovata,Chinese Catalpa,fast,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,Open country and margins of woods to 2500 metres.,E. Asia - C. China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catalpa+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CatalpaOvata.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Catalpa,speciosa,"Shawnee Wood, Northern catalpa, Early Flowering Catalpa, Hardy Catalpa, Western Catalpa, Indian Ciga",fast,4 to 9,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Atmospheric pollution,"Borders of streams and fertile, often inundated, bottomlands and woods[43, 82].",Central N. America - Indiana and Illinois to Tennessee and Arkansas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catalpa+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CatalpaSpeciosa.jpg
Apocynaceae,Catharanthus,roseus,"Madagascar Periwinkle, Jasmine, Cayenne Old Maid Periwinkle",fast,9 to 12,0.7,0.7,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Butterflies'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,,Africa - eastern and southern Madagascar.,1,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Catharanthus+roseus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Catharanthus roseus 1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Caucalis,platycarpos,"Small Bur-Parsley, Carrot bur parsley",,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable fields and waste places, especially on chalky soils.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caucalis+platycarpos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaucalisPlatycarpos.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Caulanthus,glaucus,Glaucous wild cabbage,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry rocky slopes, 1,500 - 2,200 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Nevada.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caulanthus+glaucus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaulanthusGlaucus.jpg
Berberidaceae,Caulophyllum,robustum,Papoose Root,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caulophyllum+robustum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Berberidaceae,Caulophyllum,thalictroides,"Papoose Root,  Blue cohosh",,6 to 9,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,,,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist soils in swamps, by streams[4, 21] and in woods.","Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to South Carolina, Arkansas, North Dakota and Manitoba.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Caulophyllum+thalictroides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CaulophyllumThalictroides.JPG
Zingiberaceae,Cautleya,spicata,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist shady places at elevations of 1000 - 2600 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cautleya+spicata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Cavendishia,alatum,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Peruvian Andes.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cavendishia+alatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,americanus,"New Jersey Tea, Wild Snowball",fast,4 to 9,1.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry woods and on gravelly banks[21, 43], often on sandstone or limestone bluffs.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, west to Oklahoma and Minnesota.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+americanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusAmericanus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,arboreus,"Catalina Mountain Lilac, Feltleaf ceanothus",medium,8 to 10,7.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Chaparral scrub.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+arboreus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusArboreus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,cuneatus,"Buckbrush,  Sedgeleaf buckbrush,  	Monterey ceanothus",fast,6 to 9,1.8,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes below 1800 metres in California.,South-western N. America - Oregon to California and Mexico.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+cuneatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusCuneatus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,divergens,"Cropleaf Ceanothus, Calistoga ceanothus",,7 to 10,1.5,2.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A very rare plant in the wild where it grows in serpentine volcanic substrates in Chapparal plant communities at elevations of 900 - 1800 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+divergens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,fendleri,Fendler's Ceanothus,fast,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Most situations other than deserts, but especially in pine forests in the southern Rockies, 1500 - 3000 metres[11, 155].","Western N. America - S. Dakota to Wyoming and Utah, south to Mexico.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+fendleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusFendleri.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,impressus,Santa Barbara Ceanothus,medium,7 to 9,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grows in chapparal plant communities from sea level to elevations of 200 metres.,South-western N. America - coastal California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+impressus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusImpressus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,integerrimus,Deer Brush,,6 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes and ridges in pine and mixed evergreen forests, 300 - 2000 metres[60, 71, 184, 200].",Western N. America - Washington to California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+integerrimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusIntegerrimus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,maritimus,Maritime Ceanothus,,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Coastal bluffs.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+maritimus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusMaritimus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,ovatus,Smaller Red-Root,,4 to 8,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy or rocky plains, prairies and slopes.","Eastern and Central N. America - western Maine and Quebec to Manitoba, south to Texas.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+ovatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusOvatus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,prostratus,"Squaw Carpet, Prostrate ceanothus",,6 to 9,0.1,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry forest floors.,Western N. America - British Columbia to Colorado and California.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+prostratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusProstratus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,purpureus,Hollyleaf Ceanothus,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry rocky hills below 550 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+purpureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,sanguineus,"Oregon Tea Tree, Redstem ceanothus",,4 to 8,2.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky crests, bluffs and borders of woods.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+sanguineus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusSanguineus.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,species,,,5 to 9,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,A collection of garden hybrids of uncertain parentage.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusSpecies.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,thyrsiflorus,"Blue Brush, Blueblossom",medium,7 to 9,4.5,4.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Wooded slopes and canyons below 600 metres, often in the neighbourhood of streams, in evergreen forests in California[71, 82].",South-western N. America - California to Oregon.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+thyrsiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothusThyrsiflorus.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Ceanothus,velutinus,"Sticky Laurel,  Snowbrush ceanothus, Hooker's ceanothus",,4 to 8,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils of hills and mountains to 2,600 metres. It often occurs in draws and on the open face of hills, becoming rapidly established on burnt-over mountain slopes.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Colorado and California.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceanothus+velutinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeanothuVelutinus.jpg
Urticaceae,Cecropia,peltata,"Trumpet Tree, Snakewood, Congo pump, Wild pawpaw, Pop-a-gun",fast,9 to 12,20.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist soil,Drought,"Moist limestone, cleared land[ 307 ]. Chiefly in pastures or second-growth, often in thickets or modified forest, at 900 metres or less[ 331 ].","S. America - Brazil and Colombia, north through Central America to Mexico and the Caribbean.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cecropia+peltata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cecropia peltata 1.jpg
Meliaceae,Cedrela,fissilis,"Cedro, Cigar Box Tree",fast,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in lowlands along streams and upland rain forests[ 341 ]. A species of tropical, lowland to submontane forest of various types[ 349 ]. Found in both dense primary and more open secondary forest, favouring deep, moist, fertile soils[ 419 ].","Western S. America - Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, north through Central America to Costa Rica.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrela+fissilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cedrela fissilis 1.jpg
Meliaceae,Cedrela,odorata,"Cedar Wood, West Indian Cedar, SpanishCedar, Cigar-box Cedar, Cedro Hembra",fast,9 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Widely distributed in wet, primary and secondary evergreen to semi-deciduous lowland or lower montane rainforest[ 303 ].","Tropical America - Mexico to Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and French Guyana and the Caribbean.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrela+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cedrela odorata_1.jpg
Rutaceae,Cedrelopsis,grevei,"Katrafay, Kathrafay",slow,10 to 12,22.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open woodland, scrubland, secondary forest and seasonally dry forest, at elevations from sea-level up to 500 metres, occasionally to 900 metres[ 299 ].",Africa - western and southern Madagascar.,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrelopsis+grevei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cedrelopsis grevei_1.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Cedronella,canariensis,"Balm Of Gilead, Herb of gilead",,8 to 11,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,N. Africa - Canary Isles.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedronella+canariensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CedronellaCanariensis.jpg
Pinaceae,Cedrus,atlantica,"Atlas Deodar, Atlantic cedar",medium,5 to 9,25.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,September,October to December,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Upper slopes of the Atlas mountains where there is little or no rain in the growing season but the soil is fed by the melting snow from the peaks above.,N. Africa - Morocco and Algeria.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrus+atlantica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CedrusAtlantica.jpg
Pinaceae,Cedrus,deodara,"Deodar, Deodar cedar",medium,7 to 9,33.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,October to November,October to December,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Forms forests in the drier areas of the Himalayas at 1800 - 3000 metres[51, 81].",E. Asia - Afghanistan to Nepal.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrus+deodara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CedrusDeodara.jpg
Pinaceae,Cedrus,libani,Cedar Of Lebanon,slow,5 to 8,30.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,October to November,October to December,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Forms forests at 1200 - 2000 metres.,"N. Africa to W. Asia - Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cedrus+libani,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CedrusLibani.jpg
Malvaceae,Ceiba,aesculifolia,Pochote,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Chiefly on dry plains or hillsides, mainly at elevations up to 1,500 metres[ 331 ]. A rare species found in low, dry deciduous forests from Mexico to Costa Rica .",Central America - Costa Rica north to Mexico.,2,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceiba+aesculifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ceiba aesculifolia 1.JPG
Malvaceae,Ceiba,pentandra,"Kapok Tree, Cotton Tree, Suma'ma",fast,10 to 12,50.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bats', 'Moths', 'Bees']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An emergent tree in various types of moist evergreen and deciduous forests, including those subject to seasonal inundation, as well as in dry forests and gallery forests[ 303 ]. As a pioneer species, it mostly occurs in secondary forests[ 303 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; north through C. America to Mexico; Caribbean; West tropical Africa.",3,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceiba+pentandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ceiba pentandra 1.jpg
Celastraceae,Celastrus,angulatus,,fast,4 to 8,7.3,10.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,November to February,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountainous thickets and slopes at elevations of 1000 - 2500 metres.,"E. Asia - N., W. and C. China.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celastrus+angulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Celastrus,dependens,,,7 to 10,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open moist places to elevations of 300 metres in Nepal.,E. Asia - S.W. China to the Himalayas.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celastrus+dependens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Celastrus,flagellaris,,fast,4 to 8,7.5,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains in S. Japan. Valley, forest on riverside, thickets and sunny slopes in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celastrus+flagellaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Celastraceae,Celastrus,orbiculatus,Oriental Bittersweet,fast,4 to 8,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,November to February,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Thickets on grassy slopes in lowland and mountains all over Japan. Forest edges in China.,"N.E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celastrus+orbiculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CelastrusOrbiculatus.jpg
Celastraceae,Celastrus,scandens,"Climbing Bittersweet, American bittersweet",fast,3 to 8,8.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to August,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich soils in dense moist thickets, woods and along river banks[43, 268].","Eastern N. America - Quebec, south to North Carolina and New Mexico..",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celastrus+scandens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CelastrusScandens.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Celosia,argentea cristata,"Lagos Spinach, Common Cockscomb",fast,9 to 12,0.5,0.5,Annual,,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Open moist places to elevations of 1600 metres in Nepal.,Pantropics.,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celosia+argentea cristata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CelosiaArgenteaCristata.jpg
Cannabaceae,Celtis,australis,"Nettle Tree, European hackberry",medium,5 to 9,20.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hedges, banks and sandy places.",S. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisAustralis.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,boninensis,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+boninensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,bungeana,Bunge's hackberry,,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Roadsides, thickets and banks of streams to 1600 metres. Forests, among shrubs, roadsides, mountain slopes at elevations of 100 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+bungeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisBungeana.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,caucasica,Caucasian hackberry,,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry stony bluffs, rocks, ravines etc and occasionally as undergrowth in clearings.",E. Europe to Asia - Bulgaria to the Himalayas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+caucasica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisCaucasica.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,glycycarpa,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Argentina, Brazil.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+glycycarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,jessoensis,,,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Woods in W. China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+jessoensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,koraiensis,,,4 to 8,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waysides in C. Korea. Forests, valleys and slopes at elevations of 100 - 1500 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Manchuria.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+koraiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,laevigata,"Sugarberry, Netleaf hackberry, Texan sugarberry, Sugar  Hackberry",medium,5 to 10,18.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"In rich bottomlands along streams, in flood plains, and on rocky slopes, generally in clay soils, from sea level to 300 metres[229, 270].","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+laevigata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisLaevigata.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,laveillei,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan[58].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+laveillei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,lindheimeri,"Palo Blanco, Lindheimer's hackberry",,None to None,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Rich bottom lands and on low adjacent hills of streams in Texas. Ravines and brushlands at elevations of 100 - 200 metres.,Southern N. America - Texas to Mexico.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+lindheimeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,occidentalis,"Hackberry, Common hackberry",fast,3 to 9,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry to moist and rich woods, river banks, rocky barrens etc. Frequently found on limestone soils.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, North Carolina, Missouri and Oklahoma.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisOccidentalis.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,pallida,Desert Hackberry,,None to None,5.5,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"In deserts, canyons, mesas, washes, foothills, thickets, brushland, and grassland near gravelly or well-drained sandy soil at elevations of 1000 - 1300 metres.",South-western N. America - Texas.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,reticulata,"Paloblanco, Netleaf hackberry",slow,5 to 9,12.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"On dry hills, often on limestone or basalt, ravine banks, rocky outcrops, and occasionally in sandy soils at elevations of 300 - 2300 metres.","South-western N. America - Kansas to Texas, Colorado and California.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisReticulata.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,sinensis,Chinese hackberry,medium,8 to 11,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Lowland and hills all over Japan. Roadsides and slopes at elevations of 100 - 1500 metres in China.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisSinensis.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,tenuifolia,"Small Hackberry, Dwarf hackberry",,5 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry rocky or gravelly soils in foothills and bluffs. On slopes and along streams in open woods from sea level to 500 metres.,Southeaster N. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeltisTenuifolia.jpg
Ulmaceae,Celtis,tetrandra,,,None to None,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Along the edges of terraced fields to elevations of 2500 metres in Nepal. Mesophytic mixed forests, valleys and slopes at elevations of 700 - 1500 metres.","E. Asia - C. and E. Himalayas to China, Thailand and Vietnam.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+tetrandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ulmaceae,Celtis,tournefortii,Oriental hackberry,,6 to 9,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open rocky places, 300 - 1500 metres in Turkey. Bushy places in Greece and the Balkans.",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Celtis+tournefortii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,acaulis,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,N. Africa. Naturalized in Spain[50].,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,calcitrapa,"Common Star Thistle, Red star-thistle",,None to None,0.6,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waysides and waste places on sandy, gravelly and chalky soils.",Europe. Probably introduced in Britain[17].,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+calcitrapa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaCalcitrapa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,chamaerhaponticum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,Europe - Mediterranean to N. Africa.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+chamaerhaponticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,cyanus,"Cornflower, Garden cornflower, Blue Bottle, Cornflower",fast,None to None,1.0,0.3,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Once a common weed of cornfields, as a result of modern agricultural practices it is now very rare in the wild[9, 13]. Found especially on porous, nutrient-rich soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, to the Near East.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+cyanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaCyanus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,depressa,Iranian knapweed,,6 to 9,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Fields and roadsides to 2300 metres in S. Europe.,W. Asia - Iran and the Caucasus. Naturalized in S.E. Europe[50].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+depressa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaDepressa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,iberica,"Iberian Star Thistle, Iberian knapweed",,5 to 9,0.9,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mountain slopes in Tibet at elevations of 500 - 800 metres.,S.E. Europe to S.W. Asia.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+iberica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Centaurea_iberica_B.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,jacea,Brown Knapweed,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Hedgerows, uncultivated land and waste ground.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+jacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaJacea.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,melitensis,Maltese Star Thistle,,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Wasteplaces and roadsides.,"Mediterranean region, eastwards to Greece and Tunisia. A not infrequent casual in Britain[17].",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+melitensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaMelitensis.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,montana,"Mountain Cornflower, Perennial cornflower,  Mountain Bluet",fast,3 to 9,0.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Mountain woodland margins and meadows.,Europe.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaMontana.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,nigra,"Black Knapweed, Lesser knapweed",,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Grassland, waysides, cliffs etc to 600 metres.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Spain to Norway, east to Germany and Switzerland.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaNigra.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,raphanina,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky waste places in the warm parts of Greece.,S. Europe - Greece.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+raphanina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaRaphanina.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,scabiosa,Greater Knapweed,,4 to 8,0.9,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pastures, field edges and roadsides, usually on chalk[4, 17].","Much of Europe, including Britain, north to 68° N., east to the Caucasus and W. Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+scabiosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaScabiosa.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centaurea,solstitialis,"St. Barnaby's Thistle, Yellow star-thistle",,5 to 9,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Cultivated land and waste ground.,S. Europe to W. Asia. Occasionally established in S. and E. England[17].,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurea+solstitialis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentaureaSolstitialis.jpg
Gentianaceae,Centaurium,erythraea,"Centaury - Feverwort, European centaury",,None to None,0.3,0.2,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Open woods, meadows and dry grasslands[9, 13], often on chalky soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden to the Mediterranean and east to S. W. Asia.",1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurium+erythraea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentauriumErythraea.jpg
Gentianaceae,Centaurium,spicatum,Spiked centaury,,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Damp grassy or sandy places near the sea in S. Europe.,"S. Europe, Asia, Australia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centaurium+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentauriumSpicatum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Centella,asiatica,"Gotu Kola, Spadeleaf",,7 to 10,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Old stone walls and rocky sunny places in lowland hills and especially by the coast in central and southern Japan. Shady, damp and wet places such as paddy fields, and in grass thickets[147, 238].","E. Asia - India, China and Japan. Australia.",2,5,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centella+asiatica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentellaAsiatica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Centipeda,minima,Spreading Sneeze Weed,,None to None,0.1,0.5,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste ground and roadsides all over Japan. Usually in wet places in eastern Australia.,E. Asia to Australia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centipeda+minima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentipedaMinima.jpg
Valerianaceae,Centranthus,macrosiphon,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky and waste places.,Europe - Spain.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centranthus+macrosiphon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentranthusMacrosiphon.jpg
Valerianaceae,Centranthus,ruber,"Red Valerian, Fox's Brush, Jupiter's Beard",medium,5 to 8,0.9,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Waste land, rocks, old walls etc. Prefers alkaline conditions.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centranthus+ruber,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentranthusRuber.jpg
Fabaceae,Centrolobium,microchaete,Yellow tarara,fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Atlantic rainforest, favouring gentle slopes where the drainage is good and the soils are fertile[ 420 ].","S. America - eastern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centrolobium+microchaete,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Centrolobium microchaete 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Centrolobium,sclerophyllum,Hard leaved tarara,fast,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Atlantic rainforest and semi-arid forest, occasional in the dense, primary formations but often quite plentiful in more open, secondary formations; favouring well-drained soils[ 625 ].",S. America - eastern and northeastern Brazil.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centrolobium+sclerophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Centrosema,pubescens,"Centro, Butterfly pea",fast,10 to 12,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Naturalized along roadsides, in waste places, on river banks and on coconut plantations at elevations near sea level[305 ].",S. America and Central America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centrosema+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Centrosema_pubescens1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Centrosema,virginianum,"Butterfly Pea, Spurred butterfly pea",,5 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry sandy soils in woodlands.,"South-eastern N. America, as far north as New Jersey, southwards into the Tropics.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Centrosema+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CentrosemaVirginianum.jpg
Rubiaceae,Cephalanthus,occidentalis,"Button Bush, Common buttonbush, Button Willow, Honey Bells, Buttonbush",,4 to 10,7.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"A lowland species, growing along the edges of streams, rivers, lakes, swamps and wet floodplains.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and California",0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalanthus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalanthusOccidentalis.jpg
Dipsacaceae,Cephalaria,syriaca,"Makhobeli, Syrian cephalaria",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated fields and waste places[74, 93].",Europe - Spain to W. Asia.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalaria+syriaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae,Cephalostachyum,pergracile,Tinwa Bamboo,slow,10 to 12,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed deciduous forests, often growing with teak[146 , 310 ]. It is vigorous in moister forests but stunted in the driest forests. Characteristic of low, hilly country, it thrives best on well-drained loams and usually grows in large stands[310 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalostachyum+pergracile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cephalostachyum_pergracile1.JPG
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,fortunei,Chinese Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands, especially in limestone regions. Mixed, coniferous, and broad-leaved forests, thickets and roadsides at elevations of 200 - 3700 metres.",E. Asia - E. and C. China.,5,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusFortunei.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,harringtonia,Japanese Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey shrub in woodlands[109, 200]. In temperate deciduous forests at elevations of 600 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+harringtonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusHarringtonia.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,harringtonia drupacea,Japanese Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,5.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey shrub in woodlands[109, 200].",E. Asia - Japan.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+harringtonia drupacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusHarringtoniaDrupacea2.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,harringtonia koreana,Korean Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,1.5,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey shrub in woodlands[109, 200].","E. Asia - China, Korea.",5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+harringtonia koreana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusHarringtoniaKorea.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,harringtonia nana,Japanese Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,2.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey shrub in woodlands[109, 200]. In deciduous forests from near sea level to elevations of 600 metres.",E. Asia - N. Japan.,5,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+harringtonia nana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusHarringtoniaNana.jpg
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,lanceolata,Yunnan Plum Yew,slow,7 to 10,8.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,An understorey shrub in woodlands. Scattered in broad-leaved forests at elevations around 1900 metres.,E. Asia - China - N.W. Yunnan.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,oliveri,,slow,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,An understorey shrub in woodlands. Coniferous and broad-leaved forests at elevations of 300 - 1800 metres.,"E. Asia - W. China - Sichuan, Hubei.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+oliveri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,sinensis,Chinese Plum Yew,slow,6 to 9,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Montane coniferous or mixed forests, thickets, stream valleys, valley bottoms, open situations, on granite, sandstone, and limestone substrates at elevations of 600 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - E. and C. China.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cephalotaxaceae,Cephalotaxus,wilsoniana,,slow,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,An understorey tree in woodlands.,E. Asia - Taiwan,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cephalotaxus+wilsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CephalotaxusWilsoniana.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Cerastium,arvense,"Field Mouse-Ear Chickweed, Field chickweed",,None to None,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,['Flies and small bees'],,April to August,May to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry banks and waysides, and in grassland, especially on calcareous or slightly acid sandy soils, throughout Britain but mainly in the east.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and temperate Asia..",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cerastium+arvense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CerastiumArvense.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Cerastium,fontanum,"Chickweed, Common mouse-ear chickweed, Big chickweed",,5 to 10,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,,,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist shaded situations, 1700 - 2800 metres in Srinagar. A cosmopolitan weed in China, where it grows at elevations up to 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cerastium+fontanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CerastiumFontanum.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Cerastium,furcatum,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine areas in C. Japan. Forest margins, mountain valleys, meadows, hillsides and summits at elevations of 1200 - 3800 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cerastium+furcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Cerastium,holosteoides,Common Mouse-Ear Chickweed,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Perennial,,['Flies'],,April to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mostly in wet places. Grassland, shingle, dunes, waysides, waste places and cultivated ground.","A cosmopolitan plant, found n most regions of the world, including Britain.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cerastium+holosteoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CerastiumHolosteoides.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Cerastium,semidecandrum,"Little Mouse-Ear Chickweed, Fivestamen chickweed",,None to None,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common in dry open habitats, especially on calcareous or sandy soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanava south and west to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cerastium+semidecandrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CerastiumSemidecandrum.jpg
Caryophyllaceae,Cerastium,viscosum,sticky chickweed,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Naturalized in waste places, fields and roadsides from S. Newfoundland to Florida and California.",Europe to E. Asia. Naturalized in N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cerastium+viscosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CerastiumViscosum.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Ceratonia,siliqua,"Carob, St. john's bread",medium,9 to 11,15.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wasps and flies'],,August to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rocky places near the sea shore.,S. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceratonia+siliqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeratoniaSiliqua.jpg
Ceratophyllaceae,Ceratophyllum,demersum,"Hornwort,  Coon's tail",fast,7 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Water'],,July to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,Ponds and ditches.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, but absent from the Arctic.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceratophyllum+demersum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeratophyllumDemersum.jpg
Plumbaginaceae,Ceratostigma,plumbaginoides,"Blue leadwood, Blue Plumbago, Perennial Plumbago, Leadwort",fast,6 to 9,0.4,0.5,Perennial,,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Rocky places, often in foot-hills. Beijing Shi, Henan, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceratostigma+plumbaginoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeratostigmaPlumbaginoides.jpg
Plumbaginaceae,Ceratostigma,willmottianum,"Chinese Plumbago, Chinese Leadwort",medium,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Warm valleys at forest edges or in thickets; 700--3500 m. Gansu (Wen Xian), W Guizhou, S and W Sichuan, SE Xizang, E and N Yunnan.",E. Asia - W. China to Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceratostigma+willmottianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeratostigmaWillmottianum.jpg
Cercidiphyllaceae,Cercidiphyllum,japonicum,Katsura Tree,fast,4 to 8,30.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,April,August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows in woodlands in Japan but in China it is mainly found in open situations in rich moist soils at 1600 - 2800 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercidiphyllum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercidiphyllumJaponicum.jpg
Fabaceae,Cercidium,microphyllum,Paloverde. Foothill palo verde. Small-leaved palo verde,slow,9 to 10,4.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Native to the American southwest, Baja and Sonora, Mexico. It grows on rocky slopes, desert foothills and mesas. Coarse soils of plains and hillslopes; mainly at elevations up to 600 metres, occasionally reaching 800 metres.","Southwestern N. America - California, Arizona, northern Mexico",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercidium+microphyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cercidium_microphyllum1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cercis,canadensis,"Redbud, Eastern redbud, Mexican redbud,Texas redbud",medium,4 to 9,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rich woods, ravines and borders of streams[43, 82]. It often forms a distinct understorey in woodlands.","Eastern and Central N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin[222].",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercis+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercisCanadensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cercis,chinensis,Chinese Redbud,slow,6 to 8,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland and clearings, 600 - 1200 metres in W. Hupeh.",E. Asia - China,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercis+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercisChinensis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cercis,occidentalis,"Western Redbud, California Redbud",medium,5 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes and in canyons in foothills below 1100 metres.,South-western N. America - California to Arizona.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercis+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercisOccidentalis.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cercis,siliquastrum,"Judas Tree, Redbud",medium,6 to 10,12.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Stony slopes and in arid warm woods[49, 132].",S. Europe to E. Asia.,4,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercis+siliquastrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercisSiliquastrum.jpg
Rosaceae,Cercocarpus,ledifolius,"Mountain Mahogany, Curl-leaf mountain mahogany",slow,None to None,8.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry gravelly arid slopes in the mountain ranges of the interior regions, 1500 - 2700 metres[82, 229].","Western N. America - Washington to California, west to Wyoming, Arizona and New Mexico.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercocarpus+ledifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercocarpusLedifolius.jpg
Rosaceae,Cercocarpus,montanus,"Mountain Mahogany, Alderleaf mountain mahogany,  Silver mountain mahogany, Island mountain mahogany,",medium,6 to 7,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry rocky bluffs or mountainsides, 1,000 - 2,700 metres in Texas.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cercocarpus+montanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CercocarpusMontanus.jpg
Cactaceae,Cereus,hildmannianus,"Hildmania cactus, Hedge cactus",slow,9 to 12,9.0,4.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Pampas grassland, seasonal semi-deciduous forests; principally found on plateaux at elevations from 700 - 1,000 metres; showing a preference for thin, rocky soils[625 ].","S. America - Argentina, Uruguay. Paraguay, Bolivia, southern, eastern and central Brazil.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cereus+hildmannianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cereus_hildmannianus1.jpg
Cactaceae,Cereus,repandus,Peruvian apple cactus,slow,9 to 12,10.0,0.2,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Often grows in thickets, sometimes forming the dominant feature of the landscape[529 ].","Northern S. America - Venezuela; Caribbean - Grenada, Netherlands Antilles.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cereus+repandus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cereus_repandus1.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Ceroxylon,alpinum,Wax Palm,slow,8 to 11,20.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cloud forests at high elevations in the Andes[200, 231].",S. America - Colombia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceroxylon+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeroxylonAlpinum.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Ceroxylon,quindiuense,Wax Palm,slow,8 to 11,20.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cloud forests at high elevations in the Andes[200, 231].",S. America - Colombia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceroxylon+quindiuense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CeroxylonQuindiuense.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Ceroxylon,utile,Wax Palm,slow,8 to 11,20.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cloud forests at high elevations up to 4,000 metres in the Andes[200, 231].",S. America - Colombia.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ceroxylon+utile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Parmeliaceae,Cetraria,islandica,"Iceland Moss, Island cetraria lichen, Oriental cetraria lichen",slow,None to None,0.1,0.5,Lichen,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp places, usually on rocks and the bark of trees, especially conifers.","Britain. Found all over Europe, especially in the Arctic region.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cetraria+islandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CetrariaIslandica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chaenactis,douglasii,"Morning Brides, Douglas' dustymaiden, Alpine dustymaiden",,6 to 9,0.4,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry to medium-moist soils along roadsides, waste places and hillsides, especially where the soil has been disturbed.","Western N. America - Montana to British Columbia, south to Arizona, California and New Mexico.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaenactis+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChaenactisDouglasii.jpg
Rosaceae,Chaenomeles,cathayensis,Chinese Quince,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Scrub and hedges in W. Hubei. Slopes, forest margins and roadsides at elevations of 900 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaenomeles+cathayensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChaenomelesCathayensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Chaenomeles,japonica,"Dwarf Quince, Maule's quince, Japanese Flowering Quince",medium,5 to 8,1.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April,November to January,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Woods in low mountains, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaenomeles+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChaenomelesJaponica.jpg
Rosaceae,Chaenomeles,speciosa,"Japanese Quince, Flowering quince",medium,4 to 8,3.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,February to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Long cultivated, its natural habitat is now obscure.",E. Asia - China. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaenomeles+speciosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChaenomelesSpeciosa.jpg
Rosaceae,Chaenomeles,x californica,California Quince,medium,4 to 8,1.8,1.8,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Garden Hybrid,Hybrid,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaenomeles+x californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chaenomeles_x_californica1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Chaenomeles,x superba,"Dwarf Quince, Flowering Quince",fast,5 to 8,1.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,February to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, C. japonica x C. speciosa.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaenomeles+x superba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChaenomelesXsuperba.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Chaerophyllum,bulbosum,Turnip-Rooted Chervil,,5 to 9,1.2,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Fallow fields and water meadows from 1000 - 2100 metres in Turkey.,Europe to W. Asia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaerophyllum+bulbosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChaerophyllumBulbosum.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Chaerophyllum,tuberosum,Sham,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaerophyllum+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Chaerophyllum,villosum,,,None to None,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,July to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist shady places at elevations of 2100 - 3500 metres in Nepal. Forests, road sides or open grassy places at elevations of 2100 - 2800 metres in southwestern China.","E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Bhutan, Nepal and China.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chaerophyllum+villosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Chamaecrista,fasciculata,"Golden Cassia,  Partridge pea",,4 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods and prairies, disturbed areas, often on sandy soils.","Eastern, Central and South-eastern N. America.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecrista+fasciculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaecristaFasciculata.jpg
Fabaceae,Chamaecrista,nigricans,"Diola, Diala",fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Waste places, agricultural fields, roadsides and disturbed soil; also found in grassland and wooded savannah, at elevations from sea-level up to 1,200 metres[ 299 ].","Africa - widely distributed through tropical areas, through Arabia and southwest Asia to Pakistan and India.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecrista+nigricans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaecrista nigricans 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Chamaecrista,rotundifolia,Round-leaf cassia,fast,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Widely naturalised in the coastal and sub-coastal regions of northern and eastern Australia. Its current range extends from the coastal districts of northern New South Wales, through south-eastern, central and northern Queensland, the coastal districts of the Northern Territory to a few locations in northern Western Australia. Also naturalised on Norfolk Island and on Lord Howe Island. Naturalised overseas in western Africa and south-eastern USA (i.e. Florida).","Mesoamerica. Native to Mexico, Central America (i.e. Costa Rica and Panama), the Caribbean (i.e. Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico) and tropical South America (i.e. Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Colombia, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay).",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecrista+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaecrista_rotundifolia1.JPEG
Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis,lawsoniana,"Lawson Cypress, Port orford cedar, Oregon Cedar, Port Orford Cedar, Lawson's Cypress",medium,5 to 7,25.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually scattered in small groves on moist slopes and canyons, often on serpentine soils, below 1500 metres. Seldom more than 50 kilometres from the coast[71, 82].",Western N. America - Oregon to California. Locally naturalized in S. Europe[50].,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecyparis+lawsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaecyparisLawsoniana.jpg
Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis,nootkatensis,"Nootka Cypress, Nootka Cypress, Yellow Cypress, Alaska  Cedar",medium,4 to 8,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,October to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woodlands from sea-level to 1,000 metres[60, 82]. The best specimens are found in the deep soil of cool wet coastal forests.",Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecyparis+nootkatensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaecyparisNootkatensis.jpg
Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis,obtusa,Japanese cypress,medium,4 to 8,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Occurs where sympatric with C. pisifera, on wetter sites e.g. near mountain streams or in hollows with ground water near the surface. In those wet places trees can spread by the layering of branches to form small groves of clonal individuals. It is a minor constituent in mixed conifer/angiosperm forests. Its altitudinal range is from 280 m to 2600 m a.s.l. [1-7]",Native to central Japan and widely cultivated in the temperate northern hemisphere.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecyparis+obtusa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaecyparis_obtusa1.JPEG
Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis,pisifera,Sawara cypress,medium,4 to 8,40.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Occurs where sympatric with the more ubiquitous C. obtusa, on wetter sites e.g. near mountain streams or in hollows with ground water near the surface. In those wet places trees can spread by the layering of branches to form small groves of clonal individuals. It is a minor constituent in mixed conifer/angiosperm forests. Its altitudinal range is from 280 m to 2600 m a.s.l. [1-7]","Native to central and southern Japan, on the islands of Honsh_ and Ky_sh_.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecyparis+pisifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaecyparis_pisifera1.JPEG
Cupressaceae,Chamaecyparis,thyoides,"White Cypress, Atlantic white cedar, Coast White Cedar, Southern White Cedar, White Cypress",slow,4 to 9,10.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Cold, swampy often inundated ground, frequently forming dense pure forests[11, 43, 81, 82]. The best specimens are found in acid peat beds.","Eastern N. America - Maine, south to Florida and west to Mississippi.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecyparis+thyoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaecyparisThyoides.jpg
Fabaceae,Chamaecytisus,proliferus,Tagasaste. Tree lucerne.,fast,8 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Native to the extremely arid volcanic slopes of the Canary Islands. It prefers sandy soils, but thrives on gravels, loams, limestone and laterites. Its rainfall range is 350 to 1600 mm annually. Soils must be free-draining to avoid infection with root-rot fungus. A pH of 5 to 7 is tolerated. It can survive cold winters down to -9°C.Grows along roadsides, in pastures, grasslands, heathlands, open woodlands, disturbed sites and waste areas, along waterways and drainage lines, and around old habitations in temperate, semi-arid and occasionally also sub-tropical regions.","Native to the Canary Islands in the Mediterranean region. Widely naturalised in southern Australia. (i.e. in south-eastern Queensland, New South Wales, ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, south-eastern South Australia, and south-western and western Western Australia). Also sparingly naturalised on Norfolk Island. Widely naturalised in New Zealand and Africa.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaecytisus+proliferus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaecytisus_proliferus1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Chamaedaphne,calyculata,Leather Leaf,,6 to 9,0.8,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Peaty swales, bogs, pine barrens, pond margins etc.","Europe, Asia, N. America.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaedaphne+calyculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AndromedaCalyculata.jpg
Arecaceae,Chamaedorea,tepejilote,"Pacaya Palm, Palmito dulce",fast,10 to 12,7.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist, humus-rich soils in the understorey of the rainforests[ 200 , 297 ]. Forests, often on limestone soils, at elevations up to 1,600 metres[ 786 ].",Northwestern S. America - Colombia; C. America - Panama to Mexico.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaedorea+tepejilote,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chamaedorea tepejilote 1.JPG
Melanthiaceae,Chamaelirium,luteum,"Blazing Star - Unicorn Root - Devil's Bit, Fairywand",,4 to 8,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Low moist ground in meadows, thickets and rich woods.","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Arkansas, Illinois and Michigan.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaelirium+luteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaeliriumLuteum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chamaemelum,nobile,"Chamomile, Roman chamomile",,4 to 9,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,June to July,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy commons, pastures and grassy roadsides.","Western Europe, including Britain, from Belgium south to N. Africa and the Azores.",2,5,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaemelum+nobile,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaemelumNobile.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Chamaerops,humilis,"Dwarf Fan Palm, European fan palm, Hair Palm, Mediterranean Fan Palm",slow,8 to 11,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Nutritionally poor, dry sandy or rocky soils on mountain slopes to 1000 metres[50, 89, 166, 200].",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaerops+humilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaeropsHumilis.jpg
Solanaceae,Chamaesaracha,coronopus,Greenleaf Five Eyes,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry clay soils, 1200 - 1500 metres. Disturbed areas in Texas.",Western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chamaesaracha+coronopus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChamaesarachaCoronopus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chasmanthium,latifolium,"Indian Woodoats, Wild Oats Grass, North American Wild Oats, Northern Sea Oats, Spanglegrass River Oa",medium,4 to 10,1.0,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist fertile woodlands. Along stream and river banks and in rich deciduous woods.,South-eastern N. America to northern Mexico.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chasmanthium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChasmanthiumLatifolium.jpg
Pteridaceae,Cheilanthes,pteridioides,Ressurection Fern,,7 to 10,0.2,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grows amongst stones.,S. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cheilanthes+pteridioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Chelidonium,majus,"Greater Celandine, Swallow Wort, Greater Celandine",fast,5 to 8,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rubble, damp ground, banks, hedgerows and by walls[7, 17], nearly always close to human habitations.","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to N. Asia.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chelidonium+majus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChelidoniumMajus.jpg
Scrophulariaceae,Chelone,glabra,"Balmony, White turtlehead",,3 to 7,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Margins of swamps, wet woods and rivers[4, 43].","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chelone+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CheloneGlabra.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,acuminatum,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wastelands, riverbanks and field margins in northern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+acuminatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,album,"Fat Hen, Lambsquarters",,None to None,0.9,0.2,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A common weed of cultivated ground, especially on rich soils and old manure heaps[4, 17]. It is often one of the first weeds to appear on newly cultivated soils.","Most of Europe, including Britain, north to 71° N,. N. and S. Africa, Asia, Australia and N. America",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumAlbum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,ambrosioides,Mexican Tea,,7 to 10,1.0,0.7,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mainly found on dry wasteland and cultivated ground[204, 268].",Tropical America. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].,2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+ambrosioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumAmbrosioides.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,ambrosioides anthelminticum,Wormseed,,7 to 10,1.0,0.7,Annual/Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mainly found on dry wasteland and cultivated ground[204, 268].",Tropical America. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+ambrosioides anthelminticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumAmbrosioidesAnthelminticum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,auricomum,Queensland Bluebush,,None to None,1.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Floodplains and swamps on clay soils.,Australia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+auricomum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,berlandieri,"Southern Huauzontle, Pitseed goosefoot, Nuttall's goosefoot, Bush's goosefoot,  Zschack's goosefoot",,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open soil. Mud-flats at elevations of 10 - 200 metres in Texas and Mexico.,N. America - Florida to Texas and north to New Carolina and North Dakota.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+berlandieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumBerlandieri.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,bonus-henricus,Good King Henry,,4 to 8,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich pastures, farmyards, roadsides etc.","Most of Europe, including Britain, north to Scandanavia, W. Asia, N. America.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+bonus-henricus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumBonus-henricus.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,botrys,"Jerusalem Oak, Jerusalem oak goosefoot",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places, roadsides and disturbed soil in eastern N. America. Valleys, river terraces, around houses and roadsides in Tibet.",S. Europe to C. Asia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+botrys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumBotrys.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,bushianum,Bush's goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Disturbed areas, mostly as weed in cultivated ground, woods and alluvial river banks.",Eastern and northern N. America.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+bushianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,californicum,California Goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry to moist slopes, ledges, plains, yellow-pine forests, yucca-juniper woodlands, chaparral and under oaks and willows at elevations of 30 - 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumCalifornicum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,canihua,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,S. America - Andes.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+canihua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,capitatum,"Strawberry Blite, 	Blite goosefoot",,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rubbish tips etc in Britain.,Europe. A rare casual in Britain[17].,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+capitatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumCapitatum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,cristatum,Crested Goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Inland areas in all mainland states. Alluvial flats on red sandy loams and red sands.,Australia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+cristatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,ficifolium,Fig-Leaved Goosefoot,,4 to 8,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and arable land, especially on rich soils and near compost heaps. Avoids acid soils.","Central and southern Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and central Asia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+ficifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumFicifolium.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,foliosum,Leafy goosefoot,,4 to 8,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places and waysides. Slopes, forest margins and valleys in northern Tibet.",S. Europe to N. Africa and Asia.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+foliosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumFoliosum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,fremontii,"Goosefoot, Fremont's goosefoot, Pringle's goosefoot",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A wide variety of habitats from desert, cliffs, talus, and moist shaded areas under aspen, junipers, or pinyons, often in riparian habitats at elevations of 2000 - 2900 metres.",Western N. America - Canada to California.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+fremontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumFremontii.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,giganteum,Tree Spinach,,4 to 8,2.4,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Weed infested places.,E. Asia - N. India. Naturalized in S. France[50].,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+giganteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,glaucum,Oak-Leaved Goosefoot,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Rich waste ground, rarely by the sea-shore, in Britain.",Europe to Asia. Native of Britain?,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+glaucum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumGlaucum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,graveolens,Foetid Goosefoot,,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In shade of pines and junipers or occasionally in open dry plains, ridge tops, or in waste areas in the east; 900-2800 metres. A common weed of cultivated ground, especially on rich soils.",Southwestern N. America - Arizone to Texas.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,hybridum,,,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky woods, thickets, clearings and waste places in N. America.","Europe, Asia, N. America - Canada to California.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+hybridum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumHybridum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,incanum,Mealy Goosefoot,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry soils in waste ground. Sandy soils and hills, limestone and gypsiferous soils, waste areas at elevations of 500 - 2500 metres.","Central N. America - Nebraska to Wyoming, Kansas and Arizona.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+incanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumIncanum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,leptophyllum,Narrow Leaved Goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry soils and sandy coasts. Open, often disturbed sandy areas and fields at elevations of 400 - 3400 metres.","N. America - Maine, Vancouver and Ontario south to Mexico.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+leptophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumLeptophyllum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,murale,Nettleleaf Goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Dunes and in waste places, especially on light soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to N. Africa, southwest and southern Asia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+murale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumMurale.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,nuttalliae,"Huauzontle, Nuttall's goosefoot",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+nuttalliae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,opulifolium,Seaport goosefoot,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,,,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"A not infrequent alien in waste places, mainly in S. England.",Europe to Asia. An introduced casual in Britain[17].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+opulifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,overi,Over's goosefoot,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Aspen groves, ponderosa pine, pinyon-juniper, Douglas fir-aspen, big sagebrush, meadows, and riparian habitats at elevations of 1400 - 3000 metres.","Western N. America - California to Montana, Arizona and New Mexico.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+overi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,pallidicaule,Cañihua,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"A common weed of cultivated ground, especially on rich soils, it grows in areas where frosts can occur in 9 months of the year, including during the growing season.",S. America - Andes.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+pallidicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,polyspermum,"All-Seed, Manyseed goosefoot",,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Waste places and cultivated ground.,"Most of Europe, including Britain, eastwards to Asia.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+polyspermum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumPolyspermum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,pratericola,Desert Goosefoot,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stream banks, disturbed soils and sandy soils. A casual on rubbish tips and near buildings and docks in Britain.",N. America - in most areas. A casual in Britain[17].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+pratericola,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,quinoa,"Quinoa, Goosefoot, Pigweed, Inca Wheat",fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.3,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The original habitat is obscure, the plant probably arose through cultivation.",S. America - Western Andes.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+quinoa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumQuinoa.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,rubrum,Red Goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste and cultivated land, often near the sea, also in farmyards and rubbish tips.","Most of Europe, including Britain, east to central Asia. Also in N. America..",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+rubrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumRubrum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,schraderianum,,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Weed infested places. Forest margins, meadows, riversides, around houses, sometimes in fields in northern China.",N. Africa to Europe - Russia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+schraderianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,simplex,Mapleleaf goosefoot,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, thickets, hardwood slopes, wooded tallus, nutrient-rich woods, sometimes in waste places and fields from sea level to 1800 metres.","Much of N. America except the far north, west and south",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumSimplex.jpg
Amaranthaceae,Chenopodium,spp.,Perennial quinoa,fast,4 to 10,2.0,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Varied depending on species.,"Chenopodium is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world including Africa, Australasia, North America, Europe, and Oceania, (even, apparently in Antarctica).",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chenopodium_spp1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,stenophyllum,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+stenophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,suecicum,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A rather rare casual of rubbish tips and waste places in Britain.,Europe to E. Asia. Introduced in Britain[17].,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+suecicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,urbicum,City goosefoot,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and arable land, especially by manure heaps in Britain.",Europe. Possibly native of Britain.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+urbicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumUrbicum.jpg
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,virgatum,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Waste ground by rivers and sea-shores, C. and S. Japan. Beaches, lakeshores and waste places in eastern China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+virgatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,viride,"White Goosefoot, Pigweed",,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Weed infested places.,Europe.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+viride,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium,vulvaria,Stinking Goosefoot. Arrach - Wormseed,,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Landward edges of salt marshes and shingle beaches, inland in waste areas.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and S.W. Asia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chenopodium+vulvaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChenopodiumVulvaria.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Chesneya,nubigena,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Moist pastureland at elevations of 3000 - 4000 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - Himalayas from India to Nepal, Tibet and China.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chesneya+nubigena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chiliotrichum,diffusum,,slow,7 to 10,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"The dominant or sub-dominant species in shrub communities at the margins and in clearings of evergreen and deciduous forests, drier parts of bogs, rock crevices and streamsides.","Southern S. America - Falkland Islands, Argentina, Chile.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chiliotrichum+diffusum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChiliotrichumDiffusum.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Chilopsis,linearis,Desert Willow,medium,7 to 11,9.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Gravelly or rocky soils in arid desert washes and desert grasslands, 400 - 1600 metres[227, 229]. Plants attain their greatest size when growing along streams and in low places.",South-western N. America - California to Texas south to Mexico.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chilopsis+linearis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChilopsisLinearis.jpg
Pyrolaceae,Chimaphila,maculata,"Spotted Wintergreen, Striped prince's pine, Pipsissewa",slow,6 to 7,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods. Dry woods.,"Eastern N. America - Illinois to Michigan and Ontario, south to Texas and Georgia.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimaphila+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChimaphilaMaculata.jpg
Pyrolaceae,Chimaphila,umbellata,Pipsissewa,slow,4 to 8,0.4,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry coniferous woods in Europe. Moist woods, particularly coniferous stands, and along mountain streams from the lower hills to about 2,500 metres in Western N. America.","N. Europe, N. America, E. Asia.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimaphila+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChimaphilaUmbellata.jpg
Calycanthaceae,Chimonanthus,praecox,Winter Sweet,medium,7 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,November to March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cliffs in glens and gorges of Ichang province, 30 - 3000 metres. Mountain forests at elevations of 500 - 1,100 metres. Also found in Sichuan, Hubei and Chekiang.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonanthus+praecox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChimonanthusPraecox.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,marmorea,Kan-Chiku,fast,5 to 9,1.5,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,This plant has long been cultivated in Japan and has been introduced elsewhere. Its original habitat is obscure.,E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+marmorea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,pachystachys,Thorny Bamboo,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - W. China, W. Sichuan and Yunnan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+pachystachys,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,purpurea,,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - China. Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,quadrangularis,Square Bamboo,,5 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests.,"E. Asia - S.E. China, Formosa. Naturalized in south-western England.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+quadrangularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chimonobambusa,szechuanensis,,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - W. China, Sichuan.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chimonobambusa+szechuanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Chiococca,alba,"West Indian Snow Berry, David's rot, Skunk-root, Snowberry.",medium,10 to 12,6.0,7.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Tropical moist forests[315 ].,S. America from Bolivia north through Central America to Florida and the West Indies.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chiococca+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chiococca_alba1.jpg
Oleaceae,Chionanthus,virginicus,"Fringe Tree, White fringetree, Old Man's Beard, Fringe Tree",fast,4 to 9,5.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich moist soils by the edges of streams and in damp woods and scrub[43, 55, 82].","Eastern N. America - Florida and Texas north to New Jersey, Ohio and Missouri.",1,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chionanthus+virginicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChionanthusVirginicus.jpg
Melanthiaceae,Chionographis,japonica,,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - C. and S. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chionographis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChionographisJaponica.jpg
Chloranthaceae,Chloranthus,japonicus,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, shaded, wet places and streamsides at elevations of 100 - 2300 metres in northern China.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea and eastern Russia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chloranthus+japonicus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChloranthusJaponicus.jpg
Lauraceae,Chlorocardium,rodiei,"Greenheart, Demerara Greenheart",medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A dominant component of a restricted belt of lowland rainforest on brown sand and is also found occasionally in other forest types[ 338 ]. Found mostly on slopes leading down to streams and in damp sites near streams[ 378 ].,"S. America - French Guiana, Surinam, Guyana.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chlorocardium+rodiei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chlorocardium rodiei 1.jpg
Hyacinthaceae,Chlorogalum,parviflorum,Smallflower Soapplant,,7 to 10,0.6,0.2,Bulb,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open areas of coastal sage scrub from sea level to 800 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chlorogalum+parviflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Hyacinthaceae,Chlorogalum,pomeridianum,"Soap Lily, Wavyleaf soap plant",,7 to 10,2.0,0.3,Bulb,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open hills and plains, occasionally in woods, below 1500 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chlorogalum+pomeridianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChlorogalumPomeridianum.jpg
Rutaceae,Chloroxylon,swietenia,East Indian Satinwood,fast,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry deciduous forest on poor, well-drained sandy or rocky soils, at low to medium altitudes[ 299 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chloroxylon+swietenia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chloroxylon swietenia 1.JPG
Rutaceae,Choisya,ternata,Mexican Orange Flower,medium,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Chalky soils, often near the sea.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Choisya+ternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChoisyaTernata.jpg
Asteraceae,Chondrilla,ambigua,"Chondrilla, Sha di fen bao ju",fast,4 to 9,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Sand dunes, gravel and loess areas; 300-800 m. Xinjiang - Kazakhstan, Russia (Southern European), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.",Northern Middle Asia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chondrilla+ambigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chondrilla_ambigua1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chondrilla,chondrilloides,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Basic,['Basic'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: basic (mildly alkaline) soils,,Grows in river gravels50.,Europe - E. Alps.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chondrilla+chondrilloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chondrilla,juncea,"Naked Weed, Rush skeletonweed",,None to None,1.0,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry open habitats.,"S. and W. Europe, north to N. France.",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chondrilla+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChondrillaJuncea.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Chorispora,sabulosa,,,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stony slopes, usually in dry areas, up to 5000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chorispora+sabulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Chorispora,tenella,"Musk Mustard, Crossflower",,7 to 10,0.2,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Steppes, on clay and solonetzic soils, and as a weed of arable land. Pastures, roadsides, fields and waste areas at elevations of 100 - 2200 metres in western China.",Southeast Europe to China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chorispora+tenella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChorisporaTenella.jpg,Chrozophora,obliqua,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry places.,"Southern Europe, Mediterranean, to India.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrozophora+obliqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Chrozophora,tinctoria,"Dyer's Croton, Giradol",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry places near the coast.,Southern Europe - the Mediterranean.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrozophora+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrozophoraTinctoria.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysanthemum,carinatum,"Tricolor Chrysanthemum, Painted Daisy, Summer Chrysanthemum",fast,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,The original habitat is obscure.,N. Africa - Possibly Morocco.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysanthemum+carinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysanthemumCarinatum .jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysanthemum,coronarium,Chop-Suey Greens,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and waste places.,S. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysanthemum+coronarium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysanthemumCoronarium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysanthemum,coronarium spatiosum,Chop-Suey Greens,,None to None,1.2,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Cultivated ground and waste places.,S. Europe.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysanthemum+coronarium spatiosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysanthemum,marshallii,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Europe to W. Asia - Caucasia.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysanthemum+marshallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysanthemum,segetum,Corn Marigold,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A weed of lime-free arable land in Britain[1, 17].",Europe - E. Mediterranean. Probably introduced in Britain[17].,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysanthemum+segetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysanthemumSegetum.jpg
Chrysobalanaceae,Chrysobalanus,icaco,"Coco Plum, Paradise Plum",slow,10 to 12,6.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Forests near the shore line[ 200 ]. Coastal shoreline and sandy thickets[ 307 ]. Usually found where the soil is moist or flooded[ 335 ].,"S. America from Brazil, north to the Caribbean, Mexico and southern Florida. West tropical Africa - coastal areas from Senegal to Angola.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysobalanus+icaco,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chrysobalanus icaco 1.jpg
Compositae,Chrysogonum,virginianum,"Golden-knee, Green and Gold, or Goldenstar",fast,5 to 9,0.2,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Native to woodland areas from Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana in moist well drained soils in part sun or part shade often growing as a natural groundcover.[368-1]. Indigenous to mesic to dry woodlands and open rocky woodlands.  Plants are more likely to be found in forest edges and clearings with bright filtered light rather than in densely shaded interiors.,Native to the eastern United States from New York to Florida and Louisiana.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysogonum+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chrysogonum_virginianum1.JPEG
Fagaceae,Chrysolepis,chrysophylla,"Golden Chinquapin, Giant chinquapin",medium,6 to 9,20.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Midges']",,July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Forested slopes near the coast in California. Found in many soil types ranging from dry and rocky to deep rich soils.,South-western N. America - Washington to Oregon and California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysolepis+chrysophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysolepisChrysophylla.jpg
Fagaceae,Chrysolepis,sempervirens,"Dwarf Golden Chinquapin, Bush chinquapin",,5 to 9,3.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Alpine regions of the coastal ranges and the Sierra Nevada. Rocky slopes, chaparral and conifer forest, mostly at high elevations up to 3300 metres, but sometimes down to sea level.",South-western N. America - California and Oregon.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysolepis+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysolepisSempervirens .jpg
Sapotaceae,Chrysophyllum,cainito,"Star Apple, Caimito",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humid woodlands at low to medium elevations[ 307 ].,"Central America - Belize; Caribbean - Cayman Islands, Jamaica.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysophyllum+cainito,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chrysophyllum cainito 1.jpg
Poaceae,Chrysopogon,zizanioides,"Vetiver, Vetiver Root, Khus Khus",fast,7 to 11,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Floodplains and the banks of streams and rivers[ 200 ]. Rich moist soils, often along water courses[ 454 ].","E. Asia - Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysopogon+zizanioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chrysopogon zizanioides 1.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Chrysosplenium,alternifolium,"Golden Saxifrage,  Alternate-leaf golden saxifrage, Iowa golden saxifrage",,4 to 8,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Flies']",,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Acid soils by the sides of streams, wet rocks and wet ground in woods, usually in shade.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south to C. France, east to C. Asia and the Himalayas.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysosplenium+alternifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysospleniumAlternifolium.jpg
Saxifragaceae,Chrysosplenium,americanum,"Water Mat, American golden saxifrage",,3 to 7,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Flies']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Acid soils in springheads, rills and cold wet places","Central and Western N. America - Quebec to Minnesota, south to Nova Scotia and Montana.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysosplenium+americanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysospleniumAmericanum .jpg
Saxifragaceae,Chrysosplenium,carnosum,,,None to None,0.1,1.0,Perennial,,"['Beetles', 'Flies']",,July to August,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations of 4,200 - 4,500 metres, often near the line of perpetual snow. Alpine scrub meadows and alpine rock clefts at elevations of 4400 - 4700 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Sikkim.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysosplenium+carnosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Saxifragaceae,Chrysosplenium,oppositifolium,Golden Saxifrage,,4 to 8,0.2,0.5,Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Beetles']",,April to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Acid soils on the banks of springs and wet shady mountainsides[5, 17, 52].","Western and central Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain, east to Germany and N. Italy.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysosplenium+oppositifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysospleniumOppositifolium .jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysothamnus,graveolens,Rubber Rabbitbrush,,7 to 10,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry situations in semi-deserts[11, 200]. Sterile, especially alkaline soils.","Western N. America - Montana to Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysothamnus+graveolens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysothamnusGraveolens.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysothamnus,nauseosus,Rubber Rabbitbrush,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry sandy, gravelly, or heavy clayey and alkali soils in open places in sagebrush, juniper-pinyon and ponderosa-pine zones at low elevations and occasionally found at higher elevations[60, 269].",Western N. America - Canada to California.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysothamnus+nauseosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysothamnusNauseosus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Chrysothamnus,viscidiflorus,"Green Rabbitbrush, Yellow rabbitbrush",,3 to 7,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry open places in lowlands and up to moderate elevations.,Western N. America - southern British Columbia to California.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chrysothamnus+viscidiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChrysothamnusViscidiflorus.jpg
Meliaceae,Chukrasia,tabularis,"Chickrassy, Chittagong Wood, Indian Redwood.",medium,9 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A dominant tree, usually found scattered in the top canopy of lowland evergreen or deciduous forest. It occasionally occurs as a colonizer of bare land, including road cuttings[ 303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chukrasia+tabularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Chukrasia tabularis 1.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chusquea,culeou,Culeu,fast,6 to 9,5.0,2.5,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Montane woodlands in the Andes.,"S. America - Argentina, Chile.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chusquea+culeou,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ChusqueaCuleou.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Chusquea,quila,Argentinian quila,,6 to 9,5.0,2.5,Evergreen Bamboo,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Argentina, Chile.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Chusquea+quila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dicksoniaceae,Cibotium,barometz,Scythian Lamb,,8 to 11,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides, gullies and forests, where it is shady and damp.",E. Asia - Assam to China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cibotium+barometz,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cicer,arietinum,Chick Pea,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Unknown in the wild.,Asia? Original habitat is obscure.,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cicer+arietinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cicer,microphyllum,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry slopes at 3300 - 4800 metres. Hill slopes or river banks at elevations of 1600 - 4600 metres in Tibet.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to Tibet and western Nepal.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cicer+microphyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cicerbita,alpina,Blue Sow Thistle,,4 to 8,1.0,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"A very rare native of Scotland, growing on alpine rock in moist places.","Mountainous regions of C. Europe, including Britain, from Norway to the Pyrenees.",2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cicerbita+alpina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae [Compositae],Cichorium,endivia,Endive,,None to None,1.0,0.3,Biennial,,['Bees'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocks and sand by the sea.,S. Europe to E. Asia - India.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cichorium+endivia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cichorium,intybus,"Chicory, Radicchio, Succory, Witloof",fast,3 to 7,1.5,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy meadows and arable land, especially on chalk[5, 13].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cichorium+intybus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CichoriumIntybus6.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cichorium,spinosum,,,6 to 9,0.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Seashores in Greece.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cichorium+spinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cicuta,virosa,"Cowbane, Mackenzie's water hemlock",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches, shallow muddy waters and marshes[9, 13, 17].","Northern and central Europe, including Britain, east to Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cicuta+virosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Ciliosemina,pedunculata,Ciliosemina,,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - northern Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ciliosemina+pedunculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ciliosemina pedunculata 1.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Cimicifuga,dahurica,Xing An Sheng Ma,,4 to 8,1.5,0.8,Perennial,,,,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forest margins, shrub thickets, forests and very dry places in valley meadows.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Mongolia, Siberia.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cimicifuga+dahurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Cimicifuga,foetida,Foetid Bugbane,,3 to 7,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shrubberies and forest clearings on open humus-rich soils, to 4000 metres in the Himalayas[51, 145]. Frequently found in fir forests in Kashmir.",E. Asia - C. Russia to Japan.,1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cimicifuga+foetida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Cimicifuga,heracleifolia,Komarov's Bugbane,,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,,,August to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Scrub and grassy slopes from sea level to 1000 metres.,E. Asia - Eastern Russia to Northern China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cimicifuga+heracleifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Cimicifuga,racemosa (Actaea racemosa),"Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, Bugbane",medium,4 to 10,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,,,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, mixed deciduous forests, wooded slopes, ravines, creek margins, thickets, moist meadowlands, forest margins, and especially mountainous terrain from sea level to 1500 metres.","Eastern N. America - Massachusetts to Ontario, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",1,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cimicifuga+racemosa (Actaea racemosa),https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CimicifugaRacemosa5.jpg
Ranunculaceae,Cimicifuga,simplex,,,4 to 8,1.5,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain meadows and alpine regions all over Japan. Forest margins, scrub, grassy slopes and open lands at elevations of 300 - 3200 metres.","E. Asia - Japan, Dahurica.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cimicifuga+simplex,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Cinchona,calisaya,"Peruvian Bark, Quinine",medium,10 to 12,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cool, humid, mountain regions[ 200 ]. Andean rainforests[ 418 ].","Western S. America - Bolivia, Peru.",2,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinchona+calisaya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinchona calisaya 1.jpg
Zygophyllaceae,Cinchona,micrantha,Huannco,medium,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Western S. America - Ecuador.,2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinchona+micrantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinchona_micrantha_Howard.jpg
Rubiaceae,Cinchona,officinalis,Lojabark,medium,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cool, humid, mountain regions at elevations of 1,200 - 3,000 metres[ 200 , 310 ].",Western S. America - Ecuador.,2,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinchona+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinchona officinalis_1.jpg
Rubiaceae,Cinchona,pubescens,"Quinine tree, Red Bark, Cinchona, Quina, Quinquina, Quinine Bark, Peruvian Bark, Jesuit's Bark",fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Cool, humid, mountain regions at elevations of 1,000 - 3,700 metres[ 200 , 310 ].","S. America - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica.",2,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinchona+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinchona pubescens 1.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Cinna,latifolia,"Sweet Reed Grass, Drooping woodreed",,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and mountains in N. Japan. Damp woods in N. America.,"Europe, N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey and Washington. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinna+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/AgrostisLatifolia.jpg
Lauraceae,Cinnamomum,camphora,"Camphor, Camphortree",slow,9 to 11,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Diptera'],,March to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Banks of streams in China, to elevations of 750 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinnamomum+camphora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CinnamomumCamphora.jpg
Lauraceae,Cinnamomum,loureiroi,Saigon Cinnamon,medium,10 to 12,18.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests at low to medium elevations, occasionally ascending to 2,000 metres[ 785 ].",E. Asia - Vietnam.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinnamomum+loureiroi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinnamomum loureiroi 1.jpg
Lauraceae,Cinnamomum,verum,"Cinnamon, Ceylon Cinnamon Tree",slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forests in moist, well-drained soils from sea level to 700 metres[ 254 , 307 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, but also widely cultivated throughout the Tropics.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cinnamomum+verum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cinnamomum verum 1.jpg
Onagraceae,Circaea,lutetiana,"Enchanter's Nightshade, Broadleaf enchanter's nightshade",,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,['Diptera'],,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and shady places on a moist, base-rich soil, throughout Britain to 360 metres.","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa and Iran.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Circaea+lutetiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,acaulon,Stemless Thistle,,4 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Closely grazed pastures, especially on chalk or limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain and east to W. Asia.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+acaulon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,amplexifolium,Dakiba-Hime-Azami,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Along temperate forest margins and in tall herbal stands at elevations of 500 - 1000 metres.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+amplexifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,arvense,"Creeping Thistle, Canada thistle",fast,4 to 7,0.9,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable land, roadsides etc[9, 13], a common weed of cultivated land.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and Asia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+arvense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumArvense.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,brevicaule,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In maritime rocky and grassy slopes from sea level to 100 metres.,"E. Asia - southern Japan, Taiwan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+brevicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,brevistylum,"Indian Thistle, Clustered thistle",,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Brushy and wooded slopes, in mixed evergreen forests and in coastal scrub in California.",Western N. America.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+brevistylum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,buergeri,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,September to November,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains of C. and S. Japan. Dry grasslands and along forest margins at elevations of 200 - 500 metres.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+buergeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumBuergeri.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,chinense,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassland on mountain slopesat elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.,E. Asia - China.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,coreanum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+coreanum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,dipsacolepis,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,September to November,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowlands, C. and S. Japan. In sunny, xeric herbal stands of the temperate zones at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+dipsacolepis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,eatoni,Eaton's Thistle,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry stony slopes, 3000 - 3500 metres in California.",Western N. America.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+eatoni,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumEatoni.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,edule,Edible Thistle,,6 to 9,2.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Wet meadows and open woods in mountains.,Western N. America - southwards from Canada.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+edule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumEdule.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,eriophorum,Wooly Thistle,,5 to 9,1.5,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland, open scrub and roadsides on calcareous soils[12, 17].","Central Europe, from Britain, France and Holland to the Balkans and Upper Volga",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+eriophorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumEriophorum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,foliosum,Elk thistle,,5 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Swales and other moderately moist and badly drained sites,N. America - Montana to Saskatchewan.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+foliosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumFoliosum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,hookerianum,White Thistle,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist bottoms, open rocky slopes and cultivated fields.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Alaska and south to Washington.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+hookerianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,japonicum,"No-Azami, Japanese thistle",,5 to 9,0.9,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny slopes in lowlands and foothills, C. and S. Japan[58, 147].",E. Asia - Japan.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumJaponicum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,kamtschaticum,Kamchatka thistle,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In sunny grasslands and along forest margins from sea level to 2000 metres.,E. Asia - N. Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+kamtschaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,lepskyle,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Himalayas.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+lepskyle,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,lineare,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland areas, C. and S. Japan. Mountain slopes and roadsides at elevations of 900 - 1700 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+lineare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,maackii,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to September,June to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland and low elevations in mountains in S. Japan. Grassland on mountain slopes, forest margins, meadows and near villages at levations of 100 - 1100 metres.","E. Asia - Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+maackii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,maritimum,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Near seashores, C. Japan. In maritime rocky and grassy slopes from sea level to elevations of 20 metres.",E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+maritimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,nipponicum,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,In sunny grasslands and along the margin of temperate forests; 100--1600 m. Ssp. comosum. (Fr.&Sav.)Kitam.is found near the sea shore and ssp. yatsugatakense. (Nakai.)Kitam. in high mountains,E. Asia - central and southern Japan.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+nipponicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,occidentale,"Cobwebby Thistle, Snowy thistle, Compact cobwebby thistle",,8 to 11,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy places by the coast and into the nearby hills.,South-western N. America - S. California.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+occidentale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumOccidentale.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,ochrocentrum,Yellow Spined Thistle,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry slopes, 1500 - 3000 metres in California. Sandy or rocky prairies and roadsides.",South-western N. America - California to Texas and Nebraska.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+ochrocentrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumOchrocentrum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,oleraceum,Cabbage Thistle,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, fens, streamsides and wet woods in Britain, avoiding acid soils.",C. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+oleraceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumOleraceum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,oligophyllum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In sunny grasslands and along temperate forest margins at elevations of 20 - 1200 metres.,E. Asia - central Japan.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+oligophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumOligophyllum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,pallidum,Pale Thistle,,None to None,1.5,0.5,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stream banks, montane meadows, and damp soil in montane coniferous forests at elevations from 2,100 - to 3,700 metres[270 ].","South-western N. America - Arizona, Colrado and New Mexico.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+pallidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumPallidum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,palustre,Marsh Thistle,,4 to 8,1.5,0.4,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Damp soils in meadows and woodland[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and west to N. Africa and W. Asia",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+palustre,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumPalustre.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,pectinellum,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"In wet sunny grasslands and along streams of the basal zones or sometimes in xeric serpentine slopes, from near sea level to elevations of 300 metres.",E. Asia - northern Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+pectinellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,pendulum,,,None to None,1.8,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland in mountain valleys and mountain slopes, forests, forest margins, streamsides, near villages and in rock crevices at levations of 300 - 2300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+pendulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumPendulum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,purpuratum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Gravelly and sandy slopes in mountains, C. Japan. On scree and sunny rocky or sandy slopes at elevations of 600 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - central Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+purpuratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumPurpuratum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,schantarense,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,June to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, forest margins, along rivers and in meadows at elevations of 1500 - 2000 metres in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces of China.","E. Asia - China, Korea, Manchuria and eastern Russia.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+schantarense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,scopulorum,Mountain thistle,,4 to 8,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Northern Central N. America - Montana.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+scopulorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,serratuloides,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,July to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, by rivers, by water at elvations of 1200 - 1400 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Siberia.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+serratuloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,setosum,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Edges of fields and streams. Mountain slopes, by rivers, water lands and farmlands at elevations of 100 - 2700 metres throughout China.","E. Asia - China, S. Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+setosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumSetosum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,sieboldii,,,None to None,0.9,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in lowland by rivers and streams, C. and S. Japan. In moors and along streams in sunny grasslands at elevations of 5 - 1800 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+sieboldii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,spicatum,,,None to None,1.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In sunny grasslands of the montane zones at elevations of 800 - 1800 metres.,E. Asia - southern Japan.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+spicatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,spinosum,,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,In maritime rocky and grassy slopes from sea level to 100 metres.,E. Asia - S. Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+spinosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,suffultum,Tsukushi-Azami,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,In sunny grasslands of temperate zones at elevations of 600 - 1700 metres.,E. Asia - S. Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+suffultum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,tuberosum,Tuberous Thistle,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp grassland on calcareous soils[17, 50].","Western and central Europe, including Britain.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+tuberosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumTuberosum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,undulatum,"Wavy-Leaved Thistle, Tracy's thistle",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry open soils. Prairies, pastures and roadsides in Texas.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Texas.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+undulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumUndulatum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,verutum,,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated areas, forest clearings, 740 - 2200 metres. Slopes, forests and forest margins at elevations of 2900 - 3900 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Afghanistan to Bhutan and Burma.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+verutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,virginianum,Virginia thistle,,None to None,1.2,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet pineland, sphagnum or peaty bogs, swales and clearings on coastal plain.",South-eastern N. America - Florida to New Jersey.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+virginianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumVirginianum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,vulgare,"Common Thistle, Bull thistle, Dodder, Boar Thistle, Bull Thistle",fast,None to None,2.0,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, waysides, gardens and waste places to 600 metres.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CirsiumVulgare.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cirsium,yezoense,,,None to None,2.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, C. and N. Japan. Along streams and in and along temperate forests at elevations of 100 - 1000 metres.",E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+yezoense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Vitaceae,Cissus,quadrangularis,Veldt Grape,fast,10 to 12,5.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Scrub; thicket; Acacia woodland; grassland with scattered Combretum etc; termite mounds; riverine thicket; coastal forest edges; sandy banks of rivers; outwash gully in dense mixed thicket; at elevations from near sea level to 2,250 metres in Africa[ 328 ]","Throughout tropical Africa; through the Arabian Peninsula to the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cissus+quadrangularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cissus quadrangularis 1.jpg
Cistaceae,Cistus,albidus,Rock Rose,fast,6 to 9,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Garigue, rocky places on limestone soils and open pine forest.",S.W. Europe to N. Africa - Mediterranean.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cistus+albidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CistusAlbidus.gif
Cistaceae,Cistus,creticus,"Rock Rose, Cretan rockrose",,7 to 10,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Amongst scrub and in bushy places on rocks, dry hills etc to 1000 metres.",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cistus+creticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CistusCreticus.gif
Cistaceae,Cistus,ladanifer,"Labdanum, Common gum cistus",fast,6 to 9,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pine woods, copses and on dry usually granitic hills[89, 184].",Europe - W. Mediterranean.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cistus+ladanifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CistusLadanifer2.gif
Cistaceae,Cistus,salviifolius,"Rock Rose, Salvia cistus, Sage Leaf Rock Rose",fast,8 to 11,0.6,0.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry woods, thickets and banks, often on acid soils and on limestone, from sea level to 1200 metres in the Alpes Maritimes[11, 89].",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cistus+salviifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CistuSalvifolius.gif
Rutaceae,Citrofortunella,floridana,Limequat,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A bi-generic hybrid, Citrus aurantifolia x Fortunella sp.[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrofortunella+floridana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Citrofortunella,microcarpa,Calamondin Orange,,None to None,5.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A bi-generic hybrid, Citrus reticulata x Fortunella margarita?[200].",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrofortunella+microcarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrofortunellaMicrocarpa.gif
Rutaceae,Citrofortunella,swinglei,Limequat,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A bi-generic hybrid, Citrus aurantifolia x Fortunella margarita[200].",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrofortunella+swinglei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Citroncirus,,"Citrumelo,  Citroncirus, Citrange",,7 to 10,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, Poncirus trifoliata x Citrus paradisi.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citroncirus+,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Citroncirus,webberi,Citrange,,6 to 9,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A bi-generic hybrid, Citrus sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata[200].",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citroncirus+webberi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rutaceae,Citropsis,gilletiana,Gillet's cherry-orange,medium,10 to 12,9.0,9.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,West tropical Africa - DR Congo.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citropsis+gilletiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citropsis gilletiana 1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Citrullus,colocynthis,"Perennial egusi, Bitter-apple",fast,10 to 12,3.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open woodlands, grasslands, river beds and banks, flood plains, on bare areas and road verges and in disturbed and undisturbed natural vegetation.",Northern Africa through Arabia to Afghanistan and Pakistan.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrullus+colocynthis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citrullus_colocynthis1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Citrullus,lanatus,Water Melon,,8 to 11,0.5,2.0,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,A weed of roadsides and open ground in desert areas.,Tropical and S. Africa.,4,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrullus+lanatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrullusLanatus.gif
Rutaceae,Citrus,aurantiifolia,"Lime, Key Lime, Mexican Lime, Mexican Thornless Key Lime",medium,10 to 12,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Tropical Asia.,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+aurantiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citrus aurantiifolia 1.jpg
Rutaceae,Citrus,aurantium,"Bitter Orange,  Sour orange, Bergamot orange",,8 to 11,9.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Insects']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Original habitat is obscure, possibly a back cross involving C. maxima X C. reticulata.",Tropical Asia?,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+aurantium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusAurantium.gif
Rutaceae,Citrus,hystrix,Kaffir Lime,medium,9 to 12,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation,"E. Asia - Southern China, Indian Subcontinent, Malaysia and Indo-China.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+hystrix,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citrus_hystrix1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Citrus,ichangensis,Ichang Papeda,,7 to 10,4.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Highland areas.,E. Asia - W. and S.W. China.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+ichangensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusIchangensis.gif
Rutaceae,Citrus,latifolia,Citrus Tahitian Lime,medium,9 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in the wild,A species of garden origin.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Citrus_latifolia1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Citrus,limon,Lemon,medium,8 to 11,3.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Original habitat is obscure, probably a hybrid involving C. medica x C. aurantifolia.","Original range is obscure, possible Asia.",4,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+limon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusLimon.jpg
Rutaceae,Citrus,reticulata,"Mandarin, Tangerine, Unshu orange, Satsuma Orange,Temple Orange, Tangerine",,9 to 11,4.5,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Original habitat is obscure.,E. Asia - China or Indo-China.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusReticulata.jpg-.gif
Rutaceae,Citrus,sinensis,Sweet Orange,,9 to 11,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Original habitat is obscure, possibly an introgressed hybrid of C. maxima x C. reticulata.","Original range is obscure, possible Asia in southern China and Vietnam.",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusSinensis.gif
Rutaceae,Citrus,x meyeri,Lemon,medium,8 to 11,3.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)', 'Insects']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Original habitat is obscure, the plant is probably a hybrid involving C. limon x C. sinensis[200].",3,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+x meyeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusXMeyeri.gif
Rutaceae,Citrus,x paradisi,"Grapefruit, Pomelo, Pamplemousse",medium,9 to 11,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,"A hybrid of garden origin, it probably arose in Barbados, perhaps as a cross between C. maxima and C. sinensis.",4,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Citrus+x paradisi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CitrusXParadisi3.gif
Cyperaceae,Cladium,mariscus,"Saw Grass, Swamp sawgrass, Jamaica swamp sawgrass",fast,3 to 7,3.0,3.0,Perennial,,['Wind'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Reed swamps and fens, often forming dense pure stands, usually on neutral or alkaline soils.","Widely distributed in the warmer and damper parts of both hemispheres, including Britain.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cladium+mariscus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CladiumMariscus.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cladrastis,lutea,"Yellow Wood, Virgilia, American Yellow Wood",slow,4 to 8,15.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods in rich well-drained limestone soils, in river valleys, slopes, ridges and the borders of streams.","South-eastern N. America - Appalachian mountains, mainly in North Carolina and Tennessee.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cladrastis+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CladrastisLutea.gif
Malvaceae,Clappertonia,ficifolia,Bolo Bolo,fast,10 to 12,2.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swampy grassland, marshy places, stream-banks, valleys, fallow rice fields; forest fringes, thickets on margins of damp depressions; at elevations of 1,100 - 1,200 metres[328 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan, south to Angola and Mozambique.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clappertonia+ficifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Clappertonia_ficifolia1.jpg
Moraceae,Clarisia,racemosa,"Tulpay, Murur",medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree in the rainforest, favouring clayey soils in areas not subject to inundation[ 341 , 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Costa Rica, Nicaragua",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarisia+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Clarisia racemosa 1.jpg
Oenotheraceae,Clarkia,biloba,"Twolobe clarkia,  Mariposa clarkia, Brandegee's clarkia",,None to None,0.9,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open places below 1200 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarkia+biloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClarkiaBiloba.gif
Onagraceae,Clarkia,pulchella,Pinkfairies,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moderately dry sites, often where the soil is disturbed, from valleys and foothills to 1,800 metres in the mountains.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Oregon, east to S. Dakota.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarkia+pulchella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClarkiaPulchella.gif
Oenotheraceae,Clarkia,purpurea,Winecup clarkia,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry open plain.,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarkia+purpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClarkiaPurpurea.gif
Onagraceae,Clarkia,unguiculata,"Elegant Fairyfan, Elegant clarkia",,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes in the chaparral.,South-western N. America - California.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clarkia+unguiculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClarkiaUnguiculata.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,acutifolia,Bering Sea Spring Beauty,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Tundra and stony slopes of bald mountains. Marshy ground in moss and lichen tundra and alder and birch thickets, scree and talus of mountain slopes, sea level to 2000 metres.",Northwestern N. America to Asia in the Arctic circle.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+acutifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,caroliniana,"Broad-Leaved Spring Beauty,  Carolina springbeauty",,5 to 9,0.1,,Perennial,,,,March,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Rich open woods, alluvial thickets and upland slopes. Wetlands and riparian hardwood forests from sea level to 1400 metres.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina, Ohio and Missouri.",3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+caroliniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaCaroliniana.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,exigua,"Pale Spring Beauty, Serpentine springbeauty",,None to None,0.1,,Annual,,['Insects'],,February to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry to moist slopes. Open places on bare clay banks, clayey soils or sand, or scree and talus slopes from sea level to 1000 metres.",Western N. America - British Columbia southwards.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+exigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaExigua.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,lanceolata,"Lanceleaf Spring Beauty, Idaho springbeauty,  Pacific springbeauty,  Peirson's springbeauty",,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,,,March,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Rich soils that are moist in spring from the foothills to alpine slopes[60, 85]. Sagebrush and montane foothills to alpine areas, particularly where snow persists, 500 - 3000 metres.",Western N. America - southwards from British Columbia.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaLanceolata.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,megarhiza,Alpine Spring Beauty,,4 to 8,0.2,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to July,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Gravelly soils, rock crevices and high montane regions. Talus, scree and gravelly slopes at elevations of 2000 - 4000 metres.",Western N. America - Washington and southwards.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+megarhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaMegarhiza.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,perfoliata,Miner's Lettuce,,6 to 10,0.2,,Annual,,['Flies'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Disturbed and waste ground, moist banks and slopes, often in partial shade, especially on light soils[17, 85]. Also found on rather dry sandy soils.",Western N. America - British Columbia to California and Mexico. Naturalized in Britain.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+perfoliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaPerfoliata.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,scammaniana,"Scamman's Claytonia,  Scamman's springbeauty",,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,April to June,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Moist grassy places in Alaska. Talus and scree slopes on serpentine at elevations of 50 - 2000 metres.,Northwestern N. America - Alaska to Northern Europe and Northern Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+scammaniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaScammaniana.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,sibirica,"Pink Purslane, Siberian springbeauty",,3 to 7,0.2,,Evergreen Annual/Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Damp woods, shaded streamsides etc, especially on sandy acid soils[17, 50]. Thickets of red alder, dogwood, vine-leaf maple, moist shaded coniferous forests from sea level to 2000 metres.",E. Asia - Siberia. Western N. America - Alaska to California. Naturalized in Britain.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+sibirica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaSibirica.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,tuberosa,Tuberous Spring Beauty,,4 to 8,0.2,,Perennial,,,,April to July,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Sphagnum tundra in the Arctic. Wet to moist stony tundra slopes from sea level to 1200 metres in Alaska.,"Northwestern N. America - Alaska, to E. Asia - Siberia.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,umbellata,Great Basin Spring Beauty,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,April to July,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Exposed slopes, 1500 - 3400 metres in California. North- and east-facing talus and scree slopes of drier mountain areas, subalpine coniferous forests at elevations of 100 - 3000 metres.",Western N. America - California and Oregon.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaUmbellata.gif
Portulacaceae,Claytonia,virginica,"Spring Beauty, Virginia springbeauty, Hammond's claytonia, Yellow Virginia springbeauty",medium,5 to 7,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,March to April,May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Rich woods, thickets and clearings. Wetlands, seeps, moist woods, riparian hardwood forests, copses, bluffs, ravines and prairies from sea level to 1000 metres.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Texas. A garden escape, locally naturalized in Britain[17].",3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Claytonia+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClaytoniaVirginica.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,alternata,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest margins and shrubberies, often amongst Pinus, Picea and Larix species, at elevations of 2200 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from central Nepal to southern Tibet.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+alternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,apiifolia,,fast,6 to 9,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in lowland and foothills, C. and S. Japan. Forests, grassy slopes and along the sides of streams at elevations of 100 - 2300 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+apiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisApiifolia.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,barbellata,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland, particularly of rhododendron and conifers, bushy places at elevations of 2130 - 3660 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir and Pakistan to Nepal.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+barbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,brachyura,,,5 to 9,1.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open woodland and shrubberies at elevations around 200 metres.,E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+brachyura,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,buchananiana,,fast,6 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to November.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Warm broad-leaved to cool mixed forests, forest margins, generally growing on small trees and bushes, occasionally over rocks along the sides of streams at elevations of 460 - 3650 metres.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Kashmir to Tibet, Burma and western China.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+buchananiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,chinensis,Wei Ling Xian,,5 to 9,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open woods, hedges, thickets, roadsides and banks of streams[109, 147, 238].",E. Asia - C. and W. China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisChinensis.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,columbiana,Rock Clematis,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry to moist soils of woods and thickets, from valleys to around 2,500 metres in the mountains.",Western N. America - British Columbia to Colorado and Oregon.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+columbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisColumbiana.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,connata,,fast,5 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests at mid altitudes in the Himalayas, especially along the sides of streams.","E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan and Kashmir to Bhutan, Tibet and western China.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+connata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,douglasii,Hairy Clematis,,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Deciduous Perennial,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to June,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist open areas of plains, hills and woods, up to 2,500 metres.","Western N. America - British Columbia to Washington, east to Montana and Wyoming.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,flammula,"Fragrant Virgin's Bower, Fragrant clematis",fast,5 to 9,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",March to December,August to October,October to January,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedges, thickets and waste places.",S. Europe. An infrequent casual in Britain[17].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+flammula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisFlammula.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,ianthina,,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrubberies and other bushy places.,"E. Asia - Northern China, eastern Siberia and Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+ianthina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,ligusticifolia,"White Clematis,  Western white clematis,  California clematis,",,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grows over trees and shrubs along rivers, creek banks and canyon bottoms.",Western N. America - Alberta and British Columbia south to California and New Mexico.,0,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+ligusticifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisLigusticifolia.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,mandschurica,,,6 to 9,1.2,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrubberies and open wooded slopes at elevations up to 800 metres.,"E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,microphylla,Headachevine,,8 to 11,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy loams on river banks and in moist gullies by the coast and on tablelands[152, 154].","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisMicrophylla.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,orientalis,Oriental virginsbower,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hot dry valleys, especially on rocks by rivers, and in scrub to 3000 metres. River banks, riparian forests, scrub gullies, slopes and sand depressions in semi-desert and desert zones.",W. Asia - Turkey and westwards.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisOrientalis.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,patens,,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests, slopes and scrub at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres in China.","E. Asia - China, central and southern Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+patens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisPatens.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,pierotii,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and shrubberies.,"E. Asia - Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+pierotii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,recta,Ground virginsbower,,3 to 7,1.5,0.6,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub, forest, river valleys and sunny hills[74, 187].",S. and E. Europe.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+recta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisRecta.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,serratifolia,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows, usually on calcareous soils. Dry forests, slopes, gravelly river banks at around 400 metres in hina.","E. Asia - N.E. China, N. Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+serratifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisSerratifolia.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,terniflora,"Sennin-So, Sweet autumn virginsbower, Sweet Autumn Clematis, Fall  Clematis",fast,5 to 9,5.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,September to October,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows in Kiangsi around 100 metres. Forest margins, scrub on slopes, grassy areas on hills, among rocks in coastal areas; near sea level to 800 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+terniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisTerniflora.gif
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,tibetana,,,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Slopes, scrub, grassy areas and gravelly river banks at elevations of 2200 - 4800 metres in western China.","E. Asia - Himalayas in India, Nepal, China and Tibet.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+tibetana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,trichotoma,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodland and shrubberies, generally of deciduous and evergreen genera such as Rhododendron, Acer, Betula, Quercus and Deutzia species.",E. Asia - Korea.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+trichotoma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Clematis,vitalba,"Traveller's Joy, Evergreen clematis",fast,4 to 8,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,October to January,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hedgerows and wood margins, usually on calcareous soils[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands south and east to N. Africa and the Caucasus.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clematis+vitalba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClematisVitalba.gif
Capparidaceae,Cleome,gynandra,"African Spider Flower, Spiderwisp",,8 to 12,1.3,,Annual,,,May to October,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open areas and uncultivated land to an elevation of 300 metres in Nepal.,Tropical and Sub-Tropical zones.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+gynandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeGynandra.gif
Capparidaceae,Cleome,lutea,"Yellow Spiderflower,  	Jones spiderflower",,3 to 8,1.2,,Annual,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy soils on desert plains to lower montane valleys, it is also found on sandy flatland.",Western N. America - Nebraska to Washington and Arizona.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeLutea.gif
Capparidaceae,Cleome,monophylla,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,May to October.,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of fields and waste places.,S. Africa.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+monophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Capparidaceae,Cleome,ornithopodioides,Bird spiderflower,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky debris on hillsides, gravels and river drifts, occasionally on waste ground.",Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+ornithopodioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeOrnithopodioides.gif
Capparidaceae,Cleome,serrulata,Rocky Mountain Beeplant,,3 to 8,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste land, plains and lower mountains, often on sandy soils.",Western N. America - Washington to Saskatchewan and south to California..,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeSerrulata2.gif
Capparidaceae,Cleome,viscosa,"Tickweed, Asian spiderflower",,None to None,1.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy and freely draining soils in open woodland scrub and on scree slopes in dry areas.,Pantropical.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cleome+viscosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CleomeViscosa.gif
Verbenaceae,Clerodendrum,bungei,"Glory Flower, Rose glorybower, Cashmere Bouquet, Mexican Hydrangea, Glory Bower",medium,7 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to September,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, hillsides and damp shady roadsides to 2300 metres. Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along the sides of roads, below 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China to N. India.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clerodendrum+bungei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClerodendrumBungei.gif
Verbenaceae,Clerodendrum,cyrtophyllum,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrub thickets on mountain slopes. Forests on mountain slopes or along streams, below 1700 metres.",E. Asia - Southern and western China.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clerodendrum+cyrtophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClerodendrumCyrtophyllum.gif
Verbenaceae,Clerodendrum,japonicum,Japanese glorybower,,9 to 11,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to October,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets in valleys, along streams and in grassy openings at elevations of 100-1200 metres. Moist gullies and shady places to elevations of 1600 metres in Nepal.","E. Asia - China, Japan, India.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clerodendrum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Verbenaceae,Clerodendrum,kwangtungense,,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and forest edges at elevations of 600-1300 metres in N Guangdong, NE Guangxi, NE Guizhou, Hunan and Yunnan.",E. Asia - China.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clerodendrum+kwangtungense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Verbenaceae,Clerodendrum,trichotomum,"Chou Wu Tong, Harlequin glorybower, Ferruginous clerodendrum, Harlequin Glory Bower",medium,6 to 11,6.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets on mountain slopes, throughout most of China except Nei Mongol, below elevations of 2400 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clerodendrum+trichotomum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClerodendrumTrichotomum.gif
Clethraceae,Clethra,alnifolia,"Sweet Pepper Bush, Coastal sweetpepperbush, Summer Sweet",,4 to 8,2.5,2.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,August to September,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Swamps, damp thickets and sandy woods.","Eastern N. America - Maine to New Jersey, south to Florida and Mississippi.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clethra+alnifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClethraAlnifolia.gif
Clethraceae,Clethra,barbinervis,,,4 to 8,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,July to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wooded hills and mountains all over Japan[58, 200]. In sunny deciduous forests on mountains, more or less stony and dry places at elevations of 1000 - 1500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clethra+barbinervis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClethraBarbinervis.gif
Cyrillaceae,Cliftonia,monophylla,"Ironwood, Buckwheat tree",slow,7 to 10,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Damp, sandy, peat soils in alluvial swamps and bays free from mud, lime, sulphur and salt. Often also found in shallow, rarely overflowed swamps.",South-eastern N. America - Louisiana to Florida.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cliftonia+monophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CliftoniaMonophylla.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Clinopodium,chinense,,,6 to 9,0.5,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and thickets in hills and low mountains all over Japan. Sunny meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 1500 metres in Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clinopodium+chinense,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae,Clinopodium,glabellum,Glade calamint,fast,6 to 7,0.6,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Found only on wet cedar glades and in seeps along limestone creekbeds. Due to its narrow range and specific habitat requirements, this species is considered vulnerable.","Native to the US Nashville Basin of Tennessee, the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, and two counties in Alabama. ",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clinopodium+glabellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Clinopodium_glabellum1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Clinopodium,umbrosum,,,6 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest shade and damp places, 1700 - 2500 metres in the Himalayas.","W. Asia - Caucasia, Afghanistan and the Himalayas.",0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clinopodium+umbrosum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Clinopodium,vulgare,Wild Basil,,6 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Insects']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Heaths and dry grassy places, usually on calcareous soils[5, 17].","Most of Europe, including Britain, south and west to N. Africa, Siberia, central and western Asia.",2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clinopodium+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClinopodiumVulgare.gif
Convallariaceae,Clintonia,borealis,Bluebeard,,3 to 7,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich woodlands, deep thickets, higher elevations in cool moist sites[43, 62].","North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to N. Carolina and Wisconsin..",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clintonia+borealis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClintoniaBorealis.gif
Convallariaceae,Clintonia,udensis,,,3 to 7,0.3,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Birch forests and alpine shrubberies, 3000 - 4000 metres from Uttar Pradesh to China. Sparse forests, alpine forests at elevations of 1600 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas to S.W. China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clintonia+udensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convallariaceae,Clintonia,umbellulata,"Speckled Wood Lily, White clintonia",,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich cove hardwood forests at elevations of 200 - 1000 metres[43, 270].","Eastern N. America - New York to New Jersey, south to Georgia and Tennessee.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clintonia+umbellulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ClintoniaUmbellulata.gif
Leguminosae,Clitoria,mariana,"Atlantic Pigeonwings, Butterfly Pea",medium,6 to 9,0.8,0.8,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral,['Neutral'],Well-drained soil,,"Dry open forests, shale barrens, and rocky or sandy woodlands.","The plant is native to the eastern, southern, and central United States west to New Mexico and Arizona. It is also found in Asia, in: Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and southern China (Guangxi, Yunnan) ",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clitoria+mariana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Clitoria_mariana1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Clitoria,ternatea,Butterfly pea,fast,10 to 11,3.0,0.2,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"It occurs in grassland, open woodland, bush, riverine vegetation, and disturbed places throughout its natural range.",Pantropical.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Clitoria+ternatea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Clitoria_ternatea1.JPEG
Cneoraceae,Cneorum,tricoccon,Spurge Olive,,8 to 11,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky, usually calcareous slopes.",Europe - W. Mediterranean.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cneorum+tricoccon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CneorumTricoccon.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cnicus,benedictus,Blessed Thistle,,7 to 10,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sunny places in arable, stony and waste ground[7, 9, 165].",S. Europe to W. Asia. An infrequent casual in Britain[17].,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cnicus+benedictus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CnicusBenedictus.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cnidium,japonicum,,,None to None,0.2,,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sandy places near seashores all over Japan[58, 275]. Seashores in Liaoning Province, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cnidium+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cnidium,monnieri,"She Chuang Zi, Monnier's snowparsley",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Field edges and the sides of ditches in China. Riparian meadows and field margins in most of China.,"E. Asia - China, Korea, Mongolia, Russia. Previously naturalized in the warmer areas of Europe[50].",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cnidium+monnieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cnidium,officinale,,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - China.,1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cnidium+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Cnidoscolus,aconitifolius,"Tree Spinach, Tread Softly, Cabbage Star, Chaya",fast,9 to 11,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist and dry thickets in open forest, often in open rocky localities, from sea-level up to elevations of 1,300 metres[ 299 ].",Central America - Panama north to Mexico.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cnidoscolus+aconitifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Cnidoscolus,elasticus,Highland chilte,fast,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Mesoamerica. inc. Durango and Sinaloa, Mexico ",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cnidoscolus+elasticus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cnidoscolus_elasticus1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Coccinia,grandis,Ivy Gourd,,8 to 11,3.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous bush, savannah, dry evergreen forest and thickets. Moist neglected places, especially on hedges, to elevations of 1400 metres in Nepal.",Tropical Asia To Africa.,2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coccinia+grandis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CocciniaGrandis.gif
Menispermaceae,Cocculus,orbiculatus,Queen coralbead,,6 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Climber,Deciduous,,,August,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sides of streams, to 1000 metres in W. China. Sparse forests, bushes, village sides and forest edges in most regions of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cocculus+orbiculatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CocculusOrbiculatus.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cochlearia,anglica,Long Leaved Scurvy Grass,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,April to July,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Muddy shores and estuaries.,"Atlantic and North Sea coasts of Europe, including Britain.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+anglica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CochleariaAnglica.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cochlearia,danica,Danish Scurvy Grass,,5 to 9,0.2,,Annual,,,,May to June,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,"Sandy and rocky shores, walls and banks by the sea and along railway lines, avoiding acid soils.","Coastal regions of Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Atlantic Spain and Portugal.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+danica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CochleariaDanica.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cochlearia,macrocarpa,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,C. Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cochlearia,oblongifolia,,,None to None,0.2,,Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocks by the sea.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+oblongifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cochlearia,officinalis,"Scurvy Grass, Spoonwort",,None to None,0.3,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Sea cliffs and coastal marshes[9, 12], it can also be found inland near salt mines or saline springs.","Coastal and mountainous regions of western, northern and central Europe, including Britain.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CochleariaOfficinalis.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Cochlearia,scotica,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Maritime areas on the Isle of Man, N. Scotland, Orkneys, Hebrides and Shetland islands.",Endemic to Britain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cochlearia+scotica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Arecaceae,Cocos,nucifera,"Coconut Palm, Coconut",medium,10 to 12,25.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Commonly found along tropical seashores, sometimes extending inland on alluvial plains with a high water table, but avoiding waterlogged soils[ 297 ].",Pantropical.,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cocos+nucifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cocos nucifera4_Low_Resolution.jpg
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,javanica,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides and damp fertile ground by streams. Meadows and waste lands, also found along the edges of forests in mountainous areas.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+javanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,lanceolata,Todok,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Wasps']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist places in woods in low mountains and hills[58, 147]. Edges of moist forests at elevations of 200 - 1600 metres all over Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CodonopsisLanceolata2.gif
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,nervosa,,,None to None,,,,,"['Bees', 'Wasps']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Upper subalpine and lower alpine zone.,E. Asia - Himalayas in eastern Tibet.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+nervosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,ovata,,,4 to 8,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Rocks and alpine slopes of the eastern Himalayas, usually amongst shrubs, 3000 - 4200 metres[51, 145].",E. Asia - Himalayas - Pakistan to Kashmir.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+ovata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Codonopsis_ovata_Kashmir_Bellflower.jpg
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,pilosula,"Dang Shen, Bellflower",,5 to 9,1.7,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Dense shrubby thickets, the shade of trees at forest edges, streambanks etc.",N.E. Asia - Korea,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+pilosula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CodonopsisPilosula.gif
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,tangshen,Chuan Dang,,4 to 8,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Alpine brush and rocky slopes. Upland fields.,E. Asia - W. China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+tangshen,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,tubulosa,,,6 to 9,1.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Alpine brush and rocky slopes.,E. Asia - Southwest China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+tubulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Campanulaceae,Codonopsis,ussuriensis,,,6 to 9,0.3,3.0,Perennial,,,,June to October,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woods in lowland and mountain areas, especially on sandy soils. In more or less wet, sunny meadows at low elevations in Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Codonopsis+ussuriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Coelopleurum,gmelini,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Meadows, riverbanks and sub-alpine meadows in the arctic zone.",Northern N. America. N. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coelopleurum+gmelini,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Coelopleurum,lucidum,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Beaches and bluffs by the coast and occasionally inland in western N. America. Rocky and gravelly coastal to sub-alpine meadows.,E. Asia - Siberia. Northern N. America - Alaska to northern California.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coelopleurum+lucidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoelopleurumLucidum.gif
Rubiaceae,Coffea,arabica,Coffee Arabica,medium,9 to 11,6.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey tree in high elevation humid forests [303 , 307 ].",Africa - Tropical regions in the northeast.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coffea+arabica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Coffea_arabica5.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Coix,lacryma-jobi,Job's Tears,,8 to 11,1.0,0.2,Perennial,,['Wind'],May to October,July to October,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in grassland in the foothills of the Himalayas[146, 158]. Open sunny places to elevations of 2000 metrs in Nepal.",E. Asia - E. India.,3,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coix+lacryma-jobi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoixLacryma-jobi.gif
Malvaceae,Cola,acuminata,"Cola Nut, Kola, Bissy Nut",medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An understorey tree in humid lowland forests[ 303 , 307 ].","Southern, western and central tropical Africa.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cola+acuminata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cola acuminata4.jpg
Malvaceae,Cola,nitida,"Cola Nut, Kola, Bissy Nuts",slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Lowland forest, usually at elevations up to 300 metres, but also found up to 800 metres[ 324 , 418 ].","Western Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire eastward to Ghana.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cola+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cola nitida 1.jpg
Colchicaceae,Colchicum,autumnale,"Autumn Crocus, Meadow Saffron,",medium,6 to 9,0.2,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",February to July,August to October,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Meadows and damp woodland clearings[1, 10, 13] on calcareous and neutral soils. Extremely rare away from the Bristol Channel in Britain.","Central and southeastern Europe, including Britain, from Denmark to Spain, east to Macedonia.",0,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colchicum+autumnale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ColchicumAutumnale.gif
Colchicaceae,Colchicum,bivonae,,,5 to 9,0.2,0.2,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",March to June,September to October,April to June,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountainous regions in pinewood and scrub around 500 metres[90, 148].",S. Europe.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colchicum+bivonae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ColchicumBivonae.gif
Colchicaceae,Colchicum,luteum,,,6 to 9,0.1,0.1,Bulb,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",March to June,May to July,April to June,Hermaphrodite,['medium'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Stony or earthy hillsides and alpine meadows at higher altitudes.,E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colchicum+luteum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Coleus,edulis,Gala Dinich,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountainous regions, 1800 - 2100 metres.",N. Africa - Ethiopia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coleus+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Colletia,armata,,slow,7 to 10,3.5,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known,S. America - S. Chile.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colletia+armata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ColletiaArmata.gif
Rhamnaceae,Colletia,ferox,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,S. America.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colletia+ferox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rhamnaceae,Colletia,paradoxa,,slow,7 to 10,3.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"S. America - Argentina, Chile.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colletia+paradoxa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ColletiaCruciata.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Collinsonia,canadensis,"Stone Root - Horse Balm,  Richweed",,4 to 8,0.8,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich damp woods[43, 222].","Eastern N. America - Ontario and Vermont to Florida, west to Wisconsin.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Collinsonia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CollinsoniaCanadensis.gif
Araceae,Colocasia,esculenta,"Taro, Elephant Ears Taro, Dasheen, Eddo",medium,9 to 11,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, though it is often established in low lying areas along streams and river banks[ 200 ].","Widely cultivated in the tropics, its original range is uncertain but is probably tropical Asia.",4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colocasia+esculenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Colocasia esculenta 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Colophospermum,mopane,"Rhodesian ironwood, Rhodesian mahogany",slow,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The dominant species over great areas in hot, dry, low-lying areas; often found on alluvial soils, but also tolerating alkaline and poorly drained soils. It is found at elevations of 60 - 1,000 metres, occasionally to 1,300 metres[308 , 328 ].","Southern Africa - Gabon, Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, south to S. Africa.",1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colophospermum+mopane,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Colophospermum_mopane1.jpg
Rosaceae,Coluria,geoides,,,None to None,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mountains and high mountain steppes, often on stony or rocky slopes, especially along river valleys.","E. Asia - Altai, Siberia.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coluria+geoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Colutea,arborescens,Bladder Senna,fast,4 to 8,3.6,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,June to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open woods, roadsides, railway banks etc, often on calcareous soils.",S. Europe - Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colutea+arborescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ColuteaArborescens.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Colutea,istria,Bladder-senna,,6 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Hard rock outcrops and wadis in shrub-steppes of Israel.,Middle East.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colutea+istria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ColuteaIstria.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Colutea,x media,,fast,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, C. arborescens x C. orientalis[200].",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Colutea+x media,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Comandra,pallida,Pale Bastard Toadflax,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry hills and plains. Sandy or open rocky ground in Texas.,Western N. America - Manitoba to British Columbia and south to Texas.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Comandra+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ComandraPallida.gif
Santalaceae,Comandra,richardsiana,Bastard Toad Flax,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Calcareous, gravelly, sandy or marly soils.",Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Quebec and south to Kansas.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Comandra+richardsiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Santalaceae,Comandra,umbellata,"Bastard Toad Flax, California bastard toadflax, Pale bastard toadflax",,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry to moist sandy well-drained soils, especially those that are acid, from sea level to the sub-alpine zone[43, 60].",Eastern N. America - Michigan to Alabama.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Comandra+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ComandraUmbellata.gif
Combretaceae,Combretum,imberbe,"Leadwood Tree, Ivory tree",slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Open woodland and wooded savannah, especially along rivers; on a wide variety of soils from sandy to limestone outcrops, also on alluvial and black cotton soils, but only occasionally on heavy clay, from sea-level to 1,000 metres[ 299 ].","Southern and eastern Africa - Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and S. Africa.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Combretum+imberbe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Combretum imberbe_1.jpg
Commelinaceae,Commelina,coelestis,"Blue Spider Wort, Commelina",,8 to 11,0.5,0.3,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+coelestis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CommelinaCoelestis.gif
Commelinaceae,Commelina,communis,"Day Flower, Asiatic dayflower",,6 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Partly shaded grassy places, cultivated fields and roadsides usually in moist places all over Japan[58, 147].","E. Asia - S. China, Japan, India.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CommelinaCommunis.gif
Commelinaceae,Commelina,dianthifolia,Birdbill Dayflower,,6 to 9,0.1,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky soils in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and Mexico.",South-western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+dianthifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CommelinaDianthifolia.gif
Commelinaceae,Commelina,elliptica,,,7 to 10,0.1,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-western N. America - mountains of Mexico and south to Peru and Bolivia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Commelinaceae,Commelina,erecta,"Slender Day-Flower, Whitemouth dayflower",,8 to 11,1.2,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Loamy or sandy soils or rocky slopes in woods and openings.,South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+erecta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CommelinaErecta.gif
Commelinaceae,Commelina,erecta angustifolia,Whitemouth Dayflower,,8 to 11,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods and hillsides, scrub oak woods, pine woods and barrens, sand dunes, hummocks, shale barrens, roadsides, railroad rights-of-way, fields, and occasionally a weed in cultivated ground.",Southern N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+erecta angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Commelinaceae,Commelina,tuberosa,Commelina,,7 to 10,0.1,,Perennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+tuberosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CommelinaTuberosa.gif
Commelinaceae,Commelina,virginica,Virginia Day-Flower,,None to None,1.2,,Annual/Perennial,,,,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet places, especially swamps, river and stream banks, ditches, and bottomlands in shade or full sun.",Southern N. America. Naturalized in Europe in S. Italy[50].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commelina+virginica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CommelinaVirginica.gif
Sterculiaceae,Commersonia,fraseri,Brush Kurrajong,,None to None,6.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"River banks, near rainforests, on more fertile cleared land.","Australia - Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commersonia+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Burseraceae,Commiphora,myrrha,"Myrrh, Myrrh Gum",medium,10 to 12,5.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets in desert scrubland[ 238 , 254 ]. Open Acacia, Commiphora bushland on shallow soil, chiefly over limestone at elevations from 250 - 1,300 metres[ 303 ].","Eastern and northeastern Tropical Africa - Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya; Arabian Peninsula - Saudi Arabia, Oman..",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commiphora+myrrha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Commiphora myrrha 1.jpg
Burseraceae,Commiphora,wightii,"Guggul, Indian bdellium-tree",slow,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky and open hilly areas or rough terrain and sandy tracts in warm and semiarid to arid areas at elevations from 250 - 1,800 metres[ 303 ].","E. Asia - Pakistan, central and northern India.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Commiphora+wightii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Commiphora wightii 1.jpg
Myricaceae,Comptonia,peregrina,Sweet Fern,medium,3 to 6,1.5,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, sterile, sandy to rocky soils in pinelands or pine barrens, clearings, pastures or edges of woodlots from sea level to 1800 metres[43, 270].",Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia south to Georgia and east to Minnesota and Tennessee..,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Comptonia+peregrina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ComptoniaPeregrina.gif
Myricaceae,Comptonia,peregrina asplenifolia,Sweet Fern,,4 to 8,1.2,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,March to April.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, sterile, sandy to rocky soils in pinelands or pine barrens, clearings, pastures or edges of woodlots from sea level to 1800 metres[43, 270].",Eastern N. America.,3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Comptonia+peregrina asplenifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Gesneriaceae,Conandron,ramondioides,,,8 to 11,0.3,0.2,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet rocky cliffs in the mountains of C. and S. Japan. Streamside rocks, rocky cliffs in forests at elevations of 600 - 1300 metres in China.","E. Asia - Japan, Taiwan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conandron+ramondioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConandronRamondioides.gif
Tecophilaeaceae,Conanthera,bifolia,,,8 to 11,0.5,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern S. America - C. and N. Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conanthera+bifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConantheraBifolia.gif
Tecophilaeaceae,Conanthera,campanulata,,,8 to 11,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found from the coast to the peaks of the Andes.,Southern S. America - Chile.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conanthera+campanulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConantheraCampanulata.gif
Rhamnaceae,Condalia,hookeri,"Bluewood, Brazilian bluewood, Edwards' bluewood",,None to None,2.0,,Shrub,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"High sandy banks, often covering large areas with dense, impenetrable chaparral. Dry soils, especially on limestone.",South-western N. America.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Condalia+hookeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Polypodiaceae,Coniogramme,japonica,Bamboo Fern,,8 to 11,0.4,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods in low mountains of central and southern Japan. Grows on the floor of dense forests.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coniogramme+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Conioselinum,pacificum,Pacific Hemlock-Parsley,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Common on sandy or gravelly beaches, grassy bluffs and headlands, and tidal marshes, mostly along or near the coastline.",Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conioselinum+pacificum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Conioselinum,vaginatum,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alpine regions of central and northern Japan. Shrubby thickets, grasslands at elevations of 1300 - 2700 metres in Xinjiang Province, China.",E. Asia - China and Japan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conioselinum+vaginatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Conium,maculatum,"Hemlock, Poison hemlock",,4 to 8,2.0,1.0,Biennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste ground and in damp places, avoiding acid soils and heavy shade.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway and Finland south and east to N. Africa and Iran.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conium+maculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConiumMaculatum.gif
Compositae,Conoclinium,coelestinum,Blue mistflower,fast,6 to 10,0.7,0.7,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Moist open woods especially edges and clearings, banks of lakes, rivers, creeks or ditches, moist meadows, wet prairies, sandy coastal wetlands, bottomlands, seeps, fields, roadsides and right-of ways.","Native Range: Central and southeastern United States, West Indies",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conoclinium+coelestinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Conoclinium_coelestinum1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Conopodium,majus,Pignut,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Woods, hedgerows and fields. It is never found on alkaline soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain, east to Italy and Corsica.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conopodium+majus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConopodiumMajus.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Conradina,verticillata,Cumberland Rosemary,,6 to 9,0.3,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,South-eastern N. America - Tennessee.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conradina+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConradinaVerticillata.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Conringia,orientalis,Hare's Ear Mustard,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Flies']",,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arable and waste land, also on cliffs by the sea, especially on clay and calcareous soils in Britain.",Europe - Mediterranean. A frequent and occasionally established casual in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conringia+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConringiaOrientalis.gif
Ranunculaceae,Consolida,ambigua,"Larkspur, Doubtful knight's-spur, Rocket Larkspur",fast,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Corn fields.,Europe - Mediterranean.,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Consolida+ambigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConsolidaAmbigua.gif
Ranunculaceae,Consolida,regalis,"Larkspur, Royal knight's-spur",,None to None,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Cornfields and waste places, usually on sandy or chalky soils, avoiding shade in Britain[4, 17].",S. Europe. A rare casual in Britain[17].,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Consolida+regalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConsolidaRegalis.gif
Convallariaceae,Convallaria,keiskei,Lily Of The Valley,,3 to 7,0.3,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Highlands and mountain meadows all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convallaria+keiskei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConvallariaKeiskei.gif
Convallariaceae,Convallaria,majalis,"Lily Of The Valley,  European lily of the valley",fast,2 to 7,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry shady woodland, usually on calcareous soils[7, 13, 17], and especially in ash woodlands.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain east to N.E. Asia, Greece and the Caucasus.",1,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convallaria+majalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConvallariaMajalis.gif
Convolvulaceae,Convolvulus,arvensis,Field Bindweed,,4 to 8,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedgerows, fields, waste places, fences etc[7, 100], it can be a troublesome weed of agriculture.","Throughout the temperate regions of both Hemishperes, including Britain.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convolvulus+arvensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConvolvulusArvensis.gif
Convolvulaceae,Convolvulus,erubescens,"Australian Bindweed, Pinkflower bindweed",,None to None,2.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,Loamy soils in grassland and open forest to the montane zone.,Australia - all areas except the extreme north.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convolvulus+erubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConvolvulusErubescens.gif
Convolvulaceae,Convolvulus,scammonia,Scammony,,6 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Scrub and forest margins.,"Europe - Mediterranean, to W. Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convolvulus+scammonia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConvolvulusScammonia.gif
Convolvulaceae,Convolvulus,tricolor,"Dwarf Morning Glory, Bush Morning Glory",medium,8 to 11,0.3,0.2,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry open habitats.,"S. Europe - Portugal, Spain and Sicily.",0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convolvulus+tricolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConvolvulusTricolor.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Conyza,canadensis,"Canada Fleabane, Canadian horseweed",,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to October,July to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Drought,"Light soils on waste and cultivated land, also on walls, avoiding acid soils in Britain.",N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Conyza+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ConyzaCanadensis.gif
Fabaceae,Copaifera,coriacea,Sapucaia tree,slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,River banks in the rainforest[ 46 ].,S. America - Brazil.,2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+coriacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera coriacea 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Copaifera,guyanensis,"Hoepel, Guyanense Copaiba",slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Rain and marsh forests[ 422 ].,"Northern S. America - Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+guyanensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera guyanensis 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Copaifera,langsdorffii,"Copaiba, Langsdorf's copaifera",slow,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rainforest[ 238 ]. Found in both primary and secondary forests, especially in the transition areas between forest and savannah[ 419 ]. Riverine forest and gallery forest in savannah, often on well drained soils absent of flooding[ 338 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Guyana.",1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+langsdorffii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera langsdorffii_1.jpg
Fabaceae,Copaifera,multijuga,"Hayne oil, Copaiba,",slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Rainforest[ 238 ].,S. America - Brazil.,1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+multijuga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera multijuga 1.jpg
Fabaceae,Copaifera,officinalis,"Copaiba Balsam, Medicinal Copaiba",slow,10 to 12,22.0,22.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A canopy tree of the rainforests, usually found in well-drained sandy loams[ 362 ].","Northern S. America - Brazil, Venezuela and Guyana.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera_officinalis_Carson.jpg
Fabaceae,Copaifera,reticulata,"Copaiba, Reticulated Copaiba, Copaiba Balsam",slow,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Humid forests[ 363 ]. Upland rainforests on sandy loam[ 422 ].,"S. America - Bolivia, Brazil and Peru.",0,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copaifera+reticulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copaifera reticulata_1.jpg
Arecaceae,Copernicia,alba,"Caranday Palm, Caranda Palm, Caranda Palm Wax",medium,10 to 12,18.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open forest and Pampas[ 314 ]. Low-lying, seasonally-inundated savannahs, in areas where flooding is followed by the soil drying out completely[ 768 ].","Southern and western S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, central Brazil, Bolivia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copernicia+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copernicia alba 1.jpg
Arecaceae,Copernicia,prunifera,"Brazilian Wax Palm, Carnauba Palm, Carnauba Wax",slow,10 to 12,12.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry forest areas of Brazil, growing along rivers in valleys, often in areas subject to periodic inundation and periodic drought[419, 768].",S. America - northeastern Brazil.,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Copernicia+prunifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Copernicia_prunifera_Martius_1.jpg
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,acerosa,Sand Coprosma,,7 to 10,0.5,0.6,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Coastal sand dunes and elevations up to 1200 metres, on North, South and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+acerosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,areolata,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to lower montane forest, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+areolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,atropurpurea,,,6 to 9,0.1,0.4,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to August.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to higher montane regions in tussock grass, stream margins, rocky places and dry river beds on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+atropurpurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,billardieri,Native Currant,,8 to 11,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Shady mountain gullies in moister forests to the montane zone.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+billardieri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,brunnea,,,7 to 10,0.1,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,September to October.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to higher montane river beds, open grassland and rubbley places on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+brunnea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,foetidissima,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"From the coast to sub-alpine forests, shrubland and occasionally in grassland, North, South, Stewart and Aukland Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+foetidissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,grandifolia,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to lower montane marginal forests, Three Kings, North and South Islands south to latitude 42° 30'[44, 173].",New Zealand.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+grandifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,hirtella,Rough Coprosma,,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Banks of streams, higher gullies and mountain sides to the sub-alpine zone.","Australia - New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+hirtella,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoprosmaHirtella.gif
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,lucida,,,7 to 10,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forest and shrubby areas, especially marginal, to the montane zone. Found throughout New Zealand[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+lucida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,moorei,,,8 to 11,0.1,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Wet peaty places in alpine, sub-alpine and montane zones, to 1,200 metres.","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+moorei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,nitida,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Mountains above 750 metres, becoming very dense and low-growing at high altitudes.","Australia - Tasmania, Victoria.",2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+nitida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoprosmaNitida.gif
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,petriei,,,6 to 9,0.1,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,August,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to higher montane grassland, stream margins, rocky places and dry river beds on North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+petriei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoprosmaPetriei.gif
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,propinqua,,,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to March,August to September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Damp places. Gravelly places throughout New Zealand.,New Zealand.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+propinqua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoprosmaPropinqua.gif
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,pumila,,,6 to 9,0.1,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Higher montane to sub-alpine grassland, North, South and Stewart Islands.","Australia, New Zealand.",1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+pumila,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,repens,"Mirror Plant, Creeping mirrorplant",,8 to 11,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,May to June.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Coastal cliffs on North and South Islands, south to latitude 41°50' south.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+repens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoprosmaRepens.gif
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,rhamnoides,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to lower montane forest and shrubland, North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+rhamnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,robusta,,,8 to 11,5.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland forest and shrubland, especially on alluvial soils, on North, South and Chatham Islands, south to latitude 45°south[44, 225].",New Zealand.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+robusta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,rotundifolia,,,8 to 11,2.4,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Woodlands throughout both main islands, especially on alluvial soils.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoprosmaRotundifolia.gif
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,rugosa,,,6 to 9,3.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,January to February,August to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to montane and lower sub-alpine grassland, shrubland and forest margins in North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,serrulata,,,7 to 10,0.6,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Montane to lower sub-alpine forest, shrubland and grassland, from latitude 41° south and southwards on South Island.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+serrulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coprosma,virescens,,,7 to 10,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Lowland to lower montane forest and shrubland, North and South Islands.",New Zealand.,1,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coprosma+virescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,brachypetala,,,None to None,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Woods in mountains, C. and N. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+brachypetala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,chinensis,Huang Lian,,5 to 9,0.3,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,February to March,April to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Damp coniferous woods and bogs. Forests, shaded places in valleys at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,deltoidea,,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,March to April,April to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Damp coniferous woods and bogs. Forests at elevations of 1600 - 2000 metres in W Sichuan.,E. Asia - China.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+deltoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,japonica,,,6 to 9,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Woods in mountains all over Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,occidentalis,Idaho goldthread,,4 to 8,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Moist coniferous woods at elevations of 500-2000 metres in the Rocky Mountains[60, 200, 270].","Western N. America - Idaho, Montana and Washington.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoptisOccidentalis.gif
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,teeta,Yun Lian,,None to None,0.2,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,Evergreen broad-leaved forests at elevations of 1500 - 2300 metres in NW Yunnan.,E. Asia - N. China to the temperate regions of the Himalayas.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+teeta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ranunculaceae,Coptis,trifolia,"Goldthread, Threeleaf goldthread",,2 to 7,0.2,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],,,"Wet to mesic, coniferous and mixed forests, bogs, willow scrub, and tundra, often associated with mosses from sea level to 1500 metres.","North, eastern and western N. America through northern Asia to Japan.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coptis+trifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoptisTrifolia.gif
Orchidaceae,Corallorhiza,maculata,Summer Coralroot,,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"On leaf mold in woods. Moist to dry coniferous and deciduous woods, and conifer plantations, often in florests with little other herbaceous cover at elevations of 0 - 3700 metres.","N. America - Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and California.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corallorhiza+maculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorallorhizaMaculata.gif
Orchidaceae,Corallorhiza,odontorhiza,Autumn Coralroot,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,['Flies'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods, parasitic on the roots of trees. Dry woodland. Rich deciduous woods, mixed woods, and conifer plantations at elevations of 0 - 2800 metres.",Eastern N. America - S.W. Maine to Minnesota and southwards.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corallorhiza+odontorhiza,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorallorhizaOdontorhiza.gif
Tiliaceae,Corchorus,capsularis,Jute,fast,9 to 11,3.5,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Original habitat is obscure.,E. Asia - China.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus+capsularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Tiliaceae,Corchorus,olitorius,"Jew's Mallow, Nalta jute",fast,9 to 11,3.5,,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Original habitat is obscure.,"Probably originating in Africa, though possibly in India and Myanmar, the plant is widely grown through much of the tropics.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corchorus+olitorius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorchorusOlitorius.gif
Fabaceae,Cordeauxia,edulis,Yeheb. Yeheb nut,slow,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry areas[63 ]. Semi-arid scrub on coarse, deep red sands with a water table at 6.5 - 25.5 metres and at an elevation of 100 - 1,000 metres[324 ].","Northeastern tropical Africa - Somalia, Ethiopia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordeauxia+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cordeauxia_edulis1.JPEG
Boraginaceae,Cordia,alliodora,"Ecuador laurel, Cypre, Onion Cordia, Laurel Blanco",fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry and wet forest[ 310 ]. A pioneer plant, it is found in a wide range of habitats from sea level up to 1,000 metres, occasionally to 2,000 metres[ 310 ].","S America - Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordia+alliodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cordia alliodora 1.jpg
Boraginaceae,Cordia,bicolor,Muneco,fast,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Butterflies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found at low and medium elevations, in moist or wet areas[ 333 ]. Usually found in the sunnier areas of the forest or as secondary vegetation on open, disturbed sites[ 510 ]. Wet, mixed forest, thickets, or pastures at elevations up to 550 metres[ 331 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordia+bicolor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cordia bicolor 1.jpg
Agavaceae,Cordyline,australis,Cabbage Tree,slow,7 to 10,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Forest margins and open places. Abundant near swamps. North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordyline+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CordylineAustralis.gif
Agavaceae,Cordyline,indivisa,Cabbage Tree,slow,7 to 10,8.0,2.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Wetter mountains in North and South Islands. Openings in wet forests.,New Zealand.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cordyline+indivisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CordylineIndivisa.gif
Empetraceae,Corema,album,Portuguese Crowberry,,7 to 10,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Maritime sands and dunes on the Atlantic littoral.,S. W. Europe - Portugal and Spain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corema+album,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoremaAlbum.gif
Empetraceae,Corema,conradii,"Poverty Grass, Broom crowberry",,3 to 7,0.3,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,"Dry sandy places, pine barrens and siliceous rocks.","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Massachusetts and New Jersey, usually near the coast.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corema+conradii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoremaConradii.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,auriculata,"Tickseed, Lobed tickseed,Mouse-eared Coreopsis, Eared Coreopsis",medium,4 to 8,1.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Rich calcareous hardwoods and openings.,"South-eastern N. America - Florida and Louisiana, north to Virginia and Kentucky.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+auriculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoreopsisAuriculata.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,calliopsidea,Leafstem tickseed,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Bees'],,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Dry open gravelly ground, 150 - 1000 metres in California.",South-western N. America.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+calliopsidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoreopsisCalliopsidea.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,gigantea,"Giant coreopsis, Sea Dahlia",medium,10 to 11,2.5,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,By the coast on rocky sea cliffs and exposed dunes to 50 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+gigantea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoreopsisGigantea.gif
Compositae,Coreopsis,rosea,Pink tickseed,fast,4 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Pine barrens, moist open woods, shores of lakes, rivers or ponds and damp sandy depressions.  This species generally occurs in pioneer habitats with changing water levels, low fertility, lack of surface leaf litter and few competing plants.","Native to the coastal plain in the northeastern U. S. from Massachusetts and Rhode Island to southeastern New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. Disjunct populations occur in Nova Scotia, South Carolina and Georgia.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+rosea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Coreopsis_rosea1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,tinctoria,"Coreopsis, Golden tickseed, Atkinson's tickseed, Dyer's Coreopsis, Plains Coreopsis, Annual  Coreops",medium,2 to 11,0.8,0.2,Annual,,['Bees'],April to November,June to September,June to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Moist low ground. Roadsides and waste places.,Central and Eastern N. America - Minnesota to Texas.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+tinctoria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoreopsisTinctoria.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Coreopsis,tinctoria atkinsoniana,Coreopsis,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Openings in pine forests on rich moist soils, 1500 - 2250 metres in Arizona.",South-western N. America.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+tinctoria atkinsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Compositae,Coreopsis,verticillata,Whorled tickseed,fast,3 to 9,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Open rocky dry woods, open pineland, margins of woods, pine savannahs and post oak savannahs.","Found primarily in the east-central United States, from Maryland south to Georgia, with isolated populations as far west as Oklahoma and as far north as Québec and Ontario.",1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coreopsis+verticillata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Coreopsis_verticillata1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Coriandrum,sativum,"Coriander - Dhania - Cilantro, Coriander",,2 to 11,0.5,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places and arable land, often by the sides of rivers[4, 9].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,4,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriandrum+sativum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoriandrumSativum.gif
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,microphylla,,,7 to 10,1.2,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Steep cliffs or terraces in the Andes,Southern S. America. New Zealand.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+microphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,myrtifolia,Redoul,,7 to 10,1.8,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry woods, hedges and rocky places[50, 89].",Europe - Mediterranean.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+myrtifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoriariaMyrtifolia.gif
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,napalensis,Masuri Berry,,7 to 10,2.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and shrubberies, mainly on the outskirts of the forests, 1000 - 2700 metres. Plants are found at elevations up to 3300 metres in Sikkim.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to S.W. China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+napalensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,ruscifolia,,,7 to 10,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,Southern S. America.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+ruscifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoriariaRuscifolia.gif
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,sarmentosa,Tuhu,,7 to 10,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open places, especially on debris slopes, from the coast to the upper montane areas on North, South and Stewart Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+sarmentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,sinica,,,7 to 10,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy hills and river valleys to 1500 metres. Occasionally found at higher elevations in stony and arid areas.,E. Asia - China.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+sinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Coriariaceae,Coriaria,terminalis,,,7 to 10,1.2,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Thickets and woodland margins, 2000 - 2600 metres in W. China.","E. Asia - Sikkim, Tibet, China.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coriaria+terminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Corispermum,declinatum,,,None to None,0.5,,Annual,,,,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sandy wastelands, riversides, field margins and roadsides in northern China.","E. Asia - Northern China, Mongolia, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corispermum+declinatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,alba,Tartarian Dogwood,fast,3 to 7,3.0,3.0,Shrub,,['Insects'],,June to July,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forests, mixed thickets by streams at elevations of 600 - 1700, occasionally to 2700 metres in China.",E. Asia - Siberia to northern China and Korea.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusAlba.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,alternifolia,"Green Osier, Alternateleaf dogwood, Alternate Leaf Dogwood, Golden Shadows Pagoda Dogwood, Green Osi",fast,3 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Dry woods and rocky slopes. Rich woodlands and forest margins in moist well-drained soils.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida, west to Manitoba and Arkansas.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+alternifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusAlternifolia.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,amomum,Silky Dogwood,medium,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Swamps and damp thickets. Low woods and along the sides of streams.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.",1,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+amomum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusAmomum.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,asperifolia drummondii,Roughleaf Dogwood,fast,5 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forming thickets along roadsides, fence rows, pastures and margins of woods in rocky or clay soils. Sometimes also found in the moist soil of streambanks.","Central N. America - Ontario to Nebraska and Texas, north to Ohio",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+asperifolia drummondii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,australis,,,6 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Limestone slopes in woodland in Turkey.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+australis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,canadensis,"Creeping Dogwood, Bunchberry dogwood, Bunchberry",fast,2 to 7,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Coniferous woods, thickets and damp clearings in peaty soils.","N. America - Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia and California.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusCanadensis.jpg
Cornaceae,Cornus,capitata,Bentham's Cornel,medium,7 to 10,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Forests and shrubberies to 3400 metres in the Himalayas. Moist hillsides at elevations of 1700 - 2600 metres in Nepal. Evergreen and mixed forests, 1000 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - China to the Himalayas.,4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+capitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,chinensis,,,7 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,February to March,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Slopes, margins of mixed forests and dense forests at elevations of 700 - 2500, occasionally to 3500 metres.",E. Asia - C. and S. China.,2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusChinensis.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,controversa,"Giant Dogwood, Wedding Cake Tree,",fast,5 to 8,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, hedges and thickets, 600 - 2000 metres in W. China. Broad-leaved or mixed broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests at elevations of 200 - 2600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+controversa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusControversa.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,coreana,,,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests from sea level to 300 metres in Liaoning Province, China.","E. Asia - China, Korea.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+coreana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,elliptica,,medium,7 to 10,10.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Forests, slopes, streamsides at elevations of 300 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - western China.,4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+elliptica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,florida,Flowering Dogwood,medium,5 to 9,6.0,8.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Rich well-drained soils in acidic woods to 1500 metres[43, 82]. An understorey tree in dry deciduous woods[82, 222].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Florida, east to Kansas and Texas.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+florida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusFlorida.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,hemsleyi,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed forests, thickets and streamsides at elevations of 1000 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - north and western China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+hemsleyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusHemsleyi.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,hongkongensis,,,None to None,15.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June,October to December,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, broad-leaved evergreen forests, roadsides, by streams, valleys, slopes and forests at elevations of 400 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - S. China.,1,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+hongkongensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusHongkongensis.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,iberica,,,None to None,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woody shrubby thickets in the central mountain zone.,W. Asia - Caucasus,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+iberica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,kousa,"Japanese Dogwood, Kousa dogwood, Chinese Dogwood,",slow,5 to 8,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and scrub in the mountains of Sichuan. Valleys, shaded slopes, by streams and roadsides, in mixed, sparse, and dense woods at elevations of 400 - 2200 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+kousa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusKousa.jpg
Cornaceae,Cornus,kousa chinensis,Japanese Dogwood,,5 to 8,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets, 1200 - 2200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+kousa chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusKousaChinensis.jpg
Cornaceae,Cornus,macrophylla,Large-Leaf Dogwood,,5 to 9,15.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands, 1200 - 1800 metres in W. China. Slopes, by streams, dense forests, mixed woods and margins of woods from sea level to 3600 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusMacrophylla.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,mas,"Cornelian Cherry, Cornelian Cherry Dogwood",medium,4 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,February to March,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodlands, especially in calcareous soils[7, 13].",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+mas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusMas.jpg
Cornaceae,Cornus,monbeigii,,,6 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dense and sparse forests, open hillsides at elevations of 1100 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+monbeigii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,multinervosa,,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mixed woods at altitudes of 900 - 2700 metres.,E. Asia - China in Sechuan and Yunnan Provinces.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+multinervosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,nuttallii,"Mountain Dogwood, Pacific dogwood, Western Dogwood",medium,6 to 8,10.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Usually found in moist well-drained soils in the shade of coniferous trees to 1800 metres.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California and east to Idaho.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+nuttallii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusNuttallii.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,oblonga,Oblong-Petal Dogwood,,8 to 11,6.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,September to November,March to April,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed broad-leaved evergreen-decid-uous forests and thickets at elevations of 800 - 3700 metres.,E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to China.,0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+oblonga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cornus_oblonga1.JPEG
Cornaceae,Cornus,occidentalis,Western Dogwood,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist soils, especially by streams.",Western N. America.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,officinalis,"Shan Zhu Yu, Asiatic dogwood, Japanese Cornel Dogwood",medium,5 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,February to March,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, 1200 - 1800 metres in W. China. Mountains, slopes, forest margins and forests a elevations of 400 - 1500, occasionally to 2100 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",4,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+officinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusOfficinalis2.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,poliophylla,,,6 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dense and sparse forests, open hillsides at elevations of 1100 - 3200 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+poliophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,quinquenervis,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hillsides, mountain forests and thickets by streams from sea level to 2500 metres.",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+quinquenervis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,rugosa,Round-Leaved Dogwood,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Dry woods and rocky slopes.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Manitoba and south to Virginia and Illinois.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+rugosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,sanguinea,"Dogwood, Bloodtwig dogwood",,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June to July,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed woods, scrub and hedgerows, especially on calcareous soils[7, 13, 186].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia to Spain, east to Sicily and Greece. Rare in S.W. Asia..",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusSanguinea.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,sericea,"Red Osier Dogwood, Western dogwood",fast,2 to 7,2.5,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shores and thickets. Along streams, rivers and moist sites, 450 - 2700 metres.","N. America - Newfoundland to New York, west to Alaska and California. Naturalized in Britain[17].",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+sericea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusSericea2.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,sessilis,Blackfruit dogwood,,6 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stream banks to 1500 metres.,Western N. America - N. California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+sessilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Cornus,suecica,"Dwarf Cornel, Lapland cornel",,None to None,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Moors and heaths, usually under heather or bilberries[3, 17].","Arctic regions of Europe, America and Asia, extending south in Europe to Britain and Germany.",2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+suecica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusSuecica.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,walteri,,,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed sparse to dense forests at elevations of 300 - 2500, occasionally to 3000 metres.",E. Asia - central and western China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+walteri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusWalteri.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,wilsoniana,,,5 to 9,10.0,,Tree,,['Insects'],,May,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests at elevations of 100 - 1100 metres.,E. Asia - central and western China.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+wilsoniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CornusWilsoniana.gif
Cornaceae,Cornus,x unalaschkensis,Bunchberry,,None to None,0.2,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,"Northern N. America - Alaska, Newfoundland.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cornus+x unalaschkensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cornaceae,Corokia,x virgata,,,7 to 10,3.0,3.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species, probably C. buddleioides x C. cotoneaster.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corokia+x virgata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Coronilla,emerus,Scorpion Senna,,5 to 9,2.7,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thin woodland and rocky places in limestone hills[11, 45].",C. and S. Europe to N. Africa.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coronilla+emerus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoronillaEmerus.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Coronilla,scorpioides,"Annual Scorpion Vetch, Yellow crownvetch",,6 to 9,0.4,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A common weed of cultivated ground.,S. Europe.,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coronilla+scorpioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoronillaScorpioides.gif
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Coronilla,varia,Crown Vetch,fast,4 to 9,0.3,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to November,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Dry grassy places, railway embankments, roadsides etc.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coronilla+varia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoronillaVaria.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Coronopus,didymus,"Swine Wartcress, Lesser swinecress",,None to None,0.3,0.2,Annual/Biennial,,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waste places, roadsides and cultivated fields[17, 43]. Found chiefly in sandy soils in Texas.",Europe. Asia. N. America. Naturalized in Britain[17].,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coronopus+didymus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoronopusDidymus.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Coronopus,squamatus,"Crowfoot, Greater swinecress",,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Flies'],,June to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sands, mainly maritime, gravels and fields. Plants are found especially on trampled ground such as by gateways.","Throughout Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coronopus+squamatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CoronopusSquamatus.gif
Rutaceae,Correa,alba,Cape Barren Tea,,8 to 11,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Sandy and rocky habitats by the coast[154, 157, 200].","Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Correa+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Caryophyllaceae,Corrigiola,littoralis,Strapwort,,None to None,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Sandy gravelly banks of ponds at two sites only, one in S. Devon and the other around Helston in Cornwall.","Southwestern Europe, including Britain, from Denmark south and east to N. and E. Africa, W. Asia.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corrigiola+littoralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorrigiolaLittoralis.gif
Poaceae or Gramineae,Cortaderia,selloana,Pampas Grass,fast,7 to 11,3.0,1.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,August to October,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Moist sandy soils on river banks and mountains in Chile.,S. America - temperate areas. Sometimes persists in Britain as a garden throw-out[17].,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cortaderia+selloana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CortaderiaSelloana.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,ambigua,,,5 to 9,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Bees'],March to June,,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and meadows from the lowland to the mountains of N. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+ambigua,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,aurea,Scrambled Eggs,,5 to 9,0.5,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Talus slopes, ledges, rocky hillsides, forest clearings, open shores, creek bottoms, gravel pits, road cuts, and burned-over areas, in loose often gravelly soil at elevations of 100 - 3400 metres","N. America - mainly in the west and central areas, from Alaska to California, also east to New York.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisAurea.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,cava,,,5 to 9,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Bees'],March to June,February to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady forests, rarely amongst shrubs.",E. Europe. A rare garden escape in Britain[17].,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+cava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisCava.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,edulis,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,falconeri,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Open slopes, 2700 - 3300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Pakistan to Kashmir.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+falconeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,govaniana,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shrubberies and open slopes, 2400 - 4800 metres.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas from Pakistan to E. Nepal and Tibet.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+govaniana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisGovaniana.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,incisa,Incised fumewort,,6 to 10,0.3,,Annual/Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets and bamboo forests in lowland and foothills all over Japan. Grows in marshes.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisIncisa.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,intermedia,,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forests and shrubberies.,"Northern and central Europe, extending to central Spain and northern Italy.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+intermedia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisIntermedia.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,juncea,,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Alpine shrubberies, open slopes, 2500 - 4300 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from central Nepal to Bhutan and southeastern Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisJuncea.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,ochotensis,,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Mountains in C. Japan.,"E. Asia - Northern China, Japan, Korea, Siberia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+ochotensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,pallida,,,None to None,0.3,,Biennial,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forest clearings, windbreaks, burned areas, forest edges, glades and stony taluses on open slopes and gravel along the sides of streams.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+pallida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisPallida.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,solida,"Fumewort, Spring fumewort",,5 to 9,0.2,0.1,Perennial,,['Bees'],March to July,April to May,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woods, hedgerows, meadows, orchards and vineyards, usually on stony soils, avoiding calcareous soils.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+solida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorydalisSolida.gif
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,ternata,Three-Leaf Corydalis,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Fields and low mountain slopes.,"E. Asia - China, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+ternata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,vaginans,,,4 to 8,,,,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - North-western Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+vaginans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Papaveraceae,Corydalis,yanhusuo,Yan Hu Suo,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,E. Asia - China.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corydalis+yanhusuo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Corylus,americana,American Hazel,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and rich woods[43, 159]. Moist to dry open woods and thickets, hillsides, roadsides, fencerows, and waste place from sea level to 750 metres.","Eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to Saskatchewan and Oklahoma.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+americana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusAmericana.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,avellana,"Common Hazel, Common filbert, European Filbert, Harry Lauder's Walking Stick, Corkscrew Hazel, Hazel",medium,4 to 8,6.0,3.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,January to April,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods and hedgerows, especially on the slopes of hills, often on calcareous soils[7, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain and east to W. Asia.",5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+avellana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusAvellana.jpg
Betulaceae,Corylus,avellana pontica,,,None to None,,,,,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed woodland, streamsides etc in Turkey, in the lower montane zone.",E. Europe to Asia.,4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+avellana pontica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Corylus,chinensis,Chinese Hazel,,5 to 9,24.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,Shady mixed forests. Forests on moist mountain slopes at levations of 1200 - 3500 metres.,E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusChinensis.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,colurna,"Turkish Hazel, Chinese hazelnut, Turkish Filbert, Turkish  Hazel",slow,4 to 7,20.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Shady mixed forests, 1000 - 1800 metres in E. Asia. Found at altitudes up to 3000 metres in the Himalayas where it is found mainly on northerly aspects and in shady places[146, 158].",S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+colurna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusColurna.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,cornuta,"Beaked Hazel, California hazelnut, Turkish Filbert, Turkish Hazel",,4 to 7,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry or moist woodland on hills or mountain slopes. Rich thickets, clearings and woodland edges.",Eastern and Central N. America.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+cornuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusCornuta.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,cornuta californica,California Hazel,,4 to 8,8.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp slopes and banks below 2100 metres in California.,South-western N. America.,3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+cornuta californica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Corylus,fargesii,,,None to None,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,May,August,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests in mountain valleys of western China at elevations of 800 - 3000 metres[109, 266].",E. Asia - China.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+fargesii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusFargesii.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,ferox,"Himalayan Hazel, Tibetan hazelnut",,7 to 10,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests, 2400 - 3000 metres in the Himalayas. Forests on mountain slopes at elevations of 1500 - 3800 metres in western China.",E. Asia - Himalayas from C. Nepal to S.W. China.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+ferox,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Corylus,heterophylla,Siberian Filbert,,4 to 8,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wood margins and mountain slopes, forming dense thickets from E. Mongolia to N. China.","E. Asia - China, C. Japan.",3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusFargesii.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,hybrids & neohybrids,"Hybrid & Neohybrids, Hazel, Filbert",medium,4 to 9,25.0,20.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. See individual species.,Hybrid,5,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+hybrids & neohybrids,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corylus_hybrids1.JPEG
Betulaceae,Corylus,jacquemontii,Indian Tree Hazel,,6 to 9,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres.,E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+jacquemontii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Corylus,maxima,"Filbert, Giant filbert",,4 to 8,6.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, hedges and ravines.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,5,0,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+maxima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusMaxima.jpg
Betulaceae,Corylus,sieboldiana,"Japanese Hazel, Manchurian hazel",,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,E. Asia - Japan.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+sieboldiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusSieboldiana.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,sieboldiana mandschurica,"Hairy hazel, Japanese hazelnut,",,5 to 9,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"An understorey in deciduous, mixed and coniferous woods.",E. Asia - N. China to Manchuria.,3,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+sieboldiana mandschurica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorylusSieboldianaMandschurica.gif
Betulaceae,Corylus,tibetica,,,6 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed forests, 1500 - 3600 metres.","E. Asia - Tibet, Himalayas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+tibetica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Betulaceae,Corylus,x colurnoides,Trazel,,None to None,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid, C. avellana x C. colurna.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+x colurnoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corylus_x_colurnoides.JPEG
Betulaceae,Corylus,x vilmorinii,Chinese Trazel,,4 to 8,25.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid, C. chinensis x C. avellana.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus+x vilmorinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Myrtaceae,Corymbia,citriodora,"Lemon-Scented Gum, blue spotted gum, lemon eucalyptus, eucalyptus citriodora.",fast,10 to 12,45.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually found in heavy soils[ 77 ], but also succeeding on deep sandy loams in coastal regions[ 153 ].","Australia - Queensland, New South Wales.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corymbia+citriodora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corymbia citriodora_Tree_1.jpg
Corynocarpaceae,Corynocarpus,laevigatus,"New Zealand Laurel, Karaka nut",,7 to 10,12.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,May to June,December to February,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Coastal and lowland forest, south to latitude 44°south.",New Zealand.,2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corynocarpus+laevigatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CorynocarpusLaevigatus.gif
Corynocarpaceae,Corynocarpus,spp.,Karaka,fast,7 to 10,15.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Coastal and lowland forest, south to latitude 44°south.","Native to New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corynocarpus+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corynocarpus_spp1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Corypha,utan,"Gebang Palm. Corypha palm, Sugar palm",slow,11 to 12,18.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Flat, low-lying land in woodlands and forests in monsoonal areas[297 ]. Open grasslands, and along rivers and wetlands[314 ].","E. Asia - India, Malaysia and Indo-China to Australia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Corypha+utan,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Corypha_utan1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cosmos,bipinnatus,"Cosmos, Garden cosmos, Common Cosmos",,8 to 11,1.0,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Roadsides and waste places.,Southern N. America - Mexico.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cosmos+bipinnatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CosmosBipinnatus.gif
Costaceae,Costus,afer,"Spiral Ginger, Ginger lily, White spiral costus.",fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"The shaded floor of the rainforest or lowland secondary forest[ 200 ]. Moist localities in forest and forest edges, at elevations up to 1400 metres[ 299 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal east to Ethiopia and south to Tanzania, Malawi and Angola.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Costus+afer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Costus afer 1.jpg
Anacardiaceae,Cotinus,coggygria,"Smoke Tree, European smoketree, Venetian Sumac, Wig Tree, Smoke Tree",medium,5 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,June to July,September to October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry hillsides, rocky places and open woods, usually on limestone, to 1300 metres[45, 50, 89].",S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotinus+coggygria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Anacardiaceae,Cotinus,obovatus,"Chittamwood, American smoketree",medium,4 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May,September,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Calcareous rocky woods and bluffs.,South-eastern N. America - Tennessee to Alabama and Texas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotinus+obovatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotinusObovatus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,acuminatus,Acuminate cotoneaster,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Forests, especially of kharshu oak, 1300 - 3000 metres. Moist open hillsides at elevations of 2500 - 3500 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+acuminatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterAcuminatus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,bacillaris,,fast,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Blanks in forests, old grazing camps etc, in the higher hill forests, 1500 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - W. Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+bacillaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,conspicuus,"Tibetan Cotoneaster, Cotoneaster",medium,6 to 8,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Open sunny situations among rocks, river valleys at elevations of 2400--3300 metresin Sichuan, S Xizang and Yunnan.",E. Asia - southeastern Tibet to western China. Naturalized in south-eastern England.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+conspicuus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterConspicuus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,coriaceus,,fast,5 to 9,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,June to July,October to February,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Scrub, hedgerows and rocky places in calcareous soils. Grassy slopes along riversides or thickets at elevations of 1800 - 2700 metres in Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan Provinces.",E. Asia - China in N.W.Yunnan.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+coriaceus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,divaricatus,Spreading Cotoneaster,fast,4 to 8,2.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,July to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Rocky slopes, gullies, forests, shrubwoods and thickets at elevations of 1600 - 3400 metres.",E. Asia - China. Naturalized in southern England.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+divaricatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterDivaricatus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,franchetii,Orange cotoneaster,,5 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Thickets in rocky sunny mountain regions, open hillsides at elevations of 1600 - 2900 metres.",E. Asia - W. China to Tibet.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+franchetii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterFranchetii.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,frigidus,,fast,6 to 9,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Shrubberies and riversides, especially in Nepal, 2200 - 3400 metres from Uttar Pradesh to S.W. China. River valleys, broad-leaved deciduous forests on slopes, 2800 - 3300 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+frigidus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterFrigidus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,glaucophyllus,,medium,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,July,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Scrub, hedgerows and rocky places in calcareous soils. Mixed forests and thickets in mountain regions at elevations of 1200 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+glaucophyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterGlaucophyllus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,microphyllus,,slow,4 to 8,1.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Trailing on rocks or spreading on grassy hillsides, 1200 - 5400 metres. Rocky slopes, rocky mountain areas, thickets and river valleysat elevations of 2000 - 4200 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+microphyllus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterMicrophyllus.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,racemiflorus,"Black-Wood, Cotoneaster",medium,3 to 7,2.4,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Shrubby thickets on stony slopes. To elevations of 2400 metres in Kashmir.,N. Africa to W. and C. Asia.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+racemiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,serotinus,,medium,6 to 9,6.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,July,October to February,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Scrub, hedgerows and rocky places in calcareous soils. Mountain regions at elevations of 1900 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - W. China.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+serotinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,simonsii,Simons' cotoneaster,fast,4 to 8,3.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,May to July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Scrub, hedgerows and rocky places on calcareous soils.","E. Asia - Himalayas, in Assam. Naturalized in many places in Britain[17].",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+simonsii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,wardii,,,5 to 9,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Scrub, hedgerows and rocky places on calcareous soils. Forest margins at elevations of 3000 - 4000 metres.",E. Asia - S.E. Tibet.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+wardii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterWardii.gif
Rosaceae,Cotoneaster,x watereri,,medium,5 to 9,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Flies', 'Midges']",,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,"A group of garden hybrids, C. frigidus x C. salicifolius. and C. rugosus[200].",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotoneaster+x watereri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotoneasterXwatereri.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cotula,coronopifolia,"Brass Buttons, Common brassbuttons",,6 to 9,0.1,0.5,Annual/Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Marshland in Britain.,S. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in Britain[17].,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cotula+coronopifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CotulaCoronopifolia.gif
Chrysobalanaceae,Couepia,bracteosa,Pajura,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Tropical, dryland forests[ 416 ]. Found in secondary forests, along rivers and in upland formations[ 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Guyanas.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Couepia+bracteosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Couepia bracteosa_1.jpg
Olacaceae,Coula,edulis,African Walnut,medium,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"It has its main distribution in the rain forest. Tolerates moderate shade and is normally a constituent of the upper reaches of the lower storey but is also found in the upper canopy. Semi-gregarious, it does not appear to be selective about sites[ 303 ].","Western Tropical Africa - Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coula+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Coula edulis_1.jpg
Apocynaceae,Couma,macrocarpa,"Barca, Milk Tree, Couba, Sorva, Sorva grande",medium,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Low wet mixed forest, or often seen in cleared pastures, at or a little above sea level[ 331 ]. A climax tree of the rainforest, found mainly on well-drained sites in upland areas of the Amazon[ 625 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Guatemala.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Couma+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Couma macrocarpa 1.jpg
Apocynaceae,Couma,utilis,"Sorva, Milk Tree",medium,10 to 12,12.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dense forest of virgin bushes, on flooded or dry land[ 418 ]. Often grows in dry non-flood zones, in or near fields and grasslands[ 377 ].","S. America - lowland Amazonia in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Couma+utilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Couma utilis 1.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cousinia,thomsonii,,,None to None,0.4,,Perennial,,,,July to September,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Stony ground, especially in Ladakh and Lahul, at elevations of 3000 - 4200 metres. Grassland and gravely places in flooded lands at elevations of 3700 - 4300 metres in Tibet.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to western Nepal and Tibet.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cousinia+thomsonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rubiaceae,Coutarea,hexandra,Coutarea,medium,10 to 12,4.5,4.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist soils in alluvial river valleys and near rivers, in both dense, primary forests and the more open, secondary formations, generally preferring more open, sunny positions[ 420 ]. Thickets in Panama[ 469 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean- Trinidad",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Coutarea+hexandra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Coutarea hexandra 1.jpg
Rosaceae,Cowania,mexicana,Cliffrose,,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky slopes and mesas, usually between 1050 - 2400 metres[82, 229].","South-western N. America - Utah to California and Colorado, south to central Mexico.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cowania+mexicana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CowaniaMexicana.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Crambe,abyssinica,"Abyssinian Kale, Crambe",,10 to 12,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grassland and waste ground, and as a weed in agricultural fields, at elevations from 1,200 - 2,600 metres[ 299 ].","Northeastern tropical Africa - Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, northeastern Zaire, Tanzania.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crambe+abyssinica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrambeAbyssinica.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Crambe,cordifolia,Flowering sea kale,,5 to 9,2.0,1.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Grows on the steppes and open stony places[74, 187].",W. Asia - Afghanistan and Iran.,3,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crambe+cordifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrambeCordifolia.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Crambe,kotschyana,,,6 to 9,2.5,2.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky slopes to 4300 metres. On humus rich soils, usually below rocky cliffs, 2000 - 2500 metres in Kashmir.",E. Asia - Himalayas.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crambe+kotschyana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Crambe,maritima,Sea Kale,,4 to 8,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Coastal sands, shingle, rocks and cliffs near the sea, often on the drift line.","Atlantic coast of Europe, including Britain, along the Baltic coast and around the Black Sea.",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crambe+maritima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrambeMaritima.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Crambe,orientalis,,,6 to 9,1.2,1.2,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fields, hills, dry slopes, rocky places and clay soils.",Europe - E. Mediterranean to W. Asia - Iran.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crambe+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Crambe,tatarica,Tartar Bread Plant,,4 to 8,1.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",,,"Bushy and grassy places, it is also found on chalky slopes.",E. Europe to W. Asia.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crambe+tatarica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae,Crassocephalum,crepidioides,"Okinawa Spinach, Redflower Ragleaf, Fireweed",fast,10 to 12,0.8,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A weed in abandoned farm land, waste places, plantations and backyard gardens[ 299 ].","Through most of tropical Africa, it has become naturalised in many other parts of the Tropics.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crassocephalum+crepidioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Crassocephalum crepidioides 1.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegomespilus,dardarii,Bronvaux Medlar,medium,5 to 9,5.0,3.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild,A graft hybrid of garden origin.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegomespilus+dardarii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,acclivis,,,4 to 8,8.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,April to May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Banks of streams and steep gorges.,North-eastern N. America - New York to the borders of southern Canada.,4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+acclivis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,aestivalis,"Eastern Mayhaw, May hawthorn, Mayhaw, Apple Hawthorn",medium,6 to 11,9.0,8.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Found on the outer coastal plain in seasonally flooded depressions, in floodplains or in uplands. It is commonly found in river swamps, pond areas, and along stream banks.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Mississippi.,3,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+aestivalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusAestivalis.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,altaica,Altai Mountain Thorn,,4 to 8,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,W. Asia - Altai Mountains.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+altaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusAltaica.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,anomala,Arnold hawthorn,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Rocky banks and open woods on low limestone ridges[43, 82].",Eastern N. America - Quebec to New York.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+anomala,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusAnomala.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,apiifolia,Parsley-Leaved Hawthorn,,6 to 9,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Along streams and the borders of swamps. Also found in hummocks in pine barrens near the coast. Acidic sandy soils, woods and roadsides in Texas.","Southern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+apiifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,aprica,Sunny Hawthorn,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Dry woods in the foothills of the Appalachians, 450 - 1000 metres.",South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Tennessee and Georgia.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+aprica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusAprica.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,armena,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Eastern Europe - Armenia.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+armena,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,arnoldiana,Arnold Hawthorn,,5 to 9,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Wooded banks. Thickets on a dry bank.,North-eastern N. America - Massachusetts and Connecticut.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+arnoldiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusArnoldiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,atrosanguinea,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Amongst shrubs on the slopes of gorges.,W. Asia.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+atrosanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,azarolus,Azarole,medium,5 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Dry hillsides and mountains in woods and hedges.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+azarolus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusAzarolus.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,baroussana,Tejocote,,None to None,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Only found in one habitat, at elevations around 2100 metres in the mountains of Coahuila.",Southern N. America - Mexico.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+baroussana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,caesa,,,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,April to May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Eastern N. America.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+caesa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,calpodendron,Pear Hawthorn,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open woods and thickets, especially by small rocky streams.",Eastern N. America - Ontario to central USA..,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+calpodendron,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusCalpodendron.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,canadensis,Canadian hawthorn,,None to None,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Wooded calcareous ridges along the St. Lawrence river.,Eastern N. America - Quebec.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,canbyi,"Cockspur hawthorn, Dwarf Hawthorn, Cockspur Hawthorn",medium,4 to 7,5.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Hedges and thickets.,Eastern N. America - Pennsylvania and Delaware.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+canbyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusCanbyi.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,champlainensis,Quebec hawthorn,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets, streambanks and hillsides. Limestone ridges.",Northern N. America - Quebec to New York and Ontario.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+champlainensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,chlorosarca,,,None to None,6.0,4.5,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],May to October,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,E. Asia - Japan and Manchuria.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+chlorosarca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusChlorosarca.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,chrysocarpa,"Fireberry Hawthorn, Red haw, Piper's hawthorn,",,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Thickets and rocky ground along streams.,"North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, west to the Rocky Mountains.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+chrysocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusChlorosarca.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,coccinoides,Kansas Hawthorn,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Dry thickets and calcareous hills.,"Central N. America - Illinois and Missouri to Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+coccinoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,columbiana,Columbian Hawthorn,,4 to 8,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Meadows and near streams in California.,"Western N. America - British Columbia to California, east to Idaho and Oregon.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+columbiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,crus-galli,"Cockspur Thorn, Cockspur hawthorn, Dwarf Hawthorn",medium,4 to 7,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets and open ground, especially in dry or rocky places. Usually found on the slopes of low hills in rich soils.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Louisiana. Locally naturalized in Europe[50].",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+crus-galli,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusCrus-galli.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,cuneata,"Sanzashi, Chinese hawthorn",,5 to 9,15.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Sunny places in upland wilds. Valleys, thickets and hills at elevations of 200 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+cuneata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusCuneata.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,dilatata,Broadleaf hawthorn,,None to None,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Dry thickets and calcareous hills.,Eastern N. America - Ontario and Quebec to New York.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+dilatata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,dispessa,Mink hawthorn,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Rich bottom lands by streams[82, 235].",Southern N. America - Missouri.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+dispessa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,douglasii,Black Hawthorn,,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open woods, banks of mountain streams and on rocky banks[43, 82].","Western N. America - British Columbia to Michigan, south to California.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+douglasii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusDouglasii.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,durobrivensis,Caughuawaga Hawthorn,,4 to 8,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly a hybrid C. pruinosa x C. suborbiculata.",North-eastern N. America.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+durobrivensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusDurobrivensis.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,ellwangeriana,Scarlet Hawthorn,,5 to 7,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Not known in the wild, it is possibly of hybrid origin.",Eastern N. America.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+ellwangeriana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusEllwangeriana.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,elongata,,,None to None,4.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Eastern N. America - Illinois.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+elongata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,festiva,,,6 to 9,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Eastern N. America.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+festiva,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,flabellata,Fanleaf hawthorn,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets and open woods.Dry open places, borders of woods and the margins of high banks of streams.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to South Carolina, west to Louisiana.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+flabellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusFlabellata.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,flava,"Summer Haw, Yellowleaf hawthorn",,5 to 9,8.0,10.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open woods and low hills in dry sandy or gravelly soils[43, 82].","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Florida, west to Mississippi.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+flava,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusFlava.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,gemosa,Haw,,None to None,8.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Rich forest glades or the margins of woods, usually in low rich soil.","Eastern N. America - Vermont to Wisconsin, North Carolina and Iowa.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+gemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,heterophylla,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Found in secondary georgian oak forests.,Europe to E. Asia - Spain to China. Rarely self-sown in Britain.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+heterophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,holmesiana,Holmes' hawthorn,,4 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Rich moist hillsides and the borders of streams and swamps.,"Eastern N. America - Ontario to Maine, south to New York and Pennsylvania.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+holmesiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusHolmesiana.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,hupehensis,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets on slopes at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres in Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - W. China.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+hupehensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,illinoiensis,,,None to None,5.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Open woods along the gravelly banks of small streams.,Eastern N. America - Illinois.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+illinoiensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusIllinoiensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,intricata,Copenhagen hawthorn,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets and open rocky woods[43, 235].","Eastern N. America - Maine to Georgia, west to Michigan and Oklahoma.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+intricata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusIntricata.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,jackii,,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Calcareous ridges and banks of streams.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+jackii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,jonesiae,Miss jones' hawthorn,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Rocky shores of sounds and bays.,North-eastern N. America - Maine.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+jonesiae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusJonesiae.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,laciniata,,,5 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Mountain thickets and rocky slopes.,E. Asia. Occasionally self-sows in Britain[17].,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusLaciniata.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,laevigata,"Midland Hawthorn, Smooth hawthorn, English  Hawthorn",medium,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,April to May,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Woods, hedges, thickets etc on clays and heavy loams, especially in E. Britain[17, 186]. Where found in hedges it is often as a relict of ancient woodland.","Europe, including Britain, from Sweden to Spain, eastwards to Poland.",3,5,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+laevigata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusLaevigata.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,lobulata,Red Haw,,None to None,9.0,,Tree,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets, pastures and streambanks.",Eastern N. America - Vermont to New York and Connecticut.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+lobulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,macrosperma,Big-Fruit Hawthorn,,None to None,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Found in a variety of habitats, including thickets and open woods, woods and river banks in dry clay soils and rich moist soils along the margins of oak woodlands.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia and Maine, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+macrosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusMacrosperma.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,maximowiczii,,,4 to 8,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Riverain deciduous forest strips, crests, meadows of flooded valleys, forest edges and dry mountain slopes.",E. Asia - Siberia to N. Japan.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+maximowiczii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusMaximowiczii.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,meyeri,,,None to None,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,W. Asia - Caucasus.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+meyeri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,missouriensis,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Rocky bluffs and river banks.,South-eastern N. America - Virginia to North Carolina and Missouri.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+missouriensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,mollis,"Red Haw, Downy hawthorn",medium,4 to 8,9.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open woods, usually in alluvial or fertile soils. Frequently found in limestone soils.","Eastern and Central N. America - Ontario to Alabama, west to Oklahoma.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+mollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusMollis.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,monogyna,"Hawthorn,  Oneseed hawthorn",medium,4 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Woods, hedges, thickets etc, on most soils except wet peat and poor acid sands[9, 17].","Europe, including Britain, absent from Iceland, south and west the the Mediterranean and Afghanistan",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+monogyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusMonogyna.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,nigra,Hungarian Hawthorn,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Woods.,E. and C. Europe - Hungary.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+nigra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,opaca,Western Mayhaw,medium,4 to 8,9.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,March,May to June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Deep depressions filled with water for most of the year, borders of swamps, low river banks etc.",Southern N. America - North Carolina to Mississippi.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+opaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusOpaca.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,parvifolia,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,N. America.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+parvifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pedicellata,"Scarlet Haw, Scarlet hawthorn",,4 to 8,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Self-sown in hedges and rough ground in south-eastern England.,"Northeastern N. America - Connecticut to Ontario, Illinois and Pennsylvania. Naturalized in Britain.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pedicellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pedicellata gloriosa,Scarlet Haw,,4 to 8,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Eastern N. America - New York.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pedicellata gloriosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusPedicellata.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pennsylvanica,,,5 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open woods and thickets in moist fertile soils. Meadows in low, moist soils.",Eastern N. America - Delaware to Pennsylvanica and W. Virginia.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pennsylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pentagyna,,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Woodland margins[45, 50].",S.E. Europe to the Caucasus.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pentagyna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusPentagyna.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,phaenopyrum,"Washington Thorn, Washington Hawthorn",medium,4 to 8,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,July,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets, open woods and banks of streams in rich soils.","South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Georgia, Illinois and Kansas.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+phaenopyrum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusPhaenopyrum.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pinnatifida,Chinese Haw,,5 to 9,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Riverbanks, on sandy soils or stony slopes. Among shrubs, on slopes at elevations of 100 - 2000 metres.","E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pinnatifida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusPinnatifida.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pinnatifida major,Chinese Haw,,5 to 9,7.5,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Riverbanks, on sandy soils or stony slopes.",E. Asia - China.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pinnatifida major,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pontica,Turkish Haw,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Dry, usually stony but occasionally dry earth slopes.",C. Asia.,4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pontica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Crataegus_pontica240.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pringlei,Pringle's hawthorn,,None to None,7.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Thickets and woods along streams.,Eastern N. America - New England to Ontario and south to N. Illinois and Pennsylvania.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pringlei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pruinosa,"Frosted Hawthorn, Waxyfruit hawthorn",,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets and rocky ground in open woods. Slopes of low hills, often in limestone soils.","North-eastern N. America - Newfoundland to North Carolina, west to Wisconsin and Oklahoma.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pruinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusPruinosa.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pubescens,Manzanilla,medium,6 to 9,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Southern N. America - Mexico.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,pubescens stipulacea,Manzanilla,,6 to 9,9.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Clearings of pine - oak woodlands in Mexico.,South-western N. America - Mexico.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+pubescens stipulacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Crataegus pubescens stipulacea 240.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,punctata,"Dotted Hawthorn,",,4 to 8,10.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open rocky ground, thickets and pasture. Rich hillsides.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Oklahoma.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+punctata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusPunctata.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,reverchonii,Reverchon's Hawthorn,,None to None,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Rocky or sandy ground on slopes or in drainage ways.,"Southern N. America - Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas and Missouri.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+reverchonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusReverchonii.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,rivularis,River Hawthorn,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Thickets and rocky ground. Borders of streams, 900 - 2,500 metres in Texas.","Western N. America - Wyoming to Idaho, New Mexico, Arizona and Nevada.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+rivularis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusRivularis.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,rotundifolia,,,4 to 8,6.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,Eastern N. America.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+rotundifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,sanguinea,,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open forests, forest edges, river banks etc.","E. Asia - northern China, Mongolia, Siberia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+sanguinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusSanguinea.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,schraderana,Blue hawthorn,,5 to 9,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Mountainous areas.,S. Europe - Greece.,5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+schraderana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusSchraderiana.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,songorica,,,None to None,4.5,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,River valleys and ravine slopes in the mid-mountain zone. Valleys and thickets at elevations of 500 - 2000 metres in Tibet.,E. Asia - Iran and Afghanistan to Tibet.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+songorica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,species,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,A group of plants of uncertain origin.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+species,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusSpecies.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,stipulosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known,C. America.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+stipulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,submollis,Quebec Hawthorn,,4 to 8,7.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Wooded hillsides and open fertile ground. Rich damp hillsides and the borders of woods and roads.,"North-eastern N. America - Quebec to Ontario, Massachusetts and New York.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+submollis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusSubmollis.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,subvillosa,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Thickets and open woods.,E. Asia to N. America.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+subvillosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,succulenta,Fleshy hawthorn,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Thickets, pastures and woodland edges, especially in dry or rocky soils.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Montana, Colorado and Utah.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+succulenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusSucculenta.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,szovitskii,,,None to None,,,,,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Stony slopes amongst shrubs and on forest edges in the mid-montane zone.,W. Asia.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+szovitskii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Crataegus,tanacetifolia,Tansy-Leaved Thorn,,6 to 8,10.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Midges'],,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry slopes.,W. Asia.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+tanacetifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusTanacetifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Crataegus,uniflora,Dwarf hawthorn,,4 to 8,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Sandy or rocky banks or woods.,"South-eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+uniflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrataegusUniflora.gif
Rosaceae,Crataegus,x grignonensis,,,4 to 8,4.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Midges'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid species of garden origin, C. crus-galli x C. pubescens.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crataegus+x grignonensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Crepis,bursifolia,Italian hawksbeard,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Southern Europe - Italy and Sicily.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crepis+bursifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Crepis,runcinata,"Fiddleleaf hawksbeard, Anderson's hawksbeard, Barber's hawksbeard, Hall's hawksbeard",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Moist, often alkaline meadows, especially in mountains.",Western N. America - Washington to California.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crepis+runcinata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrepisRuncinata.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Crepis,sancta,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in Israel in bathas, steppes, and herbaceous plant communities of the Mediterranean territory.",Southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crepis+sancta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrepisSancta.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Crepis,tectorum,Narrow-Leaved Hawksbeard,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rocky and sandy ground by rivers and the sea.,Europe.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crepis+tectorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrepisTectorum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Crepis,vesicaria,Beaked hawksbeard,,None to None,0.8,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,May to July,June to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Waysides, walls, railway banks and waste places, especially in calcareous soils, to 150 metres.",W. and S. Europe. Introduced and naturalized in Britain.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crepis+vesicaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrepisVesicaria.gif
Bignoniaceae,Crescentia,alata,Jicaro. Mexican calabash,medium,9 to 12,8.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Common or abundant on essentially dry but at seasons often very wet plains and hillsides, at elevations up to 1,200 metres[331 ].",Central America - Costa Rica to Mexico.,2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crescentia+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Crescentia_alata1.jpg
Bignoniaceae,Crescentia,cujete,Calabash Tree,slow,10 to 12,10.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Coastal scrub, dry lowlands in clearings[ 307 ]. Roadsides, old pastures, thickets and woodland margins at elevations from sea level to 420 metres in Jamaica[ 426 ].",Tropical America - Colombia north through Central America to Mexico and most of the Caribbean,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crescentia+cujete,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Crescentia cujete1.jpg
Amaryllidaceae,Crinum,asiaticum,Asian Poison Bulb,,7 to 10,1.2,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Introduced and locally naturalised in wet places in Florida and Louisiana.,"E. Asia - China, Burma, Vietnam.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crinum+asiaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrinumAsiaticum.gif
Amaryllidaceae,Crinum,bulbispermum,Hardy swamplily,,5 to 9,1.0,0.6,Bulb,,['Insects'],,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Seasonal pools, marshes and the banks of rivers.",S. Africa - S. Transvaal and N. Natal.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crinum+bulbispermum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrinumBulbispermum.gif
Amaryllidaceae,Crinum,flaccidum,Murray Lily,,9 to 11,0.6,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy inundated flats of river flood plains.,"Australia - New South Wales, South Australia.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crinum+flaccidum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrinumFlaccidum.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Crithmum,maritimum,Rock Samphire,,5 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"On cliffs and rocks, or more rarely on shingle or sand, by the sea.","Coastal regions of Europe, including Britain, to the Mediterranean and Black Sea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crithmum+maritimum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrithmumMaritimum.gif
Iridaceae,Crocosmia,aurea,Montbretia,fast,6 to 9,1.0,0.5,Corm,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Shady forest areas in moist country, 2000 - 2500 metres from East Cape province and north to Mozambique, Malawi etc. Especially common in conifer plantations.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocosmia+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrocosmiaAurea.gif
Iridaceae,Crocus,cancellatus,,,4 to 8,0.1,0.1,Corm,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",March to July,September to November,March to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky hillsides and open woods, to 1800 metres.",N. Africa to W. Asia - N. Palestine to Armenia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocus+cancellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Iridaceae,Crocus,kotschyanus,,,4 to 8,0.3,0.1,Corm,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",February to June,September to November,March to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scrub and rocky places, 500 - 2600 metres.",N. Africa to W. Asia - Lebanon to Turkey.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocus+kotschyanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrocusKotschyanus.gif
Iridaceae,Crocus,nudiflorus,,,4 to 8,0.2,,Corm,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Meadows.,S. Europe - S.W. France to N.E. Spain.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocus+nudiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrocusNudiflorus.gif
Iridaceae,Crocus,sativus,Saffron,,5 to 9,0.1,0.1,Corm,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",October to May,October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild location.,S. Europe - Greece to W. Asia.,3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocus+sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrocusSativus.gif
Iridaceae,Crocus,serotinus,,,5 to 9,0.1,,Corm,,"['Bees', 'Butterflies']",November to May,November to December.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Stony slopes in scrub and open pine woods.,Southern Europe to Northern Africa and Western Asia.,2,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crocus+serotinus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CrocusSerotinus.gif
Fabaceae,Crotalaria,juncea,Sun Hemp,fast,10 to 12,1.6,0.4,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,A tropical plant growing in open sunny positions.,E. Asia - India.,1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crotalaria+juncea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Crotalaria_juncea1.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Crotalaria,sessiliflora,,,None to None,0.6,,Annual,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy places in lowland areas of central and southern Japan. Open grassy places at elevations of 200 - 2800 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea and Manchuria.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Crotalaria+sessiliflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Euphorbiaceae,Croton,lechleri,"Sangre De Grado, Dragon's blood",fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Secondary forest.,"S. America - Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.",0,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Croton+lechleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Croton lechleri 1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Croton,megalocarpus,Croton tree,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A dominant, upper-canopy tree of evergreen and semi-deciduous forest at elevations from 700 - 2,400 metres, sometimes also in riverine woodland and wooded grassland[ 299 ].","East tropical Africa - eastern DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya and southern Somalis, south to Zambia and Mozambique.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Croton+megalocarpus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Croton megalocarpus 1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Croton,palanostigma,"Sangre De Grado, Dragon's blood",fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Secondary growth along the rocky banks of streams[ 453 ].,"S. America - northern Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Croton+palanostigma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Croton palanostigma_1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Croton,salutaris,"Sangre De Grado, Dragon's blood",fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Tree,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - southeastern Brazil.,0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Croton+salutaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Croton salutaris 1.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Croton,tiglium,"Croton Oil Plant. Croton, Purging croton.",medium,10 to 12,7.0,7.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Montane sparse forests, limestone shrublands at elevations of 300 - 700 metres in southern China[266 ]. Occurs in a wide range of vegetation and soil types at elevations up to 1,500 metres[299 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Croton+tiglium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Croton_tiglium1.jpg
Rubiaceae,Cruciata,laevipes,"Crosswort, Smooth bedstraw",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woodland, scrub, hedges, waysides and pastures, especially on calcareous soils.","Europe, including Britain, from the Netherlands to Poland, south to S. Europe, W. Asia and Siberia.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cruciata+laevipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CruciataLaevipes.gif
Taxodiaceae,Cryptomeria,japonica,"Japanese Cedar, Sugi",fast,5 to 8,20.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,February to March,October to March,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains and hills in areas of higher rainfall in S. and C. Japan[58, 200]. Rarely spontaneous. Forests on deep, well-drained soils subject to warm, moist conditions, 1100 - 2500 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cryptomeria+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CryptomeriaJaponica.gif
Apocynaceae,Cryptostegia,grandiflora,India Rubber Vine,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.3,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rubber vine is a many stemmed shrub which can climb 30 m into tree canopies, or grow 1?3 m high when unsupported in open areas. Rubber vine typically invades new areas when seed is blown in or transported down a waterway. Seed germinates readily on riverbanks and other moist areas.",Africa - Madagascar. Australia,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cryptostegia+grandiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cryptostegia_grandiflora1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cryptotaenia,canadensis,"Honewort, Canadian honewort",,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich woods and thickets. Woodland ravines and riverbanks.,Eastern N. America - Western New Brunswick to Manitoba and south to Alabama. Arkansas and Texas.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cryptotaenia+canadensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CryptotaeniaCanadensis.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cryptotaenia,japonica,"Mitsuba, Japanese honewort",,4 to 8,1.0,0.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland in hills and mountains[52, 58].","E. Asia - China, Japan.",4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cryptotaenia+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CryptotaeniaJaponica.gif
Caryophyllaceae,Cucubalus,baccifer,Berry-Bearing Catchfly,,6 to 9,1.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Damp shady habitats in scrub and woodland.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucubalus+baccifer,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucubalusBaccifer.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,anguria,"Gherkin, West Indian gherkin",,9 to 11,2.4,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,Probably originated in Tropical America but not known in a truly wild condition. Possibly a cultigen,3,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+anguria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisAnguria.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo,"Melon, Cantaloupe",,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A weed of cultivated fields in Turkey. Probably as an escape from gardens.,"Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisMelo.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo agrestis,Wild Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Naturalized in many areas of the world, though it is not known in a truly wild location. It is a weed of cultivated fields in Turkey, probably as an escape from gardens.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo agrestis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisMeloAgrestis.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo cantalupensis,Cantaloupe Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Derived through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo cantalupensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisMeloCantalupensis.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo chito,Orange Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Derived through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location though it sometimes escapes from cultivation and becomes naturalized in fields and waste places.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo chito,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo conomon,Pickling Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Derived through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo conomon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo flexuosus,Serpent Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Derived through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo flexuosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisMeloFlexuosus.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo inodorus,Honeydew Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Derived through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo inodorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisMeloInodorus.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,melo momordica,Snap Melon,,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Derived through cultivation, it is not known in a truly wild location.","Probably native of Asia, though it has been in cultivation for so long its native habitat is obscure",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+melo momordica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,metuliferus,"Horned Cucumber, African horned cucumber",,9 to 11,1.5,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. Africa.,2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+metuliferus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisMetuliferus.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucumis,sativus,"Cucumber, Garden cucumber",,9 to 11,2.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Possibly native of the E. Indies, but the original habitat is obscure.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+sativus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucumisSativus.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,argyrosperma,Cushaw Pumpkin,,2 to 11,0.5,3.0,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,C. America? Origin is uncertain.,4,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+argyrosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucurbitaArgyrosperma.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,digitata,Coyote Gourd,medium,10 to 12,5.0,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in sandy alluvial soil of washes and valleys or on dry plains and mesas; 5,000 ft (1524 m).","Native to northern Baja California at higher elevations, northern Sonora, Mexico, southern Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico.",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+digitata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cucurbita_digitata1.JPEG
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,ficifolia,"Malabar Gourd, Figleaf gourd",fast,9 to 11,,,,,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,E. Asia? Original habitat is obscure.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+ficifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucurbitaFicifolia.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,foetidissima,"Buffalo Gourd, Missouri gourd",fast,6 to 11,6.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Dry or sandy soils from Mexico northwards to Missouri and Nebraska.,South-western N. America.,3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+foetidissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucurbitaFoetidissima.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,maxima,Winter Squash,fast,2 to 11,0.6,5.0,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Not known in the wild.,"Origin is obscure, possibly derived in cultivation from C. andreana.",5,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+maxima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucurbitaMaxima.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,moschata,"Squash, Crookneck squash",fast,2 to 11,0.6,4.0,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,Origin is obscure.,5,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+moschata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucurbitaMoschata.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Cucurbita,pepo,"Pumpkin, Field pumpkin, Ozark melon, Texas gourd",fast,2 to 11,0.6,5.0,Annual Climber,Annual,['Insects'],,July to September,August to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,C. America? The origin is obscure[86].,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucurbita+pepo,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CucurbitaPepo.gif
Moraceae,Cudrania,tricuspidata,"Silkworm Thorn, Storehousebush",slow,6 to 9,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,July.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocky slopes and roadsides in W. China. Sunny forest margins and mountain slopes at elevations of 500 - 2200 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan and Korea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cudrania+tricuspidata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cudrania_tricuspidata1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Cullen,corylifolium,Bu Gu Zhi,fast,10 to 12,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Warm valleys in Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, China. Relatively common in disturbed habitats, such as escarpments roadsides, banks and cropped land, often weedy.","E. Asia - southern China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Indonesia.",1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cullen+corylifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cullen corylifolium 1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cuminum,cyminum,Cumin - Jeera,fast,8 to 12,0.3,0.2,Annual,,['Insects'],May to October,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a truly wild condition.,Europe to N. Africa and S.W.Asia? Original habitat is obscure.,4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuminum+cyminum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CuminumCyminum.gif
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Cunila,origanoides,"Stone Mint, Common dittany",,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open woods and thickets[222, 274].","Eastern N. America - New York to Florida, west to Texas and Illinois.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cunila+origanoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CunilaOriganoides.gif
Taxodiaceae,Cunninghamia,lanceolata,Chinese Fir,medium,6 to 9,15.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,January to May,August to September,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mixed broad-leaved forests, rocky hillsides and roadsides, 200 - 2800 metres in most temperate areas of China. Often forming small, pure stands on red sandstone soils.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cunninghamia+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CunninghamiaLanceolata.gif
Lythraceae,Cuphea,viscosissima,"Tarweed, Blue waxweed",,6 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuphea+viscosissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupheaViscosissima.gif
Cupressaceae,Cupressocyparis,leylandii,Leyland Cypress,fast,6 to 10,40.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,Not known in the wild.,A bi-generic hybrid of garden origin. Cupressus macrocarpa x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressocyparis+leylandii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupressocyparisLeylandii.gif
Cupressaceae,Cupressus,arizonica,Arizona Cypress,medium,6 to 9,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,August to September,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky or gravelly soils of canyons and ravines, 1000 - 2650 metres.","South-western N. America - California to Texas and New Mexico, south to Mexico.",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressus+arizonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupressusArizonica.gif
Cupressaceae,Cupressus,funebris,"Chinese Weeping Cypress, Mourning-cypress",,7 to 10,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Forms woods on mountain slopes and ravines, especially in limestone areas, from sea level to 1100 metres.",E. Asia - China.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressus+funebris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupressusFunebris.gif
Cupressaceae,Cupressus,lusitanica,Mexican Cypress,fast,9 to 12,35.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Often forms dense stands at elevations above 1,300 metres in Guatemala[ 331 ]. Forming pure, dense stands or scattered in mixed montane conifer forest or pine forest, also in pine-oak forest and woodland. occurs on various usually nutrient-poor rocky soils over limestone or various igneous rocks; it is also spreading in scrub on rocky slopes or cliffs in canyons. The altitudinal range of this species is from ca. 1000 m to nearly 4000 m.",Central America from Panama north through Mexico to the southern United States.,0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressus+lusitanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cupressus_lusitanica_Duhamel_du_Monceau.jpg
Cupressaceae,Cupressus,macrocarpa,Monterey Cypress,fast,7 to 10,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to June.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Cliffs by the shore in just 2 small locations in California[11, 82].",South-western N. America - California.,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressus+macrocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupressusMacrocarpa.gif
Cupressaceae,Cupressus,sempervirens,Italian Cypress,medium,7 to 11,30.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,January to February.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Rocky mountainous areas, usually near the coast, in S. Europe[45, 89].",S. Europe to W. Asia.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressus+sempervirens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupressusSempervirens.gif
Cupressaceae,Cupressus,torulosa,Himalayan Cypress,,7 to 10,40.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Drier areas, especially on limestone, often in pure stands, from Himachel Pradesh to central Nepal at elevations of 1800 - 3300 metres[51, 158, 272].",E. Asia - W. China to the Himalayas.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cupressus+torulosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CupressusTorulosa.gif
Hypoxidaceae,Curculigo,orchioides,"Star grass, Golden-eyed grass",,10 to 12,0.5,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Forests and open grassy slopes from near sea level to 1,600 metres in southern China[ 266 ].","E. Asia - S. China, Japan, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, W.Pacific.",1,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Curculigo+orchioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Curculigo_orchioides2.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Cuscuta,chinensis,Chinese Dodder,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Near seashores, C. and S. Japan. Fields, open mountain slopes, thickets and sandy beaches at elevations up to 3,000 metres in most parts of China.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+chinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CuscutaChinensis.gif
Convolvulaceae,Cuscuta,epithymum,Lesser Dodder,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,['Bees'],,June to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,Parasitic on heather and gorse.,"Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain and east to the Caucasus and central Asia.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+epithymum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CuscutaEpythymum.gif,Cuscuta,europaea,Greater dodder,,None to None,,,,,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open grassy localities, streamsides and hilly areas at elevations of 800 - 3,100 metres in China.",Europe to North Africa and eastern Asia.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+europaea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CuscutaEuropaea.gif
Convolvulaceae,Cuscuta,japonica,Japanese Dodder,,5 to 9,1.0,,Annual Climber,Annual,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Parasitic on shrub branches in lowland and low mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convolvulaceae,Cuscuta,megalocarpa,Bigfruit Dodder,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Grows on various shrubs and herbs, also occasionally found on cultivated crops.",N. America - Minnesota to Montana and south to Colorado.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+megalocarpa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convolvulaceae,Cuscuta,reflexa,"Dodder, Giant dodder",,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Parasitic on Desmodium spp, Rubus spp and Viburnum spp at 1700 - 2900 metres in Kashmir. It is also found on Zizyphus jujube and Vitex negundo and has been known to kill these plants.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Afghanistan to China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+reflexa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Convolvulaceae,Cuscuta,umbellata,Flatglobe dodder,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Parasitic on Polygala spp, Atriplex spp, Suaeda spp, Alternanthera spp, Amaranthus spp and Euphorbia spp in N. Arizona.",Southern N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cuscuta+umbellata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CuscutaUmbellata.gif
Fabaceae,Cyamopsis,tetragonoloba,"Guar, Cluster Bean",fast,10 to 12,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known in a wild state.,E. Asia - India.,4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyamopsis+tetragonoloba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyamopsis tetragonoloba1_Low_Resolution.jpg
Campanulaceae,Cyananthus,lobatus,Trailing Bellflower,,3 to 7,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,,,September to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found in the alpine zone at heights of up to 4,200 metres. Open fields at elevations of 3300 - 4700 metres in Nepal.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Garwhal to Sikkim.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyananthus+lobatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyananthusLobatus.gif
Amaryllidaceae,Cyanella,amboensis,Lady's Hand,,None to None,,,,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyanella+amboensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaryllidaceae,Cyanella,capensis,Lady's Hand,,None to None,0.3,,Bulb,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Flats and hillsides of the Cape Peninsula.,S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyanella+capensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Amaryllidaceae,Cyanella,hyacinthoides,Lady's Hand,,8 to 11,0.3,0.2,Bulb,,['Bees'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Mostly found on clay and granite slopes, often in renosterveld.",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyanella+hyacinthoides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyanellaHyacinthoides.gif
Tecophilaeaceae,Cyanella,lutea,Lady's Hand,,8 to 11,0.2,0.1,Bulb,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Mainly found on clay or limestone flats.,S. Africa - southern Namibia to Lesotho and Botswana.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyanella+lutea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyanellaLutea.gif
Tecophilaeaceae,Cyanella,orchidiformis,Lady's Hand,,8 to 11,0.3,,Bulb,,['Bees'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rocky flats to lower and middle slopes, often in wet sites.",S. Africa - southern Namibia to Clanwilliam.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyanella+orchidiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyatheaceae,Cyathea,dealbata,Tree Fern,,8 to 11,9.0,2.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland to montane forests and shrubland on North, South and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathea+dealbata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyatheaDealbata.gif
Cyatheaceae,Cyathea,medullaris,Black Tree Fern,slow,8 to 11,9.0,6.0,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland forests in North, South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand.","Australia, New Zealand.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathea+medullaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyatheaMedullaris.gif
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,colensoi,,slow,7 to 10,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Montane to lower sub-alpine open grassland to rocky places and fellfield on North and South Islands.,New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+colensoi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,fasciculata,,,None to None,4.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Forest and scrub from the coast to the lower montane zone on North and South Islands, south to latitude 44°s[44, 173].",New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+fasciculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,fraseri,,slow,7 to 10,0.2,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Coastal dunes, lowland to sub-alpine open grassland and rocky places on North, South and Stewart Islands in New Zealand.",Australia and New Zealand.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+fraseri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,glauca,Cheese Berry,,None to None,1.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Alpine and sub-alpine zones to 1000 metres.,Australia - Tasmania.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+glauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,juniperina,,,None to None,2.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Forest and scrub from the coast to the montane zone on North, South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand[44, 173, 200].",Australia - Tasmania and New Zealand.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+juniperina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,oxycedrus,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Australia,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+oxycedrus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,parviflora,Pink Mountain Berry,,None to None,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Drier rocky slopes to 1200 metres. Usually found on sandy or rocky seacoasts in Australia.,"Australia - New South Wales, Tasmania. New Zealand.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+parviflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Epacridaceae,Cyathodes,straminea,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,Alpine and sub-alpine zones.,Australia - Tasmania.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyathodes+straminea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cycadaceae,Cycas,circinalis,"Sago Palm, Queen sago, Fern Palm, Queen Sago Palm",slow,10 to 11,3.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,,,Dioecious,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Forest undergrowth.,E. Indies.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cycas+circinalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CycasCircinalis.gif
Cycadaceae,Cycas,revoluta,"Japanese Sago Palm, Sago palm, King Sago Palm",slow,8 to 11,3.5,3.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Insects', 'Wind']",,May to July,October to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found mainly on the sea shore in S. Japan. Thickets on hillsides on islands, sparse forests on mainland at elevations of 100 - 500 metres in Fujian, China.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cycas+revoluta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CycasRevoluta.gif
Cycadaceae,Cycas,spp.,"Cycas, Sago Palm",slow,8 to 12,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Species for sun and shade, desert, swamp, and rain forest [1-1].",Adapted throughout the tropics and subtropics.,2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cycas+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cycas_spp1.JPEG
Primulaceae,Cyclamen,hederifolium,"Cyclamen, Alpine Violet, Persian Violet",medium,6 to 9,0.1,0.2,Perennial,,,October to June,July to November,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shady woodlands, usually on limestone[28, 31, 89].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[17].,0,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyclamen+hederifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Cyclanthera,brachystachya,Cuchinito,,9 to 11,3.0,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrublands in the Andes at elevations of 1500 - 3500 metres.,C. and S. America - Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyclanthera+brachystachya,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyclantheraBrachystachya.gif
Cucurbitaceae,Cyclanthera,pedata,"Achocha, Caihua, Caygua, Cayua, Korila, Wild Cucumber",fast,9 to 11,4.5,,Annual,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild condition.,"Original range is obscure, probably the Andes of S. America, but now widely cultivated through tropical America.",3,4,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyclanthera+pedata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyclantheraPedata.gif
Menispermaceae,Cyclea,hypoglauca,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open woods and shrub thickets. Forest edges or bushes on hills. S Hunan, C & S Jiangxi, C & S Fujian, SE Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyclea+hypoglauca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Chenopodiaceae,Cycloloma,atriplicifolium,Winged Pigweed,,None to None,0.8,,Annual,,['Wind'],,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sandy soils in deserts. Along the sides of streams and on banks.,Central and Western N. America - northwards to Manitoba and Quebec. Naturalized in S. Europe[50].,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cycloloma+atriplicifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyclolomaAtriplicifolium.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cyclospermum,leptophyllum,"Slender Celery, Marsh parsley",,None to None,0.7,,Annual,,,,May to June,June to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Ditches and low areas, disturbed sites, in Texas. Basalt areas in Eastern Australia. A weed of cultivation and waste places.",Southern North America to South America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyclospermum+leptophyllum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyclospermumLeptophyllum.gif
Rosaceae,Cydonia,oblonga,Quince,medium,5 to 9,7.5,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp rich soils in hedgerows and thickets[50, 254].",Europe - Mediterranean. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17].,4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cydonia+oblonga,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CydoniaOblonga.gif
Cactaceae,Cylindropuntia,spp.,Cholla,slow,8 to 12,2.0,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy to gravelly soils. Dry situations. In the harsher areas of the North American deserts, a Cholla may be the only cactus present where only creosote bush (Larrea tridentada) grows as its companion.","Mesoamerica. Native to the southwest and southcentral United States, Mexico, and the West Indies. Introduced to South America (Chile, Ecuador, Peru) and South Africa.",3,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cylindropuntia+spp.,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cylindropuntia_spp1.JPEG
Scrophulariaceae,Cymbalaria,muralis,Kenilworth Ivy,,3 to 7,0.1,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Walls and other well-drained sites, shady rocks and woods, usually on calcareous soils[17, 50].",S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymbalaria+muralis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cymbalaria_muralis6.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cymbonotus,lawsonianus,Bear's Ear,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Loamy or sandy soils to the montane and sub-alpine zones. Open forests, especially on clay soils.","Australia - non-tropical areas of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.",0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymbonotus+lawsonianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymbonotusLawsonianus.gif
Poaceae,Cymbopogon,citratus,"Lemon Grass, Citronella grass",fast,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Not known in a wild situation.,"A tropical plant, not known in the wild, but probably originating in Sri Lanka or Malaysia.",3,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymbopogon+citratus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cymbopogon citratus1.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,acaulis,"Plains Springparsley, Fendler's springparsley, Greeley springparsley, Higgins' springparsley",,None to None,0.1,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry flats and hillsides, on plains and in valleys.",Western N. America - north to Alberta.,4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusAcaulis.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,bulbosus,Bulbous Springparsley,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry hills and plains at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres.,South-western N. America - Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+bulbosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,fendleri,Fendler's Springparsley,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Found at an altitude of 1500 - 1800 metres in Arizona.,South-western N. America - Arizona.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+fendleri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusFendleri.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,globosus,Globe Springparsley,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry open flats, 1200 - 2100 metres in California.",South-western N. America - California to Utah.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+globosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusGlobosus.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,longipes,Longstalk Spring Parsley,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+longipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusLongipes.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,montanus,Mountain Spring Parsley,,None to None,0.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry soils. Dry hills and valleys at elevations of 1200 - 2100 metres.,"Central N. America - South Dakota to Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado and Texas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+montanus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusMontanus.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,newberryi,Sweetroot Spring Parsley,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,Western N. America.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+newberryi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cymopterus_newberryi1.JPEG
Apiaceae,Cymopterus,purpurascens,"Gamote, Widewing springparsley",medium,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral,['Neutral'],Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found on shrubby slopes, from 4,500-7,500 ft (1372-2286 m).","Native to the western United States, including the desert regions. ",4,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+purpurascens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cymopterus_purpurascens1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,purpurescens,Widewing Springparsley,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky limestone hills, 1300 - 2100 metres in California.","South-western N. America - California to Idaho, Utah and Arizona.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+purpurescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusPurpurescens.gif
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Cymopterus,purpureus,Purple springparsley,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Dry ground, 1200 - 2100 metres in Colorado and Utah to New Mexico and Arizona.",Western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cymopterus+purpureus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CymopterusPurpureus.gif
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,acutum,,,None to None,3.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Seacoasts, sandy and solonetz slopes in steppe, river banks and mountain slopes.",S. Europe to W. Asia.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+acutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynanchumAcutum.gif
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,amplexicaule,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to September,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain slopes, grasslands and maritime dunes from sea level to elevations of 1000 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+amplexicaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,arnottianum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Open humus-rich soils, 1700 - 2500 metres in the Himalayas.",E. Asia - N. India.,0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+arnottianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,ascyrifolium,Cruel Plant,,None to None,0.7,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sunny meadows in the mountains of central Honshu, Japan, at elevations of 800 - 1800 metres. Thickets in hills and mountains in Korea.","E. Asia - northern China, Japan and Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+ascyrifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,atratum,Bai Wei,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Mountains all over Japan. Sunny meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 500 metres.,"E. Asia - Northern China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+atratum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,caudatum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Climbs up shrubs and trees in China, Edges of deciduous forests at elevations of 600 - 1700 metres in central and northern Japan.","E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+caudatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynanchumCaudatum.gif
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,glaucescens,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,June to October,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountains, riversides; 100-800. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.",E. Asia - China.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+glaucescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,japonicum,,,None to None,0.6,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and grassy slopes near seashores, C. and S. Japan.",E. Asia - Japan.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+japonicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,paniculatum,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Grassy slopes in hills and mountains all over Japan. Sunny meadows from the lowlands to elevations of 1000 metres.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",1,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+paniculatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,sibiricum,,,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,See below.,E. Asia - Manchuria.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+sibiricum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,stauntonii,,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,['Insects'],,June to August,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Along water edges where it is shady and damp. Sunny places in moist woodland, water-logged lands at low to moderate elevations.",E. Asia - China.,0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+stauntonii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asclepiadaceae,Cynanchum,wilfordii,,,None to None,2.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open grassy slopes on mountains and hills in Korea. Forest edges and lowlands to elevations of 1600 metres in Japan.,"E. Asia - northern China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynanchum+wilfordii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cynara,cardunculus,Cardoon,,5 to 9,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"Stony or waste places and in dry grassland, usually on clay.",S. Europe.,3,5,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynara+cardunculus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynaraCardunculus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Cynara,scolymus,Globe Artichoke,,5 to 9,1.5,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,August to September,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"Not known in the wild, it probably arose from a form of C. cardunculus.",3,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynara+scolymus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynaraScolymus.jpg
Poaceae or Gramineae,Cynodon,dactylon,Bermuda Grass,medium,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Wind'],,August to October,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Sandy shores in southern Britain.,"Britain. A cosmopolitan plant, found in most tropical to warm temperate regions.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynodon+dactylon,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynodonDactylon.gif
Boraginaceae,Cynoglossum,grande,Pacific Hound's Tongue,,7 to 10,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods.,Western N. America - British Columbia to California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynoglossum+grande,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynoglossumGrande.gif
Boraginaceae,Cynoglossum,officinale,"Hound's Tongue, Gypsyflower",,5 to 9,0.8,0.5,Biennial/Perennial,,['Insects'],,June to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Dry grassy areas and the edges of woods, often near the sea, on sand, gravel, chalk or limestone soils[7, 17, 244].","Europe, including Britain, though absent from the extreme north and rare in south, east to Asia.",1,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynoglossum+officinale,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CynoglossumOfficinale.gif
Fabaceae,Cynometra,alexandri,"Uganda ironwood, Muhimbi",medium,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rain forest on firm ground; usually gregarious; at elevations from 700 - 1,200 metres[ 328 ].","Tropical Africa - DR Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cynometra+alexandri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cynometra alexandri 1.jpg
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,aristatus,Bearded nutsedge,,7 to 10,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wet places in valleys and lowland all over N. America. A cosmopolitan plant, it is not found at high latitudes.",N. America to S. America. Naturalized in N. Italy[50].,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+aristatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyperusAristatus.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,articulatus,"Jointed flatsedge, Priprioca, Piripiri",fast,10 to 12,1.8,0.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"This species is a perennial rhizomatous sedge commonly found growing in ponds, ditches, rivers, marshes, lakes and banks of canals of shallow water. It also occurs in stagnant or weakly running water, sometimes alternatively fresh and salted water. It forms great reed marsh on temporary unflooded soils.","Widespread in warm temperate to tropical areas of the Americas, Africa through Arabia to India.",1,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+articulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyperus articulatus 1small.jpg
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,cephalotes,"Bhada, Flat Sedges, Nut Sedges or Umbrella Sedge.",fast,10 to 12,0.3,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"On floating islands in tanks, the roots entangled in the mass of the decaying surface vegetation of plants such as Pistia sp. and Salvinia sp. Also found floating in rivers[451 ]. Found at low elevations up to 100 metres[451 ].","This species occurs in India, South East Asia, New Guinea and Queensland in northern Australia. In China, it has been report from in Fujian province only.",0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+cephalotes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyperus_cephalotes1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,distans,"Slender Cyperus, Piedmont flatsedge",,None to None,0.5,,Perennial,,,,August to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Marshes at sea level.,South-eastern N. America through Mexico to South America.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+distans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,esculentus,"Tiger Nut, Yellow nutsedge, Nut Grass",fast,8 to 10,0.9,,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Muddy soil and shallow water, also as a weed of cultivated ground in southern Europe.","Original range is obscure, the plant is a widespread weed from the Tropics to the Temperate zone.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+esculentus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyperusEsculentus.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,fendlerianus,Fendler's Flatsedge,,None to None,1.5,,Perennial,,,,,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Clearings in montane forests at elevations of 500 - 1800 metres.,"Southwestern N. America - Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Wyoming and Mexico.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+fendlerianus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,giganteus,"Piripiri, Mexican Papyrus",fast,9 to 11,1.5,0.2,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Tropical moist forest,premontane wet forest and tropical wet forest; often forming extensive and dense colonies in open swamps near the coast in Panama[315 , 368 ].","S. America - Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; C. America - Panama to Mexico; Caribbean",0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+giganteus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyperus_giganteus1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,longus,Galingale,fast,6 to 9,1.2,2.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,By water in ditches and marshy places.,Britain and the Mediterranean region north to Lake Geneva.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+longus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyperusLongus.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,papyrus,Papyrus. Papyrus sedge,fast,9 to 12,5.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Wet soil,,"Often forms vast stands in swamps, shallow lakes, and along stream banks throughout Africa. It is considered a weed in the Sudan, Dahomey and Egypt[269 ].",Tropical Africa and Madagascar.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+papyrus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyperus_papyrus1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,rotundus,Nut Grass,,None to None,0.6,1.0,Perennial,,,,March to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Roadsides, sandy fields and cultivated ground in Eastern North America. Plants are usually only found in damp places.","S. and W. Europe, Tropical areas.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+rotundus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyperusRotundus.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,schweinitzii,"Flatsedge, Schweinitz's flatsedge",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,,,,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Sands, beaches and barrens. Sandy soils, especially along the sides of lakes and streams.",N. America - Quebec to Saskatchewan and south to Texas and New Mexico.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+schweinitzii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyperusSchweinitzii.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,setigerus,Lean flatsedge,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,,,,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Bottomlands and sandy swamps. Stream or pond banks in low areas.,N. America - Kansas to Texas.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+setigerus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyperusSetigerus.gif
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,tegetiformis,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Margins of swamps and in salt marshes.,E. Asia.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+tegetiformis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,textilis,"Flat sedge, Basket grass,",fast,9 to 12,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Along the coast in wet places or in still or flowing shallow water along streams and rivers, 5-1,680m.; Perennial Helophyte.","South Africa - Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+textilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cyperus_textilis1.JPEG
Cyperaceae,Cyperus,ustulatus,,,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Lowland near rivers and in damp ground, especially near the coast, on Kermadec, North, South and Chatham Islands.",New Zealand.,0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+ustulatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Cyphomandra,betacea,Tree Tomato,fast,8 to 11,5.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry soils at forest margins. Open forests at medium to high altitudes.,S. America - Peru.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyphomandra+betacea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyphomandraBetacea.gif
Solanaceae,Cyphomandra,casana,Casana,fast,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Edges of rainforests in highland regions.,S. America - Ecuador.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyphomandra+casana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Cyphomandra,fragrans,,fast,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyphomandra+fragrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Solanaceae,Cyphomandra,hartwegii,"Hartweg's cyphomandra,Calylophus",fast,8 to 11,2.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Disturbed areas and forests from sea level to 2000 metres.,Western S. America.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyphomandra+hartwegii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Orchidaceae,Cypripedium,acaule,"Nerve Root, Moccasin flower, Ladyslipper Orchid, Pink  Lady's Slipper",slow,7 to 11,0.4,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Usually found in the higher and dryer parts of coniferous woods, often in a thin layer of pine needles over rocks, it is also sometimes found in bogs and wet places[213, 230].","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Nebraska, south to Mississippi and Alabama.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cypripedium+acaule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CypripediumAcaule.gif
Orchidaceae,Cypripedium,calceolus parviflorum,Nerve Root,,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and bogs. Mesic to dry deciduous and deciduous-hemlock forests, usually on slopes; mostly at elevations of 0 - 1200 metres.",South-eastern N. America.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cypripedium+calceolus parviflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CypripediumCalceolusParviflorum.gif
Orchidaceae,Cypripedium,calceolus pubescens,Nerve Root,,4 to 8,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich woods and meadows[21, 43]. Mesic deciduous and coniferous forest, openings, thickets, prairies, meadows and fens at elevations of 0 - 2900 metres.",N. America to E. Asia - Japan.,0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cypripedium+calceolus pubescens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CypripediumCalceolusPubescens.gif
Cyrillaceae,Cyrilla,racemiflora,"Leatherwood,  Swamp titi, Black Titi, Swamp, Myrtle, Titi Swamp, Leatherwood",slow,5 to 10,1.2,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],April to October,August to October,September to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,"Rich shaded river bottoms, the borders of sandy swamps and shallow ponds of the coastal pine-belt. Also found on high, sandy, exposed ridges rising above streams.",Southern North America - Virginia to Florida and Texas.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyrilla+racemiflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyrillaRacemiflora.gif
Amaryllidaceae,Cyrtanthus,breviflorus,Fire Lily,,8 to 11,0.3,0.1,Evergreen Bulb,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,['light'],"Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Small streams, wet grassland or marshy slopes, to 3000 metres .",S. Africa.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyrtanthus+breviflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Dryopteridaceae,Cyrtomium,falcatum,"Holly Fern, Japanese netvein hollyfern, Japanese Holly",slow,8 to 11,0.1,,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Naturalized on and by walls, among maritime rocks and in other shady places in western Britain.",E. Asia - Himalayas. Reported to be naturalised in parts of Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyrtomium+falcatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyrtomiumFalcatum.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Cyrtomium,fortunei,Asian netvein hollyfern,,5 to 9,0.5,0.4,Evergreen Fern,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Thickets in hills and low mountains all over Japan. In China it is found on the sides of ditches and roadways as well as in rocky crevices where it is damp and shady.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyrtomium+fortunei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CyrtomiumFortunei.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Cystopteris,bulbifera,"Berry Bladder Fern, Bulblet bladderfern",,4 to 8,0.2,0.2,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,August to October,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Shaded ravines, cracks and ledges on cliffs, rarely terrestrial; usually on calcareous substrates from sea level to 2500 metres[43, 270].","Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, Wisconsin and Iowa, south to Georgia and Arkansas.",1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cystopteris+bulbifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CystopterisBulbifera.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Cystopteris,fragilis,Brittle Bladder Fern,,None to None,0.2,0.2,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods, shady rocks and walls, especially on basic rocks, to 1200 metres.","Cosmopolitan, found in most areas of the world, including Britain, but only on mountains in Tropics.",1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cystopteris+fragilis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CystopterisFragilis.gif
Dryopteridaceae,Cystopteris,montana,Mountain Bladder Fern,,4 to 8,0.3,,Deciduous Fern,Deciduous,,,,July to August,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp, usually basic, rocks on mountains, 700 - 1100 metres in Northern England and Scotland.","Northern, but not arctic, Europe, including Britain, east to Siberia. Also in northern N. America.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cystopteris+montana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CystopterisMontana.gif
Rafflesiaceae,Cytinus,hypocistus,,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Maquis and garigue, parasitic on the roots of several species but especially Cistus species.",S. Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cytinus+hypocistus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CytinusHypocistus.gif
Leguminosae,Cytisus,decumbens,Prostrate Broom,medium,5 to 8,0.2,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Central France to Albania and southern Italy, on open hillsides.",Native to Europe.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cytisus+decumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Cytisus_decumbens1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Cytisus,scoparius,"Broom, 	Scotch broom, Common Broom",fast,5 to 8,2.4,1.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May to June,August to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Sandy pastures and heaths, occasionally in open woodland, and often near the coast[4, 17]. Strongly calcifuge.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south to Spain, east to Poland and Hungary.",1,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cytisus+scoparius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/CytisusScoparius.gif
Burseraceae,Dacryodes,edulis,"Bush Butter Tree, Butterfruit, African Plum, bush pear, bush plum, safou",fast,11 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamp forest[ 308 ]. Evergreen forest[ 332 ]. A shade-loving species of non-flooded forests in the humid tropical zone[ 303 ]. Where there is a well-marked season, it is found only in gallery forest and on swampy ground[ 303 ].",Southern and western Tropical Africa - Ghana to the Congo.,5,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dacryodes+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dacryodes edulis2.jpg
Fabaceae,Daniellia,ogea,"Accra copal, Ogea copal",medium,10 to 12,40.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rainforest[316 ]. Daniellia ogea occurs in evergreen and semi-deciduous forest, also in swampy localities near water courses, from sea-level up to 800 m altitude. ",Western tropical Africa - Senegal to Gabon.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Daniellia+ogea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Daniellia_ogea1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,indicum,Chrysanthemum,,5 to 9,0.6,0.6,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found wild in most habitats. Grasslands on mountain slopes, thickets, wet places by rivers, fields, roadsides, saline places by seashores, under shrubs 100 - 2900 m. Nearly throughout China.","E. Asia - Eastern China, Central and Southern Japan.",2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+indicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DendranthemaIndicum.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,lavandulifolium,,,5 to 9,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Mountain slopes, rocks, river valleys, river banks, wastelands and hilly lands at elvations of 600--2800 metres.","E. Asia - Northern China, Japan, Korea and Manchuria.",2,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+lavandulifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Dendranthema,x grandiflorum,"Chrysanthemum, Cut Mum, Garden Mum, Pot Mum, Florist's  Chrysanthemum",medium,5 to 10,1.5,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,August to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A hybrid of garden origin.,2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dendranthema+x grandiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DendranthemaXGrandiflorum.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Dentaria,diphylla,Crinkleroot,,3 to 8,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Rich damp woods and meadows[43, 187].","Eastern N. America - Ontario to S. Carolina, Kentucky and Minnesota.",4,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dentaria+diphylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DentariaDiphylla.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Dentaria,laciniata,Cut-Leaved Toothwort,,5 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,,,April,June,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich damp woods and on calcareous rocky banks.,Eastern N. America - Quebec to Florida and west to Minnesota and Kansas.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dentaria+laciniata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DentariaLaciniata.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Dentaria,maxima,Large Toothwort,,None to None,0.3,,Perennial,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,By woodland streams or on calcareous wooded slopes.,Eastern N. America - Maine to Michigan and Pennsylvania.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dentaria+maxima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DentariaMaxima.gif
Fabaceae,Dichrostachys,cinerea,"Marabou Thorn, Sickle Bush",medium,8 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bats', 'Bees']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Usually on poor, occasionally clayey soils, in brushwood, thickets, hedges, teak forest and grassland to elevations of 1,700 metres[ 200 , 303 ]. Often forms widespread thickets by means of root suckers[ 200 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Somalia, south to Angola and Mozambique. E. Asia - India to Indonesia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dichrostachys+cinerea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dichrostachys_cinerea_small.jpg
Fabaceae,Dipteryx,odorata,"Tonka Bean, Brazilian Teak",medium,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy and emergent tree of rainforests, often beside rivers[ 238 , 378 ].","Northern and western S. America - Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dipteryx+odorata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Dipteryx_odorata_Descourtilz.jpg
Crassulaceae,Dudleya,edulis,"Mission Lettuce, Fingertips",,7 to 10,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,['Insects'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky hillsides below 1,000 metres. High elevations in the Sonoran Desert.",South-western N. America - S. California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dudleya+edulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DudleyaEdulis.gif
Crassulaceae,Dudleya,lanceolata,Lanceleaf Liveforever,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in rocky soils under dry conditions in slope habitats in chaparral and coastal sage scrub communites from sea level to elevations of 1000 metres.,South-western N. America.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dudleya+lanceolata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DudleyaLanceolata.gif
Crassulaceae,Dudleya,pulverulenta,"Chalk Lettuce, Chalk dudleya",,7 to 10,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Found in coastal sage scrub and chaparral plant communites from sea level to elevations of 1500 metres.,South-western N. America - California to Arizona.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Dudleya+pulverulenta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/DudleyaPulverulenta.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Emilia,sonchifolia,"Cupid's Shaving Brush, Lilac tasselflower",,8 to 11,0.6,,Annual,,['Insects'],,July to October,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste ground in C. and S. Japan. Moist areas and uncultivated ground at elevations up to 1700 metres in Nepal.,Tropical Asia.,3,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Emilia+sonchifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EmiliaSonchifolia.jpg
Onagraceae,Epilobium,angustifolium,Willow Herb,fast,3 to 7,2.0,1.0,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky ground, waste areas, woodland edges and gardens[7, 13].","Europe, including Britain, temperate Asia and N. America.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+angustifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumAngustifolium.gif
Onagraceae,Epilobium,latifolium,River Beauty,,4 to 8,0.4,0.4,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"River gravels, margins of streams and damp slopes.",N. Europe to Northern N. America.,3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Epilobium+latifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EpilobiumLatifolium.gif
Asteraceae or Compositae,Ericameria,parishii,"Heath Goldenrod, Parish's rabbitbrush",,8 to 11,1.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Outwash fans and exposed hillsides, 450 - 2100 metres.",South-western N. America - California.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ericameria+parishii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,cheiri,"Wallflower, Aegean wallflower",,6 to 9,0.5,,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Maritime exposure,"Walls, cliffs and rocks, often near the sea in Britain[4, 17].",S. Europe. Naturalized in lowland Britain[17].,0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+cheiri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumCheiri.gif
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Erysimum,x allionii,Siberian Wallflower,,6 to 9,0.3,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,A hybrid species of garden origin.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erysimum+x allionii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ErysimumXAllionii.gif
Fabaceae,Erythrina,fusca,"Coral Bean, Swamp Immortelle",medium,10 to 12,15.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry or  moist soil,Drought,"A pioneer species, most commonly found on the outer margins of swamps on sites that are not permanently flooded[ 303 ]. Coastal freshwater swamps[ 426 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, north through Central America to Guatemala and the Caribbean.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+fusca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina-fusca1.jpg
Fabaceae,Erythrina,subumbrans,Dadap. December tree,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Birds'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Moist valleys, near streams, in open locations and secondary forest at low and medium elevations[303 ].","E. Asia - China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+subumbrans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina_subumbrans1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Erythrina,verna,Mulungu,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Humming birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rainforest and broadleaved, semideciduous forests where it is most commonly found in open areas and secondary growth; favouring drier areas[ 419 ].","S. America - eastern and southern Brazil, Bolivia.",0,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Erythrina+verna,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Erythrina-verna-1.jpg
Cactaceae,Escontria,chiotilla,"Chiotilla, Jiotilla",medium,9 to 11,7.0,4.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a tropical plant growing in deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub tropical.  It grows in arid places.  It occurs in areas with a temperature of 25°C and a rainfall of 1,340 mm. ","Mesoamerica. Mexico (Puebla, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Guerrero).",4,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Escontria+chiotilla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Escontria_chiotilla1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Eupatorium,perfoliatum,"Thoroughwort, Boneset,  Common boneset",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet woods, scrub, fens and damp grassland. Sandy soils in Texas.","Eastern N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+perfoliatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EupatoriumPerfoliatum.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,hirta,"Asthma Weed, Pill-Bearing Spurge",,None to None,0.3,0.3,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Waste places and cultivated fields in lowland Japan. Moist open places at elevations up to 1800 metres in Nepal.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Himalayas.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+hirta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaHirta.gif
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,ipecacuanhae,American Ipec,,None to None,,,,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known,N. America,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+ipecacuanhae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaIpecacuanhae.png
Euphorbiaceae,Euphorbia,serpyllifolia,Thymeleaf Sandmat,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,['Insects'],,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry sandy or alluvial soils[43, 235].","N. America - British Columbia to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to California, Texas and Mexico.",2,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+serpyllifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/EuphorbiaSerpyllifolia.gif
Arecaceae,Euterpe,oleracea,"Acai, Assai Palm, Acai Palm",fast,10 to 12,25.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Swampy ground, often in sandy soils[ 297 ]. Most commonly found along river edges and seasonally flooded habitats in Brazil[ 314 ].","S. America - Tropical Brazil extending north to Guyana, Venezuela and Trinidad.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euterpe+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Euterpe-oleracea3_Low_Res.jpg
Moraceae,Ficus,racemosa,Cluster Fig,fast,9 to 12,12.0,12.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wasps'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"In open, deciduous forest, common along river banks in lowlands[303 ]. Moist areas, beside rivers and streams, occasionally in streams at elevations of 100 - 1,700 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - Southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ficus+racemosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ficus_racemosa1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Flemingia,macrophylla,Enoki-mame,medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Along watercourses in secondary forest, as well as under drier conditions such as in fields infested with Imperata cylindrica[303 ].","E. Asia - southern China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Flemingia+macrophylla,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Flemingia-macrophylla-1.jpg
Rutaceae,Fortunella,japonica,Round Kumquat,,8 to 11,2.5,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"E. Asia - China, Japan.",3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fortunella+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FortunellaJaponica2.gif
Sterculiaceae,Fremontodendron,californicum,"Flannel Flower, California flannelbush, Common Flannel Bush",medium,9 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry, mostly granitic slopes, 900 - 1800 metres in California. It thrives on poor dry rocky soils of the foothills, where it often forms dense thickets.",South-western N. America - California and Arizona.,0,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fremontodendron+californicum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/FremontodendronCalifornicum.gif
Asparagaceae,Furcraea,acaulis,Cocuiza,medium,10 to 12,1.5,1.5,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Tropical highlands. Semi-arid to humid.,South America.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Furcraea+acaulis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Furcraea_acaulis1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Gaultheria,hispidula,Creeping Snowberry,fast,5 to 9,0.1,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Coniferous forests and mountains in the alpine and sub-alpine zones. Cold wet woods and bogs.,Northern N. America.,4,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gaultheria+hispidula,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/GaultheriaHispidula.tif
Leguminosae,Genista,sagittalis,"Winged Broom, Arrow Broom",medium,3 to 8,0.3,0.9,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Dry grasslands, open forests, hillsides and mountain slopes from central Belgium south to southern Spain and east through the Balkans to Greece. Western European broadleaf forest, Atlantic mixed forests and conifer and mixed forests (Pyrenees and Alps). It is also known to occur in mixed forests and montane forests.",Native Range: Southern and central Europe,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Genista+sagittalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Genista_sagittalis1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,coleosperma,"Bushman bean, Large false mopane",slow,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Open forest with Isoberlinia, Brachystegia; in pure stands here and there; almost confined to deep Kalahari sand; at elevations from 750 - 1,400 metres[328 , 663 ].","Tropical Africa - Angola, southern DR Congo, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+coleosperma,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia_coleosperma1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,copallifera,"Kobo Tree, Sierra Leone gum copal",slow,10 to 12,20.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,In nearly pure stands on mountain slopes; torrent sides; on sandstone; flooded valleys[328 ].,Western tropical Africa - Guinea-Bissau to Cote D'Ivoire.,0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+copallifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia_copallifera1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,demeusei,African Rosewood,slow,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Periodically flooded and swampy forests; gallery forest, often in pure stands[328 ].","Western tropical Africa - Cameroon to the Central African Republic, south to the Congo.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+demeusei,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia demeusei 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Guibourtia,tessmannii,"Bubinga, Kevazingo",slow,10 to 12,50.0,35.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Scattered but relatively abundant in Aucoumea, Sacoglottis forest; Maranthaceae forest; growing on firm ground[328 ].","West tropical Africa - southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Guibourtia+tessmannii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Guibourtia tessmannii 1.JPEG
Compositae,Gynura,procumbens,"Longevity Spinach, Sambung Nyawa",fast,9 to 11,2.0,0.3,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Forest margins and thickets in Africa [332 ]. By streams in forests, sandy slopes, climbing on shrubs or trees, at elevations around two hundred metres in China [266 ].","E. Asia - southern China, India, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines New Guinea. West Africa - Liberia to Nigeria (prob introduced).",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Gynura+procumbens,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Gynura_procumbens1.JPEG
Malvaceae,Hibiscus,radiatus,"Monarch Rosemallow. Ruby hibiscus, Clavelina",medium,9 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in a truly wild situation.,"Probably originated in the Asian tropics, but widely naturalized throughout the tropics.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+radiatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hibiscus_radiatus1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Homalanthus,populifolius,"Bleeding Heart, Queensland Poplar",fast,10 to 12,5.0,6.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Lowland and lower montane forest regrowth, secondary forest, well drained or swamp forest, on ridges, riversides, from sea level up to elevations of 1,000 metres[327 ].",Australasia - northern Australia to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.,0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Homalanthus+populifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Homalanthus_populifolius_small.JPEG
Cactaceae,Hylocereus,megalanthus,Yellow Pitaya,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.5,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil,Drought,Not known,"S. America - Peru, Colombia, Ecuador.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hylocereus+megalanthus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hylocereus megalanthus 1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Hylocereus,undatus,"Dragon Fruit, Red Pitaya",fast,10 to 12,4.0,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"An epiphytic or terrestrial plant, growing in thickets, hedges, on rocks or rock walls, at elevations up to 2,000 metres[335 ].","Central America - Mexico southwards, also in the West Indies.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hylocereus+undatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hylocereus undatus 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Hymenaea,martiana,Copal,slow,10 to 12,13.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Savannah, Atlantic rainforest and forests in semi-arid areas; usually in the more open and secondary growth areas; favouring moister clay soils on the floodplains[625 ].","S. America - Paraguay, central, eastern and northern Brazil, Bolivia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hymenaea+martiana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hymenaea martiana 1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Hyphaene,thebaica,Doum Palm. Gingerbread palm.,slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Open grasslands and desert[314 ].,"Africa - Mauritania and Senegal to Egypt, Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hyphaene+thebaica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Hyphaene_thebaica1.JPEG
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,alba,"Moonflower, Tropical white morning-glory",fast,7 to 10,10.0,,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Wet forests, watercourses and disturbed areas in China.",Pantropical.,2,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+alba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaAlba.jpg
Convolvulaceae,Ipomoea,pandurata,"Wild Potato Vine, Man of the earth",fast,6 to 9,3.5,,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Fields, hedgerows and roadsides in dry open or partially shaded areas[43, 62].","Eastern N. America - Connecticut to Florida, west to Texas, Kansas and Michigan.",3,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ipomoea+pandurata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IpomoeaPandurata.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Iva,xanthifolia,Giant Sumpweed,,None to None,1.0,,Annual,,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"The species occurs in disturbed habitats such as abandoned fields, lowlands, floodplains and stream banks (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993+).",N. America. A casual in Britain[17].,0,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Iva+xanthifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/IvaXanthifolia.jpg
Euphorbiaceae,Jatropha,curcas,"Physic Nut, Barbados Nut",fast,9 to 12,6.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Grassland savannah and thorn forests[418 ].,Tropical S. America - probably Central America to Mexico.,2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Jatropha+curcas,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Jatropha_curcas_Descourtilz.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Laburnum,alpinum,"Scotch Laburnum, Alpine Bea Tree, Alpine Golden Chain Tree",fast,4 to 7,5.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Stony hillsides of mountain woodlands.,C. and S. Europe. Naturalized in Northern Britain.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Laburnum+alpinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LaburnumAlpinum.jpg
Verbenaceae,Lantana,camara,"Wild Sage, Lantana Verbena",fast,8 to 12,1.8,1.8,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Butterflies', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Mainly a weed of plantation crops and pastures, it is found in relatively open and disturbed, not too moist habitats from sea-level to elevations of 1,700 metres[310 ].","Northern S. America - Venezuela and Colombia, through Central America to Mexico and the Caribbean.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lantana+camara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lantana_camara_small.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,minor,Coco de mono,medium,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,"Northwestern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+minor,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_minor_Jacquin.JPEG
Lecythidaceae,Lecythis,pisonis,Paradise Nut. Brazilian Monkey Pot,medium,10 to 12,40.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fertile flood plains in the rainforest[324 ]. Often found in groups, particularly in sunny positions on tops of hills[63 ]. Found in all sorts of soil conditions[63 ]. Usually found in dense primary forest, occasionally in more open situations[419 ].","S. America - northern and eastern Brazil, Peru.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lecythis+pisonis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lecythis_pisonis1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Leonurus,cardiaca,"Motherwort, Common motherwort",,3 to 7,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Hedge banks, waste places etc[9, 17], usually on gravelly or calcareous soils.",Europe. Naturalized in Britain.,2,3,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leonurus+cardiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeonurusCardiaca.jpg
Cyperaceae,Lepironia,articulata,"Grey sedge, Cicao",fast,10 to 12,1.5,0.1,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,"['Wind', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Open swamps[365 ]. Open wet places, mostly in lowlands[334 ].","Tropical and subtropical areas from Madagascar, through south Asia to Australia and the west Pacific",0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lepironia+articulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Lepironia_articulata1.JPEG
Apocynaceae,Leptadenia,hastata,"Akamongot, Anvara",medium,10 to 12,1.5,0.2,Evergreen Perennial Climber,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Dry savannah in semi-arid areas[332 ].,"Tropical Africa - Senegal to Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya.",4,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leptadenia+hastata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Leptadenia hastata 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leucanthemum,maximum,"Shasta Daisy, Max chrysanthemum",,5 to 9,0.8,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, it is possibly no more than a form of L. vulgare.",Europe - Pyrenees. A garden escape in Britain.,0,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+maximum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucanthemumMaximum.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Leucanthemum,vulgare,"Ox-Eye Daisy, Marguerite",medium,3 to 9,0.6,,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Beetles', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,June to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"A common weed of grassy fields on all the better types of soil, avoiding acid soils and shade.","Europe, including Britain, from Lapland south and east to the Mediterranean and Siberia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Leucanthemum+vulgare,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeucanthemumVulgare.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Lomatium,ambiguum,"Biscuitroot, Wyeth biscuitroot",,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Open slopes and flat land up to moderate elevations. Usually on dry soils.,Western N. America - British Columbia and Washington to Montana..,4,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+ambiguum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cucurbitaceae,Luffa,aegyptiaca,Loofah,fast,10 to 12,15.0,0.5,Evergreen Annual Climber,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Not known in a truly wild situation, the plant was probably originally native to India but has been cultivated for so long that its origins are uncertain[521 ].","Pantropical, it probably originated in Asia, or perhaps Africa.",2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Luffa+aegyptiaca,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Luffa aegyptiaca 1.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Lychnis,flos-cuculi,Ragged Robin,,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to September,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Damp meadows, marshes, fens and wet woods, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east Spain, Siberia and the Caucasus.",0,0,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lychnis+flos-cuculi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LychnisFlos-cuculi.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Maackia,amurensis,"Chinese Yellow Wood, Amur maackia",slow,4 to 7,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to August,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Forests on hill slopes at elevations of 300 - 900 metres in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mogol and Shandong Provinces, China.","E. Asia - China, northern and central Japan, Korea.",1,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maackia+amurensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MaackiaAmurensis.jpg
Moraceae,Maclura,cochinchinensis,"Cockspur Thorn, Thorny Cockspur",slow,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Thickets and brushwood in lowland forest and up to elevations of 1,800 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent through Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Indo-China, to Australia.",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Maclura+cochinchinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Maclura cochinchinensis 1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Malus,florentina,Hawthorn-leaf crab apple,,4 to 8,8.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known,Europe - Northern Italy.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+florentina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusFlorentina.jpg
Rosaceae,Malus,trilobata,,,5 to 9,15.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Evergreen scrub.,S. Europe to W. Asia.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+trilobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MalusTrilobata.jpg
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae,Matthiola,incana,"Stock, Tenweeks stock, Gillyflower, Brompton Stock",fast,5 to 9,0.6,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to July,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,Maritime exposure,"Sea cliffs and as an escape from cultivation, avoiding acid soils. Rocky and sandy places by the sea.",S. Europe. Possibly native to S. England.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matthiola+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MatthiolaIncana.jpg
Myricaceae,Melaleuca,leucadendra,"Paperbark, Weeping Paperbark",fast,10 to 12,30.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Birds']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist soil,Drought,"Found mainly on flat or very gentle topography, especially river flats, coastal plains or seasonal swamps, at elevations up to 800 metres[418 ].",Australasia - northern and western Australia to New Caledonia and Malaysia,2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Melaleuca+leucadendra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Melaleuca leucadendra6_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Aizoaceae,Mesembryanthemum,crystallinum,"Ice Plant, Common iceplant",,8 to 11,0.1,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Maritime sands and salt marshes.,S. Africa. Introduced and naturalized in S. Europe.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mesembryanthemum+crystallinum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MesembryanthemumCrystallinum.jpg
Clusiaceae,Mesua,ferrea,"Surli nut, Poached Egg Tree",slow,10 to 12,18.0,18.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bee', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Canopy tree in lowland evergreen forest on level or undulating land, usually along streams but also on ridges with shallow soils, sea-level up to 500 metres[303 ]. Also an understorey tree in montane evergreen or semi-evergreen forest[303 ].","E. Asia - India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Mesua+ferrea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Mesua_ferrea1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Metroxylon,amicarum,Caroline Ivory Nut Palm,fast,10 to 12,25.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Moist forest at elevations up to 550 metres in mountainous areas[338 ]. Freshwater wetlands, either coastal or moist upland rainforest[312 ].",West Pacific - Caroline Islands.,3,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Metroxylon+amicarum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Metroxylon amicarum 1.JPEG
Moraceae,Milicia,excelsa,African Teak,medium,10 to 12,50.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Deciduous, semi-deciduous or evergreen, primary or secondary forest, with an apparent preference for drier forest types, at elevations up to 1,200 metres. Often occurs in gallery forest and in forest islands or as lone trees in savannah regions[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Guinea Bissau east to Ethiopia and south to Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",2,3,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Milicia+excelsa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Milicia excelsa 1.JPEG
Moraceae,Milicia,regia,"Oroko, Iroko",fast,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rainforests at low elevations, but also often found as a lone tree in cultivated areas[299 ].",West tropical Africa - Senegal and Gambia to Ghana.,2,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Milicia+regia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Milicia regia 1.JPEG
Moraceae,Morus,mesozygia,African mulberry,fast,10 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rain-forest, forests of drier regions; semi-deciduous forests, gallery, forests bordering savannahs; often along streams or lakes; also in secondary forests or as solitary trees after clearing; coastal evergreen forests; elevations up to 1,650 metres[328 ]","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland.",2,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Morus+mesozygia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Morus mesozygia.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Myosoton,aquaticum,"Water Chickweed, Giantchickweed",,None to None,0.6,,Annual/Perennial,,"['Flies', 'Bees']",,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Marshes, fens, streamsides, ditches and damp woods at low altitudes.","Europe, including Britain but excluding the Arctic, east through temperate Asia.",1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myosoton+aquaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyosotonAquaticum.jpg
Myricaceae,Myrica,cerifera,"Wax Myrtle - Bayberry Wild Cinnamon, Southern Bayberry, Wax Myrtle, Southern Wax Myrtle",fast,7 to 11,9.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to June,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Thickets on sandy soil near swamps and marshes, also on dry arid hills in which situation it is often only a few centimetres tall.",South-eastern N. America. Possibly naturalized in S. England[50].,3,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+cerifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/MyricaCerifera.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Nepeta,cataria,"Catmint, Catnip",,3 to 7,1.0,0.6,Perennial,,['Bees'],,July to November,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Roadsides and near streams. Hedgerows, borders of fields, dry banks and waste ground, especially on calcareous and gravelly soils[4, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, W. and C. Asia to the Himalayas",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nepeta+cataria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/NepetaCataria.jpg
Cactaceae,Nopalea,cochenillifera,Cochineal plant.,slow,9 to 11,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"It is a tropical plant.  It needs good sunlight.  It needs a temperature above 13°C.  It can grow in arid places. Hammocks, fields, sandy soils[270 ].","Mesoamerica. Central America - Mexico, Panama. Caribbean - Cuba, Puerto Rica.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nopalea+cochenillifera,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nopalea_cochenillifera1.JPEG
Arecaceae,Nypa,fruticans,"Nipa Palm, Mangrove Palm",medium,11 to 12,5.0,5.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Flies'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,,"Mangrove swamps, tidal areas in deep mud in swampy coastal lowland areas, growing in water or subject to tidal inundation[200 , 297 ].","E. Asia - India, Malaysia, Indo-China to northern Australia.",3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nypa+fruticans,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Nypa fruticans 1.JPEG
Lauraceae,Ocotea,porosa,"Brazilian-walnut, imbuia",slow,10 to 12,18.0,16.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Araucaria forest and higher elevations in the Atlantic rainforest, favouring secondary formations[419 ].","S. America - Paraguay, southern and eastern Brazil.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ocotea+porosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Ocotea porosa 1.JPEG
Onagraceae,Oenothera,brevipes,Golden Suncup,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Dry slopes and washes below 1500 metres.,South-western N. America - California.,2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Oenothera+brevipes,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OenotheraBrevipes.jpg
Cactaceae,Opuntia,dillenii,"Dillen prickly pear, ",medium,10 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A weed of semi-arid, sub-tropical, tropical and warmer temperate regions. It may inhabit open woodlands, rangelands, grasslands, pastures, creekbanks, roadsides, railways lines, coastal environs, gardens, disturbed sites and waste areas.","Origin: Mesoamerica. Native to south-eastern USA (i.e. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and Texas), Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and parts of northern South America (i.e. Ecuador).",3,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Opuntia+dillenii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Opuntia_dillenii1.JPEG
Rutaceae,Orixa,japonica,,,5 to 9,3.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,,,April to May.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woods, scrub and on cliffs, to 1300 metres.","E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orixa+japonica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/OrixaJaponica.jpg
Lamiaceae,Orthosiphon,aristatus,"Java Tea, Cat's Whiskers",fast,9 to 12,1.0,0.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Forest margins[334 ]. Thickets, regrowths, grasslands and along forest borders and roadsides, often in shaded not too dry localities, but also in sunny places, at elevations up to 1,000 metres[310 ].","E. Asia - China, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia.",0,4,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Orthosiphon+aristatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Orthosiphon aristatus 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Pachyrhizus,erosus,"Yam Bean, Jicama, Mexican Yam",fast,9 to 12,6.0,1.5,Climber Perennial,Climber,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,Not known,Central America - Mexico.,4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachyrhizus+erosus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pachyrhizus erosus1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Packera,aurea,"Golden Groundsel - Life Root, Golden ragwort",,3 to 7,0.8,0.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Rich calcareous woods and bottoms and upland swamps. Damp thickets and prairies.,"Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Florida, west to Texas.",0,2,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Packera+aurea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PackeraAurea.jpg
Sapotaceae,Palaquium,gutta,Gutta-Percha,fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Lowland and hill forest[334 ]. Usually occurs scattered in lowland forest, but can be found at elevations up to 1,600 metres[418 ].","Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia.",2,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Palaquium+gutta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Palaquium gutta 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Panicum,virgatum,Switch Grass,fast,10 to 12,1.8,0.3,Perennial,,['Wind'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in both wet and dry soils in prairies and open woods, gravel bars and stream banks and along railroad tracks[352 ].","Found in many areas of the world, especially in the temperate and subtropical zones, but also in the tropics, especially in the Americas.",0,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Panicum+virgatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Panicum_virgatum1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Pausinystalia,johimbe,Yohimbe,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"A middle-storey tree of forests[254 , 303 ]. Occurs mainly in closed canopy forest, most commonly in coastal forest, although not widespread throughout its range[418 ].","West tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo..",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pausinystalia+johimbe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pausinystalia johimbe.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Pausinystalia,macroceras,False johimbe,slow,10 to 12,18.0,15.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,An understorey tree in forests[332 ].,"West tropical Africa - southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, northern Angola.",0,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pausinystalia+macroceras,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pausinystalia macroceras 1.JPEG
Poaceae,Pennisetum,setaceum,Fountain grass,fast,8 to 11,1.5,1.5,Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"A densely tufted perennial up to 130 cm tall, growing in rocky hillsides and dry stony plains in grasslands, and occurs at altitudes of 600 to 3,000m. Native to open, scrubby habitats in East Africa, tropical Africa, Middle East and SW Asia.","Native range of this species is tropical Africa, it is found in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan and Sicily. It has also naturalized in North America, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Australasia, Namibia, South Africa, Micronesia, Fiji and New Caledonia.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pennisetum+setaceum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pennisetum_setaceum1.JPEG
Pentadiplandraceae,Pentadiplandra,brazzeana,"Joy perfume tree, j'oubli",fast,10 to 12,12.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Common in upland primary forest dominated by Scorodophleus zenkeri, and also commonly occurs on river banks and in secondary forest. In Cameroon, the plant is mainly found in forest edges bordering savannah. It is nowhere gregarious[299 ].","Tropical Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo. Northern Angola.",4,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pentadiplandra+brazzeana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pentadiplandra brazzeana 1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Perideridia,gairdneri,"Yampa, Gardner's yampah, Common yampah",,None to None,1.2,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to May,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Woodland, dry and wet meadows and mountains.",Western N. America - Saskatchewan to California.,5,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perideridia+gairdneri,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerideridiaGairdneri.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Perideridia,oregana,"Squaw Potato, Oregon yampah",,None to None,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Moist or dry meadows and on open slopes to quite high elevations.,Western N. America - Washington to California.,3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Perideridia+oregana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PerideridiaOregana.jpg
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Petroselinum,segetum,Corn Caraway,,None to None,1.0,,Biennial,,['Insects'],,August to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Hedgerows and grassy places.,"Western and southern Europe, including Britain, to N. Africa and W. Asia.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Petroselinum+segetum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PetroselinumSegetum.jpg
Rosaceae,Photinia,glabra,"Japanese Photinia, Red Top, Red Leaf  Photinia,",medium,7 to 10,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Hills in Szechwan. Slopes, mixed forests a elevations of 500 - 800 metres.",E. Asia - C. and S. Japan.,1,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Photinia+glabra,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PhotiniaGlabra.jpg
Phyllanthaceae,Phyllanthus,emblica,"Emblica, Indian Gooseberry",slow,10 to 12,15.0,15.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Mixed forests[306 ]. Drier forests[307 ]. Dry open sparse forests or scrub, village groves at elevations of 200 - 2,300 metres in southern China[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,5,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phyllanthus+emblica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Phyllanthus emblica1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Campanulaceae,Platycodon,grandiflorus,Balloon Flower,medium,4 to 9,0.5,0.4,Perennial,,,,July to August,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Grassy slopes in hills and mountains all over Japan.,"E. Asia - China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria.",2,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platycodon+grandiflorus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PlatycodonGrandiflorus.jpg
Lamiaceae,Plectranthus,rotundifolius,"Chinese Potato, Hausa Potato",fast,10 to 11,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Plants are sometimes found in a more or less wild setting, growing in grassland in the savannah at elevations up to 2,200 metres .","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines; widely cultivated in tropical Africa",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Plectranthus+rotundifolius,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Plectranthus_rotundifolius1.JPEG
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,multiflorum,"Solomon's Seal, Eurasian Solomon's seal",,4 to 8,1.2,0.3,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woodland, usually on limestone.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, and temperate Asia to Japan.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+multiflorum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumMultiflorum.jpg
Convallariaceae,Polygonatum,verticillatum,Whorled Solomon's Seal,,4 to 8,1.2,0.5,Perennial,,['Bees'],,June to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Margins of woods, clearings and shady rocky places, usually on acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, W. Asia, Himalayas.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Polygonatum+verticillatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PolygonatumVerticillatum.jpg
Fabaceae,Pongamia,pinnata,"Pongam, Karum Tree, Poonga-Oil Tree, Indian Beech",fast,10 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Occurs naturally in lowland forest on limestone and rocky coral outcrops on the coast, along the edges of mangrove forest and along tidal streams and rivers, often with its roots in fresh or saltwater[303 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, through south-east Asia to north-eastern Australia, Fiji and Japan.",0,3,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pongamia+pinnata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pongamia_pinnata_Ventenat.JPEG
Rosaceae,Potentilla,palustris,Marsh Cinquefoil,,3 to 7,0.5,1.5,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Marshes, bogs, acid fens and wet heaths.","Europe, including Britain, from Iceland south and east to the Pyrenees, temperate Asia and Japan.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Potentilla+palustris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PotentillaPalustris.jpg
Sapotaceae,Pouteria,guianensis,Asepoko.,medium,10 to 12,25.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rainforests[422 ].,"S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas and north to Trinidad.",2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pouteria+guianensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Pouteria_guianensis1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Prosopis,africana,Pau Carvão. Mesquite. Iron tree,slow,10 to 12,10.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Frequently on fallow land, on sandy clayey soils over laterite[418 ]. Savannah land, especially in mesophytic woodland[491 ].","Tropical Africa - Senegal to Chad, Sudan and Uganda. Also in Saudi Arabia.",2,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+africana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prosopis_africana1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,avium,"Wild Cherry, Sweet cherry",fast,3 to 7,18.0,7.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,April to May,July to August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Better soils in hedgerows and woods, especially in beech woods[5, 17].","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",4,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+avium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusAvium.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,cerasus,Sour Cherry,,3 to 7,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,May,July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,Hedges in S. England.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.,1,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+cerasus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusCerasus.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,incana,,,5 to 9,2.0,2.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Dry rocky limestone slopes and cliffs, 360 - 2400 metres.",W. Asia - Turkey to Iran.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+incana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,incisa,Fuji Cherry,slow,5 to 7,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,March to April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods in the mountains of C. Japan.,E. Asia - Japan.,3,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+incisa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusIncisa.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,napaulensis,,,6 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Mixed forests at elevations of 1800 - 3000 metres[146, 272]. Broad-leaved evergreen or deciduous mixed forests and open places beside streams at elevations of 1200 - 2500 metres.",E. Asia - Himalayas from Bhutan to Sikkim and western China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+napaulensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Rosaceae,Prunus,pensylvanica,Pin Cherry,fast,None to None,12.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,August,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Rocky woods in moist rather rich soils[43, 82]. Prefers wet woodlands, old tamarack bogs and interdunal swamps.","Northern and Eastern N. America - British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Georgia.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pensylvanica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusPensylvanica.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,prostrata,Mountain Cherry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Rocks on mountains.,S.E. Europe to W. Asia.,2,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+prostrata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusProstrata.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,pumila besseyi,"Sand cherry, Rocky Mountain cherry",medium,3 to 6,2.0,1.5,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral,['Neutral'],,,"Sandy hills, open plains, rocky slopes or shores. Sandy prairies, oak savannahs, rock outcrops; at elevations from 200 - 1,700 metres.","Central N. America - Saskatchewan to Ontario, south to Colorado, Kansas and Ohio",4,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+pumila besseyi,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_pumila_besseyi1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Prunus,serotina,"Rum Cherry - Wild Cherry, Black  Cherry, Wild Black  Cherry",fast,3 to 9,18.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in a variety of soils, preferring moist fertile conditions on north or east facing slopes or protected coves. Dry woods.","N. America - Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also in Arizona and Mexico.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+serotina,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PrunusSerotina.jpg
Rosaceae,Prunus,x gondouinii,Duke Cherry,,4 to 8,6.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known in the wild.,"A hybrid of garden origin, P. avium x P. cerasus.",2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+x gondouinii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Prunus_x_gondouinii1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Pseudocydonia,sinensis,"Chinese Quince, Quince",slow,5 to 8,6.0,6.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,April to May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Found at elevations around 1000 metres in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces.",E. Asia - China.,2,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudocydonia+sinensis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PseudocydoniaSinensis.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,angustifolia,"Narrowleaf firethorn, Pyracantha",fast,6 to 10,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June to July,October to November,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Thickets on slopes, at roadsides at elevations of 1600 - 3000 metres.",E. Asia - S.W. China.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+angustifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaAngustifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,coccinea,"Firethorn, Scarlet firethorn, Pyracantha, Firethorn",fast,6 to 9,4.0,4.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,Woods and hedges.,S. Europe. Occasionally found more or less naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+coccinea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaCoccinea.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyracantha,crenulata,"Nepalese White Thorn, Nepalese firethorn",,6 to 9,6.0,,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,May to July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Shrubberies, open slopes, cultivated areas, 1000 - 2400 metres from Kashmir to S.W. China. Slopes, roadsides, streamsides, among shrubs, grassy places, valleys.",E. Asia - Himalayas to China.,1,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyracantha+crenulata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/PyracanthaCrenulata.jpg
Rosaceae,Pyronia,veitchii,,,5 to 9,5.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Atmospheric pollution,Not known in the wild.,"A garden hybrid, Cydonia oblonga var. 'Portugal' x Pyrus communis 'Bergamotte Esperen'.",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyronia+veitchii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fagaceae,Quercus,acuta,Japanese Evergreen Oak,medium,6 to 9,25.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,,,Monoecious,"['medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",,,Not known,"E. Asia - China, Japan, N. Korea.",2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+acuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/QuercusAcuta.jpg
Gesneriaceae,Rehmannia,glutinosa,Chinese Foxglove - Di Huang,,8 to 11,0.3,0.3,Perennial,,['Insects'],,April to June,May to July,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Well-drained stony ground along roadsides and in woods. Mountain slopes and trailsides from near sea level to 1100 metres.,"E. Asia - N. China, Korea.",1,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rehmannia+glutinosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RehmanniaGlutinosa.jpg
Rhamnaceae,Rhamnus,cathartica,Common Buckthorn,,3 to 7,6.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May to June,October,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Fen peat, scrub, hedges, ash and oak woods, on calcareous often dry soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",0,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhamnus+cathartica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhamnusCathartica.jpg
Rosaceae,Rhaphiolepis,indica,Indian Hawthorn,slow,8 to 11,1.5,2.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,May to June,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Rocky hills, slopes, roadsides and streamside thickets at elevations of 100 - 1600 metres.",E. Asia - S. China from Yunnan eastwards.,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaphiolepis+indica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RhaphiolepisIndica.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Rhaponticum,scariosum rhaponticum,,,None to None,0.8,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Sub-alpine and alpine meadows.,Europe.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaponticum+scariosum rhaponticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/LeuzeaRhapontica.jpg
Myrtaceae,Rhodomyrtus,tomentosa,Ceylon Hill Gooseberry,fast,9 to 11,4.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,,"Thrives in open, often degraded sandy sites, along the shore and on river banks. Where it grows, other plants seem not to be able to compete with it, hence almost pure stands exist.","E. Asia - China, southern Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.",4,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodomyrtus+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa1.JPEG
Euphorbiaceae,Ricinus,communis,"Castor-Oil Plant, Castorbean, Palma Christi, Wonder Tree, Castor Oil Plant",fast,10 to 11,1.5,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Wind'],,July to September,September to November,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Not known in a truly wild situation.,Africa? Original habitat is obscure. Naturalized in S. and S.C. Europe.,1,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ricinus+communis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/RicinusCommunis.jpg
Arecaceae or Palmae,Sabal,palmetto,"Cabbage Palmetto, Blue Palmetto, Common Palmetto",slow,8 to 11,6.0,4.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,June,October to December,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Brackish marshes, seacoast woodlands or hammocks and sandy soils near the coast.",South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida.,2,1,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sabal+palmetto,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SabalPalmetto.jpg
Sapindaceae,Sapindus,saponaria,"Soapberry, Wild Chinaberry, Florida Soap Berry, Soap Nut, Soap Tree",medium,10 to 12,10.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Moist or dry thickets and open forest[200 ]. Dry, coastal, limestone thickets[307 ].","S. America - Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam; through the Caribbean to Florida and C. America to Mexico.",0,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sapindus+saponaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sapindus_saponaria_Blanco.JPEG
Phyllanthaceae,Sauropus,androgynus,"Sweet Leaf, Sweetleaf Bush, Katuk",medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Slopes with brushwood, sunny forest margins at elevations of 100 - 400 metres in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Yunnan Provinces[266 ].","E. Asia - India, Bangladesh, S. China, to Indonesia, Vietnam etc.",5,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sauropus+androgynus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sauropus_androgynus_Miquel.JPEG
Fabaceae,Schizolobium,parahyba,Guapiruvu,fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Atlantic rainforest, most commonly in open, secondary formations, preferring valley bottoms, alluvial plains and near rivers, forming dense groups in hillside depressions[419 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela; C. America - Panama to southern Mexico.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schizolobium+parahyba,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schizolobium parahyba 1.JPEG
Sapindaceae,Schleichera,oleosa,"Malay Lac Tree. Lac tree, Ceylon oak",slow,10 to 12,30.0,25.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Occurs spontaneously in dry, mixed deciduous forest and savannah with only scattered trees, sometimes gregariously[303 ]. Found at elevations from sea level to about 980 metres[418 ].","E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia.",3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Schleichera+oleosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Schleichera_oleosa1.JPEG
Anacardiaceae,Sclerocarya,birrea,Marula,fast,10 to 12,13.0,13.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Moths'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Drier savannah of the Sahel[332 ]. Wooded grasslands, riverine woodlands and bushlands[325 ]. Mixed deciduous woodland and wooded grassland, often on rocky hills, from sea level to 1,200 metres.","Tropical Africa - drier areas from Mauritania, Senegal to Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya, south to Namibia, Botswana, NE S. Africa, Madagascar.",3,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sclerocarya+birrea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sclerocarya_birrea1.JPEG
Plantaginaceae,Scoparia,dulcis,"Sweet Broom, Licorice Weed, Vassourinha",fast,8 to 12,0.8,0.3,Annual/Perennial,,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Moist thickets or along sandy stream beds, abundant in waste or cultivated ground, frequent about dwellings, at elevations up to 800 metres[331 ].","Originally from the American tropics, the plant is now naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scoparia+dulcis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Scoparia dulcis 1.JPEG
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Scutellaria,lateriflora,"Virginian Skullcap, Blue skullcap",,6 to 9,0.6,0.4,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,June to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Alluvial thickets, meadows and swampy woods.","N. America - Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida and Ontario.",0,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Scutellaria+lateriflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ScutellariaLateriflora.jpg
Cucurbitaceae,Sechium,edule,"Chayote, Mirliton, Cho Ko, Cho-Cho, Vegetable Pear",fast,9 to 12,12.0,0.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,"['Bees', 'Insects', 'Parthenocarpic']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist, steep hillsides[418 ].","C. America - Guatemala, southern Mexico.",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sechium+edule,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sechium edule5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senna,alata,"Ringworm Bush, Candle Bush, Empress Candle Plant",fast,10 to 12,4.0,4.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Found in many habitats, preferring disturbed, rather open vegetation such as roadsides, river banks, rain forest edges, lake shores, pond and ditch margins, open forest, orchards and around villages, at elevations up to 1,400 metres, occ 2,100 metre[299 ].","Northern S. America - northern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas.",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+alata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna_alata_candlebush.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senna,auriculata,Matara Tea. Tanner's cassia,fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Dry moist or  wet soil,Drought,Woodland and wooded grassland at elevations up to 600 metres[299 ].,"E. Asia - India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.",2,3,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+auriculata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna_auriculata1.JPEG
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Senna,marilandica,"Wild Senna, Maryland senna",,4 to 8,1.5,0.8,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,July to October.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Thickets and dry roadsides. Disturbed areas, sandy fields and open woods in Texas.","South-eastern N. America - Pennsylvania to Florida, Kansas and Iowa.",0,3,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+marilandica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Fabaceae,Senna,siamea,"Siamese Senna, Kassod Tree",fast,9 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Various types of forests at low elevations[451 ]. Secondary forest formations on the plains[404 ].,"Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.",1,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+siamea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna siamea 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Senna,singueana,"Winter cassia, Sticky pod",fast,10 to 12,5.0,4.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Woodland, wooded grassland and bushland; often on termite mounds, at elevations up to 2,200 metres[398 ].","Tropical Africa - drier areas from Cote D'Ivoire to Ethiopia, south to Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Senna+singueana,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Senna_singueana1.JPEG
Caryophyllaceae,Silene,conoidea,weed silene,,None to None,0.3,,Annual,,"['Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)', 'Bees']",,June to July,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,A casual of waste ground in Britain.,Mediterranean to E. Asia - India. A casual near ports in Britain.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silene+conoidea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Silybum,marianum,"Milk Thistle, Blessed milkthistle",fast,6 to 9,1.2,1.0,Biennial,,['Bees'],,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Waste places, usually close to the sea, especially if the ground is dry and rocky.","S. Europe, N. Africa and W. Asia. Naturalized in Britain.",3,5,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Silybum+marianum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SilybumMarianum.jpg
Asteraceae,Solanecio,biafrae,Sierra Leone Bologi,fast,10 to 12,2.0,0.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"An understorey climber in the rainforest, especially in secondary jungle, roadsides, waste places and disturbed land of hilly country[299 , 332 ].","Western Africa - Guinea to Uganda, south to Gabon, DR Congo.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Solanecio+biafrae,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Solanecio biafrae 1.JPEG
Rosaceae,Sorbus,domestica,Service Tree,medium,6 to 10,15.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Woods and bushy places.,Europe.,5,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+domestica,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusDomestica.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,latifolia,French Hales,medium,4 to 8,14.0,10.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Insects', 'Apomictic (reproduce by seeds formed without sexual fusion)']",,May,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Only found in the forest of Fontainebleu.,Europe - France.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+latifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusLatifolia.jpg
Rosaceae,Sorbus,torminalis,"Wild Service Tree, Checkertree",medium,5 to 9,20.0,,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Insects'],,June,September to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Woods, usually on clay, sometimes on limestone.","Europe, from Britain and Denmark south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus and W. Asia.",4,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sorbus+torminalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SorbusTorminalis.jpg
Compositae,Sphagneticola,trilobata,Singapore daisy,fast,9 to 11,0.4,0.4,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Damp or wet soil, sometimes in marshes, often along sea beaches, at elevations from sea level to about 600 metres in Guatemala","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana; C. America - Panama to Mexico, Caribbean - Cuba to the Windward Isles.",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sphagneticola+trilobata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Sphagneticola_trilobata1.JPEG
Chenopodiaceae,Spinacia,oleracea,Spinach,fast,4 to 8,0.3,,Annual,,['Wind'],,June to September.,,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Not known in the wild.,"The origin of this plant is uncertain, it probably arose in S.W. Asia.",3,2,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Spinacia+oleracea,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/SpinaciaOleracea.jpg
Cactaceae,Stenocereus,griseus,"Cactaceae. Pitaya, Organpipe cactus",medium,10 to 12,7.0,3.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,Tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub with Prosopis.,"Northern S. America - Colombia, Venezuela to Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean.",3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stenocereus+griseus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stenocereus_griseus1.JPEG
Cactaceae,Stenocereus,stellatus,"Joconostle cactus, Baja organ pipe cactus",medium,9 to 11,2.0,1.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bats'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,The species inhabits tropical deciduous forest and xerophyllous scrub.,Central America to southern N. America - southern Mexico.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stenocereus+stellatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Stenocereus_stellatus1.JPEG
Papaveraceae,Stylophorum,lasiocarpum,,,6 to 9,0.3,0.5,Perennial,,,,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Woods and scrub.,E. Asia - C. and E. China in Hubei and Sichuan.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Stylophorum+lasiocarpum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Meliaceae,Swietenia,mahagoni,"Mahogany, West Indies Mahogany",fast,10 to 12,25.0,25.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Moths', 'Thrips']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Pastures, along the sides of roads, rare in natural woodland[426 ].","Southeastern N. America - Florida, to the Caribbean.",0,2,5,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Swietenia+mahagoni,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Swietenia_mahagoni_Addisonia.JPEG
Arecaceae,Syagrus,coronata,"Licuri Palm, Ouricury palm",slow,9 to 11,10.0,6.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,Open woodland or woodland edges[200 ]. Scrubland[416 ].,S. America - eastern Brazil.,3,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syagrus+coronata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syagrus_coronata1.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,aromaticum,"Clove, Zanzibar Redhead",slow,11 to 12,20.0,20.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Maritime exposure,"Maritime forests in deep, well-drained sandy, acid loams with a pH as low as 4.5[200 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,4,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+aromaticum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syzygium aromaticum5_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Myrtaceae,Syzygium,jambos,"Jambos, Rose Apple, Plum Rose",medium,9 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Drought,"Open places, generally around villages, at elevations of 600 - 1,400 metres in Nepal[272 ]. Most commonly found in moister habitats such as stream banks, becoming more frequent at higher elevations as rainfall levels rise[790 ].",E. Asia - Malaysia.,3,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Syzygium+jambos,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Syzygium jambos2_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Taccaceae,Tacca,leontopetaloides,"Polynesian Arrowroot, Pia",fast,8 to 12,1.0,1.0,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Secondary forest and thickets, and many open situations, clearings, grassland, savannah, coconut groves, and beach vegetation (Barringtonia formation), not shunning seasonally dry areas, such as teak and eucalypt woodland[451 ].","Widely spread in tropical areas, either as a native plant or naturalized, from Africa, through Asia to Australia and the Pacific..",4,2,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tacca+leontopetaloides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tacca_leontopetaloides.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,cinerariifolium,"Dalmation Pellitory, Pyrethrum",,5 to 9,0.5,0.5,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,July to September,August to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Maritime exposure,"Rocky ground, usually by the seashore.","Europe - Dalmatia, Yugoslavia.",0,1,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+cinerariifolium,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumCinerariifolium.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tanacetum,coccineum,"Pyrethrum, Pyrethum daisy, Persian Insect Flower,  Painted Daisy",medium,4 to 10,0.6,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,July to August.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Sunny dry mountainous habitats. Sub-alpine meadows in the Caucasus.,W. Asia to the Caucasus.,0,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+coccineum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TanacetumCoccineum.jpg
Taxodiaceae,Taxodium,distichum,"Swamp Cypress, Bald cypress, Common Bald Cypress",fast,4 to 10,30.0,8.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,['Wind'],,April,October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Moist or  wet soil,Atmospheric pollution,"Wet sites that are under water for at least part of the year, and often overlying calcareous soils. Often found where the water is brackish.",South-eastern N. America - New Jersey to Florida and Texas.,0,1,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxodium+distichum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxodiumDistichum.jpg
Taxaceae,Taxus,baccata,"Yew, English yew,  Common Yew",slow,5 to 7,15.0,10.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,March to April,September to November,Dioecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Woods and scrub, usually on limestone. It sometimes forms pure stands in sheltered sites on chalk in the south-east and on limestone in the north-west.","Europe, incl Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa, the Caucasus, Iran, Himalayas.",3,4,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Taxus+baccata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TaxusBaccata.jpg
Fabaceae,Tephrosia,candida,White Tephrosia,medium,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,"Primary and secondary forest, higher locations in sago-palm swamps and disturbed places such as roadsides, riverbanks, steep slopes and fields[303 ].","E. Asia - India, Nepal, Bhutan.",0,0,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephrosia+candida,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tephrosia candida 1.JPEG
Fabaceae,Tephrosia,vogelii,"Fish-poison-bean,",fast,10 to 12,3.0,3.0,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,['Bees'],,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Found in widely varying habitats, including savannah-like vegetation, grassland, forest margins and shrubland, wasteland and fallow fields[303 ].","Tropical Africa - Sierra Leone to Sudan, south to Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe",0,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tephrosia+vogelii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Tephrosia_vogelii1.JPEG
Rubiaceae,Theligonum,cynocrambe,Dog's Cabbage,,None to None,0.1,0.3,Annual,,,,,,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Damp or shady rocks and walls[45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,1,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Theligonum+cynocrambe,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Cupressaceae,Thuja,occidentalis,"American Arbor-Vitae, Arborvitae,  Eastern Arborvitae, Siberian Arborvitae, Northern White Cedar, Wh",slow,3 to 7,15.0,5.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,['Wind'],,April to May,September to October,Monoecious,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Swamps and cool rocky banks of streams, forming dense almost impenetrable forests[82, 165]. Also found on rocky soils. Plants are usually found on neutral to alkaline limestone soils.","Eastern N. America - Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Illinois and Minnesota.",2,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thuja+occidentalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Thuja-occidentalis.jpg
Lamiaceae or Labiatae,Thymus,capitatus,"Headed Savory, Thymus",,6 to 9,0.3,0.3,Evergreen Shrub,Evergreen,"['Bees', 'Flies', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,July to September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Neutral and basic,"['Neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: neutral,,"Dry, usually calcareous soils[45, 50].",Europe - Mediterranean.,2,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Thymus+capitatus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ThymusCapitatus.jpg
Meliaceae,Toona,ciliata,"Mountain Cedar, Australian Red Cedar, Toona",fast,9 to 12,30.0,30.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Moths']",,,,,"['medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil,Drought,"Common to abundant in shade or open habitats: valleys, ravines, woods, thickets, forests, hillsides, mountaintops, slopes, near rivers and streams, especially throughout Yunnan, at elevations of 400 - 2,800 metres[266 ].","E. Asia - China, Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesi",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toona+ciliata,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Toona ciliata 1.JPEG
Meliaceae,Toona,sureni,Suren,fast,9 to 12,35.0,35.0,Deciduous Tree,Deciduous,,,,,,"['medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"A canopy tree in primary forest, but is more common in secondary forest, often on riparian hillsides and slopes, at elevations from 700 - 1,700 metres[266 , 303 , 388 ]. Open hillsides, occasional in ravines, forests, and woods[266 ].","E. Asia- China, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea",2,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Toona+sureni,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Toona_sureni_1.JPEG
Apiaceae or Umbelliferae,Tordylium,apulum,"Roman Pimpernel, Mediterranean hartwort",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Cultivated and waste ground, also along the sides of tracks in the Mediterranean[50, 89].",Europe to W. Asia.,1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tordylium+apulum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TordyliumApulum.jpg
Cannabaceae,Trema,orientalis,Charcoal Tree,fast,10 to 12,12.0,12.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Moist forests, dry scrub of open slopes at elevations of 400 - 1,900 metres in southern China[266 ]. Open places on hillsides at elevations of 200 - 1,200 metres in Nepal[272 ].","E. Asia - Indian subcontinent, southern China, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesi",1,2,4,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trema+orientalis,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Trema orientalis 1.JPEG
Asteraceae or Compositae,Trilisa,odoratissima,"Vanilla Plant, Vanillaleaf",,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,September.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Low pinelands. Pine barrens.,"South-eastern N. America - North Carolina to Florida, west to Missouri.",1,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trilisa+odoratissima,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TrilisaOdoratissima.jpg
Tropaeolaceae,Tropaeolum,majus,"Nasturtium, Indian Cress",fast,8 to 11,3.5,1.5,Perennial Climber,Perennial,,,July to September,August to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",Well-drained soil,,Coastal and disturbed areas from sea level to 3000 metres.,"S. America - Peru. A garden escape, locally naturalized in parts Europe[50].",4,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tropaeolum+majus,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TropaeolumMajus.jpg
Asteraceae or Compositae,Tussilago,farfara,Coltsfoot,fast,4 to 8,0.2,1.0,Perennial,,"['Bees', 'Flies']",,February to April,March to May,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,Maritime exposure,"Damp habitats, frequently on alkaline clays, in hedgebanks, roadsides, wasteland, often as a pioneer, and on dunes and shingle in coastal zones.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa, western and northern Asia.",3,3,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tussilago+farfara,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/TussilagoFarfara.jpg
Rubiaceae,Uncaria,tomentosa,Cat's Claw,fast,10 to 12,25.0,0.5,Evergreen Climber,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Typical of primary forest, but also found in disturbed forest and rarely in secondary forest[646 ].","S. America - Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas; Caribbean - Trinidad;",2,4,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Uncaria+tomentosa,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Uncaria tomentosa 1.JPEG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,hirsutum,Hairy Huckleberry,,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,May to June.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Open woods.,"South-eastern N. America - S. Tennessee, N. Carolina and N. Georgia..",3,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+hirsutum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,simulatum,upland highbush blueberry,,None to None,1.0,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Acid woods.,"Eastern N. America - Georgia to Alabama, north to southern New York.",2,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+simulatum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/noplantimage1.JPG
Ericaceae,Vaccinium,tenellum,Small-Cluster Blueberry,,5 to 9,0.3,,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid,['Mildly acid'],Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid soils,,Dry woods.,"South-eastern N. America - Virginia to Georgia and Florida, west to Alabama.",1,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+tenellum,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VacciniumTenellum.jpg
Rubiaceae,Vangueria,infausta,African medlar,slow,10 to 12,5.0,5.0,Deciduous Shrub,Deciduous,"['Bees', 'Insects']",,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",Drought,"Grassland, thicket and open woodlands, often on termite mounds, in rocky places and even dunes at elevations from near sea level to 1,500 metres[308 ].","Tropical Africa - Cameroon to Kenya, south to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and northern S.",4,2,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vangueria+infausta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vangueria infausta1_Low_Resolution.JPEG
Caricaceae,Vasconcellea,x heilbornii,Babaco,medium,10 to 12,2.0,1.5,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Not known,S. America - Andes.,4,0,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vasconcellea+x heilbornii,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Vasconcellea x heilbornii 1.JPEG
Poaceae or Gramineae,Vetiveria,zizanioides,"Vetiveria, Vetivergrass",,7 to 11,1.6,1.6,Evergreen Perennial,Evergreen,,,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,Open dry places at elevations up to 1000 metres in Nepal.,Tropics.,2,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vetiveria+zizanioides,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VetiveriaZizanioides.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,hirsuta,"Hairy Tare, Tiny vetch",,4 to 9,0.5,,Annual,,"['Bees', 'Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)']",,May to August,July to September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,"Grassy places. A common weed of cultivation, avoiding acid soils.","Europe, including Britain, from Norway south and east to N. Africa and W. Asia.",2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+hirsuta,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaHirsuta.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,monantha,"Hard Vetch, Barn vetch",,None to None,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,Shrub steppes in Israel.,Europe - Mediterranean.,2,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+monantha,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaMonantha.jpg
Fabaceae or Leguminosae,Vicia,tenuifolia,"Fine-Leaved Vetch, Cow vetch",,5 to 9,,,,,['Insects'],,,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']","Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid, neutral",,A casual on disturbed ground and locally naturalized in Britain.,Europe to Asia. Locally naturalized in Britain[17].,1,0,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+tenuifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViciaTenuifolia.jpg
Asclepiadaceae,Vincetoxicum,hirundinaria,Swallow Wort. white swallow-wort,,None to None,1.0,,Perennial,,['Insects'],,May.,,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Wood margins and open places, north to latitude 60° 30' north in Europe.",Europe to E. Asia.,0,1,0,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vincetoxicum+hirundinaria,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/VincetoxicumHirundinaria.jpg
Violaceae,Viola,biflora,"Twoflower Violet, Arctic yellow violet,  Carlott's violet",,None to None,0.2,0.2,Perennial,,"['Insects', 'Cleistogomy (self-pollinating without flowers ever opening)']",,May to June,July to October,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,,"Alpine or subalpine meadows, thickets, forest margins and rocky crevices at elevations of 2500 - 4000 metres.",Northern N. Americam northern Europe to China and Japan.,3,1,1,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Viola+biflora,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/ViolaBiflore.jpg
Canellaceae,Warburgia,salutaris,Pepperbark Tree,slow,10 to 12,8.0,8.0,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,,,,"['light', 'medium']",Mildly acid and neutral,"['Mildly acid', 'neutral']",Well-drained soil. suitable ph: mildly acid,Drought,"Savannah woodland, coastal forest and Afromontane forest[338 ]. Lower rainforests, drier highland forest areas, and in secondary bushlands and grasslands at elevations from 1,000 - 2,000 metres[392 ].","Southern Africa - Zimbabwe, Mozambique, S. Africa.",2,4,3,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Warburgia+salutaris,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/Warburgia salutaris 1.JPEG
Agavaceae,Yucca,brevifolia,"Joshua Tree, Jaeger's Joshua tree, Yucca, Joshua Tree",medium,9 to 11,9.0,,Evergreen Tree,Evergreen,,,June,September,Hermaphrodite,"['light', 'medium', 'heavy']","Mildly acid, neutral and basic","['Mildly acid', ' neutral', 'basic']",,,"Arid mesas and mountain slopes, usually at 650 - 2200 metres.",South-western N. America - California to Utah.,3,0,2,https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Yucca+brevifolia,https://pfaf.org/Admin/PlantImages/YuccaBrevifolia.jpg