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"# 3 Python Standard Libraries\n",
"\n",
"<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/rambasnet/FDSPython-Notebooks/blob/master/Ch03-2-Functions-Library.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>\n",
"\n",
"## Topics\n",
"- standard libraries\n",
"- include and use libraries\n",
"\n",
"## 3.1 Standard libraries\n",
"\n",
"- Python has several standard libraries (modules) you can readily import\n",
"- one can use the names (functions and data/constants) defined in those imported modules\n",
"- list of all the Python standard libraries:\n",
"https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html\n",
"\n",
"- syntax\n",
"\n",
"```python\n",
"# first import library\n",
"import libraryName\n",
"\n",
"# use data and functions provided by the library\n",
"libraryName.data\n",
"libraryName.function()\n",
"```"
]
},
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"source": [
"## 3.2 math library\n",
"https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html\n",
"\n",
"- an important library that provides mathematical functions\n",
"- run help(moduleName) to get more information about the module"
]
},
{
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"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import math"
]
},
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"name": "stdout",
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"Help on module math:\n",
"\n",
"NAME\n",
" math\n",
"\n",
"MODULE REFERENCE\n",
" https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/math\n",
" \n",
" The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python\n",
" source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that\n",
" are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python\n",
" implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the\n",
" location listed above.\n",
"\n",
"DESCRIPTION\n",
" This module is always available. It provides access to the\n",
" mathematical functions defined by the C standard.\n",
"\n",
"FUNCTIONS\n",
" acos(x, /)\n",
" Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.\n",
" \n",
" acosh(x, /)\n",
" Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.\n",
" \n",
" asin(x, /)\n",
" Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x.\n",
" \n",
" asinh(x, /)\n",
" Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.\n",
" \n",
" atan(x, /)\n",
" Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.\n",
" \n",
" atan2(y, x, /)\n",
" Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x.\n",
" \n",
" Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered.\n",
" \n",
" atanh(x, /)\n",
" Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.\n",
" \n",
" ceil(x, /)\n",
" Return the ceiling of x as an Integral.\n",
" \n",
" This is the smallest integer >= x.\n",
" \n",
" copysign(x, y, /)\n",
" Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign of y.\n",
" \n",
" On platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0)\n",
" returns -1.0.\n",
" \n",
" cos(x, /)\n",
" Return the cosine of x (measured in radians).\n",
" \n",
" cosh(x, /)\n",
" Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.\n",
" \n",
" degrees(x, /)\n",
" Convert angle x from radians to degrees.\n",
" \n",
" erf(x, /)\n",
" Error function at x.\n",
" \n",
" erfc(x, /)\n",
" Complementary error function at x.\n",
" \n",
" exp(x, /)\n",
" Return e raised to the power of x.\n",
" \n",
" expm1(x, /)\n",
" Return exp(x)-1.\n",
" \n",
" This function avoids the loss of precision involved in the direct evaluation of exp(x)-1 for small x.\n",
" \n",
" fabs(x, /)\n",
" Return the absolute value of the float x.\n",
" \n",
" factorial(x, /)\n",
" Find x!.\n",
" \n",
" Raise a ValueError if x is negative or non-integral.\n",
" \n",
" floor(x, /)\n",
" Return the floor of x as an Integral.\n",
" \n",
" This is the largest integer <= x.\n",
" \n",
" fmod(x, y, /)\n",
" Return fmod(x, y), according to platform C.\n",
" \n",
" x % y may differ.\n",
" \n",
" frexp(x, /)\n",
" Return the mantissa and exponent of x, as pair (m, e).\n",
" \n",
" m is a float and e is an int, such that x = m * 2.**e.\n",
" If x is 0, m and e are both 0. Else 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0.\n",
" \n",
" fsum(seq, /)\n",
" Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable seq.\n",
" \n",
" Assumes IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic.\n",
" \n",
" gamma(x, /)\n",
" Gamma function at x.\n",
" \n",
" gcd(x, y, /)\n",
" greatest common divisor of x and y\n",
" \n",
" hypot(x, y, /)\n",
" Return the Euclidean distance, sqrt(x*x + y*y).\n",
" \n",
" isclose(a, b, *, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0)\n",
" Determine whether two floating point numbers are close in value.\n",
" \n",
" rel_tol\n",
" maximum difference for being considered \"close\", relative to the\n",
" magnitude of the input values\n",
" abs_tol\n",
" maximum difference for being considered \"close\", regardless of the\n",
" magnitude of the input values\n",
" \n",
" Return True if a is close in value to b, and False otherwise.\n",
" \n",
" For the values to be considered close, the difference between them\n",
" must be smaller than at least one of the tolerances.\n",
" \n",
" -inf, inf and NaN behave similarly to the IEEE 754 Standard. That\n",
" is, NaN is not close to anything, even itself. inf and -inf are\n",
" only close to themselves.\n",
" \n",
" isfinite(x, /)\n",
" Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise.\n",
" \n",
" isinf(x, /)\n",
" Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise.\n",
" \n",
" isnan(x, /)\n",
" Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise.\n",
" \n",
" ldexp(x, i, /)\n",
" Return x * (2**i).\n",
" \n",
" This is essentially the inverse of frexp().\n",
" \n",
" lgamma(x, /)\n",
" Natural logarithm of absolute value of Gamma function at x.\n",
" \n",
" log(...)\n",
" log(x, [base=math.e])\n",
" Return the logarithm of x to the given base.\n",
" \n",
" If the base not specified, returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.\n",
" \n",
" log10(x, /)\n",
" Return the base 10 logarithm of x.\n",
" \n",
" log1p(x, /)\n",
" Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e).\n",
" \n",
" The result is computed in a way which is accurate for x near zero.\n",
" \n",
" log2(x, /)\n",
" Return the base 2 logarithm of x.\n",
" \n",
" modf(x, /)\n",
" Return the fractional and integer parts of x.\n",
" \n",
" Both results carry the sign of x and are floats.\n",
" \n",
" pow(x, y, /)\n",
" Return x**y (x to the power of y).\n",
" \n",
" radians(x, /)\n",
" Convert angle x from degrees to radians.\n",
" \n",
" remainder(x, y, /)\n",
" Difference between x and the closest integer multiple of y.\n",
" \n",
" Return x - n*y where n*y is the closest integer multiple of y.\n",
" In the case where x is exactly halfway between two multiples of\n",
" y, the nearest even value of n is used. The result is always exact.\n",
" \n",
" sin(x, /)\n",
" Return the sine of x (measured in radians).\n",
" \n",
" sinh(x, /)\n",
" Return the hyperbolic sine of x.\n",
" \n",
" sqrt(x, /)\n",
" Return the square root of x.\n",
" \n",
" tan(x, /)\n",
" Return the tangent of x (measured in radians).\n",
" \n",
" tanh(x, /)\n",
" Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.\n",
" \n",
" trunc(x, /)\n",
" Truncates the Real x to the nearest Integral toward 0.\n",
" \n",
" Uses the __trunc__ magic method.\n",
"\n",
"DATA\n",
" e = 2.718281828459045\n",
" inf = inf\n",
" nan = nan\n",
" pi = 3.141592653589793\n",
" tau = 6.283185307179586\n",
"\n",
"FILE\n",
" /Users/rbasnet/anaconda3/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload/math.cpython-37m-darwin.so\n",
"\n",
"\n"
]
}
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"source": [
"help(math)"
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"text": [
"11\n"
]
}
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"source": [
"num = 10.5\n",
"# math.ceil(x) - return the ceiling (or round up) of x,\n",
"# the smallest integer greater than or equal to x\n",
"print(math.ceil(num))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
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"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"10\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# math.floor(x)\n",
"# return the floor (or round down) of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x\n",
"print(math.floor(num))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"0\n",
"10\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# math.gcd(a, b)\n",
"# return the greatest common divisor of the integers a and b\n",
"# if both and b are 0, returns 0\n",
"print(math.gcd(0, 0))\n",
"print(math.gcd(10, 20))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1024.0\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# math.pow(x, y)\n",
"# returns x raised to the power y\n",
"print(math.pow(2, 10))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"10.0\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# math.sqrt(x, y)\n",
"# returns the square root of x\n",
"print(math.sqrt(100))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# math.radians(x)\n",
"# convert and return angle x in degrees to radians\n",
"rad = math.radians(90)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"1.0\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# math.sin(x)\n",
"# return the sine of x radians\n",
"print(math.sin(rad))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"3.141592653589793"
]
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"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
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"source": [
"# Some constants/data defined in math module\n",
"math.pi"
]
},
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"cell_type": "code",
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"metadata": {},
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{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"inf"
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"source": [
"math.inf"
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"text/plain": [
"2.718281828459045"
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"source": [
"math.e"
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"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## 3.3 Other common libraries\n",
"- all Python libraries: https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html\n",
"- some libraries we'll use and you may want to explore more\n",
"\n",
"- **os** - operating system related\n",
"- **time** - time access and conversion\n",
"- **random** - generate pseudo-random numbers\n",
"- **sys** - system specific data and functions\n",
"- **string** - common string operations and data"
]
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