# Citation format — ICTY / ICTR / IRMCT

How to cite, with worked examples. Read this before drafting any output containing a citation.

## The case number is the spine of the citation

Every ICTY, ICTR, and Mechanism case has a case number that encodes the institution and the year the case was opened.

| Institution | Prefix | Example | Reads as |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICTY | `IT-` | `IT-94-1` | ICTY, opened 1994, case 1 (Tadić) |
| ICTR | `ICTR-` | `ICTR-96-4` | ICTR, opened 1996, case 4 (Akayesu) |
| IRMCT / Mechanism | `MICT-` | `MICT-13-56` | Mechanism, 2013, case 56 (Mladić) |

Joined cases keep both numbers: *Kunarac et al.* is `IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1`.

## The phase suffix

Appended to the case number, the suffix identifies the procedural phase and document type:

| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| `-T` | Trial Chamber (judgment, decision) | `ICTR-96-4-T` (Akayesu Trial Judgment) |
| `-A` | Appeals Chamber | `IT-94-1-A` (Tadić Appeal Judgment); `MICT-13-56-A` (Mladić Appeal Judgment) |
| `-AR72` etc. | Interlocutory appeal (the number tracks the rule invoked) | `IT-94-1-AR72` (Tadić jurisdiction appeal) |
| `-PT` | Pre-trial | |
| `-S` | Sentencing | `ICTR-97-23-S` (Kambanda Judgment and Sentence) |
| `-R` and variants (`-R90`, `-R91`) | Review / contempt / false testimony | |
| `-ES` | Enforcement of sentence (a Mechanism residual function) | `MICT-13-46-ES.1` (Krajišnik) |

## Full citation form

> *Prosecutor v. [Surname(s)]* [(nickname)], Case No. [case number with suffix], [Document title] ([Chamber]), [date], para. [n].

Worked examples:
- *Prosecutor v. Akayesu*, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber), 2 September 1998, para. 731.
- *Prosecutor v. Tadić*, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (Appeals Chamber), 2 October 1995, para. 70.
- *Prosecutor v. Krstić*, Case No. IT-98-33-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber), 2 August 2001.
- *Prosecutor v. Mladić*, Case No. MICT-13-56-A, Judgment (Appeals Chamber), 8 June 2021.

## Party-designation conventions

- Always *Prosecutor v. [Surname]*. The Prosecutor is the party, not "the Republic" or "the State".
- Multiple accused: *Prosecutor v. [First-named Surname] et al.* The nickname (in parentheses) is often clearer in running text: *Čelebići*, *Foča*, the *Media case*, *Butare*.
- Diacritics matter and are part of the correct name: Tadić, Krstić, Šešelj, Blaškić, Galić, Karadžić, Mladić, Furundžija, Delalić, Kunarac, Mucić. Render them correctly.
- For ICTR accused, the convention is the surname as it appears in the indictment (Akayesu, Kambanda, Bagosora, Nahimana, Bizimungu, Kabuga).

## The IT / ICTR → MICT transition (a frequent error)

The same accused can carry an ICTY or ICTR number for trial and a MICT number for appeal or residual proceedings. This is not an error in the record; it reflects the Transitional Arrangements (Resolution 1966).

- **Karadžić**: trial before the ICTY as `IT-95-5/18`; appeal before the Mechanism as `MICT-13-55-A` (Appeal Judgment, 20 March 2019).
- **Mladić**: trial before the ICTY as `IT-09-92` (Trial Judgment, 22 November 2017); appeal before the Mechanism as `MICT-13-56-A` (Appeal Judgment, 8 June 2021).
- **Šešelj, Stanišić & Simatović**: similar pattern — ICTY trial number, Mechanism appeal number.

When citing, use the number that matches the phase: the IT number for the trial-level document, the MICT number for the appeal or residual document. State the chamber.

## Internal Rules / Rules of Procedure and Evidence

Each institution has its own Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE), amended many times. When a decision turns on a Rule, the **revision in force at the date of the decision** controls — a 1998 decision applies the ICTR RPE as it then stood, not the current text. Identify the operative revision and say so where it matters.

## Canonical reference table — frequently cited authorities

The table below lists landmark judgments with their verified case numbers, chambers, and dates. **Use it as a map. Verify the specific decision and paragraph through `verification-workflow.md` before citing** — especially before any quotation or paragraph-pinpoint.

### ICTY

| Case | Case number | Document | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tadić | IT-94-1-AR72 | Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (AC) | 2 October 1995 |
| Tadić | IT-94-1-T | Trial Judgment | 7 May 1997 |
| Tadić | IT-94-1-A | Appeal Judgment (JCE) | 15 July 1999 |
| Čelebići (Delalić et al.) | IT-96-21-T | Trial Judgment (command responsibility) | 16 November 1998 |
| Čelebići (Delalić et al.) | IT-96-21-A | Appeal Judgment | 20 February 2001 |
| Furundžija | IT-95-17/1-T | Trial Judgment (torture) | 10 December 1998 |
| Kunarac et al. (Foča) | IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1-T | Trial Judgment (enslavement, rape as CAH) | 22 February 2001 |
| Kunarac et al. (Foča) | IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1-A | Appeal Judgment | 12 June 2002 |
| Blaškić | IT-95-14-T | Trial Judgment | 3 March 2000 |
| Krstić | IT-98-33-T | Trial Judgment (Srebrenica genocide) | 2 August 2001 |
| Krstić | IT-98-33-A | Appeal Judgment | 19 April 2004 |
| Galić | IT-98-29 | (siege of Sarajevo) | see record |

### ICTR

| Case | Case number | Document | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akayesu | ICTR-96-4-T | Trial Judgment (first genocide conviction; rape as genocide) | 2 September 1998 |
| Akayesu | ICTR-96-4-A | Appeal Judgment | 1 June 2001 |
| Kambanda | ICTR-97-23-S | Judgment and Sentence (head of government guilty plea) | 4 September 1998 |
| Kayishema & Ruzindana | ICTR-95-1-T | Trial Judgment | 21 May 1999 |
| Nahimana et al. (Media case) | ICTR-99-52 | (incitement to genocide) | see record |

### IRMCT / Mechanism

| Case | Case number | Document | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karadžić | MICT-13-55-A | Appeal Judgment | 20 March 2019 |
| Mladić | MICT-13-56-A | Appeal Judgment | 8 June 2021 |
| Kabuga | ICTR-98-44B / MICT-13-38 | (proceedings terminated on the accused's death; see case page) | 20 May 2026 |

(Dates and numbers in this table were verified against irmct.org, the legacy ICTY/ICTR sites, and standard authority lists at the time of authoring. Confirm against Tier 1 before citing — judgments are sometimes recorded under both a trial and an appeal date, and public redacted versions may post-date the pronouncement.)

## When the citation cannot be completed

If, after verification, you cannot identify the case number, confirm the date or chamber, or locate the document, the citation is not yet a citation. Narrow the claim, or tell the user what is missing and ask them to provide the source.