# Defendants and judges — Nuremberg + Tokyo A dedicated reference file for the people involved. Use this to verify spellings, positions, fates, and identities before citing. --- ## IMT — the 22 tried defendants Diacritics and German spellings matter. Verify any count-specific finding against the Judgment itself. | Defendant | Spelling (diacritics) | Position / role | Sentence | |---|---|---|---| | Hermann Wilhelm Göring | Göring | Reichsmarschall; Commander of the Luftwaffe | Death (suicide before execution, 15 October 1946) | | Rudolf Hess | Heß | Deputy Führer | Life imprisonment | | Joachim von Ribbentrop | von Ribbentrop | Foreign Minister | Death | | Wilhelm Keitel | Keitel | Field Marshal, Chief of the Wehrmacht High Command | Death | | Ernst Kaltenbrunner | Kaltenbrunner | Chief of the RSHA (after Heydrich) | Death | | Alfred Rosenberg | Rosenberg | Reichsminister for the Occupied Eastern Territories | Death | | Hans Frank | Frank | Governor-General of occupied Poland | Death | | Wilhelm Frick | Frick | Reich Minister of the Interior | Death | | Julius Streicher | Streicher | Editor of *Der Stürmer* | Death | | Walther Funk | Funk | Reich Minister of Economics; President of the Reichsbank | Life imprisonment | | Hjalmar Schacht | Schacht | Former President of the Reichsbank; pre-war Economics Minister | **Acquitted** | | Karl Dönitz | Dönitz | Grand Admiral; head of the Kriegsmarine; briefly Head of State after Hitler | 10 years' imprisonment | | Erich Raeder | Raeder | Grand Admiral; predecessor to Dönitz | Life imprisonment | | Baldur von Schirach | von Schirach | Head of the Hitler Youth; Gauleiter of Vienna | 20 years' imprisonment | | Fritz Sauckel | Sauckel | Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (forced labour) | Death | | Alfred Jodl | Jodl | Chief of Operations Staff, Wehrmacht High Command | Death | | Martin Bormann | Bormann | Head of the Party Chancellery; Hitler's secretary | Death **in absentia** | | Franz von Papen | von Papen | Former Chancellor; diplomat | **Acquitted** | | Arthur Seyss-Inquart | Seyß-Inquart | Reichskommissar for the occupied Netherlands | Death | | Albert Speer | Speer | Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production | 20 years' imprisonment | | Konstantin von Neurath | von Neurath | Former Foreign Minister; Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia | 15 years' imprisonment | | Hans Fritzsche | Fritzsche | Head of Radio Division, Propaganda Ministry | **Acquitted** | ### Not tried at the IMT - **Robert Ley** (Head of the German Labour Front) — suicide before trial (25 October 1945) - **Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach** (industrialist) — found unfit to stand trial ### The four counts at the IMT | Count | Subject | |---|---| | 1 | Common Plan or Conspiracy | | 2 | Crimes against Peace (IMT Charter art. 6(a)) | | 3 | War Crimes (IMT Charter art. 6(b)) | | 4 | Crimes against Humanity (IMT Charter art. 6(c)) | Convictions and acquittals are count by count. ### Criminal organisations declared at the IMT | Organisation | Finding | |---|---| | Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party (Politische Leiter) | **Declared criminal** | | Gestapo and SD | **Declared criminal** | | SS (Schutzstaffel) | **Declared criminal** | | SA (Sturmabteilung) | Acquitted as an organisation | | Reich Cabinet | Acquitted as an organisation | | General Staff and High Command | Acquitted as an organisation | --- ## IMTFE — the 28 indicted defendants | Defendant | Position / role | Sentence | |---|---|---| | Hideki Tōjō (Tojo) | Prime Minister 1941-44; General | Death by hanging | | Kōki Hirota | Prime Minister 1936-37; Foreign Minister | Death by hanging | | Kenji Doihara | General; intelligence officer in China | Death by hanging | | Iwane Matsui | General; commander at Nanjing | Death by hanging | | Seishirō Itagaki | General; War Minister | Death by hanging | | Heitarō Kimura | General; commander in Burma | Death by hanging | | Akira Mutō | General; staff officer | Death by hanging | | Sadao Araki | General; War Minister; Education Minister | Life imprisonment | | Kingorō Hashimoto | Colonel; ultra-nationalist | Life imprisonment | | Shunroku Hata | Field Marshal; War Minister | Life imprisonment | | Kiichirō Hiranuma | Prime Minister; President of the Privy Council | Life imprisonment | | Naoki Hoshino | Cabinet Minister; Manchuria administrator | Life imprisonment | | Okinori Kaya | Finance Minister | Life imprisonment | | Kōichi Kido | Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (closest civilian to the Emperor) | Life imprisonment | | Kuniaki Koiso | Prime Minister 1944-45; General | Life imprisonment | | Jirō Minami | General; Governor-General of Korea | Life imprisonment | | Takasumi Oka | Vice Admiral | Life imprisonment | | Hiroshi Ōshima | Ambassador to Germany | Life imprisonment | | Kenryō Satō | General; military bureau chief | Life imprisonment | | Shigetarō Shimada | Admiral; Navy Minister | Life imprisonment | | Toshio Shiratori | Diplomat; Ambassador to Italy | Life imprisonment | | Teiichi Suzuki | Cabinet Minister; planning board | Life imprisonment | | Yoshijirō Umezu | General; Chief of the Army General Staff | Life imprisonment | | Shigenori Tōgō | Foreign Minister 1941; 1945 | 20 years' imprisonment | | Mamoru Shigemitsu | Foreign Minister | 7 years' imprisonment | ### Not judged on the merits - **Yōsuke Matsuoka** (Foreign Minister 1940-41) — died of natural causes during trial (June 1946) - **Osami Nagano** (Admiral; Chief of the Naval General Staff) — died of natural causes during trial (January 1947) - **Shūmei Ōkawa** (ultranationalist ideologue) — declared mentally unfit; charges dropped **Total indicted:** 28. **Total judged on the merits:** 25. ### Critical historical point — the non-indictment of Emperor Hirohito **Emperor Hirohito was not indicted** at the IMTFE. This was a deliberate decision by SCAP / MacArthur and the US political authorities. Several IMTFE judges (notably Sir William Webb, the President) believed the Emperor should have been prosecuted. The non-indictment is foundational to the post-colonial critique of the IMTFE (see *jurisprudence-map.md* §11). ### Class A / B / C — the IMTFE counts The Tokyo Charter Article 5 establishes three classes: - **Class A — Crimes against Peace** (the dominant basis of conviction at Tokyo) - **Class B — Conventional War Crimes** - **Class C — Crimes against Humanity** (comparatively under-used at Tokyo) The defendants were charged across **55 counts** in the Indictment; the Tribunal narrowed the counts substantially in the course of the trial. --- ## IMTFE — the 11 judges | Judge | Nation | Note | |---|---|---| | **Sir William Flood Webb** | Australia | **President of the Tribunal**; appointed by MacArthur. Issued a separate concurring opinion expressing the view that the Emperor should have been indicted | | Edward Stuart McDougall | Canada | — | | Mei Ju-ao (梅汝璈) | China | Chinese jurist; strongly pro-conviction | | **Henri Bernard** | France | Issued a **dissenting opinion** | | Lord Patrick (William Donald Patrick) | United Kingdom | Senior member of the Commonwealth bloc; led the push to follow Nuremberg precedent on aggressive war | | **Radhabinod Pal** | India (then British India) | Issued the famous **dissenting opinion** acquitting all defendants. Pal's dissent is the most extensively cited single text from the IMTFE | | Erima Harvey Northcroft | New Zealand | Commonwealth bloc | | Bert (B.V.A.) Röling | Netherlands | Young law professor; bonded with Pal during the trial. Issued a **dissenting opinion** (partial — disagreed on the convictions of certain defendants) | | **Delfin Jaranilla** | Philippines | Survivor of the Bataan Death March. Issued a separate opinion arguing for more severe sentences | | Iván Mikheyevich Zaryanov | USSR | Red Army judge | | **John P. Higgins → Myron Cramer** | United States | Higgins (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court) resigned June 1946; replaced by Cramer (former JAG) | ### The five separate opinions at Tokyo Issued outside the courtroom (the majority Judgment was read in court 4-12 November 1948; the separate opinions were released to the press but not read aloud in court): 1. **Pal dissent** — acquittal of all defendants; the most famous 2. **Röling dissent** — partial dissent 3. **Bernard dissent** — dissent on procedural / fairness grounds 4. **Webb separate concurrence** — agreeing with conviction but expressing concerns about the proceedings and the non-indictment of the Emperor 5. **Jaranilla separate concurrence** — arguing for more severe sentences All five are in **Pritchard-Zaide Vol. 21**. Citation form: *Dissentient Judgment of Justice [Name]* (IMTFE, 1948), in *The Tokyo War Crimes Trial*, Vol. 21, pp. [n]. --- ## IMT — chief prosecutors | Prosecutor | Nation | |---|---| | Robert H. Jackson | United States (Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court) — Chief of Counsel | | Sir Hartley Shawcross | United Kingdom (Attorney General) | | François de Menthon → Auguste Champetier de Ribes | France | | Roman A. Rudenko | USSR | Telford Taylor served as the Chief of Counsel for War Crimes at the **subsequent NMT** trials (post-IMT). --- ## IMTFE — chief prosecutor | Prosecutor | Nation | |---|---| | **Joseph B. Keenan** | United States — Chief of Counsel | Each of the eleven judging nations also provided associate prosecutors, who participated in the prosecution effort. --- ## A discipline note Spellings, diacritics, and positions matter. Use these tables to verify before drafting. Confusing Doihara (general) with Doihara as anything else, or putting an n where there should not be one, or omitting a macron in a Japanese name (Tōjō, Tōgō, Mutō), all signal imprecision. The Pritchard-Zaide volumes and the JACAR archive use slightly different romanisation conventions — be consistent with the source you cite.