# Universal `--visa` Section

Residency-by-investment + citizenship-by-investment + property-linked visa landscape across all 44 supported countries.

**Snapshot**: April 2026.

**Anti-hallucination — CRITICAL**: many programs ENDED or restricted in 2023-2025. Verify current status before listing as open. If a memory or stale source asserts a program exists, cross-check with the government portal in this file before relaying to a user.

## EU / EEA / CH free-movement prelude — read first if you hold an EU/EEA/Swiss passport

If your nationality is in the **EU 27 + EEA non-EU 3 (IS / LI / NO) + CH** free-movement bloc AND your destination is also in the same bloc, **this section does NOT apply to you**. You move under treaty free-movement rules — there is **no visa to obtain**. France abolished mandatory residence cards for EU citizens by the [Loi du 26 nov 2003](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000795707/), and the same logic applies bloc-wide under the directives below.

### Legal basis

- [TFEU Art. 21](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012E021) — free movement of citizens
- [TFEU Art. 45](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012E045) — free movement of workers
- [TFEU Art. 49](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012E049) — freedom of establishment (self-employed + companies)
- [Directive 2004/38/EC](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004L0038) — Citizens' Rights Directive: residence rights, registration, family rights
- [EEA Agreement](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:21994A0103(01)) — extends free movement to IS / LI / NO
- [EU-CH Agreement on Free Movement of Persons (AFMP)](https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2002/243/en) — extends to CH (in force 1 Jun 2002)

### What you need instead — optional declaratory residence registration

Required for stays > 90 days. Form, name, and issuing authority vary per country, but the registration is **administrative and declaratory** — you cannot be refused if you meet [Dir 2004/38/EC Art. 7](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004L0038) conditions: worker, self-employed, sufficient resources + comprehensive sickness insurance, student, OR family member of any of the above. Permanent residence accrues after 5 years of continuous legal residence ([Art. 16](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004L0038)).

### Per-country declaratory residence card / registration

Umbrella resource: [Your Europe — Residence formalities](https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/residence/documents-formalities/index_en.htm) (Commission-maintained, per-country selector available).

| Destination | Local term | Statutory basis | Authority |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🇦🇹 AT | Anmeldebescheinigung | NAG § 51-54 | [Bundesministerium für Inneres](https://www.bmi.gv.at/) |
| 🇧🇪 BE | Annexe 19 → carte E / E+ | Loi 1980 + AR 8 oct 1981 | [DOFI / IBZ](https://dofi.ibz.be/en) |
| 🇧🇬 BG | Удостоверение за пребиваване | LFRBA Art. 6 | [МВР Дирекция Миграция](https://www.mvr.bg/) |
| 🇭🇷 HR | Potvrda o prijavi privremenog boravka | Zakon o strancima | [MUP Stranci](https://mup.gov.hr/) |
| 🇨🇾 CY | MEU1 (yellow slip) → MEU3 (long-term) | Law 7(I)/2007 | [Civil Registry & Migration Dept](http://www.moi.gov.cy/) |
| 🇨🇿 CZ | Potvrzení o přechodném pobytu | Zákon č. 326/1999 Sb. | [Ministerstvo vnitra](https://www.mvcr.cz/) |
| 🇩🇰 DK | Registreringsbevis | Bekendtgørelse om opholdsbevis | [SIRI Styrelsen for International Rekruttering](https://www.nyidanmark.dk/) |
| 🇪🇪 EE | Tähtajaline elamisõigus EU citizen | VMS § 18 | [Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet](https://www.politsei.ee/en/) |
| 🇫🇮 FI | EU-kansalaisen rekisteröinti | Ulkomaalaislaki § 159 | [Migri](https://migri.fi/en/eu-citizen) |
| 🇫🇷 FR | Carte de séjour "Citoyen UE/EEE/Suisse" — **OPTIONAL** | CESEDA L233-1 (since [Loi du 26 nov 2003](https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000795707/)) | [Service Public — Titre de séjour citoyen UE](https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2653) |
| 🇩🇪 DE | Anmeldung beim Einwohnermeldeamt (Freizügigkeitsbescheinigung abolished 2013) | FreizügG/EU + Bundesmeldegesetz | [BMI](https://www.bmi.bund.de/) |
| 🇬🇷 GR | Βεβαίωση εγγραφής πολίτη της ΕΕ | PD 106/2007 | [Υπουργείο Μετανάστευσης](https://migration.gov.gr/en/) |
| 🇭🇺 HU | Regisztrációs igazolás | 2007. évi I. törvény | [OIF Országos Idegenrendészeti Főigazgatóság](https://oif.gov.hu/) |
| 🇮🇪 IE | EUTR1 → Permanent Residence Certificate | SI 656/2006 | [Irish Immigration Service](https://www.irishimmigration.ie/eu-eea-citizens-and-uk-citizens/) |
| 🇮🇹 IT | Iscrizione anagrafica + attestato di soggiorno | D.Lgs. 30/2007 | [Polizia di Stato — UE](https://questure.poliziadistato.it/) |
| 🇱🇻 LV | Reģistrācijas apliecība | Imigrācijas likums | [PMLP Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde](https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/en) |
| 🇱🇹 LT | Pažymėjimas dėl gyvenimo | Užsieniečių teisinės padėties įstatymas | [Migracijos departamentas](https://migracija.lrv.lt/en/) |
| 🇱🇺 LU | Attestation d'enregistrement | Loi du 29 août 2008 | [Guichet.lu — citoyens UE](https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/citoyennete.html) |
| 🇲🇹 MT | eRRU registration | Subsidiary Legislation 460.17 | [Identity Malta — Expatriates Unit](https://www.identita.gov.mt/) |
| 🇳🇱 NL | Inschrijving BRP + verblijfsdocument EU/EER-burger | Vw 2000 | [IND — EU/EEA or Swiss nationals](https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/eu-eea-or-swiss-citizens) |
| 🇵🇱 PL | Zaświadczenie o zarejestrowaniu pobytu | Ustawa z 14 lipca 2006 | [Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców](https://www.gov.pl/web/udsc-en) |
| 🇵🇹 PT | Certificado de Registo de Cidadão da União Europeia | Lei 37/2006 | [Câmara Municipal](https://aima.gov.pt/pt/nacionais-ue-e-familiares/nacionais-ue/certificado-de-registo-para-nacionais-ue) (issued at municipal level) |
| 🇷🇴 RO | Certificat de înregistrare | OUG 102/2005 | [IGI Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări](https://igi.mai.gov.ro/en/) |
| 🇸🇰 SK | Registrácia pobytu občana EÚ | Zákon 404/2011 Z. z. | [Ministerstvo vnútra SR — Cudzinecká polícia](https://www.minv.sk/?english=1) |
| 🇸🇮 SI | Potrdilo o prijavi prebivanja | ZTuj-2 | [InfoTujci.si](https://infotujci.si/en/) |
| 🇪🇸 ES | Certificado de Registro de Ciudadano de la Unión + NIE | RD 240/2007 | [Ministerio del Interior — Extranjería](https://sede.administracionespublicas.gob.es/) |
| 🇸🇪 SE | Folkbokföring (registration replaces card) | Folkbokföringslagen 1991:481 | [Migrationsverket — EU/EEA](https://www.migrationsverket.se/) |
| 🇮🇸 IS | Skráning lögheimilis | Lög um útlendinga 80/2016 | [Útlendingastofnun](https://www.utl.is/en/eea-eu) |
| 🇱🇮 LI | Aufenthaltsbewilligung (B EU/EFTA) | Personenfreizügigkeitsabkommen mit der EWR | [Ausländer- und Passamt](https://www.llv.li/) |
| 🇳🇴 NO | Registreringsbevis | Utlendingsforskriften § 19-22 | [UDI — EU/EEA registration](https://www.udi.no/en/want-to-apply/residence-under-the-eueeu-regulations/) |
| 🇨🇭 CH | Ausländerausweis B EU/EFTA (residence) / L EU/EFTA (short-term) | AFMP + Verordnung über die Einführung des freien Personenverkehrs | [SEM Staatssekretariat für Migration](https://www.sem.admin.ch/) |

### What this prelude does NOT cover

Free movement removes the **visa requirement** — it does NOT eliminate:

- **Dual tax residence** (DTA tie-breaker per OECD MTC Art. 4(2) still applies)
- **POEM / PE risk** for owner-managers of any company resident in a third country (DTA Art. 4(3) + Art. 5)
- **Origin-country deregistration** obligations (4 parallel registers — tax, civil, health, social-security)
- **Origin-country exit-tax events** where statute applies (US § 877A / CA § 128.1 / AU CGT event I1 / IL § 100A / ZA § 9H — direct foreign RE in scope; DE § 6 AStG / FR Art. 167 bis / JP § 60-2 / KR Art. 118-9 — shareholdings only)
- **Public health-insurance gap** (waiting periods + S1 form transition under [Reg 883/2004](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004R0883) — see `shared/relocation.md` § Healthcare)

For full cross-border / dual-residency / POEM-PE / deregistration analysis, invoke `--cross-border` ([`shared/cross-border.md`](cross-border.md)) — opt-in framework section that surfaces the exposure flags + sourced authority pointers, with mandatory professional-advisor call-out on every output.

### For non-EU / non-EEA / non-CH passport holders

Continue to the Universal contract below — the visa programs in this section's master tables are what apply to you.

---

## Universal contract

For the property's country, return:
1. **Program name(s)** (current and any recently-ended ones a user might still ask about)
2. **Status as of Apr 2026**: OPEN / RESTRICTED / ENDED with effective date
3. **Minimum property/investment threshold**
4. **Path to PR / citizenship**: years, language, presence requirements
5. **Property-linked vs not**: many programs decoupled from real-estate
6. **Key caveats**: 2025-26 changes
7. **Confidence**: HIGH / MEDIUM / LOW

## ⚠️ Anti-hallucination findings — programs ENDED / SUSPENDED

**Do NOT list these as open**:

1. **Spain Golden Visa** — ENDED **3 Apr 2025** via Ley Orgánica 1/2025. Existing holders grandfathered; renewals continue under old rules; no new applications.
2. **Ireland IIP** — ENDED **15 Feb 2023** with one day's notice. ~1,500 cases in pipeline grandfathered.
3. **Malta MEIN/IIP** — ECJ ruled **illegal under EU law on 29 Apr 2025** (Case C-181/23). Treat as ENDED; verify any formal Maltese repeal.
4. **Cyprus CBI** — ENDED **1 Nov 2020** (53% of issued passports later found illegal). Cyprus PR-by-investment (€300k RE) is a SEPARATE, still-open programme.
5. **Bulgaria CBI** — ENDED **Apr 2022**. New 2024 "Golden Visa" is PR-only via €512k AIF/ETF, not citizenship.
6. **Australia SIV (188C)** / entire BIIP — CLOSED **31 Jul 2024**. Replacement National Innovation Visa has **no investor stream**.
7. **UK Tier 1 Investor** — CLOSED **17 Feb 2022**. Legacy: extension cutoff 17 Feb 2026, ILR cutoff 17 Feb 2028.
8. **Portugal NHR** — ENDED **1 Jan 2024** (Lei 82/2023, OE 2024; transitional 2024 entry only). Replacement IFICI / NHR 2.0 is much narrower (research/innovation only; pensions NO LONGER exempt).
9. **Portugal Golden Visa real-estate route** — REMOVED **Oct 2023** ("Mais Habitação"). Fund/cultural/research routes still open.
10. **Hungary Guest Investor real-estate option (€500k)** — REMOVED **15 Jan 2025**. Only €250k fund and €1m donation remain.
11. **Montenegro CBI** — ENDED 31 Dec 2022.
12. **Albania CBI** — proposed 2020+ but **never launched**; do not list.

**NEW / CHANGED programs (May 2026)**:

- **Turkey CBI threshold history**: USD 250,000 (Sep 2018) → **USD 400,000 (13 Jun 2022)** — verify any 2026 Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararı; some districts (esp. İstanbul Beyoğlu / Beşiktaş + earthquake-zone municipalities) periodically excluded; 3-year non-resale lock active.
- **Thailand DTV (Destination Thailand Visa)** — NEW launched **mid-2024**; 5-yr multi-entry, 180 days/stay, THB 500k savings + freelance/remote-worker proof; digital-nomad targeted.
- **Thailand LTR Visa** — launched 2022 (4 categories); foreign-source income exempt for some categories per RD interpretation; 10-yr renewable.
- **AE Golden Visa expansion** — Cabinet Decision 65/2022 expanded RE route to AED 2M (single or aggregate); off-plan eligibility not stated on the GDRFA golden-residence page — verify with DLD; 10-yr renewable; family included.
- **JP J-Find / J-Skip** (post-2023) — new fast-track for top-100-uni grads + HSP-equivalent income earners.
- **ZA Remote Work Visa** (Critical Skills extension, 2024) — NEW; ZAR 1M+ income working for foreign employer; 3-yr.
- **US OBBBA (PL 119-21, 4 Jul 2025)** — non-immigration but tax-relevant for property holders: SALT cap raised to $40k (sunset 2030), MID $750k permanent, NRA estate exempt $15M (2026); EB-5 RIA reauth through 30 Sep 2027.

- **Montenegro Residency by Property** — NEW threshold **€150,000 tax-assessed value** (not contract price) effective **17 Jan 2026**. Pre-Jan-2026 holders grandfathered.
- **NZ Active Investor Plus** — REVISED **1 Apr 2025**: NZD 5m / 3 yrs (Growth) or NZD 10m / 5 yrs (Balanced). Presence reduced to 21 days (Growth) or 105 days (Balanced). Early 2026 reform allows AIP holders to buy 1 residential property min NZD 5m.
- **Argentina CBI (Decree 524/2025, Jul 2025)** — proposed ~US$500k waiving 2-yr residency for naturalisation. **Implementing regulations not finalised** as of Apr 2026.
- **Argentina rentista** — tightened by Decree 366/2025 (29 May 2025): mandatory health insurance, no free public healthcare/education for non-PR.
- **Canada Start-Up Visa & Self-Employed** — redesign announced 19 Dec 2025; new 2026 entrepreneur pilot launching, mechanics unclear.
- **Canada Quebec QIIP** — reopened 1 Jan 2024 with French level-7 requirement (effectively dormant due to language test).
- **Romania Golden Visa** — PROPOSED Oct 2025 at €400k; **NOT YET ENACTED** as of Apr 2026.
- **Greece Golden Visa** — €800k Attica/Thessaloniki/Mykonos/Santorini/islands >3,100 pop; €400k elsewhere; €250k for commercial-to-residential conversions or listed buildings; **120 sqm minimum surface** (except conversions); single property only. ⚠️ Watch — ANNOUNCED, NOT LEGISLATED (90th TIF, Sep 2026): transfer tax (FMA) 3.09% → 15.45% on residential purchases by non-EU/EEA natural persons who are not ομογενείς or long-term residents, intended from 1 Jul 2027 (news-tier); no Golden Visa carve-out named — see shared/regulatory-watch.md 🇬🇷 GR.

---

## Reality-check — the most-mythologised financial floors

The single most common foreign-buyer budgeting error is anchoring to a **folklore figure** — a half-remembered headline number from a blog or Reddit thread — when the **real all-in floor** is materially higher or structurally different (locked collateral, funds proven upfront, a mandatory property purchase, a per-dependent multiplier, a no-work rule). Each row contrasts the folklore figure with the primary-sourced reality. **Verified 2026-06-14** against the named authority; thresholds move — re-confirm at the source before relying on any number.

| Programme | Folklore (the myth) | Real all-in floor — primary-sourced | Why the folklore understates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🇳🇱 **NL — DAFT** (US treaty) | **"€4,500"** | **~€6,700–7,250 first-year, single applicant**: the €4,500 is *business capital LOCKED in the enterprise* (IND re-checks at extension — not spendable on living costs) + €423 IND fee (2026) + ~€1,800/yr legally-compulsory health insurance per person; applicant must also run a genuinely income-generating self-employment | The €4,500 is collateral, not living money; the fee, the per-person insurance and the need for a viable income-yielding business are all omitted |
| 🇪🇸 **ES — Non-Lucrative (NLV)** | **"~€2,400/mo"** | **~€28,800 proven liquid UPFRONT** for year 1 (400% IPREM × 12; IPREM 2026 = €600/mo) + **~€7,200/yr per dependent** (100% IPREM) + mandatory no-co-pay private Spanish health insurance + proof of accommodation; **all work — including remote — is prohibited** | It is a one-time lump-sum funds wall shown upfront, not a replenishable monthly salary; dependents, insurance and the absolute no-work rule are silently dropped |
| 🇨🇷 **CR — Rentista** | **"$2,500/mo income"** | **~US$60,000 deposited** in a Costa Rican national-system bank to back a *bank-certified guarantee* of US$2,500/mo for 24 months (re-tested each 2-yr renewal) + government fees + CCSS (Caja) enrolment ~9–10% of declared income | The statute demands a *bank-guaranteed* renta, not a salary — an ordinary payslip does not qualify, so an applicant without the lump sum is shut out |
| 🇲🇾 **MY — MM2H Silver** | **"cheap retirement"** | **~USD 310k / MYR 1.26M deployed**: USD 150,000 fixed deposit + **compulsory MYR 600,000 residential property** (resale-banned 10 yrs) + ~MYR 48,000 foreigner stamp duty (flat 8%, eff. 1 Jan 2026) + insurance | The pre-2021 "deposit-light, no-property" memory is dead; the current tier forces a large deposit *and* a separate locked property purchase |
| 🇵🇹 **PT — Golden Visa (ARI)** | **"€280–350k real estate"** | **No real-estate route exists** — abolished by *Lei 56/2023* ("Mais Habitação", in force 7 Oct 2023). Cheapest surviving routes: **€200,000** non-recoverable donation (arts/heritage, low-density area) or the **€500,000** CMVM fund → ~€530–560k all-in over the 5-yr cycle | The discounted-property route was repealed outright — it no longer exists at *any* price, so the folklore figure now buys nothing |
| 🇬🇷 **GR — Golden Visa** | **"€250k"** | **€800,000** (single property ≥120 m² in Attica, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini and islands >3,100 pop.) or **€400,000** elsewhere. The €250k tier survives ONLY for a completed listed-building restoration or commercial→residential conversion (*art. 64, Law 5100/2024*) | The general €250k option was killed in 2024; the zones most foreign buyers actually want are now €800k |
| 🇦🇪 **AE — Golden Visa** (property) | **"any property → 10-yr"** | **AED 2,000,000 property floor** (~USD 545k) → **~AED 2.09M all-in** (+ ~AED 80k DLD 4% transfer fee + ~AED 9.9k government fees + mandatory health insurance) | Sub-AED-2M purchases only ever bought the *separate* 2-year investor visa; "any property → Golden Visa" conflates the two |
| 🇹🇭 **TH — LTR** (Wealthy Global Citizen) | **"Thailand is cheap"** | **USD 1,000,000 net-worth gate** with **USD 500,000 actually deployed into Thai assets** (govt bonds / Thai-company equity / real estate) + medical proof (>USD 50k insurance *or* USD 100k bank deposit) + ~USD 1,400 fee | The "cheap" figure is the *separate* THB ~800k (~USD 23k) retirement visa; the LTR HNW category is 20–40× that and a different product |

**Primary sources (verified 2026-06-14 — re-confirm before relying):**

- 🇳🇱 **NL DAFT** — [IND — self-employed residence permit (incl. DAFT)](https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work/residence-permit-self-employed-person) + Government.nl compulsory standard health insurance (2026 fee/premium rates).
- 🇪🇸 **ES NLV** — [Consulado General de España — *Residencia No Lucrativa* requirements sheet](https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/casablanca/es/Consulado/PublishingImages/Paginas/Visados/REQUISITOS%20VISADO%20RESIDENCIA%20NO%20LUCRATIVA.pdf) + Min. Inclusión (RD 1155/2024 arts. 60–63); IPREM 2026 = €600/mo.
- 🇨🇷 **CR Rentista** — [SCIJ / PGR — *Decreto 43926-MGP-H-TUR* (14 Feb 2023), amending Art. 99 Reglamento de Extranjería](http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=98909&nValor3=134910&strTipM=TC).
- 🇲🇾 **MY MM2H** — MOTAC June-2024 framework (USD 150k FD + MYR 600k property + 8% foreigner stamp duty eff. 1 Jan 2026); confirm current terms on the [MOTAC portal](https://www.motac.gov.my/en/).
- 🇵🇹 **PT GV** — *Lei 23/2007* Art. 90.º-A as amended by *Lei 56/2023* (in force 7 Oct 2023); [AIMA](https://www.aima.gov.pt/) is authoritative. ⚠️ the MNE *vistos* portal still serves stale pre-reform routes — do not cite it as current.
- 🇬🇷 **GR GV** — *art. 64, Law 5100/2024* (Gazette 5 Apr 2024; mandatory for transactions from 1 Sept 2024); [migration.gov.gr](https://migration.gov.gr/en/).
- 🇦🇪 **AE GV** — [Dubai Land Department — *Request for Golden Visa (Investor)* fee schedule](https://dubailand.gov.ae/en/eservices/request-for-golden-visa-investor/) + MoET eligibility; the 50% / AED-1M-paid-upfront rule was removed 20 Feb 2026.
- 🇹🇭 **TH LTR** — [Thailand BOI — LTR Visa portal](https://ltr.boi.go.th/) (USD 1M assets / USD 500k Thai investment / >USD 50k insurance; income-requirement removal eff. ~Feb 2025).

---

## Golden-visa price distortion (the threshold-clustering trap)

A property-linked golden visa sets a **price floor that distorts the market at and just above the threshold**: developers price stock *to* the qualifying figure and foreign applicants compete for it, so a buyer can pay a **"visa premium" over comparable non-qualifying stock** — and over what a local pays. The two best-documented cases are policy *reversals* driven by exactly this pressure: **🇵🇹 Portugal abolished the real-estate route** outright (*Lei 56/2023*, "Mais Habitação", in force 7 Oct 2023) citing housing-price pressure (the discounted-RE routes had clustered foreign demand in Lisbon / Porto / the Algarve); **🇬🇷 Greece raised the threshold** €250k → €400k / €800k (*Law 5100/2024*) for the same affordability reason, explicitly targeting the zones where foreign demand concentrated (Attica, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini).

⚠️ **Buyer takeaway**: at a live property-linked threshold, **price the asset against comparable non-qualifying stock, not against the threshold** — run `--price` comparables before assuming the asking figure is fair. The *magnitude* of any premium is market-specific and **not reliably published** — verify against the central bank's residential-price series + local comparables; never quote a fabricated "% premium". (Eligibility itself — the "buying ≠ residency" myth-bust — lives in each playbook's "Foreign buyer eligibility (READ FIRST)" block + the `property_linked` flag on the records below.)

---

## Master tables

<!-- AUTOGEN-START: region-tables -->

### Western & Central Europe (EU/EEA)

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR | Talent Passport — Investor / Business Creator | OPEN | €300k investor / €30k business creator | No (capital, not RE) | 4-yr renewable; PR/citizenship 5 yrs (B1) | Fee changes 1 May 2026 |
| IT | Investor Visa | OPEN | €250k startup / €500k corp / €1m philanthropic / €2m gov bonds | No | 2-yr→3-yr renewals; citizenship 10 yrs | Apps surging Q4 2025 |
| DE | §21 AufenthG self-employment / Freiberufler | OPEN | ~€10-12k savings + viable plan | No | 3-yr → PR 3-5 yrs (B1) | Substance required |
| AT | Settlement Permit — Financially Independent | OPEN — QUOTA | ~€1,309/mo single + A1 German | No | PR at 5 yrs | Quota fully allocated 1st working day of January |
| AT | Red-White-Red Card (self-employed/startup) | OPEN | Points-based | No | RWR → RWR-Plus → PR | Points test |
| CH | Lump-sum tax (Pauschalbesteuerung) | OPEN — RESTRICTED | CHF 435,000 federal min. base 2026; 7× rent | No | B permit → C at 10 yrs | **Abolished cantonally in ZH, BS, BL, SH, AR.** Available in ZG, SZ, GE, VD, VS, NW, TI |
| NL | DAFT (US treaty) | OPEN — US ONLY | €4,500 business deposit | No | 2-yr; PR 5 yrs | US passport holders only · ⚠️ reality-check: €4,500 is *locked* business capital (not spendable) — real yr-1 all-in ~€6,700–7,250 (+ IND fee + compulsory health insurance + a viable income-generating business); see § Reality-check |
| BE | Professional Card | OPEN | No statutory min; case-by-case | No (active business) | 2-3 yr; citizenship via naturalisation | Region-specific |
| LU | Investor Residence | OPEN | €500k existing/new co. (5 jobs) / €3m vehicle / €20m bank | No | 3-yr; citizenship at 5 yrs | Real substance required |
| IE | ~~IIP~~ | **ENDED 15 Feb 2023** | n/a | n/a | Pipeline cases continue | Start-up Entrepreneur Programme still open (innovation, not RE) |
| DK | Start-up Denmark | OPEN — INNOVATIVE | Panel-approved business | No | 2-yr; PR 8 yrs (4 with integration) | Not passive |
| SE | Self-employment permit | OPEN | Solid plan + 2 yrs self-support | No | 2-yr; PR at 4 yrs | New work permit rules from 1 Jun 2026 |
| FI | Entrepreneur / Startup permit | OPEN | Business Finland endorsement / SME | No | 2-yr→4-yr; PR at 4 yrs | ~9-month processing |
| NO | Self-employment permit | OPEN | NOK 296,550 (~€25.8k) annual pre-tax profit | No | Annual renewals; **no CBI** | No Golden Visa |
| IS | Work in Iceland (remote) | OPEN — SHORT-STAY | Up to 6 months | No | No PR pathway | Not RBI |
| SM | NO formal RBI / CBI via real estate | — | — | No | — | Italian-citizenship-by-descent + 30-yr continuous residence naturalisation are the citizenship paths (NOT investment-pegged); UNESCO historic centre + Mount Titano preservation-zone constraints |
| SM | Permesso di Soggiorno per Lavoro Subordinato / Autonomo | OPEN | Sponsored employment OR self-employment with Sammarinese resident-business linkage | No | Renewable; 30-yr continuous residence to citizenship | Italian-resident-cross-border commuter common (Rimini-Riccione 30-min); 2-property cap per foreign individual (Legge 173/2018) UNLOCKED at residence |

### Iberia, Mediterranean, Greece

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES | ~~Golden Visa~~ | **ENDED 3 Apr 2025** | n/a | n/a | Holders grandfathered | Pre-3-Apr-2025 applications continue |
| ES | Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV) | OPEN | ~€2,400/mo passive income | No | 1-yr→2-yr; PR 5 yrs | Successor of choice for ex-GV applicants · ⚠️ the ~€2,400/mo = €28,800 proven UPFRONT for yr 1, +€7,200/yr per dependent + private insurance; all work incl. remote banned; see § Reality-check |
| PT | Golden Visa (ARI) | OPEN — RESTRICTED | €500k fund / €250k cultural / €500k research | **NO — RE removed Oct 2023** | 5 yrs → PR or citizenship (A2) | Renewals digital from 16 Feb 2026 · ⚠️ NO real-estate route since Lei 56/2023 (7 Oct 2023); cheapest now €200k donation / €500k fund; see § Reality-check |
| PT | ~~NHR~~ | **ENDED 1 Jan 2024** | n/a | n/a | n/a | Replaced by IFICI |
| PT | IFICI (NHR 2.0) | OPEN — NARROW | Tax regime, not investment | No | 10-yr 20% flat tax | **Pensions NOT exempt.** EQF L6+ degree, scientific research / certified tech startup / export co only |
| GR | Golden Visa | OPEN — RESTRICTED | €800k Attica/Thess/Myk/Sant/islands >3.1k pop; €400k elsewhere; €250k commercial→residential conversions or listed buildings | YES | 120 sqm min (except conversions); 5-yr renewable; citizenship 7 yrs (Greek test) | Single property only · ⚠️ €250k folklore dead — €800k (Attica/Thess/Mykonos/Santorini/islands >3.1k) or €400k elsewhere since L.5100/2024; see § Reality-check · ⚠️ STR BAN: GV properties barred from short-term (<60-day) lets — €50k fine per property + permit revocation (L.5100/2024 Art. 64 → Art. 100 §7A L.5038/2023; Circular 1/2026 exempts pre-reform/transitional acquisitions) · ⚠️ WATCH (ANNOUNCED, NOT LEGISLATED, 90th TIF Sep 2026): FMA transfer tax 3.09% → 15.45% on residential purchases by non-EU/EEA natural persons who are not ομογενείς or long-term residents, intended from 1 Jul 2027 (news-tier date); no Golden Visa carve-out named; €250k conversion treatment unresolved — see regulatory-watch 🇬🇷 GR |
| MT | ~~MEIN/IIP~~ | **RULED ILLEGAL 29 Apr 2025** (ECJ C-181/23) | n/a | n/a | n/a | Treat as ENDED; verify Maltese gov compliance |
| MT | MPRP (Permanent Residence) | OPEN — VERIFY | €375k lease / €750k purchase + €60k govt + €50k charity | YES (purchase route) | PR; no auto citizenship | Distinct from MEIN; verify EU pressure post-ECJ |
| CY | ~~CBI~~ | **ENDED 1 Nov 2020** | n/a | n/a | n/a | 53% of passports later illegal |
| CY | Permanent Residence by Investment | OPEN | €300k RE | YES | 10-yr PR card; visit every 2 yrs; citizenship 5 yrs | Cyprus joining Schengen 2026 |

### Northern / Eastern EU & Baltics

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Business Investor (de facto) | OPEN | ~€13-15k income or 2 PL employees | No | 3-yr; PR at 5 yrs | No formal Golden Visa |
| CZ | Long-Term Residence — Investment | OPEN | 75m CZK (~€3m) + 20 jobs / 2 yrs | No | PR at 5 yrs | Very high; rarely used |
| CZ | Živnostenský (entrepreneur visa) | OPEN | ~110,000 CZK savings + plan | No | Annual renewal; PR 5 yrs | New Foreigners' Residence Act expected 2026 |
| SK | Temporary Residence — Business | OPEN | ~€3,410 personal + €5,683 business + Min Economy review | No | 3-yr max; PR 5 yrs; citizenship 10 yrs | Tightened 2025 |
| SI | Temporary Residence — Business / EU Blue Card | OPEN | €7,500 d.o.o. capital + plan | No | PR at 5 yrs | 2026 reforms expected |
| HR | Digital Nomad Visa | OPEN | €3,622.50/mo (Jan 2026, 2.5× avg net salary) or €43,470 lump | No | 18 months max, **NOT consecutively renewable** (6-mo cooldown) | Tax-exempt foreign income |
| HR | Business Investment | OPEN | €26,545 d.o.o. capital + 51% + 3 HR full-time employees | No | PR at 5 yrs | High employment burden |
| HU | Guest Investor Programme | OPEN — RESTRICTED | €250k RE fund OR €1m public-trust donation | **NO — €500k RE option removed 15 Jan 2025** | 10-yr permit + 10-yr renewal | Re-launched 1 Jul 2024 |
| EE | Digital Nomad Visa | OPEN | €4,500 net monthly | No | 1-yr; no PR | **e-Residency is NOT residency** |
| EE | Startup Visa | OPEN | Estonian Startup Committee endorsement | No | 1-yr renewable | From 1 Jan 2026: 2% additional PIT on board fees from e-resident cos |
| LT | Investment Residency / Entrepreneur | OPEN | €14k personal / €28k co. capital + 1-3 employees @ 2× avg wage (~€2,238/mo) | No | PR 5 yrs; citizenship 10 yrs | |
| LT | Startup Visa | OPEN | Innovation committee endorsement | No | 1-yr renewable | |
| LV | Latvia Golden Visa | OPEN | €250k RE (Riga or 30km radius, **built only**) + 5% state fee; OR €50k co equity + €40k annual taxes; OR €100k for 50+ employee co. €10m+ turnover | YES (RE route) | 5-yr permit; **no min stay**; PR 5 yrs (4 of 5 lived + A2) | Bond / subordinated capital routes also exist |
| RO | Romania Golden Visa | **PROPOSED — NOT LIVE** | €400k proposed | TBD | 5-yr renewable | Draft Oct 2025 |
| RO | Business Investor (current law) | OPEN | €50k SRL + activity | No | PR pathway | Substance required |
| BG | ~~CBI~~ | **ENDED Apr 2022** | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| BG | Bulgaria Golden Visa (PR-by-investment, 2024) | OPEN | €512,000 AIFs/ETFs | No | PR; **no direct citizenship** — 5 yrs naturalisation | Distinct from ended CBI |

### UK

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK | ~~Tier 1 Investor~~ | **CLOSED 17 Feb 2022** | n/a | n/a | Legacy: extensions until 17 Feb 2026; ILR until 17 Feb 2028 | After ILR cutoff route fully sunset |
| UK | Innovator Founder | OPEN | No fixed investment; **endorsement** required | No | 3-yr → ILR | Not investment visa |
| UK | Global Talent | OPEN — TALENT | None (talent endorsement) | No | 3-5 yr → ILR | Not investment |

### Western Balkans

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RS | Residence by Real Estate Ownership | OPEN | **No minimum** — habitable property | YES | 3 yrs → PR; citizenship 6 yrs | Renting does NOT qualify |
| RS | Business / Employment | OPEN | Co. registration + activity | No | 3 yrs → PR; 6 yrs citizenship | |
| ME | Residency by Property (revised 17 Jan 2026) | OPEN — NEW THRESHOLD | **€150,000 tax-assessed value** (not contract price) | YES | 1-yr renewable → PR 5 yrs | **Pre-Jan-2026 holders grandfathered** |
| ME | ~~CBI~~ | **ENDED 31 Dec 2022** | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| BA | Residence by Real Estate Ownership | OPEN | **No statutory minimum** | YES | 5 yrs → PR; **no formal CBI** | 2026 online intake portal launched |
| MK | Citizenship by Investment | OPEN | **€200k** private investment fund (2-yr hold) OR **€400k** new business | No | **Direct citizenship** — no min residency or language | 3-6 month processing; one of few EU-region CBIs still active |
| AL | Unique Permit (Digital Nomad / Self-Employed) | OPEN | 32,000 ALL/mo (~€385) OR 300,000 ALL (~€3,614) deposit | No | 1-yr renewable up to 5× (max 6 yrs) | Law 79/2021 |
| AL | Investor Permit | OPEN | €100,000 – €300,000 | Possibly | Renewable; PR pathway | |
| AL | ~~CBI~~ | **PROPOSED — NEVER LAUNCHED** | n/a | n/a | n/a | Discussed since 2020 |

### Anglo non-EU

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA | Quebec QIIP | REOPENED 1 Jan 2024 — effectively dormant | Legacy: CAD 1.2m investment + CAD 2m net worth | No | Quebec selection → PR | **French level 7 (Échelle québécoise) required** — most can't pass |
| CA | ~~Start-Up Visa~~ | REDESIGN ANNOUNCED 19 Dec 2025 | Designated org investment (legacy) | No | Direct PR | New 2026 entrepreneur pilot launching |
| CA | Self-Employed Persons | PHASING OUT 2025-26 | Cultural/athletic intent | No | Direct PR | |
| AU | ~~SIV (188C) / BIIP~~ | **CLOSED 31 Jul 2024** | n/a | n/a | Onshore 188 holders may still progress to 888 if eligible | No new applications |
| AU | National Innovation Visa (NIV) | OPEN — INVITATION ONLY | **No investment threshold** | No | Direct PR | Skill/talent-based; **NO investor stream** |
| NZ | Active Investor Plus (AIP) — REVISED 1 Apr 2025 | OPEN | **NZD 5m / 3 yrs (Growth)** OR **NZD 10m / 5 yrs (Balanced)** | YES (early 2026: 1 residential property min NZD 5m for offshore-based AIP holders) | Direct resident visa; presence 21 days/3 yrs (Growth) or 105 days/5 yrs (Balanced) | Reduced from NZD 15m + 164 days/4 yrs |
| US | EB-5 Immigrant Investor (Reform & Integrity Act 2022) | OPEN | **USD 1.05M** standard / **USD 800K** TEA (Targeted Employment Area) | No (passive RE syndication via regional center is debated under RIA) | Conditional GC 2 yrs → permanent → naturalisation 5 yrs | RIA reauth through 30 Sep 2027; jobs requirement 10 per investor; concurrent filing with adjustment of status now possible |
| US | E-2 Treaty Investor | OPEN — TREATY-COUNTRY ONLY | No statutory minimum (~USD 100k+ guideline; "substantial" + active) | No (active business) | Renewable indefinitely (NOT a green-card path); spouse work auth | **NO Indian / Chinese / Brazilian / South African passports**; verify treaty list at travel.state.gov |
| US | E-1 Treaty Trader | OPEN — TREATY-COUNTRY ONLY | Substantial trade volume between US and treaty country | No | Renewable indefinitely | Like E-2, NOT GC path |
| US | EB-1A / EB-2 NIW | OPEN | No investment — extraordinary ability or US national interest | No | Direct GC | Self-petition; no employer sponsor needed |
| US | E-3 (AU only) / H-1B / L-1 | OPEN — VARIOUS | Employment-based | No | EB-2/EB-3 GC pathway | E-3 AU-citizen-only |

### Latin America

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MX | Temporary Residency (Economic Solvency) | OPEN | 2026 UMA = MXN 117.31; ~US$4,400/mo income OR ~US$74,000 savings | No | 4 yrs → PR; **citizenship at 5 yrs total** | UMA-based since 2024 |
| MX | Permanent Residency (Direct) | OPEN | **~US$7,400/mo income OR ~US$300,000 savings** | No | Immediate PR | |
| BR | VITEM XIV — Investor Visa | OPEN | **BRL 700,000 RE in N/NE** OR **BRL 1m elsewhere** OR **BRL 500k business** OR **BRL 150k innovative startup** | YES | Permanent residency from issue (business) or temp→PR (RE); **citizenship 4 yrs** | 2026 immigration playbook reforms |
| BR | VITEM XIV — Digital Nomad | OPEN | US$1,500/mo or US$18,000 savings | No | 1-yr renewable once (2 yr max) | |
| AR | Rentista Visa | OPEN — TIGHTENED | 5× minimum living wage (~US$2,000/mo recommended); foreign passive only | No | 1-yr renewable up to 3 yrs; PR after 3 yrs | **Decree 366/2025 (29 May 2025)** mandatory health insurance; no free public healthcare/education for non-PR |
| AR | Inversionista Visa | OPEN | ARS 1.5m (~US$1,300-6,000) productive | Possibly | 3-yr; PR | |
| AR | Citizenship by Investment | **PROPOSED — REGS PENDING (Apr 2026)** | ~US$500k productive (proposed) | TBD | **Waives 2-yr residency for naturalisation** | **Decree 524/2025 (Jul 2025)** signed; implementing regs not finalised |
| CR | Rentista Visa | OPEN | **US$2,500/mo** (24 months) OR **US$60,000** CR bank deposit | No | 2-yr temp; PR 3 yrs; citizenship 7 yrs | ⚠️ reality-check: the $2,500/mo must be BANK-GUARANTEED for 24 mo (~US$60,000 deposit), not a salary; see § Reality-check |
| CR | Inversionista Visa | OPEN | **US$150,000** investment (RE / business / shares / VC / tourism) | YES (RE eligible) | 2-yr renewable; PR 3 yrs; citizenship 7 yrs | |
| PA | Friendly Nations Visa (reformed Aug 2021) | OPEN | **US$200,000** RE OR term deposit OR combo + economic ties | YES (RE eligible) | 2-yr provisional → PR after 2 yrs; citizenship 5 yrs | Reform replaced "any of 50 nations" rule with investment requirement |
| PA | Qualified Investor Visa | OPEN — DEFERRED INCREASE | **US$300,000 RE** (gov maintained at $300k through Oct 2026) | YES | Direct PR; citizenship 5 yrs | |
| PA | Pensionado | OPEN | US$1,000/mo lifetime pension | No | Direct PR; citizenship 5 yrs | Strong tax/discount perks |
| PA | Self-Solvent | OPEN | US$300,000 PA bank fixed-term (3 yrs) | No | Temp → PR | |
| DO | Investor Residency (Ley 171-07) | OPEN | **US$200,000** investment via DR company / free-zone / incentive-regime capital (RE route not listed by DGM — verify) | Possibly | PR permit (DGM validity 1 yr); citizenship timeline not stated on MIP naturalización page — verify at MIP | Ley 158-01 tourism-pole (CONFOTUR) companies with foreign capital qualify with no minimum per DGM; individual RE purchase as a route not confirmed — verify at DGM |
| DO | Pensionado / Rentista (Ley 171-07) | OPEN | **US$1,500/mo pension** OR **US$2,000/mo passive income** | No | Direct PR; citizenship 2 yrs PR | Generous low threshold |
| CO | Migratorio M visa (real-estate route) | OPEN | **≥350× SMLMV** (2026: COP 612.8M ≈ USD 195k at TRM 3,144.14, BanRep 2026-08-03; re-prices every 1 Jan with the SMLMV); FDI route >650× SMLMV; both routes accumulate 5 yrs toward Visa R (not automatic) | YES | M-visa 3 yrs → R-visa PR after 5 yrs of M (or 2 yrs if Colombian-citizen spouse) | SMLMV adjusts annually; verify MinTrabajo |
| CO | Migratorio M (Pensionado) | OPEN | **≥3× SMLMV monthly pension** (2026: COP 5.25M ≈ USD 1,671 at TRM 3,144.14 — computed) | No | M-visa 3 yrs → R-visa PR | Easier pensioner route |
| CO | Migratorio M (Rentista) | OPEN | **≥10× SMLMV monthly passive income** (2026: COP 17.5M ≈ USD 5,569 at TRM 3,144.14 — computed) | No | M-visa → R-visa | |
| UY | Tax Residency (real-estate route — Decreto 138/020 + 153/020) | OPEN | **UI 3,500,000** RE investment (~USD 470k) + 60 days/yr presence | YES | Tax-residency for IRPF; PR pathway separate via Migración | **11-yr exemption on foreign interest+dividends (Ley 19.937)** — extends to 5+5 with 12% IRPF after; major wealth-relocation magnet |
| UY | Permanent Residency (Investor / Rentista) | OPEN | No statutory min; ~USD 1,500-2,000/mo passive shown | Possibly | Direct PR; citizenship 3 yrs (married) / 5 yrs (single) after PR | Among easier LatAm citizenship paths |
| CL | Permanent Residency (1-yr Sujeto a Contrato or Profesional path) | OPEN | Employment / income demonstration | No | Sujeto a Contrato → PR after 1 yr; citizenship 5 yrs after PR | Lifestyle / DN-friendly |
| CL | Investor Visa (Inversionista) | OPEN | Real investment in CL business (no fixed min — case-by-case) | Possibly | Visa → PR | RE alone NOT sufficient — must be productive investment |

### Caribbean

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DO | Investor Residency (Ley 171-07) | OPEN | **US$200,000** investment via DR company / free-zone / incentive-regime capital (RE route not listed by DGM — verify) | Possibly | PR permit (DGM validity 1 yr); citizenship timeline not stated on MIP naturalización page — verify at MIP | Ley 158-01 tourism-pole (CONFOTUR) companies with foreign capital qualify with no minimum per DGM; individual RE purchase as a route not confirmed — verify at DGM |
| DO | Pensionado / Rentista (Ley 171-07) | OPEN | **US$1,500/mo pension** OR **US$2,000/mo passive income** | No | Direct PR; citizenship 2 yrs PR | Generous low threshold |
| BS | Property-Acquired Visa Program (BIA) | OPEN | **B$750,000** RE → fast-track Permanent Residence consideration; **B$1,500,000** → expedited (typical ~21-day review) | YES | PR consideration after BIA grant; citizenship typically 10 yrs continuous PR (Bahamian Nationality Act) | NO direct CBI; BIA Property-Acquired Visa is a residency pathway not a citizenship one; foreign single-family dwellings ≤2 acres by IPLA REGISTRATION; >2 acres or commercial = IPLA PERMIT |
| BS | Annual Residence Permit | OPEN | Minimal — financial-means showing (often via property ownership + B$1,000 annual fee) | YES (property ownership common qualifying factor) | 1-yr renewable indefinitely; PR consideration after sustained occupancy | Common path for snowbirds + retirees |
| BS | Economic Permanent Residence | OPEN | High net worth + meaningful Bahamas economic ties (case-by-case BIA) | Possibly | Direct PR | Discretionary grant; high-end alternative to standard PR pathway |
| JM | NO formal RBI / CBI via real estate | — | — | No | — | Foreign-ownership PARITY (no nationality bar — but no statutory residence-by-investment); standard residency via PICA Work Permit / Marriage / Investor (case-by-case PICA discretion) |
| JM | Permanent Residence (PICA discretionary) | OPEN — DISCRETIONARY | No statutory min; substantial Jamaican economic contribution + 3+ yrs continuous lawful residence | No | PR consideration; citizenship after 5 yrs PR (Jamaican Citizenship Act) | Real-estate purchase alone does NOT trigger PR — must show employment / business / family / cultural ties |
| BB | Welcome Stamp (12-month digital-nomad visa) | OPEN — RENEWED | **USD 50,000+ income** (foreign employer / self-employed / business owner) | No (RE not required) | 12-month renewable; tax-exempt on Barbados-sourced foreign-employer income; **Cabinet renewal to 31 Dec 2026** | Among earliest DNV programs (launched June 2020); confirm renewal status at Visit Barbados portal before relying on availability past Dec 2026 |
| BB | Special Entry & Reside Permit (SERP) — Cat. 2 (Property-owner) | OPEN | **USD 300,000+** property value | YES | 5-yr renewable; spouse + dependents | Property-owner pathway; Cat. 1 high-net-worth has separate threshold |
| BB | Special Entry & Reside Permit (SERP) — Cat. 3 / 4 (Specially-qualified persons) | OPEN | Skill-based / executive / sportsperson / cultural | No | 5-yr renewable | Non-property routes; case-by-case Immigration Department |
| BB | NO Citizenship-by-Investment | — | — | No | Citizenship via descent / 5-yr PR continuous residence (Barbados Citizenship Act) | Distinguish from KN / DM / AG / LC / GD which DO offer CBI |
| BZ | Qualified Retirement Programme (QRP) | OPEN | **USD 2,000/mo** verifiable foreign-source income (pension / annuity / investment) — **age threshold 40+** (lowered from 45) | No (but property purchase common qualifying conduct + import-duty-exempt household goods) | Multi-year renewable; tax-exempt on foreign-source income | Belize Tourism Board administered; verify current age threshold + income threshold at BTB |
| BZ | Permanent Residence (Immigration Department) | OPEN | 1-yr continuous physical presence + clean record + means-of-support | No | PR via standard Immigration Department processing; citizenship after 5 yrs PR | Standard route; no investment minimum |
| BZ | NO formal RBI/CBI via real estate | — | — | No | — | Foreign-ownership PARITY since 2001 Aliens Landholding Act repeal — but no statutory residence-by-investment programme |
| TT | NO formal RBI / CBI via real estate | — | — | No | Naturalisation / descent only (no investment peg) | The Foreign Investment Act licence governs OWNERSHIP (acreage thresholds), NOT residency; buying property confers no immigration right |

### Türkiye & Middle East

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TR | Citizenship by Investment (CBI — RE route) | OPEN | **USD 400,000** RE (raised from USD 250k in **Jun 2022** — verify current Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararı + ilçe exclusions) | YES | **Direct citizenship** (no residency requirement); 3-yr non-resale lock | Single property OR aggregate; some districts excluded; CBI also via USD 500k bank deposit / USD 500k govt bonds / USD 500k VC fund / USD 500k pension fund / 50 Turkish-citizen jobs |
| TR | Turquoise Card (Talent / Investment) | OPEN | Investment / extraordinary skills (case-by-case) | Possibly | 3-yr provisional → permanent | Separate from CBI |
| TR | Short-Term Residency (Property-owner) | OPEN | Property ownership OR sufficient funds | YES (property route) | 1-2 yr renewable; 8-yr cumulative for naturalisation | Common for non-CBI buyers |
| AE | Golden Visa (Real-Estate route, Cabinet Decision 65/2022 expanded) | OPEN | **AED 2,000,000** RE (single or aggregate); off-plan eligibility not stated on the GDRFA golden-residence page (route includes all types of properties) — verify with DLD | YES | 10-yr renewable; family included; outside-residency allowed | NO citizenship path; 2-yr investor visa: AED 750k floor ABOLISHED 29 Apr 2026 (DLD) — no minimum for sole owners with title deed, AED 400k each for joint owners · ⚠️ 10-yr Golden needs AED 2M property (~AED 2.09M all-in); 'any property' = the 2-yr visa; see § Reality-check |
| AE | Green Visa (skilled professional / freelancer) | OPEN | Skilled work + degree / freelance permit + USD 100k income proof / investor profile | No | 5-yr renewable; sponsor self | Decoupled from employer |
| AE | Retirement Visa (Resident retirees, ≥55) | OPEN | **AED 1M property** OR **AED 1M savings** OR **AED 20k/mo income** | YES (property route) | 5-yr renewable | |
| AE | Long-term Investor Visa | OPEN | AED 2M+ in business / partnership / RE | YES | 10-yr | Overlaps with Golden Visa |
| IL | Aliyah (Law of Return 1950) | OPEN — JEWISH-DESCENT/CONVERSION ONLY | None (Jewish ancestry / conversion) | No | Direct citizenship on arrival; Olim 7-yr tax + purchase-tax incentives | Olim purchase tax 0.5% on first ILS 1.92M / 5% above (vs non-resident 8% / 10%) — saves ~ILS 207k on ILS 4M flat est. |
| IL | Investor / Specialist Worker (B/5) | OPEN — RARE | Substantial investment OR specialist skill (case-by-case Interior + MoEcon) | Possibly | 1-yr renewable; PR difficult; no direct citizenship | Most foreign capital enters via corporate route, not personal investor visa |
| IL | Retirement / Independent-means | OPEN — DE FACTO LIMITED | No clear statutory route; A/5 temporary residence via family or A/4 student/clergy used | Generally no | Renewable but not a formal RBI | Israel does NOT have an RBI/CBI program — Aliyah is the predominant residency path |

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP | Highly Skilled Professional (HSP) — points-based | OPEN | 70+ pts (academic/career/income/age) | No | 1-3 yr → PR fast-track (1 yr at 80 pts, 3 yrs at 70 pts) | Cleanest skilled-immigration path |
| JP | Business Manager Visa | OPEN | **JPY 5M** (~USD 33k) capital + active business + 2 employees OR JPY 5M | No | 1-3-5 yr; PR ~10 yrs (or 1-3 via HSP) | Substance scrutiny |
| JP | Investor Visa | OPEN — DE FACTO | Active business management — passive RE NOT sufficient | No | Same as Business Manager | Passive landlord-only applicants typically rejected |
| JP | J-Find / J-Skip (post-2023) | OPEN | Top-100-uni grad (J-Find) OR HSP-equivalent income (J-Skip) | No | 2-yr job-search (J-Find) / direct work permit (J-Skip) | New 2023 programs |
| TH | Thailand Privilege (formerly Thailand Elite — restructured 2023) | OPEN | **THB 900k–5M** (Gold 5yr → Reserve 20yr) | No | Long-stay multi-entry visa; NO PR/citizenship path | Pure visa-convenience product |
| TH | Long-Term Resident (LTR) Visa (4 categories) | OPEN | Wealthy Global Citizen (USD 1M assets + USD 80k/yr income); Wealthy Pensioner (USD 80k/yr OR USD 40-80k + USD 250k investment); Work-from-Thailand Pro (USD 80k/yr); Highly Skilled Pro (USD 80k/yr) | No | 10-yr renewable; tax benefits (foreign-source income exempt for some categories per RD interpretation) | Major upgrade vs Privilege · ⚠️ not the cheap THB 800k retirement visa — Wealthy Global Citizen = USD 1M net worth + USD 500k into Thai assets; see § Reality-check |
| TH | Destination Thailand Visa (DTV) — launched mid-2024 | OPEN | **THB 500,000** savings + freelance/remote-worker proof | No | 5-yr multi-entry, 180 days/stay | Digital-nomad targeted |
| ID | Second Home Visa (Permenkumham 22/2023) | OPEN | **IDR 2,000,000,000** deposit in a state bank (~USD 130k); property route value contested in secondary sources (IDR 2B-equivalent vs IDR 5B vs ~USD 1M) — verify at Imigrasi | YES | 5–10-yr renewable | Uniquely combines visa + property pathway (LTR Wealthy Pensioner doesn't directly mirror this) |
| ID | KITAS Investor / KITAS Working | OPEN | Per BKPM-investment-thresholds (case-by-case) | Possibly | 1-2 yr renewable → KITAP after 3-5 yrs | Standard route; PT PMA structure required for HGB land ownership |
| ID | Golden Visa (Indonesia 2023) | OPEN | **USD 350,000–USD 50M** depending on tier (individual/corporate/family) | Possibly (asset broadly defined) | 5–10-yr | New 2023; verify current Permenkumham + DJP guidance |
| MY | MM2H — Silver Tier (post-Jun 2024 framework) | OPEN | **USD 150,000** fixed deposit + compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 600,000 (no income requirement on MOTAC page; 2026 data, source MOTAC) | Yes — compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 600,000, 10-yr resale ban | 5-yr renewable | Cheapest tier; replaced 2021 framework · ⚠️ not 'cheap': USD 150k FD + compulsory MYR 600k property (10-yr resale lock) + 8% foreigner stamp duty ≈ USD 310k deployed; see § Reality-check |
| MY | MM2H — Gold Tier | OPEN | **USD 500,000** fixed deposit + compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 1,000,000 (2026 data, source MOTAC) | Yes — compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 1,000,000, 10-yr resale ban | 15-yr renewable | |
| MY | MM2H — Platinum Tier | OPEN | **USD 1,000,000** fixed deposit + compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 2,000,000 + RM 200,000 participating fee (2026 data, source MOTAC) | Yes — compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 2,000,000, 10-yr resale ban | 20-yr renewable | Citizenship NOT included; 20-yr pass renewable every 5 yrs thereafter (not a permanent visa); work + business permitted in this tier only |
| MY | Premium Visa Programme (PVIP) — 2022 | OPEN | **MYR 1,000,000** fixed deposit + MYR 40,000/mo offshore income | No | 20-yr renewable; spouse + children | Distinct from MM2H; allows business + property |
| MY | Sarawak / Sabah variants (state-administered) | OPEN | Separate state-set thresholds (lower) | No | State-administered residence | Sarawak Cap. 68 + Sabah Cap. 81 INDEPENDENT regimes |
| VN | DT (Investment) Visa | OPEN | Capital injection into Vietnamese enterprise (case-by-case; ≥VND 3B common floor) | NO (passive RE NOT sufficient) | 1-5-10 yr by tier; PR after 3 yrs continuous (TT visa) | NO Vietnam Golden Visa via real estate exists — common assumption is wrong |
| VN | LD (Labour) / DH (Trainee) visas | OPEN | Sponsored employment | No | 2-yr renewable; PR after 3 yrs | Standard work-permit route |
| PH | SRRV — Special Resident Retiree's Visa (PRA) | OPEN | USD 10k–50k deposit by age + classic/smile/courtesy categories | YES (deposit can convert to condo purchase under conditions) | Indefinite renewable; multiple-entry; permits condo ownership | Most generous SE-Asia retirement visa; 35+ for some tiers |
| PH | SIRV — Special Investor's Resident Visa (BOI) | OPEN | **USD 75,000** in qualifying assets (BOI list) | Possibly | Indefinite | Non-RE-only — must be BOI-approved investment |
| PH | 13(a) Spouse / 9(g) Pre-arranged Employment | OPEN | Marriage to Filipino (13a) or sponsored job (9g) | No | Renewable; PR after 5+ yrs | Spouse-titled land = Path 4; Matthews v. Taylor (2009) — foreigners cannot reclaim funds |
| PH | Quota Immigrant Visa | OPEN — STRICT QUOTA | 50/year/country | No | Permanent residence | Very limited; reciprocity-based |
| CN | Z / X / Q1 / S1 visas | OPEN | Sponsored employment (Z) / study (X) / family (Q1/S1) | No | 1-yr renewable; counts toward 171号文 ≥1-yr residence rule for property-buying | **Foreigner residential purchase requires ≥1 year continuous residence** under work / study / family permit; tourist L visa NOT eligible |
| CN | R Visa (High-Talent / Foreign High-End Talent A-class) | OPEN | Salary / qualification / innovation criteria via 科技部 (MOST; the 国家外国专家局 / SAFEA nameplate is retained externally but SAFEA ceased to be a standalone body in the 2018 State Council reorganisation) | No | Fast-track residence + multi-entry | Highest-tier expat pathway; counts toward 1-yr residence + property eligibility |
| CN | Permanent Residence (中国绿卡 / Chinese Green Card) | OPEN — VERY SELECTIVE | Investment ≥ **US$500,000** continuous 3 yrs in encouraged sectors OR key R&D / talent OR 4-yr work + tax-payment OR family reunion | Possibly (investment route) | Direct PR (effectively citizen-equivalent for property; no 1-yr rule; multiple-property purchase subject to local restrictions only) | NIA-administered (国家移民管理局); total grants since 1985 estimated <30,000 individuals through 2024 — extremely selective in absolute terms |
| KH | Strata-title-as-visa-adjacent | OPEN — INDIRECT | Strata-titled co-owned unit ownership (no statutory min) | YES (strata only — NOT freehold land which is constitutionally banned) | NO direct visa from RE; standard residency via Business / Investor / Marriage / Retirement / Employment routes | Cambodia has NO golden-visa via real estate; strata ownership is the only foreign-freehold path but does NOT confer residence — separate pathway needed |
| KH | Cambodia My Second Home (CM2H) | OPEN — NEW | **US$100,000** Cambodian bank deposit OR investment (verify current MoT thresholds + status) | No (RE not required but compatible) | 10-yr renewable | Launched 2022; verify current eligibility + renewal mechanism with Cambodian Ministry of Tourism / General Department of Immigration |
| KH | Investor Visa (E-Class / EB) | OPEN | Active business investment (Council for Development of Cambodia QIP route possible) | Possibly | 1-yr renewable; PR after sustained renewal | Standard route; passive RE alone NOT sufficient |
| KH | Retirement Visa (ER-Class) | OPEN | **Age 55+** + retirement income proof | No | 1-yr renewable | Generous low-threshold compared to ASEAN peers; widely used |
| VU | Citizenship by Investment — Development Support Programme (DSP / CIIP) | OPEN — CONTESTED | ~USD 130,000 donation (single applicant; secondary — verify at Citizenship Office) | No (donation to the National Development Fund, NOT real estate) | Direct citizenship (donation-based); no residence requirement | EU PERMANENTLY revoked Vanuatu's visa-free Schengen access — Reg (EU) 2025/11 (Council adoption 12 Dec 2024), visa requirement applies from 3 Feb 2025; sustained OECD/EU scrutiny. Buying property does NOT confer citizenship |

### South Asia

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IN | Long-Term Visa / Person of Indian Origin (PIO) merger to OCI | OPEN | Indian-origin / spouse-of-Indian-citizen | No | OCI = lifelong visa-equivalent (NOT citizenship); citizenship via naturalisation 11+ yrs continuous residence | India has NO golden-visa via real estate; FEMA + RBI rules govern foreign property purchase (NRIs / OCIs broadly OK; non-residents with no Indian-origin link severely restricted under FEMA) |
| IN | Investor / Employment / Business / Project visas | OPEN | Sponsored / company-vehicle | No | Renewable per category; no direct PR via investment | Standard categories; no statutory RBI |
| LK | Golden Paradise Residence Visa | OPEN — NEW (2024) | **US$200,000** non-interest-bearing bank deposit OR **US$75,000 condominium** purchase (foreign remittance) | YES (condominium route only — land freehold remains banned for foreigners) | 10-yr renewable | Launched 2024 replacing Resident Guest Scheme + pre-2022 schemes paused during crisis; verify at Department of Immigration & Emigration `https://eservices.immigration.gov.lk/golden-paradise-visa.html` |
| LK | Resident Visa — long-term (employment / business / family) | OPEN | Per-category sponsorship | No | Renewable; PR difficult; no fast citizenship | Standard route |
| LK | Citizenship-by-investment | — | — | No | NO CBI offered | Naturalisation via long-term residence + Sinhala/Tamil language test (Sri Lanka Citizenship Act) |
| MV | Resort-island Head Lease (Tourism Act) | OPEN — CORPORATE | Project-specific Ministry of Tourism + Cabinet award (typically USD multi-million scale) | YES (head lease IS the property right) | NOT a personal residence permit — corporate operating lease | Resort developer pathway; NOT a residency-via-RE route for individuals |
| MV | Tourist guesthouse on inhabited islands | OPEN — JV ONLY | Foreign capped at **49% shareholding** in Maldivian-majority partnership | Possibly | Linked to active business; spouse / family separate | 2019/2024 reforms; verify current MoT regulations |
| MV | Branded-residence villa scheme (resort sub-lease) | OPEN — CONTRACTUAL | Per-project (Soneva Jani / Patina / Velaa thresholds typically USD multi-million) | YES (leasehold within head lease) | NOT a residence permit — buyer obtains long-term leasehold right tied to head-lease balance | NOT freehold; collapses if underlying head lease collapses |
| MV | NO RBI / NO CBI via real estate | — | — | No | — | Citizenship requires **Muslim-faith adherence + 12-yr residence** (Citizenship Act); non-Muslim foreign nationals CANNOT acquire Maldivian citizenship |
| PK | Foreigner (Long Term Residency) Order, 2025 (LTR) | OPEN — VERIFY | Verify at Board of Investment / Ministry of Interior (LTR Digital Portal pending go-live) | No (LTR permits land acquisition / SEZ investment but is not an RE-purchase-pegged route) | Long-term residency; NO citizenship route | Framework government-approved ~Sept 2025 (secondary: Business Recorder / Radio Pakistan); digital portal not yet live. Diaspora buyers use POC / NICOP + the SBP Roshan Digital Account, NOT the LTR |

### Africa

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZA | Critical Skills Work Visa | OPEN | On Critical Skills List (gazetted Feb 2022 — verify next gazette) | No | 5-yr; PR application after 5 yrs continuous | New list expected; verify DHA |
| ZA | Business Visa | OPEN | **ZAR 5M** investment (waiver possible) + 5 SA jobs (60% locals) | No | 3-yr; PR after 5 yrs | Substance + jobs requirements |
| ZA | Financially Independent Permit (PR direct) | OPEN | **ZAR 12M+ net worth** + ZAR 120k application fee | No | Direct PR | "Wealthy individual" route — passive |
| ZA | Retired Person Visa | OPEN | **ZAR 37,000/mo** pension/income for life OR ZAR 1.5M+ lump sum | No | 4-yr renewable | Generous low threshold relative to peers |
| ZA | Remote Work Visa (Critical Skills extension, 2024) | OPEN — NEW | Annual income **ZAR 1M+** working for foreign employer | No | 3-yr | New 2024 framework |
| MA | Long-stay Residence (Carte de Séjour) | OPEN | Property ownership + means-of-support proof OR work contract OR retirement income | YES (property route possible but not statutorily required) | 1–3-yr renewable; PR after 4 yrs continuous | No formal Golden Visa; Office des Changes registration mandatory for repatriation |
| MA | Casablanca Finance City (CFC) status | OPEN — CORPORATE | Eligible regional HQ / financial / professional services entity | No | Corporate tax incentives + work permits | Distinct from individual residence permits |
| EG | PM Decree 3099/2019 (as amended) — USD 250k Treasury contribution | OPEN — RECENT | **USD 250,000** non-refundable direct revenue (grant) to the Public Treasury Authority, no lock period (GAFI citizenship application form) | No | Outcome unreconciled — GAFI form frames it as citizenship, US State Dept 2025 ICS as permanent residency; verify in writing with the Citizenship Applications Assessment Unit | Outcome (citizenship vs permanent residency) unreconciled between GAFI and US State Dept 2025 ICS; verify in writing with the Citizenship Applications Assessment Unit before transferring |
| EG | PM Decree 3099/2019 (as amended) — state real-estate route | OPEN — RECENT | GAFI form: **USD 500,000** in real estate owned by the State or public legal persons / US State Dept 2025 ICS (citing Decree 876/2023): USD 300,000 — unreconciled | YES | Outcome unreconciled (GAFI: citizenship / US State Dept 2025 ICS: permanent residency) | Thresholds shifted multiple times since 2023 — confirm current GAFI rules |
| EG | PM Decree 3099/2019 (as amended) — investment-project route | OPEN — RECENT | GAFI form: **USD 400,000** project at min 40% of capital / US State Dept 2025 ICS (citing Decree 876/2023): USD 350,000 plus USD 100,000 — unreconciled | No | Outcome unreconciled (GAFI: citizenship / US State Dept 2025 ICS: permanent residency) | Sectors gazetted by GAFI |
| EG | Golden Residency (Decree 2024) | OPEN — NEW | RE thresholds tiered USD 100k / 200k / 400k for 1/3/5-yr residency (verify current Decree) | YES | 1, 3, or 5-yr renewable | New tier overlaps with Investment Law — verify current text |
| MU | Occupation Permit (OP) — Investor (Self-Employed / Investor) | OPEN | Investor: USD 50,000 invested in MU + business plan; Self-employed: USD 35,000 in MU bank | Possibly | 10-yr renewable; 20-yr Permanent Residence Permit after thresholds (cumulative MUR 45M turnover / 3 yrs) | Linked to active business — passive RE alone NOT sufficient |
| MU | Occupation Permit (OP) — Professional | OPEN | Salaried with MU employer; minimum **MUR 30,000/mo basic salary** for 3 yrs (sector exceptions ICT/BPO lower) | No | 3-yr (typically aligned with employment); PRP after thresholds | Standard expat-employee route |
| MU | Premium Visa (long-stay) | OPEN | Foreign income ≥ USD 1,500/mo + remote-work proof | No | 1-yr renewable; up to 10 yrs cumulative | Not linked to property; remote-worker / digital-nomad framing |
| MU | Retirement Permit (Non-Citizen Retiree) | OPEN | **USD 2,000/mo** transferred to MU bank (raised from USD 1,500/mo by Finance Act 2025) | No (but property-purchase eligibility unlocked at scheme thresholds) | 10-yr renewable; spouse + dependents | **Threshold raised 2025** — verify before reliance |
| MU | EDB-scheme RP (IRS / RES / PDS / SCS / IHS / Smart City) | OPEN | RP entitlement at **USD 375,000** scheme-property purchase (price-floor varies: IRS USD 500k unit floor; PDS no statutory floor; G+2 ≥ MUR 6M) | YES | RP for buyer + spouse + dependents while ownership ≥ USD 375,000 | **Finance Act 2025 5%→10% non-citizen registration duty + LTT REPEALED by Finance Act 2026** (Act 14/2026, gazetted 13 Aug 2026) — 5% applies; new 10% transferor-paid duty on State-land / Pas Géométriques residential transfers to non-citizens |
| CV | Permanent Residence for Foreign Investors ("Cape Verde Green Card") | OPEN | **8.8M CVE (~€80,000)** below-average-GDP municipality OR **13.2M CVE (~€120,000)** above-average | YES (RE eligible) | PR card 5-yr renewable; family included; citizenship after 5 yrs habitual residence | 2017 framework; 2-4-week processing typical; verify current at AAI |
| CV | Estatuto de Investidor Externo + Investor Residency | OPEN | Project-based investment thresholds (tourism / ICT / industry / ocean / renewables) per Cabo Verde TradeInvest | Possibly | Renewable; PR pathway separate | Tax + customs incentives in priority sectors |
| GH | Akwaaba / Right of Abode | OPEN — DIASPORA-ONLY | Persons of African descent born outside Africa; documented African ancestry | No | Indefinite Right of Abode (Immigration Act 2000 Act 573 as amended); citizenship by registration possible after grant | **Pan-African Identity Card framework** evolving; verify current at Ghana Immigration Service `https://www.gis.gov.gh/`; designed for diaspora reconnection |
| GH | Investor Residence (Ghana Investment Promotion Centre) | OPEN | **USD 200,000** equity (joint-venture with Ghanaians) OR **USD 500,000** wholly-foreign | Possibly | Renewable; tied to active business | Standard sectoral framework under GIPC Act 865 (2013); RE alone insufficient |
| GH | Permit-A (Quota Permits) | OPEN | Per GIPC sector / quota | No | Renewable; PR after sustained employment | Standard route for skilled employment |
| GH | NO direct CBI / NO golden-visa via real estate | — | — | No | — | Constitutional 50-year leasehold cap (Art. 266) + customary tenure overlay = no investment-citizenship pathway |
| RW | Investor Visa / Investor Residence Permit | OPEN | **USD 250,000** registered investment (USD 100,000 for EAC + COMESA citizens) per **Investment Code Law N° 006/2021 Art. 14** | Possibly (RE eligible if registered as investor with Rwanda Development Board) | Renewable; PR pathway separate after thresholds | RE-as-investor route exists but **clarify "USD 500k luxury property" route is secondary-aggregator only** — flag for primary-source verification with RDB; verify at `https://rdb.rw/` |
| RW | Class G Visa (Self-Employed) | OPEN | Active enterprise + minimum-investment per category | No | Renewable; PR after sustained renewal | Standard self-employed route |
| RW | Class T Visa (Tourist / Short-stay) + visa-on-arrival | OPEN | None for visa-on-arrival (~80 nationalities); 30-day default | No | 30-90 day stay | DD-trip / property-selection feasible visa-free or visa-on-arrival |
| RW | NO CBI; citizenship via long residence | — | — | No | Citizenship after 5+ yrs continuous residence + Kinyarwanda proficiency (Rwandan Nationality Law) | No investment-linked citizenship pathway |
| NA | Residence-by-Investment (5-yr renewable) | OPEN — VERIFY | Advisory tier only — verify at NIPDB / Ministry of Home Affairs (gov.na figures not anchored) | No (investment / company-based, not RE) | 5-yr renewable residence permit; NOT instant PR or citizenship | Launched Mar 2023 (run with Henley & Partners); thresholds advisory/aggregator-tier; NO citizenship-by-investment; property purchase confers NO residence right |
| BW | Citizenship-by-Investment (announced, not operational) | ANNOUNCED — NOT YET LIVE | Not yet set | No | n/a — programme not operational as of Jun 2026 | Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2025 (Act No. 30 of 2025) passed Parliament 17 Dec 2025 and assented (permits multiple citizenship); commencement order SI No. 38 of 2026 listed on Parliament's Business Update, date/scope unverified; CBI announced but threshold/regulations not set. Investor/residence permits exist but thresholds are agency-sourced — verify at BITC / gov.bw |

### Africa — Indian Ocean / Atlantic islands

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SC | Standard Residence Permit | OPEN — DISCRETIONARY | **SCR 150,000 main applicant / SCR 75,000 spouse / SCR 25,000 per child** (5-yr validity) + SCR 20,000 bank guarantee + 5-day minimum residence/yr | No (RE purchase does NOT entitle residency) | 5-yr renewable; PR via separate stricter pathway | **Property purchase does NOT confer residency** in Seychelles (UNIQUE distinction vs PT/GR Golden Visa) |
| SC | Gainful Occupation Permit (GOP) | OPEN | Sponsoring employer; **SCR 1,000 application + SCR 700/month** | No | Renewable; tied to employer | Standard work-permit route |
| SC | NO CBI / NO RBI via real estate | — | — | No | — | Citizenship by naturalisation only; not investment-linked |

### Caucasus

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE | Visa-free entry (1-year) | OPEN — ~95 NATIONALITIES | None (USA, EU, UK, CA, AU, JP, IL, etc.) | No | 1-yr stay per entry; renewable on border-run | Most permissive in region; foreign-buyer regularly uses this for residence rather than visa |
| GE | Remotely from Georgia (digital nomad) | OPEN | Foreign employment + USD 2,000/mo income proof OR USD 24k savings | No | 360-day visa; renewable | Launched 2020; updated framework |
| GE | Investor Residence Permit | OPEN | **USD 300,000** investment in GE business or real estate | YES | 5-yr; permanent residence on application before the 5-yr permit expires, subject to turnover (investment route) or retained-property conditions (Law Art. 15(k), Art. 16 para 5) | Permanent residence after 5 yrs on the investment permit (Art. 16 para 5); the cheaper US$150k real-estate route is a 1-yr short-term permit (Art. 15(j)), not this programme |
| GE | Work Residence Permit | OPEN | Sponsored employment + tax return proof | No | 1-yr renewable; PR after 6 yrs | Standard route |

### Central Asia

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KZ | Investor Visa / "Golden Visa" (10 May 2025) | OPEN | **US$300,000** qualifying investment (KZ securities / listed entities / AIFC participants / productive business) | **NO — real estate not a reported qualifying asset (secondary guides; verify at MFA KZ)** | 10-yr residence permit; PRP-equivalent rights | Channelled toward productive capital, not passive RE — Kazakhstan property purchase ≠ residence pathway (UNIQUE distinction in region); applications open 1 Jun 2025 |
| KZ | Permanent Residence Permit (PRP) — standard | OPEN | After **8 yrs of TRP** (Law on Migration No. 477-IV of 2011) OR via Investor Visa OR Marriage + 3-yr cohabitation OR Kandas (ethnic Kazakh repatriation) | No | Direct PR pathway; citizenship 5+ yrs | **Foreigners on TRP CANNOT own residential property** — PRP required (Law on Legal Status of Foreigners Art. 9); LLP workaround common |
| KZ | "Neo Nomad" Digital Nomad Visa (Astana Hub) | OPEN | Foreign IT specialist with in-demand profession endorsement | No | Up to 5-yr residence permit | Astana Hub joint project; launched 2024 |
| KZ | 30-day visa-free entry | OPEN — ~80 NATIONALITIES | None (incl. EU, UK, US, CA, AU, NZ, JP, KR) | No | 30-day stay per entry; verify per nationality at MFA | Foreign-buyer DD trip + property selection feasible visa-free |
| UZ | 5-year Investor Residence Permit ("Golden Visa") — eff. 1 June 2025 | OPEN — NEW | **US$250,000** payment (main applicant) + **US$150,000** per family member (spouse/children/parents) — no real-estate condition (lex.uz УП-67 passport); secondary sources describe it as a non-refundable donation. The US$300k Tashkent / US$200k six regions / US$100k other-regions property thresholds belong to the SEPARATE pre-existing UP-5611 real-estate-for-residence route | NO — payment route with no property condition; real-estate residence is the separate UP-5611 route | 5-yr (renewal rules pending an implementing Cabinet/MIA resolution per Savory & Partners, secondary; not found in sources read — verify at MIA) | Per Presidential Decree УП-67 (PF-67) of 18 Apr 2025, in force 1 June 2025 (lex.uz doc 7485034); 'UP-89' was a wrong number. Implementing Cabinet/MIA resolution reported not adopted as of Oct 2025 — verify operational status at lex.uz / MIA before relying |
| UZ | Visa-free 30-day entry | OPEN — ~90 NATIONALITIES | None (EU/EEA, UK, CA, AU, NZ, JP, KR, IL, Türkiye, GCC, most LatAm + Asia) | No | 30-day stay per entry | 2019/2020/2024 expansions; foreign-buyer DD trip feasible visa-free; verify at MFA |
| UZ | e-Visa | OPEN | None (~58 additional nationalities) — US$20 fee | No | Up to 30 days | Online application via e-visa.gov.uz; introduced 15 July 2018 |
| UZ | Tashkent IT Park Visa (IT Visa) | OPEN | IT-Park resident-company employment + qualifying profession | No | 3-yr renewable | Decoupled from standard work permit; aligned with IT Park resident company sponsorship |
| UZ | Standard work permit / business visa | OPEN | Sponsored employment / company vehicle | No | 1-yr renewable | Standard route; property purchase yields residence only via the separate pre-existing UP-5611 real-estate-for-residence route (the 5-yr Golden Visa has no RE condition) |

### Crown Dependencies & Autonomous Territories

| Country | Programme | Status | Min. threshold | Property-linked? | PR/citizenship | Caveats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JE | High-Value Resident (HVR / 2(1)(e)) | OPEN | £250k/yr minimum tax (post-14 Jul 2023); property £3.5m houses / £1.75m apartments (verify with Locate Jersey) | Yes — must purchase qualifying Jersey property | Entitled status (2(1)(e)) granted on consent; no automatic citizenship route | Pre-2018 consents grandfathered at £170k from 2023 (was £145k). P.19/2026 statutory cap (15/yr / 75 per 5-yr period) REJECTED by the States Assembly 26 Feb 2026 — no cap enacted. Tax: 20% on first £1.25m non-Jersey income, then 1%. Mandatory independent taxation from 2026 (married couples incl. HVRs). |
| GG | Open Market Housing + Tax Cap | OPEN | Open Market property (~1,600 dwellings, no quota); £50k Document Duty trigger ≈ £1.37M computed / £1.4M industry-typical; £60k annual Tax Cap; £160k / £320k worldwide caps | Yes — must purchase Open Market property | Population Management ladder: 8yrs Established Resident → 14yrs Permanent Resident (10-of-20 retention) | Standard Charge rises £40k (2024) → £50k from year-of-charge 2026 (P.2025-121). Alderney Cap split: legacy £65k (2024 + 2025, ceased 31 Dec 2025) vs new £60k Alderney Property Tax Cap from 1 Jan 2025. NO CGT/IHT/GST. |
| GI | Cat-2 (Qualifying Category 2 Individuals) | OPEN | £5M net worth for new applicants (HMGoG PR 469/2026, 18 Jun 2026; existing holders grandfathered at £2M); £118k income cap; £37k minimum annual tax / £42,380 maximum | Yes — approved Gibraltar residence required (Open Market only; Cat-2 applicants pre-arrival are categorically Open Market) | Renewable; NO direct PR/citizenship route from Cat-2 alone | Qualifying (Category 2) Individuals Rules 2004 statutory basis. £5,000 application fee (HMGoG PR 469/2026; previously £1,233) + £42,380 refundable deposit. 5-yr non-residency window required pre-application. Frontier Treaty (provisionally applied since 15 Jul 2026) does NOT override Cat-2 physical-presence test. Residence Criteria framework (HMGoG PR 466/2026) in operation as the Residency Regulations 2026 (LN 166/2026) since 14 Jul 2026. |
| GI | HEPSS (High Executive Possessing Specialist Skills) | OPEN | £160k earnings floor + £160k assessable cap; £39,940 fixed annual tax | Yes — approved Gibraltar residence required | Renewable; NO direct PR/citizenship route from HEPSS alone | HEPSS Rules 2008 statutory basis. 3-yr non-residency window required pre-application. Self-employment refusal caveat — Gibraltar restricts self-employed work permits for many non-EU nationals. |

<!-- AUTOGEN-END: region-tables -->

---

## Cross-cutting decision-helper

**Class A — Property purchase IS a direct visa route (May 2026)**:
GR (€800k/€400k/€250k tiers, 120 sqm), CY PR (€300k), LV (€250k Riga radius, built only), MT MPRP (verify post-ECJ), RS / BA (no min, habitable), ME (€150k tax-assessed, since 17 Jan 2026), BR (BRL 700k N/NE; BRL 1m elsewhere), CR (US$150k incl. RE), PA Friendly Nations (US$200k) / Qualified Investor (US$300k), NZ AIP (after AIP residency, min NZD 5m), **TR CBI (USD 400k)**, **AE Golden Visa (AED 2M)**, **DO Investor Residency (USD 200k)**, **CO Migratorio M (350× SMLMV ≈ USD 195k at 2026 SMLMV + TRM 3,144.14)**, **UY Tax-Residency (UI 3.5M ~USD 470k)**, **AE Retirement Visa (AED 1M property)**, **ID Second Home Visa (IDR 2B deposit; property-route value contested — verify at Imigrasi)**, **EG Real-Estate CBI (USD 300k)** + **EG Golden Residency (USD 100k/200k/400k tiers)**, **GE Investor Residence (USD 300k)**, **BB SERP Cat. 2 (USD 300k)**, **LK Golden Paradise (USD 75k condominium route)**, **MV Resort sub-lease / branded-residence** (lease right not residency), **UZ real-estate-for-residence route (UP-5611; USD 300k Tashkent / 200k regions / 100k other — separate from the 5-yr Golden Visa, which is a USD 250k payment with no RE condition)**.

**Class B — Property NOT a direct route, but supports a residency case**:
FR, IT, DE, AT, CH, NL, BE, LU, SE, FI, NO, DK, IE, SI, CZ, SK, PL, HU, EE, LT, HR, RO (current law), BG, **JP** (RE alone insufficient — Business Manager visa needs active business), **TH** (LTR Wealthy Pensioner allows USD 250k investment which CAN be RE), **CL**, **ZA**, **US** (E-2 active business required; EB-5 USD 800k TEA structured RE deals exist via regional centers), **MY** (MM2H requires a USD 150k–1M fixed deposit AND a compulsory residence purchase ≥ RM 600k–2M with a 10-yr resale ban; 2026 data, source MOTAC), **PH** (SRRV deposit can convert to condo under conditions), **MA** (Carte de Séjour can be supported by property + means-of-support — Office des Changes registration mandatory), **BB Welcome Stamp** (DNV — RE not required, foreign-employer income threshold), **BZ QRP** (RE not required, but property purchase + import-duty-exempt goods common qualifying conduct), **KH CM2H + Investor Visa** (strata title is the only foreign-freehold path but does NOT confer residence), **GH Investor Residence** (USD 200k JV / USD 500k wholly-foreign — RE alone insufficient), **RW Investor Residence** (USD 250k registered investment — RE eligible if RDB-registered; "USD 500k luxury property" route requires primary-source verification).

**Class C — ENDED / never offered; do not promise visa via property**:
ES Golden Visa (Apr 2025), IE IIP (Feb 2023), PT Golden Visa via RE (Oct 2023), CY CBI (Nov 2020), BG CBI (Apr 2022), HU RE option (Jan 2025), AU SIV (Jul 2024), UK Tier 1 (Feb 2022), MT MEIN (ECJ Apr 2025), **TH 99-yr sap ing sit term + 75% condo quota** (proposed 2024-25 — NOT enacted as of May 2026), **VN Golden Visa via real estate** (NEVER OFFERED — DT visa requires enterprise capital, not RE), **IL RBI/CBI** (NEVER OFFERED — Aliyah is the predominant route, Jewish-descent only), **KZ Golden Visa via RE** (NEVER OFFERED — real estate not among the reported US$300k Investor Visa qualifying assets; verify at MFA KZ), **JM RBI/CBI via RE** (NEVER OFFERED — foreign-ownership PARITY but no statutory residence-by-investment), **BB CBI** (NEVER OFFERED — distinguishes from KN/DM/AG/LC/GD), **LK CBI** (NEVER OFFERED — naturalisation requires long residence + Sinhala/Tamil language test), **MV CBI** (NEVER OFFERED — Muslim-faith adherence + 12-yr residence required for naturalisation; non-Muslims cannot acquire), **GH CBI** (NEVER OFFERED — constitutional 50-year leasehold cap precludes investment-citizenship).

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## Government portals (always link for runtime verification)

PT AIMA https://aima.gov.pt/ · ES Exteriores https://www.exteriores.gob.es/ · GR Migration Ministry https://migration.gov.gr/en/ · MT Identità https://www.identita.gov.mt/ · CY MOI https://moi.gov.cy/ · IT Visa portal https://vistoperitalia.esteri.it/ · FR Welcome to France https://www.welcometofrance.com/ · DE Make it in Germany https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/ · AT Migration https://www.migration.gv.at/ · CH EFD lump-sum https://www.efd.admin.ch/en/lump-sum-taxation · NL IND https://ind.nl/ · BE IBZ DOFI https://dofi.ibz.be/ · LU Guichet https://guichet.public.lu/ · IE INIS https://www.irishimmigration.ie/ · UK GOV.UK https://www.gov.uk/ · CZ IPC https://ipc.gov.cz/ · SK MIC https://mic.iom.sk/ · SI GOV.SI https://www.gov.si/ · PL gov.pl https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy · HU OIF https://oif.gov.hu/ · EE e-Residency https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/ + Politsei https://www.politsei.ee/ · LV PMLP https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/en · LT Migration https://www.migracija.lt/en/ · HR MUP https://mup.gov.hr/ · RO IGI https://igi.mai.gov.ro/en/ · BG MVR https://www.mvr.bg/migration · AU DHA https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/ · NZ INZ https://www.immigration.govt.nz/ · CA IRCC https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship.html · QC MIFI https://www.quebec.ca/en/immigration · MX INM https://www.inm.gob.mx/ · BR Portal de Imigração https://portaldeimigracao.mj.gov.br/ · AR DNM https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/migraciones · CR DGME https://www.migracion.go.cr/ · PA SNM https://www.migracion.gob.pa/ · RS Welcome to Serbia https://welcometoserbia.gov.rs/ · ME MUP https://www.gov.me/en/mup · BA SPS http://sps.gov.ba/ · MK MOI https://mvr.gov.mk/ · AL e-Albania https://e-albania.al/ · **US** USCIS https://www.uscis.gov/ + travel.state.gov https://travel.state.gov/ · **TR** Göç İdaresi https://www.goc.gov.tr/ + **Investment Office (Republic of Türkiye)** — CBI property route https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/investmentguide/pages/acquiring-property-and-citizenship.aspx · **AE** ICP https://icp.gov.ae/ + GDRFA Dubai https://www.gdrfad.gov.ae/ · **JP** Immigration Services Agency https://www.isa.go.jp/ · **TH** Immigration Bureau https://www.immigration.go.th/ + LTR Visa https://ltr.boi.go.th/ + Thailand Privilege https://thailandprivilege.co.th/ · **DO** Migración https://migracion.gob.do/ · **CO** Migración Colombia https://www.migracioncolombia.gov.co/ · **UY** DNM https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-interior/politicas-y-gestion/mision-vision-direccion-nacional-migracion · **CL** Servicio Migraciones https://serviciomigraciones.cl/ · **ZA** DHA https://www.dha.gov.za/ · **GE** Public Service Hall https://psh.gov.ge/ + Revenue Service https://rs.ge/ · **ID** Imigrasi https://www.imigrasi.go.id/ · **MY** Immigration https://www.imi.gov.my/ + MM2H https://mm2h.gov.my/ · **VN** Immigration Department (Ministry of Public Security) — e-Visa portal https://evisa.gov.vn/ · **PH** PRA SRRV https://pra.gov.ph/ + BOI SIRV https://boi.gov.ph/ + DOJ https://www.doj.gov.ph/ · **IL** Aliyah Ministry https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ministry_of_aliyah_and_integration/govil-landing-page + Population & Immigration https://www.gov.il/he/departments/population_and_immigration_authority · **MA** Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale https://www.dgsn.gov.ma/ + ANRE consular · **EG** GAFI https://www.gafi.gov.eg/ + Egyptian Tax Authority https://www.eta.gov.eg/

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## Confidence labels

- **HIGH**: program status confirmed via primary government source within last 90 days; ECJ judgments cited
- **MEDIUM**: secondary source within last 12 months (IMI Daily, Henley & Partners, KPMG immigration tax flashes)
- **LOW**: program is "proposed but not enacted" or relies on stale aggregator data — verify before promising

## Status

Last refreshed: 2026-05-01. Next refresh: monthly (high-volatility programs PT/ES/MT/CY/AR/TR/TH/AE/EG/ID), quarterly (others), per-event (any reform announcement).