# Extract — AI Act Articles 51–55: General-purpose AI models **Source**: `sources.yaml` id `ai-act-en-eurlex` **Document**: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 **Accessed**: 2026-04-25 **Licence**: EU legislative text — public domain **Citation**: Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Articles 51–55 **Application**: from **2 August 2025** (Art. 113(b)) --- ## Article 51 — Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk **1.** A general-purpose AI model shall be classified as a **general-purpose AI model with systemic risk** if it meets any of the following conditions: - **(a)** it has high-impact capabilities evaluated on the basis of appropriate technical tools and methodologies, including indicators and benchmarks; - **(b)** based on a decision of the Commission, ex officio or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel, it has capabilities or an impact equivalent to those set out in point (a) having regard to the criteria set out in **Annex XIII**. **2.** A general-purpose AI model shall be presumed to have high-impact capabilities pursuant to paragraph 1, point (a), when the **cumulative amount of computation used for its training measured in floating point operations is greater than 10²⁵**. **3.** The Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 to amend the thresholds listed in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, as well as to supplement benchmarks and indicators, in light of evolving technological developments, such as algorithmic improvements or increased hardware efficiency, when necessary, for these thresholds to reflect the state of the art. --- ## Article 52 — Procedure (notification of systemic risk) **1.** Where a general-purpose AI model meets the condition referred to in Article 51(1)(a), the relevant provider shall **notify the Commission without delay and in any event within two weeks** of that requirement being met or it becoming known that it will be met. That notification shall include the information necessary to demonstrate that the relevant requirement has been met. If the Commission becomes aware of a general-purpose AI model presenting systemic risks of which it has not been notified, it may decide to designate it as a model with systemic risk. **2.** The provider of a general-purpose AI model that meets the condition referred to in Article 51(1)(a) may present, with its notification, **arguments to demonstrate that, exceptionally, although it meets that requirement, the general-purpose AI model does not present, due to its specific characteristics, systemic risks**. Where the Commission decides that the arguments submitted are not sufficiently substantiated, it shall inform the provider that this is not the case and that the model is to be regarded as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk. **3, 4, 5.** [Procedure for designation, list publication, periodic re-assessment.] --- ## Article 53 — Obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models **1.** Providers of general-purpose AI models shall: - **(a)** draw up and keep up-to-date the **technical documentation** of the model, including its training and testing process and the results of its evaluation, which shall contain, at a minimum, the information set out in **Annex XI** for the purpose of providing it, upon request, to the AI Office and the national competent authorities; - **(b)** draw up, keep up-to-date and make available **information and documentation to providers of AI systems** who intend to integrate the general-purpose AI model into their AI systems. Without prejudice to the need to observe and protect intellectual property rights and confidential business information or trade secrets in accordance with Union and national law, the information and documentation shall: - (i) enable providers of AI systems to have a good understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the general-purpose AI model and to comply with their obligations pursuant to this Regulation; and - (ii) contain, at a minimum, the elements set out in **Annex XII**; - **(c)** put in place a **policy to comply with Union law on copyright and related rights**, and in particular to identify and comply with, including through state-of-the-art technologies, a reservation of rights expressed pursuant to Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790; - **(d)** draw up and make publicly available a **sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training** of the general-purpose AI model, according to a template provided by the AI Office. **2.** The obligations set out in paragraph 1, points (a) and (b), shall not apply to providers of AI models that are **released under a free and open-source licence** that allows for the access, usage, modification, and distribution of the model, and **whose parameters, including the weights, the information on the model architecture, and the information on model usage, are made publicly available**. This exception shall not apply to general-purpose AI models with systemic risks. **3.** Providers of general-purpose AI models shall cooperate as necessary with the Commission and the national competent authorities in the exercise of their competences and powers pursuant to this Regulation. **4.** Providers of general-purpose AI models may rely on **codes of practice** within the meaning of Article 56 to demonstrate compliance with the obligations set out in paragraph 1 of this Article, until a harmonised standard is published. Compliance with European harmonised standards grants providers the presumption of conformity to the extent that those standards cover those obligations. Providers of general-purpose AI models who do not adhere to an approved code of practice or do not comply with a European harmonised standard shall demonstrate alternative adequate means of compliance for assessment by the Commission. --- ## Article 54 — Authorised representatives of providers of general-purpose AI models **1.** Prior to placing a general-purpose AI model on the Union market, providers established in third countries shall, by written mandate, **appoint an authorised representative** which is established in the Union. **2.** The provider shall enable its authorised representative to perform the tasks specified in the mandate received from the provider. **3.** The mandate shall enable the authorised representative to carry out the following tasks: - **(a)** verify that the technical documentation specified in Annex XI has been drawn up and all obligations referred to in Article 53 and, where applicable, Article 55 have been fulfilled by the provider; - **(b)** keep a copy of the technical documentation specified in Annex XI at the disposal of the AI Office and national competent authorities, for a period of **10 years** after the general-purpose AI model has been placed on the market, and the contact details of the provider that appointed the authorised representative; - **(c)** provide the AI Office, upon a reasoned request, with all the information and documentation, including that referred to in point (b), necessary to demonstrate compliance with the obligations in this Chapter; - **(d)** cooperate with the AI Office and competent authorities, upon a reasoned request, in any action they take in relation to the general-purpose AI model, including when the model is integrated into AI systems placed on the market or put into service in the Union; - **(e)** comply with the obligations referred to in Article 49(1). **4.** The mandate shall empower the authorised representative to be addressed, in addition to or instead of the provider, by the AI Office or the competent authorities, on all issues related to ensuring compliance with this Regulation. **5.** The authorised representative shall **terminate the mandate if it considers or has reason to consider that the provider acts contrary to its obligations** pursuant to this Regulation. In such a case, it shall also immediately inform the AI Office about the termination of the mandate and the reasons therefor. **6.** The obligation set out in this Article shall not apply to providers of general-purpose AI models that are released under a free and open-source licence allowing for the access, usage, modification and distribution of the model and whose parameters, including the weights, the information on the model architecture, and the information on model usage, are made publicly available, **unless the general-purpose AI models present systemic risks**. --- ## Article 55 — Obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk **1.** In addition to the obligations listed in Articles 53 and 54, providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk shall: - **(a)** perform **model evaluation** in accordance with standardised protocols and tools reflecting the state of the art, including conducting and documenting **adversarial testing** of the model with a view to identifying and mitigating systemic risks; - **(b)** **assess and mitigate possible systemic risks** at Union level, including their sources, that may stem from the development, the placing on the market, or the use of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk; - **(c)** **keep track of, document, and report**, without undue delay, to the AI Office and, as appropriate, to national competent authorities, **relevant information about serious incidents** and possible corrective measures to address them; - **(d)** ensure an **adequate level of cybersecurity protection** for the general-purpose AI model with systemic risk and the physical infrastructure of the model. **2.** Providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk may rely on **codes of practice** within the meaning of Article 56 to demonstrate compliance with the obligations set out in paragraph 1 of this Article, until a harmonised standard is published. Compliance with European harmonised standards grants providers the presumption of conformity to the extent that those standards cover those obligations. Providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risks who do not adhere to an approved code of practice or do not comply with a European harmonised standard shall demonstrate alternative adequate means of compliance for assessment by the Commission. **3, 4.** [AI Office templates and serious-incident reporting procedures.] --- ## Notes for the skill - **Threshold**: 10²⁵ FLOPs of cumulative training compute is the **presumption** of high-impact capabilities (Art. 51(2)). The Commission can amend this by delegated act (Art. 51(3)). - **Notification**: Within **2 weeks** of meeting (or knowing it will meet) the threshold (Art. 52(1)). - **Counter-arguments allowed**: providers may argue that despite meeting the threshold, the model does not present systemic risks (Art. 52(2)). - **Open-source exemption** (Art. 53(2)): applies to (a) and (b) only, not (c) copyright or (d) data summary; **not available for systemic-risk GPAI**. - **Code of Practice**: voluntary tool to demonstrate compliance with Article 53 / 55. Adherence creates a strong compliance signal. - **Penalties** (Art. 101 — GPAI specific): up to **EUR 15 000 000 or 3% of total worldwide annual turnover**. - Annex XI, Annex XII, Annex XIII not extracted here — reference the source PDF.