perspectivisation.owl
type: Ontology
comment: An ontology for the perspectivisation frame: a type of events or situations, where a fact (a background) is reported within a certain storytelling (a lens), which creates a viewpoint (a cut), towards which the source (a conceptualiser) holds a positive, negative, or neutral stance (an attitude). The result of perspectivisation is not only a linguistic or rhetorical artifice, because it typically involves a 'blending' of the entities playing two roles: the cut, and the lens. For example, in political talk, when e.g. a democrat says that taxes are investments, the democrat (conceptualiser) holds an attitude towards the current taxation policies (cut from a background), viewed through the generally positive value associated with investments (lens). The expected result from the example is that a new entity emerges: an 'investment-blended' meaning of taxes. A lot of public discussions, even in formal contexts, shows perspectivisation situations.
version info: 1.0: 02-23-2021, by Aldo Gangemi 2.0: 05-08-2024, by Aldo Gangemi, added Conceptual blending frame and D&S punning axioms for reasoning across descriptions/frames and situations/frame occurrences

Attitude
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
domain: Perspectivisation
range: Situation
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Attitude
subclass of: PerspectivisationTheorySituation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
comment: The attitude of a conceptualiser towards an eventuality, perspectivised through the application of a lens, e.g., positive attitude towards taxation policies, reinforced by a positive value such as 'investment' in 'taxes are investiments'.

Background
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
domain: Perspectivisation
range: Situation
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Background
subclass of: PerspectivisationTheorySituation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
comment: The background knowledge for an eventuality targeted by perspectivisation, e.g., fiscal knowledge behind current taxation policies in 'taxes are investiments'. In the example, only the background is expressed.

Cut
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
domain: Class
  union of: Background
  union of: Perspectivisation
range: Situation
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Cut
subclass of: PerspectivisationTheorySituation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
comment: The cut emerging from perspectivising an eventuality through a lens, e.g. taxation policies reframed as investments in 'taxes are investiments'.

Eventuality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
domain: Perspectivisation
range: Situation
property chain axiom: Cut
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: Cut
property chain axiom: Lens
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Eventuality
subclass of: PerspectivisationTheorySituation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
comment: The eventuality targeted by perspectivisation, explicitly or implicitly extracted from its background knowledge (e.g., current taxation policies in 'taxes are investiments').

Lens
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isSettingFor
domain: Perspectivisation
range: Situation
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Lens
subclass of: PerspectivisationTheorySituation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
comment: The lens used by perspectivisation on an eventuality, e.g., 'investments' on current taxation policies.

extractedFrom
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Situation
range: Situation
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: Eventuality
property chain axiom: Background
creator: Aldo Gangemi

holds
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agent
range: Situation
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: Conceptualiser
property chain axiom: Attitude
creator: Aldo Gangemi

perspectivisedThrough
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Situation
range: Situation
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: Eventuality
property chain axiom: Lens
creator: Aldo Gangemi

shotThrough
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Situation
range: Situation
property chain axiom:
  inverse of: Cut
property chain axiom: Lens
creator: Aldo Gangemi

Blendable
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: nClassifiedBy
  has value: Blendable
subclass of: Blending
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
date: 2024-05-08T09:33:13Z
date: 2024-05-08T09:35:13Z

Blended
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: nClassifiedBy
  has value: Blended
subclass of: Blending
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
date: 2024-05-08T09:33:19Z
date: 2024-05-08T09:35:20Z

Blending
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: nClassifiedBy
  has value: Blending
subclass of: BlendingTheorySituation
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
date: 2024-05-08T09:33:07Z
date: 2024-05-08T09:35:06Z

BlendingTheorySituation
type: Class
subclass of: FrameOccurrence
creator: Aldo Gangemi
date: 2024-05-08T09:45:06Z

Perspectivisation
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Perspectivisation
subclass of: PerspectivisationTheorySituation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Attitude
  some values from: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Conceptualiser
  some values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Cut
  some values from: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Eventuality
  some values from: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Lens
  some values from: Situation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: Background
  min qualified cardinality: 0
  on class: Situation
has key: Attitude
has key: Eventuality
has key: Lens
type: NamedIndividual
type: ConceptualFrame
creator: Aldo Gangemi
comment: A compositional frame for situations that provide a redescription of an eventuality by using a lens, with an attitude. It usually requires background knowledge for the eventuality (and possibly the lens), as well as one or more agents conceptualising it. A 'cut' (in the cinematic sense) emerges from a perspectivisation, which composes an eventuality with a lens, as in the example 'taxes are investments', where current taxation policies (the eventuality) is cut by shooting through the investment lens. The OWL representation of this frame includes heavy punning: each aspect of a perspectivisation is in fact modeled as a semantic role (holding between perspectivisation situations and the things involved in them, as an individual (the frame projections), as well as classes (the intensional components of the frame), since almost all aspects are frames on their turn.
semantic role: Attitude
semantic role: Background
semantic role: Conceptualiser
semantic role: Cut
semantic role: Eventuality
semantic role: Lens

PerspectivisationTheorySituation
type: Class
subclass of: FrameOccurrence
creator: Aldo Gangemi
date: 2024-05-08T09:45:36Z