YOUTH
type: Ontology
imports: perspectivisation.owl
creator: Lucrezia Pograri
creator: Pietro Tisci
date: August 2024
comment: YOUTH ontology was developed to interpret and describe the societal phenomenon of youth subcultures, including their members, historical context, and associated cultural practices, drawing on precise theoretical assumptions. It is part of the end-of-course project of Knowledge Representation and Knowledge Extraction, taught by Professor Aldo Gangemi during the a.y. 2023/2024 at the University of Bologna, part of the Master’s program in Digital Humanities and Digital Knowledge.

determines
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: ExternalViewpoint
  union of: InternalViewpoint
range: Class
  union of: NegativeAttitude
  union of: NeutralAttitude
  union of: PositiveAttitude
comment: This property captures the potential neutral, positive or negative attitude an individual with an external or internal viewpoint has towards a youth subculture. Example query: "Individuals over x years of age have a positive attitude towards x youth subcultures."

expressedVia
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: expresses
domain: Class
  union of: NegativeAttitude
  union of: NeutralAttitude
  union of: PositiveAttitude
range: Class
  union of: MoralValue
  union of: Stereotype
comment: Links the classes Stereotype and Value to the classes PositiveAttitude, NegativeAttitude, and NeutralAttitude. It indicates that attitudes (positive, negative, or neutral) towards a subculture are shaped by the stereotypes associated with it and the values it upholds.

hasFashionStyle
type: ObjectProperty
domain: YouthSubculture
range: FashionStyle
comment: Links a subculture to its fashion style(s).

hasMoralValue
type: ObjectProperty
domain: YouthSubculture
range: MoralValue
property disjoint with: triggersStereotype
comment: Links a subculture to its core values.

Axiom
annotated source: hasMoralValue
annotated property: propertyDisjointWith
annotated target: triggersStereotype
comment: Values and stereotypes have different implications.

hasMusicGenre
type: ObjectProperty
domain: YouthSubculture
range: MusicGenre
comment: Links a subculture to its associated music genre(s).

hasParticipant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: participatesIn
domain: YouthSubculture
range: Participant
comment: Links a youth subculture to a person (indicating that the person is a member of the subculture).

hasViewpoint
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isViewpointOf
domain: People
range: Class
  union of: ExternalViewpoint
  union of: InternalViewpoint
comment: Links a person to their internal or external viewpoint with regards to a youth subculture.

influencedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: influences
domain: Class
  union of: NegativeAttitude
  union of: NeutralAttitude
  union of: PositiveAttitude
range: Influence
comment: Connects viewpoints to the factors that influence them. This property shows how external and internal viepoints are affected by various influencing factors such as media representations, societal attitudes, and personal experiences. It models the relationship between perspectives and the elements that shape them.

isCharacterisedBy
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: ExternalViewpoint
  union of: InternalViewpoint
range: PerspectiveShift
comment: This property links a specific external or internal viewpoint to the perspective shift. It captures how the views of subcultures, both internally (self-perception) and externally (public perception), are affected by shifts in perspective.

locatedIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: YouthSubculture
range: Location
comment: Links individuals and subcultures to geographic locations.

originatedIn
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: YouthSubculture
range: HistoricalPeriod
comment: Connects the youth subculture to its historical period, representing the time frame during which they have developed or undergone significant changes.

Axiom
annotated source: originatedIn
annotated property: comment
annotated target: Connects the youth subculture to its historical period, representing the time frame during which they have developed or undergone significant changes.
comment: A subculture typically originates in one historical period, so this is a functional property.

participatesIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Participant
range: YouthSubculture
comment: Links a Person to a YouthSubculture (indicating that the person belongs to that subculture).

triggersStereotype
type: ObjectProperty
domain: YouthSubculture
range: Stereotype
comment: Links a stereotype to the subcultures that it affects or challenges. This property identifies how certain stereotypes are associated with subcultures and how these stereotypes may influence or be related to the subculture’s public image. It highlights the stereotypes that subcultures confront or embody.

hasContent
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: FashionStyle
  union of: Influence
  union of: MusicGenre
  union of: PerspectiveShift
  union of: Ritual
range: Literal
comment: Describes the content of instances from different classes.

hasName
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: NotParticipant
  union of: Participant
range: Literal
comment: Indicates the name of a person.

People
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: Conceptualiser
comment: http://etna.istc.cnr.it/framester2/data/framestercore/
is defined by: This pattern is applied to model the involvement of people within subcultures, distinguishing between participants and non-participants.

TimeInterval
type: Class
comment: Any Region in a dimensional space that aims at representing time.

ExternalViewpoint
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: ExternalViewpoint
subclass of: Lens
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: determines
  some values from: Class
    union of: NegativeAttitude
    union of: NeutralAttitude
    union of: PositiveAttitude
disjoint with: InternalViewpoint
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Represents the perspective of individuals who are not participants within a youth subculture. It determines the type of attitude that a non-participant holds towards the subculture.

FashionStyle
type: Class
subclass of: Style
disjoint with: MusicGenre
comment: Represents the style of clothing and aesthetics associated with a subculture.

HistoricalPeriod
type: Class
subclass of: TimeInterval
disjoint with: Location
comment: Represents the time frame (time-span) during which a subculture emerged, developed, or experienced significant influences. ODP: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#TimeInterval

Influence
type: Class
subclass of: Background
subclass of: Class
  union of: NeutralAttitude
  union of: PositiveAttitude
  union of: Restriction
    on property: influences
    some values from: NegativeAttitude
disjoint with: PerspectiveShift
comment: Represents the factors that shape and affect the interpretation of a youth subculture and how it is perceived from both external and internal viewpoints. This can include a variety of influences such as media portrayals, social institutions - like family, work, school, home -, personal experiences, education level, and cultural trends, all of which contribute to the evolving perceptions of subcultures by both insiders and outsiders. Hall’s Encoding/Decoding theory is integrated into this analysis, allowing us to deconstruct the role of television as a primary source of information on the subject. See bibliography: Hall, Stuart. "Encoding/Decoding in the Television Discourse." University of Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1973. Moore, Ryan. "Alternative to What? Subcultural Capital and the Commercialization of a Music Scene." Deviant Behavior 26, no. 3 (2005): 229-252.

InternalViewpoint
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: InternalViewpoint
subclass of: Lens
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: determines
  some values from: Class
    union of: NegativeAttitude
    union of: PositiveAttitude
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Represents the self-perception and self-definition of members within a subculture. This includes how individuals within the subculture view themselves and their own identity, as well as how they interpret their place within the subculture.

Location
type: Class
comment: This class defines the geographic context or physical setting where a subculture originates, encompassing specific regions, cities, or areas integral to its identity and activities. In the context of our project, "location" primarily refers to the geographical place (such as a city or state) where youth subcultures historically emerged. This meaning could be broadened to include more nuanced relationships, highlighting areas where these subcultures actively thrive or are predominantly practiced.

MoralValue
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: expresses
  some values from: Class
    union of: NegativeAttitude
    union of: NeutralAttitude
    union of: PositiveAttitude
comment: Represents the fundamental principles and beliefs that underpin a subculture, guiding the behavior, attitudes, and norms of its members.

MusicGenre
type: Class
subclass of: Style
comment: Represents the type of music associated with a subculture.

NegativeAttitude
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: NegativeAttitude
subclass of: Attitude
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: expressedVia
  some values from: Stereotype
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Attitude in this context refers to the evaluative stance or disposition that is held toward a youth subculture, whether by its members or by outsiders. Depending on whether a particular attitude aligns more closely with the values or stereotypes associated with a subculture, it will take on a positive, negative, or neutral connotation.

NeutralAttitude
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: NeutralAttitude
subclass of: Attitude
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: expressedVia
  some values from: Class
    union of: MoralValue
    union of: Stereotype
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Attitude in this context refers to the evaluative stance or disposition that is held toward a youth subculture, whether by its members or by outsiders. Depending on whether a particular attitude aligns more closely with the values or stereotypes associated with a subculture, it will take on a positive, negative, or neutral connotation.

NotParticipant
type: Class
subclass of: People
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasAttitude
  some values from: Class
    union of: NegativeAttitude
    union of: NeutralAttitude
    union of: PositiveAttitude
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasViewpoint
  some values from: ExternalViewpoint
comment: Members outside youth subcultures.

Participant
type: Class
subclass of: People
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasAttitude
  some values from: Class
    union of: NegativeAttitude
    union of: NeutralAttitude
    union of: PositiveAttitude
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasViewpoint
  some values from: InternalViewpoint
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participatesIn
  some values from: YouthSubculture
comment: Members within the youth subcultures.

PerspectiveShift
type: Class
subclass of: Cut
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isCharacterisedBy
  some values from: Class
    union of: ExternalViewpoint
    union of: InternalViewpoint
comment: Represents the interpretations or portrayals of a youth subculture following the evolution or transformation of perspectives. This class captures shifts in how subcultures are viewed, whether by the public or by their own members. It includes changes in societal attitudes, evolving stereotypes, or shifts in self-perception within the subculture, highlighting how perspectives can develop and alter across different historical or cultural contexts.

PositiveAttitude
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: satisfies
  has value: PositiveAttitude
subclass of: Attitude
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: expressedVia
  some values from: MoralValue
type: NamedIndividual
comment: Attitude in this context refers to the evaluative stance or disposition that is held toward a youth subculture, whether by its members or by outsiders. Depending on whether a particular attitude aligns more closely with the values or stereotypes associated with a subculture, it will take on a positive, negative, or neutral connotation.

Ritual
type: Class
subclass of: Style
comment: Represents the activities that usually characterize a specific youth subculture.

Stereotype
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: expresses
  some values from: Class
    union of: NegativeAttitude
    union of: NeutralAttitude
    union of: PositiveAttitude
comment: Represents common stereotypes associated with subcultures, drawing on M. Cardwell's definition of a stereotype as "a fixed, often simplistic generalization about a particular group or class of people. [...] These stereotypes are often negative and unflattering, and may underly prejudice and discrimination". In our ontology, the Stereotype class encapsulates the generalized beliefs and oversimplified notions frequently attributed to members of specific subcultures. These stereotypes reflect societal perceptions and can shape mainstream discourse, influencing how subcultures are understood and portrayed. By capturing these stereotypes, the class facilitates the analysis of misrepresentations and biases that may skew public perception, offering insights into the disparity between societal views of subcultures and their actual characteristics and values. See also: Cardwell, Mike, Dictionary of Psychology, Chicago Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999: 292.

Style
type: Class
disjoint with: YouthSubculture
comment: Represents the overall style associated with a subculture, which can be further divided into Fashion Style, Music Genre, Ritual.

YouthSubculture
type: Class
subclass of: Eventuality
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasFashionStyle
    some values from: FashionStyle
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasMusicGenre
    some values from: MusicGenre
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: hasRitual
    some values from: Ritual
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasParticipant
  some values from: Participant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: locatedIn
  some values from: Location
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: originatedIn
  some values from: HistoricalPeriod
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: triggersStereotype
  some values from: Stereotype
comment: A group of people within a cultural society that represents a specific community formed by younger generations, characterized by distinct values, practices, and identities that differentiate them from the dominant culture. See bibliography: Cohen, Albert K. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press, 1955. Cohen, Phil. "Subcultural Conflict and Working-Class Community." In CCCS Selected Working Papers, edited by Ann Gray, Jan Campbell, and Mark Erickson, 554-577. London: Routledge, 2007. Williams, Patrick J. "Youth Subcultural Studies: Sociological Traditions and Core Concepts." Sociology Compass 1, no. 2 (2007): 572-593. Widdicombe, Sue. "Autobiography and Change: Rhetoric and Authenticity of 'Gothic' Style." In Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action, edited by Erica Burman and Ian Parker, 94-113. London: Routledge, 1993.

Thing
creator: Lucrezia Pograri
creator: Pietro Tisci
date: 2024
comment: YOUTH ontology interprets and describes the societal phenomenon of youth subcultures, including their members, historical context, and associated cultural practices, drawing on precise theoretical assumptions. It was developed as the end-of-the-course project of Knowledge Representation and Knowledge Extraction held by professor Aldo Gangemi in a.y. 2023/2024, Digital Humanities and Digital Knowledge - University of Bologna. For further information, visit the following address: https://krke24.gitbook.io/krke-project-2023-2024